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Å%"dEÅ%"?ßÐ m¼ ÐÔ*qƒ ddd Xdd Xdd XÅê$Åê$qÔÔ,âdd ÔÔ,Cdd ÔÔ+  ÔÐ ," Kš €è€‚x‚ƒƒ„„,ÐÌ߀€ "J:6z ,±R `ÀåЀ@@@E)¡±R±/)¡y€ßÔ€ ³ @ÔÓ)o°œXÓÓÞÓà o àEconomic€and€SocialÐ ¡ð Ðà o àCouncilÌÌÌÐ  … Ô  „„ÐÔ€&ü$&  ³ÔÔ€#&¤t&&&ü$ÔÌÌà Q àDistr.Ìà Q àGENERALÌÌà Q àE/1990/5/Add.46Ìà Q à21€August€2000ÌÌà Q àOriginal:€€ENGLISHÌÐ$@  x è $Ðß?€.' Å3/%"dEÅ/%"?ßÐ d  ÐÌSubstantive€session€of€2001ÌÑ€$ÑÒ±ÅÒÒ±ØÒÓB1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³")oBÓÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÌÌÌÌà@ÐÐKaàIMPLEMENTATION€OF€THE€INTERNATIONAL€COVENANT€ON€ECONOMIC,ˆÌà@==ZaàSOCIAL€AND€CULTURAL€RIGHTSˆÌÌÌà@¹ ¹ RaàòòInitial€reports€submitted€by€States€partiesóóˆÐ •ä Ðà@¾ ¾ Saàòòunder€articles€16€and€17€of€the€CovenantóóˆÐ j¹ ÐÌÌà@ââcaàòòAddendumóóˆÐ é8" ÐÌÌà@33aaàCROATIAÙ*ƒ^=ð!Ù׃&×Ý ƒ%ÿÿÝÚ  Ú*Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ×,€×ƒ'×Ý ƒ%ÿÿÝÚ  Ú**Ú  ÚÝ  Ý×  ׈Ð h·% ÐÌà€VV®#à[4€July€2000]ˆÐ  a' ÐÑ$ÑÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWTÐ6Â&WTÐ6Â&Ð6Â&ÿA4Ð6Â&ÿA4TÑÑ  ÑÑűÑÖ€(ÿÿÖÖ€*ÿÿÖà@˜˜caàCONTENTSˆÐ á ÐÓ! ÿÿÂkç!±±Ž7!ÓÌà€¥#àòòParagraphsóó€€€€€€€€òòPageóóˆÐ ‹ª ÐÌIntroduction€àƒ^.SS àà k à€€1€„€€€3à ç! à€3Ð 5 T ÐÌÓffÓArticle€1€àƒ^.>>àà k à€€4€„€€10à ç! à€3Ð ß þ ÐArticle€2€àƒ^.>>àà k à€11€„€€39à ç! à€4Ð  ( ÐArticle€3€àƒ^.>>àà k à€€€€40€€à ç! à€8Ð 3R ÐArticle€4€àƒ^.>>àà k à€41€„€€44à ç! à€8Ð ]|  ÐArticle€5€àƒ^.>>àà k à€45€„€€47à ç! à10Ð ‡¦  ÐArticle€6€àƒ^.>>àà k à€48€„€106à ç! à10Ð ±Ð  ÐArticle€7€àƒ^.>>àà k à107€„€148à ç! à20Ð Ûú  ÐArticle€8€àƒ^.>>àà k à149€„€176à ç! à26Ð $  ÐArticle€9€àƒ^.>>àà k à177€„€229à ç! à29Ð /N ÐArticle€10€àƒ^.––àà k à230€„€307à ç! à41Ð Yx ÐArticle€11€àƒ^.––àà k à308€„€352à ç! à51Ð ƒ¢ ÐArticle€12€àƒ^.––àà k à353€„€406à ç! à59Ð ­Ì ÐArticle€13€àƒ^.––àà k à407€„€419à ç! à72Ð ×ö ÐArticle€15€àƒ^.––àà k à420€„€443à ç! àÓffÓ75Ð   ÐÌÌAnnex.€€€€€€€Article€9:€€Pension€insurance€system€of€Croatiaàƒ^.Oàà k àÔç!ç!ç!||Ô79Ð €Ÿ ÐÌÐ  *I ÐÓH1±±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"ÿÿÂk|HÓà@žžbaàò òInroductionó óˆÐ á ÐÌ1.à è àIn€line€with€the€obligation€assumed€with€respect€to€articles€16€and17€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ˜· ÐEconomic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€of€1966,€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€submitting€its€initial€report€concerningÏthe€implementation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ2.à è àThe€report€being€submitted€has€been€prepared€in€accordance€with€the€revised€general€guidelinesÐ ì  Ðconcerning€the€form€and€content€of€reports€submitted€according€to€articles€16€and€17€of€the€InternationalÏCovenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€adopted€by€the€Committee€for€Economic,€Social€and€CulturalÏRights€of€1990,€contained€in€document€E/C.12/1991/1€of€17June€1991.ÌÌ3.à è àThe€report€contains€a€review€of€the€implementation€of€obligations€with€respect€to€individual€members€ofÐ 4  Ðthe€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights.€€For€more€detailed€information€about€theÏpolitical€structure€and€the€basic€premises€of€the€legal€system€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€it€is€necessary€to€consultÏthe€core€document€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.32€and€Rev.1).ÌÌà@caàò òArticle€1ó óˆÐ >]  ÐÌ4.à è àAfter€the€holding€of€the€first€multiparty€elections€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€on€22€April€1990,€theÐ õ ÐRepublic€of€Croatia€began€the€process€of€transforming€its€political€system€in€the€direction€of€attaining€a€systemÏcharacterized€by€parliamentary€democracy€and€a€market€economy.€€At€the€same€time,€together€with€some€of€theÏother€republics€that€made€up€the€then€Socialist€Federative€Republic€of€Yugoslavia,€Croatia€sought€theÏestablishment€of€equal€relationships€within€the€then€Federation.ÌÌ5.à è àAfter€an€unsuccessful€close€to€the€negotiations€of€presidents€of€the€former€Yugoslav€republics€about€theÐ ó Ðfuture€organization€of€the€federation,€or€rather€a€confederation,€it€was€resolved€that€in€each€republic€aÏreferendum€should€be€held€on€whether€to€stay€in€the€federation€or€not,€at€a€meeting€held€in€Ohrid€on€19€AprilÏ1991.€€In€the€Republic€of€Croatia€this€referendum€was€held€in€May€1991,€94%€of€those€voting€opting€for€anÏindependent€and€sovereign€Republic€of€Croatia.€€As€a€result,€the€State€Parliament€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,Ïusing€its€right€to€self„determination€as€contained€in€the€Constitution€of€the€Socialist€Federative€Republic€ofÏYugoslavia€of€1974,€made€a€declaration€of€the€independence€and€sovereignty€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€on€25ÏJune€1991€(òòOfficial€Gazetteóó€No.€31/91),€in€which€the€Republic€of€Croatia€dissolved€all€legal€and€constitutionalÐ Æ å Ðbonds€with€the€Socialist€Federative€Republic€of€Yugoslavia.ÌÌ6.à è àAs€a€result€of€aggression€against€the€Republic€of€Croatia€and€the€expansion€of€the€armed€conflict€in€ex„Ð E#d" ÐYugoslavia,€the€European€Community€organized€peace€talks,€hoping€to€maintain€peace€in€this€part€of€Europe.€€AtÏa€meeting€held€on€27€August€1991,€in€Brussels,€the€parties€agreed€on€a€moratorium€on€the€implementation€of€theÏindependence€decision€to€last€for€three€months€and€on€the€organization€of€an€International€Conference€on€ex„¼Yugoslavia€under€the€aegis€of€the€United€Nations€and€the€European€Union.ÌÌ7.à è àThese€negotiations€closed€without€success,€and€when€the€period€of€three€months€had€elapsed,€theÐ C(b!( ÐConstitutional€Resolution€concerning€the€Independence€and€Sovereignty€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€came€intoÏforce,€on€8October€1991,€since€which€time€the€Republic€of€Croatia€has€been€an€independent€State.ÌÌ8.à è àRealization€of€the€right€to€self„determination€in€the€economic€sphere€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€isÐ —+¶$, Ðguaranteed€by€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€which€says€that€the€Croatian€State€Parliament€and€theÏnation€directly€and€independently€decide€on:ÌÌÌÌÐ •0´)2 Ðà è à(a)à  àThe€way€economic,€legal€and€political€relationships€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€are€governed;Ð á ÐÌà è à(b)à  àThe€preservation€of€natural€and€cultural€riches€and€the€use€of€this€wealth€(Constitution,€art.2,Ð ‹ª Ðpara.4).ÌÌThis€right,€guaranteed€in€the€Constitution,€is€regulated€in€more€detail€in€the€Concessions€Law€(òòOfficial€GazetteóóÐ  ) ÐNo.€89/92)€and€the€Mining€Law€(òòOfficial€Gazetteóó€No.€35/95).€€The€Concessions€Law€defines€in€greater€detail€theÐ ß þ Ðgranting€of€concessions€for€the€exploration€and€exploitation€of€mineral€raw€materials,€and€at€the€same€time€limitsÏthe€assignment€of€such€concessions€through€a€temporal€restriction,€the€principle€of€mutual€advantage€and€theÏprovision€of€suitable€guarantees€that€the€economic€purpose€of€the€concession€will€be€realized€in€line€with€theÏinterests€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€(art.€1,€para.€1,€of€the€Law).€€This€public€interest€is€laid€down€by€the€StateÏParliament€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia.€€Through€these€regulations€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€among€other€things,Ïthe€right€of€the€people€freely€to€dispose€of€their€natural€wealth€is€ensured,€as€is€the€prohibition€on€the€peopleÏbeing€deprived€of€the€use€of€their€own€resources€for€life,€in€line€with€resolution€1803€(XVII)€of€the€GeneralÏAssembly€entitled€"Permanent€sovereignty€over€natural€resources"€of€1962.ÌÌ9.à è àAs€a€result€of€the€aggression€against€the€Republic€of€Croatia€and€the€occupation€of€almost€a€quarter€of€itsÐ 1P  Ðterritory€between€1991€and€1995,€free€use€of€the€natural€resources€of€the€Republic€in€the€temporarily€occupiedÏterritories€was€made€impossible.€€For€example,€Croatian€Electricity€was€unable€to€use€561.5MW€of€the€total€ofÏthe€installed€2,075€MW€in€hydroelectric€generating€stations€in€the€following€power€stations:€€Manojlovac€(21ÏMW),€Peruðcða€(42€MW),€Dubrovnik€(216€MW),€Glob€(6.5MW)€and€Obrovac€(276€MW),€which€were€bothÐ …¤ Ðoccupied€and€severely€damaged.€€Similarly,€in€Eastern€Slavonia€between€1992€and€1996,€the€Republic€of€CroatiaÏwas€not€able€to€make€free€use€of€the€600,000€tons€of€crude€oil€from€the€wells€at€ðNðelatovci,€Privlaka€and€Ilaðcða.Ð /N ÐÌ10.à è àAttainment€of€the€internal€dimension€of€the€right€to€self„determination€is€enshrined€in€Croatian€legislationÐ Ùø Ðthrough€the€obligation€to€hold€elections€(Constitution,€art.€1,€para.€2),€and€through€individuals'€having€an€activeÏand€a€passive€franchise€(Constitution,€art.€45).€€Members€of€minorities€(in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€the€officialÏterm€is€"ethnic€and€national€minorities€and€communities")€have€the€constitutional€right€to€express€their€ethnicÏaffiliation,€the€right€to€use€their€own€language€and€script,€and€cultural€autonomy€(Constitution,€art.€15),€while€theÏConstitutional€Law€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Rights€of€Ethnic€and€National€Communities€or€MinoritiesÏguarantees€a€considerable€number€of€specific€minority€rights,€such€as€the€right€to€education€in€a€minorityÏlanguage,€the€question€of€the€public€and€private€use€of€minority€languages€and€scripts,€media€access,€theÏparticipation€of€members€of€minorities€in€public€life,€the€special€representation€of€representatives€of€minorities€inÏthe€State€Parliament€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€and€so€on€(Constitutional€Law,€arts.1„21).ÌÌÔ& a Ôà@caàò òArticle€2ó óˆÐ $# ÐÌ11.à è àArticle€14€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€in€the€common€provisions€of€the€chapterÐ ·%Ö% Ð"Fundamental€human€and€civil€liberties€and€rights",€Ô'a$P/Ôsays€that€"everyone€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€shall€enjoy€allÏrights€and€liberties€irrespective€of€his€or€her€race,€colour,€gender,€language,€religion,€political€or€other€persuasion,Ïnational€or€social€origin,€property,€birth,€education,€social€position€or€other€characteristics".€€In€line€with€thisÏprovision,€all€the€rights€guaranteed€by€Croatian€legislation€and€contained€in€the€Covenant€are€guaranteed€to€allÏpersons,€without€any€discrimination.ÌÌ12.à è àPersons€who€are€not€Croatian€citizens€are€guaranteed€all€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant€and€ñ‚ñÐ Š+©$, Ðñ‚ñderiving€from€work€and€on€the€basis€of€work€under€conditions€equal€to€those€enjoyed€by€Croatian€ñƒñÌÌÌÌÌâ âÐ ˆ0§)2 Ðñƒñcitizens€if€they€are€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€legally€and€are€employed€according€to€the€rules€about€theÏâ âemployment€of€foreigners.ÌÌñ„ñÌÌñ„ñ13.à è àThe€Labour€Law,€the€general€regulation€in€the€area€of€work,€stipulates€that€a€foreign€citizen€or€a€statelessÐ `  Ðperson€can€enter€into€a€labour€contract€under€conditions€prescribed€by€this€Law€and€by€a€special€law€thatÏgoverns€the€employment€of€such€persons.ÌÌ14.à è àA€special€regulation€that€governs€the€employment€of€foreigners€is€the€Employment€of€Foreigners€Law,Ð ´ Ó Ðwhich€lays€down€the€conditions€under€which€foreign€citizens€and€stateless€persons€can€work€in€the€Republic€ofÏCroatia.€€Paragraphs2€and€3€of€article€1€of€this€Law€say€that€a€foreigner€can€enter€into€employment€or€work€inÏthe€Republic€of€Croatia€on€the€basis€of€a€work€permit,€if€he€or€she€satisfies€the€general€and€specific€conditionsÏlaid€down€in€the€Law.€€Croatians€with€foreign€citizenship€or€who€are€stateless€are€not€considered€foreigners€inÏthe€sense€understood€by€this€Law.ÌÌ15.à è àA€foreigner€who€wishes€to€enter€the€Republic€of€Croatia€with€the€intention€of€being€employed€must,Ð ‡¦  Ðaccording€to€the€provisions€of€the€Movement€and€Temporary€Residence€of€Foreigners€Law,€seek€an€employmentÏentry€visa€from€the€competent€body€or€from€a€consulate€or€embassy€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€abroad.€€TheÏsame€has€to€be€done€by€a€foreign€person€who€enters€the€Republic€of€Croatia€for€the€purpose€of€education,Ïspecialization,€and€scientific€research€or€to€do€a€certain€professional€activity.€€For€the€issue€of€such€visas,€it€isÏnecessary€to€obtain€the€agreement€of€the€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairs,€which,€before€issuing€its€consent,€has€toÏseek€the€opinion€of€the€ministry€in€whose€sphere€of€competence€the€activity€for€which€the€foreigner€is€seeking€aÏvisa€falls.ÌÌ16.à è àA€foreigner€can€also€be€issued€a€business€visa€to€carry€out€business€and€other€activities€foreseen€by€theÐ # Ðregulations€that€govern€foreign€investment€and€foreign€trade€operations,€as€can€a€foreigner€who€takes€upÏemployment€undertaking€certain€professional€and€expert€affairs€specified€in€a€contract€about€business€andÏtechnical€collaboration,€about€technology€transfer€and€about€foreign€investment.€€This€kind€of€business€visa€isÏissued€by€an€embassy€or€a€consulate€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€abroad€or€by€a€competent€body€at€the€request€ofÏthe€foreign€person,€a€legal€person€or€an€independent€employer€and€on€presentation€of€a€ruling€from€the€MinistryÏof€Commerce,€insofar€as€the€foreign€person€seeks€a€business€visa€to€carry€out€business€or€other€activitiesÏforeseen€by€the€regulations€through€which€foreign€investment€and€foreign€trade€operations€are€governed,€or€onÏpresentation€of€a€ruling€from€the€Ministry€of€Labour€and€Social€Welfare,€insofar€as€the€foreign€person€is€seekingÏa€business€visa€to€be€able€to€undertake€expert€and€professional€activities€laid€down€in€a€contract€about€businessÏand€technical€cooperation,€about€long„term€production€cooperation,€about€technology€transfer€and€about€foreignÏinvestment.ÌÌ17.à è àA€Croatian€embassy€or€consulate€abroad€informs€the€Ministry€of€Internal€Affairs€of€the€Republic€ofÐ Õ$ô$ ÐCroatia€about€every€business€visa€it€issues.ÌÌ18.à è àA€business€visa€is€issued€with€a€period€of€validity€necessary€for€the€work€for€which€it€is€issued€to€beÐ T's ' Ðdone,€but€at€most€until€the€passport€of€the€person€expires.€€A€foreign€person€who€has€been€issued€a€business€visaÏcan€stay€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€until€the€expiry€of€the€visa.€€The€competent€body€will€annul€a€business€visaÏbefore€the€expiry€date€if€within€a€year€of€the€day€of€issue€the€foreign€person€does€not€start€carrying€out€theÏbusiness€or€other€activities€envisaged€in€the€rules€that€govern€foreign€investment€and€foreign€trade€operations,€orÏif€in€this€period€the€person€does€not€set€up€his€or€her€own€company,€and€if€the€company€which€he€or€she€has€setÏup€or€invested€money€in€ceases€to€operate.€€Apart€from€this,€the€visa€will€be€annulled€earlier€if€the€person€hasÏcompleted€the€employment€contracted€for€in€a€period€shorter€than€the€period€of€the€validity€of€the€visa€or€if€in€aÏperiod€of€30€days€from€his€or€her€arrival€she€or€he€does€not€enter€employment€or€if€his€or€her€employmentÏceases.Ìâ âÐ ¦/Å(1 Ð19.à è àA€foreign€person€issued€with€a€business€visa€can€stay€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€until€its€expiry€date.€€AÐ á Ðforeigner€with€a€business€visa€cannot€stay€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€if€he€or€she€is€ordered€to€depart€or€if€hisÏresidence€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€cancelled€or€if€his€business€visa€is€annulled.Ìâ âÌ20.à è àThe€Movement€and€Temporary€Residence€of€Foreigners€Law€in€article€25€says€that€a€foreigner€whoÐ 5 T Ðwishes€to€stay€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€longer€than€three€months€and€has€come€because€of€education,Ïspecialization,€scientific€research,€employment,€or€the€performance€of€a€certain€professional€activity€is€obligedÏbefore€the€end€of€this€period€to€make€an€application€for€the€issue€of€an€extended€residence€approval.€€An€approvalÏof€extended€temporary€residence€can€only€be€issued€for€the€reasons€for€which€the€visa€was€issued.ÌÌ21.à è àA€foreigner€who€comes€because€of€employment€is€issued€approval€for€extended€temporary€residence€asÐ 3R  Ðlong€as€the€duration€of€his€or€her€employment€contract,€but€in€any€case€not€longer€than€two€years€and€not€longerÏthan€the€validity€of€his€or€her€passport.€€The€competent€body€issues€an€extended€temporary€residence€approval,Ïand€this€approval€is€entered€into€the€person's€passport.ÌÌ22.à è àApproval€for€extended€temporary€residence€can€be€extended.Ð \{  ÐÌ23.à è àA€foreigner€who€has€been€employed€uninterruptedly€for€three€years€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€can€seekÐ % Ðpermanent€residence.€€Alongside€the€permanent€residence€application,€the€foreign€person€is€obliged€to€show€thatÏhe€has€a€permanent€residence€and€employment.ÌÌ24.à è àForeign€students,€postgraduate€students€and€persons€coming€for€further€education€and€for€scientificÐ Zy Ðresearch€work€who€stay€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€longer€than€three€months€are€issued€a€special€entry€visa,€anÏopinion€about€the€reason€for€which€the€visa€should€be€issued€being€given€by€the€Ministry€of€Science€andÏTechnology€to€the€body€competent€for€issuing€the€visa.€€Visiting€professors€and€lectors€who€stay€in€the€RepublicÏof€Croatia€longer€than€three€months€also€need€a€visa€for€the€purpose€of€employment.€€To€issue€this€visa,€theÏMinistry€of€Internal€Affairs,€before€giving€its€consent€to€the€issue€of€a€visa,€has€to€obtain€the€opinion€of€theÏMinistry€of€Economy.ÌÌ25.à è àForeign€citizens€who€reside€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€within€the€framework€of€scientific,€technical€orÐ ! Ðtertiary€level€educational€collaboration€for€up€to€three€months€have€to€notify€the€competent€body€of€their€address,Ïexcept€for€nationals€of€those€States€with€which€the€Republic€of€Croatia€still€has€a€visa€system,€such€people€in€anyÏcase€need€an€entrance€visa€for€both€tourist€and€business€purposes.ÌÌ26.à è àForeign€lectors€are€employed€in€tertiary„level€educational€institutions€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€pursuantÐ +#J" Ðto€international€treaties€and€detailed€regulations€governing€their€implementation,€in€which,€on€the€basis€ofÏreciprocity,€the€number€of€lectors,€the€selection€process,€the€period€for€which€they€are€employed,€theirÏremuneration€and€other€rights€are€defined.ÌÌ27.à è àOn€the€basis€of€a€visa€that€has€been€issued€and€approval€for€temporary€extended€residence€or€of€aÐ T's ' Ðbusiness€visa,€a€foreigner€is€issued€a€work€permit€according€to€the€regulations€that€regulate€the€employment€ofÏforeigners.ÌÌ28.à è àAccording€to€the€provisions€of€the€Employment€of€Foreigners€Law,€the€Croatian€Employment€Office,Ð ¨*Ç#+ ÐCentral€Service,€Zagreb€issues€work€permits.€€Awork€permit€is€issued€at€the€request€of€an€employer,€except€inÏcases€when€the€work€permit€is€issued€at€the€request€of€the€foreigner€in€person,€that€is,€in€cases€in€which€aÏpersonal€work€permit€can€be€issued.€€The€employer,€according€to€the€place€of€the€employer's€headquarters,Ïsubmits€an€application€for€a€work€permit€for€a€foreigner€with€an€explanation€about€the€need€to€hire€a€foreigner.Ìñ…ñÐ  Ñ.ð'0 Ðñ…ññ†ñÌñ†ñ29.à è àA€foreigner€who€has€been€granted€permanent€residence€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€can€be€issued€with€aÐ á Ðwork€permit€for€an€unlimited€period€of€time.€€In€this€case,€the€foreigner€with€an€approval€for€permanentÏresidence€submits€an€application€for€the€issue€of€a€personal€work€permit.ÌÌ30.à è àA€personal€work€permit€may€also€be€obtained€by€a€foreigner€who€along€with€the€application€also€submitsÐ 5 T Ðproof€from€which€it€can€be€seen€that€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€he€or€she€will€undertake€an€activity€envisaged€byÏthe€regulations€governing€foreign€investment€and€the€undertaking€of€foreign€trade€operations,€or€that€he€or€sheÏwill€undertake€professional€and€expert€work€laid€down€by€an€agreement€or€contract€concerning€business€andÏtechnical€collaboration,€or€long„term€productive€cooperation€or€technology€transfer.€€This€personal€work€permitÏis€issued€for€the€period€in€which€the€activity€or€expert€and€professional€work€is€to€be€undertaken.ÌÌ31.à è àThe€Croatian€Employment€Office€will€make€rulings€on€applications€for€the€issue€of€work€permits€in€lineÐ '  Ðwith€article€4€of€the€Employment€of€Foreigners€Law.€€A€work€permit€is€issued€to€a€foreigner€on€condition€that€inÏthe€records€of€the€Croatian€Employment€Institute€Office€there€is€no€person€meeting€the€conditions€set€by€theÏemployer€for€the€employment,€and€in€line€with€labour€market€policy€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€as€defined€by€theÏGovernment€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia.ÌÌ32.à è àIn€the€area€of€health€insurance,€the€concept€of€an€insured€person€is€not€linked€to€nationality,€whichÐ % Ðmeans€that€an€employed€Croatian€national€and€an€employed€foreigner€are€treated€in€the€same€way.€€Accordingly,Ïin€the€Health€Insurance€Law€there€are€no€special€provisions€relating€to€migrant€workers.€€Social€security,€to€doÏwith€the€accessibility€of€health€care€and€other€rights€arising€from€health€insurance,€for€example€rights€in€the€eventÏof€an€injury€Ô& T Ôsustained€in€the€workplace,€the€use€of€maternity€leave€or€sick€leave€specially€mentioned€in€the€text€ofÏthe€Convention,€is€the€same€for€Croatian€nationals€and€migrant€workers.ÌÌÔ'TZ^\Ô33.à è àTreaties€about€social€insurance€that,€as€well€as€the€area€of€retirement€benefit,€also€cover€the€region€ofÐ Ùø Ðhealth€and€unemployment€insurance€respect€the€general€principle€of€the€application€of€the€legal€regulations€of€theÏsignatory€State€in€whose€territory€the€work€of€the€employed€person€is€being€carried€out.€€Treaties€define€anÏexception€to€this€rule€mainly€for€employees€of€consulates€and€embassies€and€the€employees€whom€an€employerÏof€one€foreign€signatory€State€seconds€to€the€territory€of€another€foreign€signatory€State.€€Such€persons,€duringÏtheir€stay€in€the€area€of€the€other€signatory€State,€remain€insured€according€to€the€regulations€of€the€State€fromÏwhich€they€were€seconded.ÌÌ34.à è àForeign€students,€visiting€professors,€lectors,€scientists€and€post„graduate€fellows€who€reside€in€theÐ !   ÐRepublic€of€Croatia€have€the€right€to€social€insurance€on€the€basis€of€international€treaties€in€the€area€of€socialÏinsurance.€€From€this€point€of€view,€the€competent€establishment€in€the€State€from€which€the€foreign€personÏcomes€issues€the€regulation€document€on€the€basis€of€which€the€foreign€national€obtains€the€right€to€have€healthÏcare€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia.€€If€no€such€international€treaty€in€the€area€of€social€security€exists,€then€theseÏcategories€of€person€enjoy€the€right€to€health€care€by€the€inviting€organization€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€(theÏMinistry€of€Science€and€Technology,€the€tertiary€education€level€or€scientific€research€institution)€paying€theÏcontributions€for€this€health€insurance.€€It€is€duty€bound€to€give€the€Croatian€Health€Insurance€Fund€notice€inÏgood€time€about€the€arrival€and€departure€of€this€category€of€person.ÌÌ35.à è àThe€retirement€and€disability€insurance€of€foreigners€employed€in€Croatia€is€governed€by€ñ‡ñÐ Ó)ò"* Ðñ‡ñarticle10,€item€5,€of€the€Retirement€Insurance€Law.€€This€article€says€that€foreign€nationals€and€stateless€ñˆñÌñˆñpersons€who€are€employed€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€have€the€obligatory€insurance,€unless€otherwise€ñ‰ñÌñ‰ñgoverned€by€international€treaty.€€Accordingly,€the€fact€that€constitutes€the€basis€for€obligatory€insurance€ñŠñÌñŠñis€not€nationality,€but€employment.€€For€the€realization€of€rights€deriving€from€retirement€and€disability€ñ‹ñÌñ‹ñinsurance,€only€the€retirement€seniority€acquired€in€Croatia€is€counted€for€these€persons€if€the€insured€ñŒñÌÌâ âÐ ¦/Å(1 ÐñŒñhas€no€seniority€(contributions€payment€record)€in€a€State€with€which€Croatia€has€a€social€security€treaty.€ÏForeign€citizens€domiciled€abroad€are€paid€benefits€earned€in€the€Croatian€retirement€and€disability€insurance€inÏthe€foreign€country€as€long€as€there€is€reciprocity€or€a€treaty.Ìâ âÌ36.à è àRights€deriving€from€welfare€are€also€ensured,€according€to€conditions€envisaged€by€the€Social€WelfareÐ 5 T ÐLaw€for€Croatian€citizens,€to€stateless€persons€who€are€permanently€resident€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia.€€ForeignÏnationals€who€are€permanently€resident€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€are€ensured€those€welfare€rights€laid€down€byÏthe€Law€and€international€treaty.ÌÌ37.à è àRights€to€maternity€benefit€are€ensured€under€identical€conditions€for€Croatian€citizens€and€for€foreignersÐ ^}  Ðwho€are€staying€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€legally,€except€for€the€right€to€maternity€leave€for€unemployedÏmothers€and€for€mothers€who€are€claimants€of€retirement€benefit.ÌÌ38.à è àIn€the€Republic€of€Croatia€elementary€school€is€mandatory€and€free€of€charge€for€all€children€betweenÐ ²Ñ  Ðthe€ages€of€6€and€15€who€have€a€permanent€or€temporary€residence€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€irrespective€ofÏtheir€nationality.ÌÌ39.à è àSecondary€education,€pursuant€to€the€Law€on€Secondary€Education,€is€available€to€all€under€equalÐ % Ðconditions,€in€line€with€their€abilities,€in€line€with€the€Law.€€The€right€to€be€enrolled€in€secondary€school€isÏenjoyed€by€all€children€after€they€have€finished€elementary€school€under€identical€conditions,€within€theÏframework€of€the€number€determined€by€the€enrolment€decision.€€The€Minister€of€Education€and€Sport,€at€theÏrecommendation€of€the€secondary€schools,€makes€the€enrolment€decision€for€each€school.ÌÌà@caàò òArticle€3ó óˆÐ # ÐÌ40.à è àThe€Republic€of€Croatia€is€a€party€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€all€Forms€of€DiscriminationÐ »Ú Ðagainst€Women€and€in€January€1998€presented€an€initial€report€to€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€ofÏDiscrimination€against€Women.€€Thus,€with€respect€to€the€application€of€this€article€of€the€Covenant€we€wouldÏdraw€attention€to€the€report€about€the€application€of€the€said€Convention,€and€of€the€Equal€RemunerationÏConvention€(No.€100)€and€of€the€Discrimination€(Employment€and€Occupation)€Convention€(No.€111)€of€theÏInternational€Labour€Organization,€to€which€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€also€a€party.€€We€append€to€this€report€theÏNational€Policy€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€for€the€Promotion€of€Equality€that€the€Government€of€the€Republic€ofÏCroatia,€at€the€recommendation€of€the€Government's€Commission€for€Equality€Issues,€adopted€on€18€DecemberÏ1997,€and€a€report€about€its€implementation.ÌÌà@caàò òArticle€4ó óˆÐ  $,# ÐÌ41.à è àArticle€101,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Constitution€states€that€the€President€of€the€Republic€can€make€decreesÐ Ä%ã% Ðwith€the€power€of€law€and€take€exceptional€measures€in€the€event€of€a€state€of€war€existing,€or€if€there€is€a€directÏthreat€to€the€independence€and€integrity€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€or€when€governmental€bodies€are€unable€toÏcarry€out€their€constitutional€duties€in€a€regular€manner.€€While€the€President€of€the€Republic€is€exercising€thisÏauthority,€the€House€of€Representatives€may€not€be€dissolved.€€The€Constitution€expressly€states€that€theÏPresident€of€the€Republic€has€to€submit€any€decrees€with€the€force€of€law€that€he€has€passed€in€line€with€theÏauthority€granted€him€by€article€101€to€the€House€of€Representatives€for€confirmation€as€soon€as€the€ParliamentÏis€able€to€meet.ÌÌ42.à è àIn€the€Constitution,€there€are€three€possible€cases€in€which€the€executive€can€impinge€upon€the€work€ofÐ A-`&. Ðthe€legislature:ÌÌà è à(a)à  àIn€the€event€of€urgent€necessity,€when€the€State€is€in€danger€from€external€or€internal€causes;Ð À/ß(1 ÐÐ •0´)2 Ðà è à(b)à  àIn€the€event€of€direct€constitutional€authority€to€the€executive€to€govern€certain€social€relationsÐ á Ðthrough€its€general€standardizing€regulations;ÌÌà è à(c)à  àIn€the€event€of€legislative€delegation€in€which€the€legislative€body€itself€transfers€to€a€greater€orÐ `  Ðlesser€extent€its€legislative€authority€to€the€executive.ÌÌÌÌ43.à è àThe€possibility€of€restricting€the€rights€and€liberties€of€the€citizens€is€stipulated€in€articles€16€and€17€ofÐ ‰ ¨ Ðthe€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€which€reads:ÌÌà0 è à"Liberties€and€rights€can€be€restricted€only€by€the€law€in€order€to€protect€the€liberties€and€rights€of€otherÏpeople,€as€well€as€law€and€order,€public€morality€and€health.Ð è#è# ÐÌà0 è àIn€time€of€a€state€of€war€or€direct€threat€to€the€independence€and€integrity€of€the€Republic€and€of€greatÏnatural€disasters€the€individual€liberties€and€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€can€be€restricted.€€TheÏCroatian€State€Parliament€decides€about€this,€with€a€two„thirds€majority€of€all€the€representatives,€or,€ifÏthe€Parliament€cannot€sit,€then€the€President€of€the€Republic€decides.Ð è#è# ÐÌà0 è àThe€extent€of€the€restriction€has€to€be€appropriate€to€the€nature€of€the€danger,€and€it€cannot€have€as€aÏconsequence€any€inequality€among€the€citizens€with€respect€to€race,€skin€colour,€sex,€language,€religion,Ïethnic€or€social€origin.Ð è#è# ÐÌà0 è àNot€even€in€the€event€of€there€being€a€direct€threat€to€the€survival€of€the€State€can€there€be€any€restrictionÏon€the€application€of€the€provisions€of€this€Constitution€about€the€right€to€life,€the€ban€on€torture,€cruel€orÏhumiliating€procedures€or€punishments,€about€the€legal€determination€of€criminal€acts€and€penalties,€andÏabout€the€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion."Ð è#è# ÐÌ44.à è àApart€from€these€restrictions,€the€Constitution€precisely€determines€the€cases€in€which€certain€civil€rightsÐ -L Ðand€liberties€can€be€restricted:ÌÌà è à(a)à  àThe€right€to€move€inside€the€Republic€of€Croatia€and€the€right€to€enter€and€leave€it€canÐ ¬ Ë Ðexceptionally€be€limited€by€legislation,€if€this€is€necessary€for€the€protection€of€law€and€order,€or€the€health,€rightsÏand€liberties€of€others€(art.€32,€para.€3,€of€the€Constitution);ÌÌà è à(b)à  àOnly€by€statute€can€restrictions€necessary€for€the€protection€of€the€security€of€the€State€or€theÐ $# Ðimplementation€of€criminal€procedure€be€stipulated€(art.€36,€para.€2);ÌÌà è à(c)à  àThe€right€to€free€association€is€restricted€by€the€prohibition€of€violent€threats€to€the€democraticÐ &ž& Ðconstitutional€order€and€the€independence,€unity€and€territorial€integrity€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€(art.€43,€para.Ï2);ÌÌà è à(d)à  àIn€the€armed€forces€and€the€police,€unions€can€be€restricted€by€statute€(art.€59,€para.€3);Ð Ó)ò"* ÐÌà è à(e)à  àIn€the€armed€forces,€police,€civil€service€and€public€services,€as€determined€by€the€law,€the€rightÐ }+œ$, Ðto€strike€can€be€restricted€by€statute€(art.60,€para.€2);ÌÌà è à(f)à  àIt€is€also€possible€to€restrict€legislatively€or€confiscate€property€rights€in€the€interests€of€theÐ ü-'/ ÐRepublic€of€Croatia,€with€compensation€for€the€market€value.€€Entrepreneurial€liberty€and€property€rights€canÏexceptionally€be€restricted€by€law€for€the€protection€of€the€interests€and€security€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,Ïnature,€the€environment€and€health€(art.€50,€paras.€1€and2).Ð  {0š)2 ÐÔ& a Ôà@caàò òArticle€5ó óˆÐ á ÐÌ45.à è àShould€any€internal€Croatian€regulations€stipulate€a€lesser€scope€of€certain€rights€than€is€laid€down€in€theÐ ˜· ÐCovenant,€pursuant€to€the€provision€of€Ô'aá…Ôarticle€134€of€the€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€according€toÏwhich€international€treaties€that€are€entered€into€and€ratified€in€line€with€the€Constitution€and€are€published€and€inÏforce,€thereby€forming€part€of€the€internal€legal€order€of€the€Republic€and€being€in€legal€force€above€statute€law,Ïthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant€will€be€enforced€directly.ÌÌ46.à è àThe€Croatian€legal€system€recognizes€a€special€way€of€ensuring€the€protection€of€rights€laid€down€by€theÐ – µ ÐConstitution€and€any€international€treaty€of€which€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€a€party€in€the€event€that€statutesÏshould€lay€down€a€smaller€scope€for€any€given€rights€than€that€which€is€laid€down€by€the€Constitution.€€This€isÏthe€proceeding€for€the€evaluation€of€the€consonance€of€a€law€with€the€Constitution,€the€judgement€being€made€byÏthe€Constitutional€Court.€€As€an€example,€we€can€quote€the€decision€of€the€Constitutional€Court€of€the€RepublicÏof€Croatia€No.U„I„20/1992€(òòOfficial€Gazetteóó€No.€31/98)€in€which€the€Constitutional€Court,€deciding€on€theÐ ¿Þ  Ðrealization€of€the€constitutional€right€to€conscientious€objection,€referred€to€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution€ofÏthe€Republic€of€Croatia,€article€18€of€the€International€Covenant€and€article9€of€the€European€Convention€for€theÏProtection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Liberties.€€The€Court,€in€making€its€judgement€about€the€manner€ofÏgoverning€the€right€by€the€law,€determined€that€the€right€was€governed€as€was€laid€down€in€the€internationalÏtreaties€to€which€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€a€party.ÌÌ47.à è àThrough€the€application€of€the€provision€of€article€134€of€the€Constitution,€the€provision€of€paragraph€2Ð ’± Ðof€this€article€of€the€Covenant,€which€determines€the€relation€of€the€Covenant€with€other€laws€and€conventionsÏthat€provide€equal€or€broader€protection€of€rights,€is€applied€directly€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia.ÌÌà@caàò òArticle€6ó óˆÐ æ ÐÌ48.à è àSince€the€Republic€of€Croatia€is€a€party€to€the€Employment€Policy€Convention,€1964€(No.€122)€and€theÐ ¼ ÐDiscrimination€(Employment€and€Occupation)€Convention,€1958€(No.€111)€of€the€International€LabourÏOrganization€and€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Discrimination€against€Women€and€theÏInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€it€has€sent€reports€about€theÏapplication€of€these€conventions€to€the€competent€bodies,€and€we€would€draw€attention€to€these€reports€withÏrespect€to€the€rights€laid€down€in€this€article€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ49.à è àThe€Constitution€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€forbids€forced€and€compulsory€work.€€Article€54€of€theÐ p"! ÐConstitution€says€that€everyone€has€the€right€to€work€and€to€freedom€of€work.€€Everyone€freely€chooses€his€orÏher€calling€and€employment€and€all€jobs€and€duties€are€accessible€to€all€people€under€identical€conditions.€€EachÏemployed€person€has€the€right€to€earnings€with€which€he€or€she€can€ensure€for€him„€or€herself€and€family€a€freeÏand€dignified€life€(art.€55,€para.€1).ÌÌ50.à è àIn€line€with€the€provision€of€article€14€of€the€Constitution,€which€says€that€the€citizens€of€the€Republic€ofÐ n' ' ÐCroatia€have€all€rights€and€liberties€irrespective€of€their€race,€skin€colour,€sex,€language,€religion,€political€or€otherÏconvictions,€ethnic€or€social€origin,€property,€birth,€education,€social€position€or€other€features,€and€with€theÏprovision€of€article€54,€article€2€of€the€Labour€Law€specifically€bans€any€discrimination€against€persons€seekingÏemployment,€and€against€persons€who€are€employed,€on€the€basis€of€race,€skin€colour,€sex,€marital€status,Ïdependents,€age,€language,€religion,€political€or€other€convictions,€assets,€birth,€social€position,€membership€orÏnon„membership€in€a€political€party,€membership€or€non„membership€in€a€union€or€corporeal€and€mentalÏhandicaps.ÌÌÌâ âÐ À/ß(1 Ð51.à è àWe€give€a€report€on€the€entire€educational€system€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€in€relation€to€article13€of€theÐ á Ðâ âCovenant.ÌÌ52.à è àFrom€the€point€of€view€of€the€upbringing€and€education€of€the€school€population,€the€Employment€OfficeÐ `  Ðhas€a€certain€advisory€role€in€the€choice€of€occupations,€taking€into€account€the€interests€and€abilities€of€theÏclients,€while€not€ignoring€the€needs€of€the€regional€or€global€economy.€€Educational€activities€carried€out€by€theÏOffice€(professional€qualification,€retraining€and€additional€training)€are€carried€out€exclusively€if€there€is€interestÏon€the€part€of€both€employee€and€employer.€€Educational€and€training€activities€initiated€and€co„financed€by€theÏOffice€are€carried€out€with€unemployed€persons€for€a€known€or€an€unknown€employer.€€The€Office€also€carriesÏout€training€activities€with€people€already€in€employment€if€the€employer€of€such€persons€declares€themÏpermanently€redundant€because€of€the€level€of€their€education€or€qualifications.ÌÌ53.à è àProfessional€orientation,€agency€work€in€employment,€professional€selection,€employment„linked€trainingÐ Ýü  Ðand€professional€rehabilitation€are€based€on€the€Employment€Law€and€in€particular€on€articles1,€5,€6,€8€and€9.€ÏArticles10€and€11€in€particular€lay€down€the€impartiality€of€the€working€of€the€Employment€Office,€withÏreference€to€both€the€unemployed€and€job„seekers€and€employers€and€to€the€fact€that€its€mediation€and€advisoryÏservices€are€free€of€charge.ÌÌ54.à è àEvery€professional€orientation€of€an€individual€can€have€only€an€advisory€character€ð!ð€it€is€free€of€chargeÐ Ûú Ðand€non„obligatory.€€Professional€selection€is€carried€out€at€the€request€of€an€employer,€but€decisions€arrived€atÏdo€not€obligate€an€employer.€€In€both€cases€the€advice€is€based€on€the€professional€interests€and€wishes€of€theÏcandidates,€and€takes€into€account€their€abilities€and€other€traits€important€for€training€and€work,€technicalÏknowledge€and€skills,€and€any€medical€contraindications€that€there€might€be.ÌÌ55.à è àIn€no€way€can€race,€colour,€religion,€national€origin,€social€status€and€state€of€assets€influence€theÐ Ùø Ðadvisory€assistance.€€Gender€is€taken€into€account€as€an€element€in€the€counselling€only€for€certain€occupationsÏand€jobs€and€then€when€an€occupation€or€a€job,€because€of€the€conditions€of€work,€is€for€physiological€andÏhealth€reasons€not€recommendable€for€members€of€a€certain€sex.€€In€the€same€way€the€state€of€health€of€aÏcandidate€is€taken€into€consideration€only€if€the€occupation€(or€the€jobs€or€conditions€of€work€in€it)€is€counter„¼indicated€for€him€or€her.ÌÌ56.à è àWe€should€also€mention€that€the€jobs€of€professional€orientation€and€selection€are€carried€out€mainly€byÐ ¬ Ë Ðdoctors,€teachers€and€educators€(rehabilitation€matters€and€special€teachers)€who€are€bound€in€their€work€by€theÏcodes€of€their€own€professions.€€These€ethical€codes€themselves€militate€against€any€kind€of€unequal€approach€orÏexclusiveness.ÌÌ57.à è àIn€Croatia,€since€1988,€there€has€been€a€trend€towards€the€reduction€of€the€overall€level€of€employment.€Ð Õ$ô$ ÐThe€greatest€annual€fall€in€employment€came€in€1992€(13%),€and€in€the€following€years€the€tendency€forÏemployment€to€drop€was€slowed€down€considerably€(on€average,€the€annual€rate€was€2.4%).€€According€to€theÏmost€recent€data€from€the€National€Statistics€Office,€in€August€1999€there€were€1,345,000€persons€employed€inÏCroatia.€€Of€these,€1,034,000€or€76.84%€were€employed€by€government,€mixed€or€privately€ownedÏestablishments,€212,600€persons€or€15.8%€were€self„employed€or€in€freelance€professions,€and€99,000personsÏor€7.36%€were€recorded€as€being€employed€in€small„scale€farming.ÌÌ58.à è àAs€compared€with€the€state€of€employment€in€1989€and€in€1994,€the€total€number€of€employed€ññÐ }+œ$, Ðññpersons€has€dropped€by€26.7%€and€6.4%,€respectively.€€These€relatively€high€levels€of€fall€in€ñŽñÌñŽñemployment€(particularly€in€comparison€with€1989)€are€the€result,€above€all,€of€the€reduction€of€the€ññÌññnumber€of€employed€persons€in€companies€and€establishments€of€the€former€public€sector,€caused€by€ñ‘ñÌñ‘ñtheir€ñ’ñññÌñññ’ñbeing€restructured€and€oriented€to€a€market€economy.€€In€comparison€with€1989,€employment€in€ñ“ñÌñ“ñthis€part€of€the€Croatian€economy€had€been€reduced€by€34%,€and€in€comparison€with€1994€by€8%,€with€ñ”ñÌñ”ññ–ñÌñ–ññ”ñÐ P1o*3 Ðñ”ñthe€remark€that€in€1999€official€statistics€include€all€those€employed€in€the€police€and€the€armed€forces,€ñ•ñÌñ•ñwhile€the€figures€for€the€previous€years€did€not.ÌÌ59.à è àAt€the€same€time€the€level€of€self„employment€and€the€employment€of€other€people€in€trades€and€in€theÐ `  Ðfree€professions€rose.€€In€comparison€with€1989€statistics€show€a€rise€amounting€to€312.8%,€with€the€provisoÏthat€in€that€year€self„employed€persons€were€not€included,€while€with€respect€to€1994€the€growth€amounted€toÏ42.5%.€€In€this€part€of€the€Croatian€economy,€then,€the€number€of€employed€persons€has€risen€all€the€time,€withÏa€simultaneous€increase€of€its€share€in€overall€employment€(from€2.8%€in€1989€to€15.8%€in€1999),€which€hasÏcontributed€to€the€slowdown€in€the€fall€in€overall€registered€employment€in€Croatia.ÌÌ60.à è àAccording€to€data€from€the€Croatian€Retirement€Insurance€Institute,€the€number€of€registered€small„scaleÐ 3R  Ðfarmers€is€constantly€falling,€and€in€a€ten„year€period€(1989„1999)€has€dropped€by€54.5%,€and€in€the€last€five„¼year€period€(1994„1999)€by€39.6%.ÌÌ61.à è àAs€well€as€figures€derived€from€the€administration€about€employment,€since€1996€there€has€been€aÐ ‡¦  ÐLabour€Force€Survey€according€to€the€methodology€of€the€ILO.€€The€results€of€research€into€employment€fromÏthe€Survey€differ€from€the€figures€derived€from€administrative€sources.€€The€most€recent€data€from€the€Survey,Ïas€carried€out€in€the€second€half€of€1998,€show€that€the€number€of€employed€persons€in€Croatia€was€1,549,000Ïwith€a€slight€upward€average€trend€as€compared€with€1996,€i.e.€with€the€first€results€obtained€from€the€LabourÏForce€Survey.€€Of€the€total€number€of€employed€persons,€the€private€sector€accounted€for€840,000€persons€orÏ54.2%€(and€rising),€while€709,000€persons€or€45.8%€of€all€employees€were€engaged€in€the€public€sector€or€in€theÏcompanies€being€transformed€(privatized).ÌÌ62.à è àBefore€we€give€an€account€of€the€features€and€trends€of€employment€and€unemployment€in€the€RepublicÐ # Ðof€Croatia€in€the€period€between€1986€and€1999,€it€is€necessary€to€say€something€about€the€source€of€data€aboutÏunemployed€persons.€€The€sources€of€the€data€on€which€this€information€is€based€are€the€records€of€the€CroatianÏEmployment€Office€and€the€Labour€Force€Survey€on€a€sample€of€households€carried€out€by€the€NationalÏStatistics€Office€according€to€the€recommendations,€methods€and€definitions€of€the€ILO.€€The€Survey€wasÏcarried€out€once€a€year€in€1996€and€1997,€and€in€1998€it€was€carried€out€on€an€ongoing€basis€with€half„yearlyÏprocessing;€the€results€were€published€twice€a€year,€for€the€first€and€the€second€half„year€periods.€€In€1996,Ïaccording€to€the€results€of€the€Survey,€there€were€170,234€persons€who€were€unemployed,€the€rate€ofÏunemployment€amounting€to€10%.€€At€the€same€time,€the€Croatian€Employment€Institute€recorded€266,644Ïunemployed€persons,€the€rate€of€registered€unemployment€calculated€on€the€basis€of€these€administrative€sourcesÏcoming€to€15.7%.€€During€1998€the€rate€of€surveyed€unemployment€came€to€11.2%€(first€half)€or€11.6%Ï(second€half)€as€against€a€rate€of€registered€unemployment€of€17.2%€(Monthly€Statistical€Report,€1999,€No.6,ÏNational€Statistical€Office,€Zagreb).ÌÌ63.à è àRegistered€unemployment€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€was€constantly€on€the€rise€from€the€beginning€of€theÐ ª%É% Ð1980s€to€the€beginning€of€the€1990s.€€In€the€period€between€1980€and€1990€it€rose€at€an€average€annual€rate€ofÏ6.2%,€and€at€the€beginning€of€the€1990s€a€drastic€rise€in€unemployment€began,€caused,€above€all,€by€a€massÏinflux€of€workers€from€companies€in€bankruptcy€and€liquidation.€€This€not€only€changed€the€dynamics€but€alsoÏthe€structure€of€unemployed€persons.€€From€1993€to€1995€there€was€a€reduction€of€unemployment,€while€fromÏ1996€on€it€has€been€constantly€on€the€rise.Ìâ âÐ ¨*Ç#+ ÐÔ& q Ôâ âà@ô ô Naàò òUnemployment€trends€from€1986€to€1999€(annual€mean)ó óˆÐ á ÐÌÔ*`ƒ,- ddâdd Cdd ±#±#`ÔÔ,æ??@ÔÔ,ª/?0ÔÔ,g/?0ÔÔ,ª/?0ÔÔ,k/?@ÔÔ,T/?pÔÔ+  ÔÐ 5€..." ˜· €€‚?‚ƒƒ„C„5ÐYearÐ =€..*×öC"... „C„=ÐTotalÐ =€..*×öC".. „C„=ÐIndexÐ =€..*×öC".. „C„=ÐWomenÐ =€..*×öC".. „C„=ÐIndexÐ =€..*×öC".. „C„=ÐProportion€ofÏwomenÐ U€...B*¬ Ë C" ?  .. €/€‚?‚ƒƒ„C„UÐ1986Ð =€..*Ø ÷ C"... „C„=Ð122,711ˆÐ =€..*Ø ÷ CU.. „C„=Ð100ˆ.0Ð =€..*Ø ÷ CU.. „C„=Ð75,170ˆÐ =€..*Ø ÷ CU.. „C„=Ð100ˆ.0Ð =€..*Ø ÷CU.. „C„=Ð61ˆ.3Ð U€..B*Ø ÷CU ? / .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„UÐ1990Ð =€.*ô C".. „C„=Ð160,617ˆÐ =€.*ô CU. „C„=Ð130ˆ.9Ð =€.*ô CU. „C„=Ð91,376ˆÐ =€.*ô CU. „C„=Ð121ˆ.6Ð =€.*ô CU. „C„=Ð56ˆ.9Ð U€..B*ô CU /  . €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„UÐ1995Ð =€.* /C".. „C„=Ð240,601ˆÐ =€.* /CU. „C„=Ð196ˆ.1Ð =€.* /CU. „C„=Ð124,232ˆÐ =€.* /CU. „C„=Ð165ˆ.3Ð =€.* /CU. „C„=Ð51ˆ.6Ð U€...B* /CU /  . €/€‚/‚ƒ(ƒ„C„UÐÔZZZjjÔ1999òòòòaóó/óóÐ =€..*,KC"... „C„=Ð316,816ˆÐ =€..*,KCU.. „C„=Ð258ˆ.2Ð =€..*,KCU.. „C„=Ð165,897ˆÐ =€..*,KCU.. „C„=Ð220ˆ.7Ð =€..*,K CU.. „C„=Ð52ˆ.4Ð:0.,K!CU /( /  .. :ÐÌòòSourceóó:€€Croatian€Employment€Institute,€Zagreb.Ð þ " ÐÌòòaóó/à è à€For€1999,€the€mean€of€registered€unemployed€from€January€to€September€was€taken.Ð ¨Ç $ ÐÔ'q á·ÔÌÌ64.à è àAs€we€can€see,€the€total€unemployment€in€the€period€from€1986€to€1999€increased€two€and€a€half„timesÐ 'F ' Ð(the€index€is€258.2),€while€unemployment€among€women€is€twice€as€great€(index€220.7).€€The€percentage€ofÏwomen€in€this€period€fell€from€61.3%€to€52.4%.€€We€should€mention€that€this€proportion€fell€below€50%€in€theÏmid„1990s,€as€a€result€of€a€great€influx€of€demobilized€soldiers€from€the€war€into€the€ranks€of€the€registeredÏunemployed.ÌÌ65.à è àIn€the€age€structure€of€registered€unemployment,€persons€up€to€the€age€of24€made€up€65.2%€in€1986.€Ð %D- ÐIn€1991€this€proportion€fell€to€36.9%,€in€1995€to€34.1%€and€in€1999€to€31.1%.€€These€trends€in€the€reduction€ofÏthe€share€of€the€young€and€the€increase€of€the€share€of€the€older€are€the€result€mainly€of€the€liquidation€ofÏcompanies€and€of€redundancies;€the€workers€then,€primarily€so€as€to€obtain€unemployment€benefits,€Ô& ) Ôregister€withÏthe€Employment€Office.€€This€mainly€concerns€workers€in€their€middle€years€or€older,€who€are€more€difficult€toÏemploy€and€thus€remain€on€the€books€of€the€Office€for€quite€a€long€time.ÌÌÔ')¤¶ÅÔ66.à è àThe€length€of€unemployment€is€an€important€feature€for€the€monitoring€of€this€phenomenon.€€LengthyÐ ø4 Ðperiods€of€unemployment€have€markedly€negative€and€multisided€effects,€economic,€social,€psychological€andÏother.€€At€the€end€of€June€1999,€on€the€total€number€of€recorded€unemployed€persons,€43,332€persons€had€beenÏwaiting€for€work€for€3€months€(13.9%),€44,735€from€3€to€6months€(14.3%),€35,745€from€6€to€9€monthsÏ(11.4%),€32,868€from€9€to€12€months€(10.5%),€59,655€from€one€to€two€years€(19.1%),€32,692€from€two€toÏthree€years€(10.5%),€and€63,771€for€over€three€years€(20.4%).ÌÌ67.à è àAt€the€moment,€young€people€without€work€experience€and€a€lower€level€of€education,€older€persons,€theÐ Ë$ê; Ðlong„term€unemployed€and€persons€from€areas€that€were€hit€in€the€war€are€more€exposed€to€unemployment,€asÏthey€will€be€in€the€period€to€come.€€In€the€employment€policy,€greater€attention€has€to€be€devoted€to€theseÏcategories€of€person.ÌÌ68.à è àUnfortunately€there€are€only€fairly€general€data€about€the€employment€or€unemployment€of€persons€whoÐ ô("@ Ðare€hard€to€employ€(including€disabled€persons).€€The€data€that€will€be€adduced€relate€to€people€registered€in€theÏEmployment€Office.€€Further,€in€the€last€decade€crucial€political€changes€took€place€in€Croatia,€including€in€theÏarea€of€the€welfare€of€disabled€persons€and€of€other€persons€with€social€security€requirements.€€Thus€data€areÏnot€completely€comparable.ÌÌ69.à è àAt€the€end€of€1998€the€trend€towards€the€reduction€of€the€absolute€and€relative€numbers€of€unemployedÐ ò-'F Ðpeople€more€difficult€to€employ€continued.€€This€reduction€is€not,€it€is€true,€very€large,€but€Ð  Ç.æ'G Ðit€has€been€a€continuous€feature€of€recent€years.€€The€reduction€in€the€number€of€difficult€to€employ€unemployedÏpersons€is€in€part€the€consequence€of€an€endeavour€to€make€sure€that€at€least€some€of€these€categories€ofÏpersons€are€employed,€but€also€probably€the€result€of€alterations€in€the€criteria€for€the€evaluation€of€who€is€aÏperson€that€is€difficult€to€employ.ÌÌ70.à è àThe€total€number€of€recorded€unemployed€persons€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€at€the€end€of€1998Ð  ) Ð(302,731)€was€5.4%€greater€than€in€1997.€€At€the€same€time,€the€number€of€difficult€to€employ€persons€whoÏwere€unemployed€fell,€and€thus€their€share€in€the€total€number€of€unemployed€also€fell€(from€9.6€to€8.8%).ÌÌ71.à è àIn€1998€in€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€there€were€records€of€8,105unemployed€persons€with€aÐ ^}  Ðdisability.€€This€was€an€increase€of€2%€over€1997.€€However,€in€some€categories€of€disability€the€number€ofÏunemployed€was€reduced.€€For€example,€there€were€7.4%€fewer€unemployed€demobilized€soldiers€from€theÏrecent€war,€and€12%€fewer€people€disabled€at€work€than€in€1997.ÌÌ72.à è àAt€the€end€of€1995,€there€were€249,070€persons€registered€in€the€Office;€of€these,€27,930€(11.2%)€wereÐ ‡¦  Ðin€the€category€of€difficult€to€employ.€€This€is€a€slightly€smaller€number€than€in€the€previous€year.€€Since€the€totalÏnumber€of€the€employed€rose,€these€data€indicate€the€increased€attention€of€the€Institute€(through€the€activeÏemployment€policy)€to€these€persons.ÌÌ73.à è àWhile€we€are€discussing€the€disabled,€at€the€end€of€1995€the€Office€had€6,930€unemployed€disabled€on€itsÐ °Ï Ðbooks.€€The€percentage€of€them€in€the€total€unemployed€population€was€2.8%.€€This€is€somewhat€more€disabledÏunemployed€than€in€the€previous€year,€and€a€somewhat€higher€unemployment€level€was€recorded€in€the€groupsÏ"categorized€youth"€and€"disabled€from€the€war".ÌÌ74.à è àAt€the€end€of€1990€there€were€records€in€the€Institute€of€195,466unemployed€persons.€€There€wereÐ Ùø Ð8,433€difficult€to€employ€persons,€or€4.32%.€€This€was€a€marked€rise€over€the€previous€year€(1989).€€The€OfficeÏhad€records€of€4,363€unemployed€disabled€persons,€or€2.23%€of€the€total€unemployed€population.€€This€was€alsoÏa€marked€rise€as€against€the€previous€year.ÌÌ75.à è àFinally,€we€may€notice€that€the€trend€in€the€number€of€unemployed€persons€who€are€difficult€to€employ,Ð ! Ðincluding€the€disabled,€has,€except€perhaps€in€the€last€couple€of€years,€on€the€whole€kept€pace€with€the€generalÏupward€trend€in€unemployment.€€The€Croatian€Employment€Office€has€attempted,€in€line€with€its€currentÏcapacities,€to€help€the€persons€concerned€by€financial€incentives€to€employers,€medical€and€psychologicalÏtreatment,€counselling€for€the€unemployed,€their€retraining,€additional€training€and€further€training.ÌÌ76.à è àThe€House€of€Representatives€of€the€Croatian€State€Parliament€at€a€session€held€on€17€February€1998Ð $# Ðaccepted€the€National€Employment€Policy,€"binding€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€in1998€to€workÏout€and€implement€a€programme€of€incentive€measures€for€new€employment€in€companies€and€tradesmen'sÏworkshops".ÌÌ77.à è àThe€Croatian€Employment€Office€developed€five€new€programmes€the€aim€of€which€is€to€influenceÐ )(H!( Ðtrends€on€the€labour€market€from€several€aspects€at€the€same€time€in€order€to€reduce€unemployment,€open€upÏnew€jobs,€help€in€the€restructuring€of€the€economy€and€reduce€the€structural€imbalance€between€supply€andÏdemand€in€the€labour€market€both€geographically€and€from€the€point€of€view€of€the€qualification€structure.€€InÏthis€report€the€programmes€are€presented,€the€degree€to€which€the€programmes€have€been€implemented,€and€anÏanalysis€of€the€effects€of€the€individual€programmes€on€the€labour€market.Ð  R,q%- Ð78.à è àIn€session€on€23€April€1998,€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€starting€off€from€the€task€it€hadÐ á Ðbeen€charged€with€by€the€Parliament,€accepted€the€First€Programme€of€Measures€in€the€Implementation€of€theÏNational€Employment€Policy.€€An€analysis€of€the€success€of€the€First€Programme€showed€that€the€incentivesÏwere€not€powerful€enough€to€stimulate€new€employment€and€in€October€1998€the€working€out€of€new€measuresÏwas€addressed,€within€the€context€of€the€Second€Programme,€which€is€still€in€force€today.€€The€elements€of€theÏnew€programme€are€as€follows:ÌÓH4ÿÿ±èÄV Äû2i ×E| ³"±±Ž7HÓÌMeasure€1€„à0  àJoint€financing€of€the€employment€of€younger€persons€(up€to€30years€of€age)€withoutÐ ´ Ó Ðexperience€in€the€occupation€for€which€they€have€been€trainedÐ ## ÐÌà è àThe€objective€of€this€measure€is€to€prevent€long„term€unemployment€among€the€young€while€they€areÏentering€the€labour€market,€which€represents€a€loss€of€acquired€human€capital.€€An€employer€who€takes€on€aÏperson€from€this€group€from€the€records€of€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€is€refunded€part€of€the€gross€payÏup€to€the€level€of€contributions€payments€(ca.€42%€of€gross€pay)€for€one€year.€€The€employer€is€obliged€not€toÏreduce€the€number€of€employed€during€the€joint€financing€period€and€to€keep€the€jointly€financed€person€on€forÏtwice€as€long€as€the€joint€financing€period,€i.e.€for€two€years.€€In€this€way,€3,844people€from€the€Office's€booksÏwere€employed€from€June€1998€to€31October€1999.ÌÌMeasure€2€„à0  àJoint€financing€of€the€costs€of€induction€into€work€and€the€training€of€newly€employed€personsÐÛú## ÐÌà è àThe€objective€of€this€measure€is€to€enable€employers€to€qualify€newly€employed€workers€so€that€theyÏbecome€adjusted€to€the€needs€of€the€job.€€Qualification€and€training€can€be€carried€out€on€the€job€as€well€as€in€aÏtraining€institute,€or€through€a€combination€of€the€two€approaches.€€Joint€financing€is€given€for€qualificationÏprogrammes€up€to€one€year€and€the€costs€are€reimbursed€up€to€the€level€that€is€determined€by€the€level€ofÏcontributions€on€gross€pay.€€The€employer€is€bound€to€retain€the€existing€level€of€employment€for€a€year€andÏretain€the€jointly€financed€person€for€a€period€twice€as€long€as€the€length€of€the€joint€financing.€€There€is€no€ageÏlimit€with€this€measure.€€In€this€way,€from€the€records€of€June€1998€to€31€October€1999,€4,041€persons€wereÏemployed.ÌÌMeasure€3€„à0  àRe„€and€additional€training€for€occupations€in€short€supplyÐ!## ÐÌà è àThe€aim€of€this€measure€is€to€reduce€the€structural€inequality€between€supply€and€demand€in€the€labourÏmarket.€€Employers€who€cannot€obtain€the€persons€with€the€required€occupational€skills€from€the€records€of€theÏInstitute€can€have€the€costs€of€re„€and€additional€training€jointly€financed,€up€to€60€to€80%€of€the€costs€of€theÏtraining.€€During€the€training€period€the€employer€is€bound€to€employ€the€workers€for€a€fixed€time,€and€after€theÏtraining€has€to€take€them€on€for€an€unlimited€period€of€time,€with€the€obligation€of€keeping€them€in€work€for€atÏleast€24€months.€€Shipbuilders€mostly€used€this€measure€for€trades€in€short€supply€such€as€welders,€pipefittersÏand€similar€occupations.€€For€experts€dealing€with€explosives,€a€number€of€persons€were€trained€to€carry€outÏmine€clearing€occupations.ÌÌà è àAs€well€as€for€a€given,€known€employer,€through€this€measure€the€Office€trains€unemployed€personsÏwho€have€occupations€that€are€in€surplus€and€cannot€find€employment.€€The€occupations€most€in€demand€on€theÏmarket€are€computer€operators,€business€secretaries,€in€the€building€trades€and€so€on.ÌÌà è àThis€measure€can€also€be€applied€within€the€Redundancy€Management€Programme,€so€that€theÏqualification€structure€of€the€employed€should€be€made€to€fit€the€new€needs€with€the€objective€of€keeping€upÏexisting€employment.ÌÌà è àThis€measure€embraced€604€ex„soldiers€from€the€books€of€the€Office,€who€are€privileged€vis„„vis€allÏother€job€seekers€in€all€measures.Ìâ âÐ {0š)2 Ðà è àThe€needs€for€the€additional€training€of€the€seasonal€labour€force€can€also€be€met€by€this€measure,€whichÏâ âis€of€exceptional€importance€for€the€tourist€season.ÌÌà è àIn€the€period€already€mentioned,€Measure€3€embraced€2,549€persons.ÌÌÔ& ) ÔMeasure€4€„à0  àJoint€financing€of€the€employment€of€Croatian€soldiers€and€the€unemployed€children€and€spousesÐ  ) Ðof€dead€and€missing€soldiers€from€the€war€for€independenceÐ ## ÐÌà è àJoint€financing€of€this€group€has€a€priority,€and€is€supported€with€very€high€subsidies.€€An€employer€whoÏtakes€on€an€ex„soldier€in€the€first€year€of€Ô') îÔwork€pays€only€30%€of€the€gross€pay,€i.e.€70%€of€the€pay€isÏreimbursed€to€him€quarterly.€€In€the€second€year,€50%€of€gross€pay€is€reimbursed.€€In€this€way,€2,014€CroatianÏex„soldiers€were€employed.ÌÓN1ÿÿ±èV Äû2i ×E| ³"ÿÿ±‚7ÄV ‹7NÓÌà@r r Maàò òReview€of€the€measures€of€active€policy€in€the€periodˆÐ ²Ñ  Ðà@Xaàfrom€June€1998€to€October€1999ó óˆÐ ”³  ÐÌÔ*¤ƒ/0 „ddæ??@ª/?0g/?0ª/?0k/?@T/?p,-±#±#¤ÔÔ,€?/@ÔÔ,Ï//@ÔÔ,U?/`ÔÔ,D?/`ÔÔ,D?/`ÔÔ,D?/`ÔÔ,D?/`ÔÔ,¬?? ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 1€.." Kj  €€‚?‚ƒƒ„C„1ÐÐ 7€.*Š© C3.. „C„7ÐÐ 9€..*Š© C3. „C„9Ðò òMeasure€1Ð 9€..*Š© C".. „C„9ÐMeasure€2Ð 9€..*Š© C".. „C„9ÐMeasure€3Ð 9€..*Š© C".. „C„9ÐMeasure€4Ð 9€..*Š© C".. „C„9ÐResourcesÏspentÐ =€...*l‹C".. „C„=ÐTotaló óÐ Q€..B*Š© C" ?  ... €€‚?‚ƒƒ„C„QÐò ò1998ó óÐ 7€.*¥ÄC".. „C„7ÐJune€„ÏDecemberÐ 9€..*z™C. „C„9Ѐ€634Ð 9€..*¥ÄC".. „C„9Ѐ€463Ð 9€..*¥ÄC".. „C„9Ѐ€562Ð 9€..*¥ÄC".. „C„9Ѐ€189Ð 9€..*¥Ä C".. „C„9Ѐ€€€€2,616,837Ð =€...*¥Ä!C".. „C„=Ѐ1,848Ð Q€.B*¥Ä"C" ?  ... €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐò ò1999ó óÐ 4*–µ#C". „C„4ÐJanuaryÐ ,€.–µ$C „C„,Ѐ€131Ð 9€.*–µ%C". „C„9Ѐ€122Ð 9€.*–µ&C". „C„9Ѐ€229Ð 9€.*–µ'C". „C„9Ѐ€€68Ð 9€.*–µ(C". „C„9Ѐ€€€€2,665,824Ð =€..*–µ)C". „C„=Ѐ€€550Ð Q€.B*–µ*C" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*¿Þ+C3. „C„4ÐFebruaryÐ ,€.¿Þ,C „C„,Ѐ€200Ð 9€.*¿Þ-C". „C„9Ѐ€214Ð 9€.*¿Þ.C". „C„9Ѐ€348Ð 9€.*¿Þ/C". „C„9Ѐ€€76Ð 9€.*¿Þ0C". „C„9Ѐ€€€€4,942,095Ð =€..*¿Þ1C". „C„=Ѐ€€838Ð Q€.B*¿Þ2C" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*Ûú3C3. „C„4ÐMarchÐ ,€.Ûú4C „C„,Ѐ€319Ð 9€.*Ûú5C". „C„9Ѐ€245Ð 9€.*Ûú6C". „C„9Ѐ€248Ð 9€.*Ûú7C". „C„9Ѐ€211Ð 9€.*Ûú8C". „C„9Ѐ€€€€5,396,787Ð =€..*Ûú9C". „C„=Ѐ1,023Ð Q€.B*Ûú:C" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*÷;C3. „C„4ÐAprilÐ ,€.÷<C „C„,Ѐ€356Ð 9€.*÷=C". „C„9Ѐ€300Ð 9€.*÷>C". „C„9Ѐ€539Ð 9€.*÷?C". „C„9Ѐ€238Ð 9€.*÷@C". „C„9Ѐ€€€€6,545,875Ð =€..*÷AC". „C„=Ѐ1,433Ð Q€.B*÷BC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*2CC3. „C„4ÐMayÐ ,€.2DC „C„,Ѐ€304Ð 9€.*2EC". „C„9Ѐ€369Ð 9€.*2FC". „C„9Ѐ€254Ð 9€.*2GC". „C„9Ѐ€204Ð 9€.*2HC". „C„9Ð11,650,637.92Ð =€..*2IC". „C„=Ѐ1,131Ð Q€.B*2JC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*/NKC3. „C„4ÐJuneÐ ,€./NLC „C„,Ѐ€424Ð 9€.*/NMC". „C„9Ѐ€414Ð 9€.*/NNC". „C„9Ѐ€€82Ð 9€.*/NOC". „C„9Ѐ€313Ð 9€.*/NPC". „C„9Ѐ9,725,897.66Ð =€..*/NQC". „C„=Ѐ1,233Ð Q€.B*/NRC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*KjSC3. „C„4ÐJulyÐ ,€.KjTC „C„,Ѐ€362Ð 9€.*KjUC". „C„9Ѐ€536Ð 9€.*KjVC". „C„9Ѐ€€65Ð 9€.*KjWC". „C„9Ѐ€268Ð 9€.*KjXC". „C„9Ð13,098,234.64Ð =€..*KjYC". „C„=Ѐ1,231Ð Q€.B*KjZC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*g †[C3. „C„4ÐAugustÐ ,€.g †\C „C„,Ѐ€193Ð 9€.*g †]C". „C„9Ѐ€348Ð 9€.*g †^C". „C„9Ѐ€€29Ð 9€.*g †_C". „C„9Ѐ€€80Ð 9€.*g †`C". „C„9Ѐ9,859,475.54Ð =€..*g †aC". „C„=Ѐ€€869Ð Q€.B*g †bC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*ƒ!¢cC3. „C„4ÐSeptemberÐ ,€.ƒ!¢dC „C„,Ѐ€253Ð 9€.*ƒ!¢eC". „C„9Ѐ€349Ð 9€.*ƒ!¢fC". „C„9Ѐ€€93Ð 9€.*ƒ!¢gC". „C„9Ѐ€198Ð 9€.*ƒ!¢hC". „C„9ÐÐ =€..*ƒ!¢iC". „C„=Ѐ€€893Ð Q€.B*ƒ!¢jC" /  .. €€‚/‚ƒƒ„C„QÐÐ 4*Ÿ"¾kC3. „C„4ÐOctoberÐ ,€.Ÿ"¾lC „C„,Ѐ€668Ð 9€.*Ÿ"¾mC". „C„9Ѐ€681Ð 9€.*Ÿ"¾nC". „C„9Ѐ€100Ð 9€.*Ÿ"¾oC". „C„9Ѐ€169Ð 9€.*Ÿ"¾pC". „C„9ÐÐ =€..*Ÿ"¾qC". „C„=Ѐ1,618Ð S€..B*Ÿ"¾rC" /  .. €0€‚/‚ƒ(ƒ„C„SÐÐ ;€.*»#ÚsC.. „C„;Ѐ€ò òTotaló óÐ ;€..*»#ÚtC. „C„;Ð3,844Ð ;€..*»#ÚuC".. „C„;Ð4,041Ð ;€..*»#ÚvC".. „C„;Ð2,549Ð ;€..*»#ÚwC".. „C„;Ð2,014Ð ;€..*»#ÚxC".. „C„;Ð67,295,556.88Ð =€...*»#ÚyC".. „C„=Ð12,448Ð:0.»#ÚzC" /( 0 ... :ÐÌÌ79.à è àOf€the€total€number€of€unemployed€persons€covered€by€this€programme€of€measures€of€active€policy,Ð o&Ž| Ð10,704€persons€were€found€employment.€€A€difference€shows€up€because€of€persons€who€were€qualified€forÏwork€with€a€non„specified€employer€within€Measure€3,€but€who€through€this€training€had€a€much€greater€chanceÏof€being€employed.ÌÌ80.à è àThese€measures€improved€the€proportion€of€persons€from€the€books€of€the€Office€getting€employementÐ ˜*·# Ðas€compared€with€the€total€number€becoming€employed.€€Since€in€80%€of€cases€employers€do€not€take€onÏpersons€from€the€books€but€have€their€own€selection€of€future€workers,€we€are€of€the€opinion€that€we€have,Ïamong€other€things,€increased€the€interest€of€employers€in€groups€from€the€books.€€Most€employers€who€makeÏuse€of€the€measures€are€small€employers€who€on€the€whole€take€on€one€or€two€workers.€€The€occupations€mostÏin€demand€among€employers€are:ÌÌÌÐ @1_*‰ Ðà è à(a)à  àIn€the€unqualified€and€semi„qualified€groups:€€assistant€garment€workers;€general€labourers;Ð á ÐÌà è à(b)à  àIn€the€qualified€and€highly€qualified€groups:€€metal€workers;€panel€beaters;€heating€installers;Ð ‹ª Ðmachine€builders;€automobile€mechanics;€garment€makers;€hairdressers;€sales€assistants;ÌÌà è à(c)à  àIn€the€secondary€education€qualification€group:€€engineering€technicians;€constructionÐ  ) Ðtechnicians;ÌÌà è à(d)à  àIn€the€college„level€qualification€group:€€ordinary€degree€level€mechanical€and€electrical€engineers;Ð ‰ ¨ ÐÌà è à(e)à  àIn€the€university„degree€level€group:€€economists;€physicians.Ð 3R  ÐÌ81.à è àIn€the€framework€of€the€self„employment€programme,€unemployed€persons€from€the€books€who€haveÐ Ýü  Ðthe€aptitude€and€necessary€knowledge€to€start€up€their€own€company,€trade,€freelance€profession€or€farm€areÏprepared€for€self„employment.ÌÌ82.à è àAlthough€this€programme€is€oriented€to€those€who€are€already€working€as€entrepreneurs€in€the€greyÐ 1P  Ðeconomy€or€who€are€working€on€their€own€farm,€we€think€that€those€starting€have€to€go€through€several€phasesÏthat€will€make€them€capable€of€evaluating€realistically€the€level€of€risk€before€venturing€into€the€world€ofÏenterprise.€€For€this€reason,€all€unemployed€potential€entrepreneurs€who€wish€to€become€self„employed€goÏthrough€the€phases€of€selection,€education,€consultation,€and€are€only€then€given€loans.€€The€first€selection€isÏdone€in€the€Institute,€which€holds€information€seminars€for€interested€persons;€here€candidates€learn€about€theÏlegislative€framework,€the€fiscal€system,€the€institutions€they€have€to€learn€to€use,€the€procedures€involved€inÏregistering€a€firm,€and€about€the€basic€features€of€drawing€up€a€business€plan.€€According€to€experience€to€date,Ïafter€a€seminar,€50%€drop€out€of€the€programme.€€The€others€fill€in€a€questionnaire€that€serves€to€reveal€theÏentrepreneurial€capacities€of€individuals€and€then€they€are€given€instructions€about€how€to€work€out€theirÏbusiness€ideas.€€With€their€completed€forms,€the€candidates€will€then€talk€with€an€expert€team€from€the€Office,Ïcomprising€a€psychologist,€counsellor,€educationalist€and€consultant.€€Within€the€framework€of€this€selection€theÏperson€is€advised€either€to€give€up€or€to€go€on€to€a€seminar€for€the€elaboration€of€a€business€plan,€or€perhapsÏdirectly€to€a€consultant.€€In€this€phase€another€20„30%€drop€out.€€Most€of€the€remaining€candidates€go€to€aÏseminar€at€which€they€will€be€able€to€get€more€detailed€information€necessary€to€an€entrepreneur€and€will€drawÏup€their€business€plan,€which€is€part€of€the€application€for€a€loan.€€After€the€seminar,€the€candidates€are€ready€forÏthe€consultancy€service,€during€which€the€financial€indicators€are€prepared€in€detail,€the€conditions€for€securityÏof€repayment€are€investigated,€and€so€on.ÌÌ83.à è àA€very€important€part€of€this€programme€is€the€cooperation€between€the€various€institutions€in€theÐ $# Ðimplementation€of€these€various€procedures.€€The€Croatian€Employment€Institute€has€entered€into€agreementsÏabout€business€cooperation€with€the€Croatian€Postal€Bank,€with€educational€institutions€that€carry€out€businessÏseminars,€with€the€Agricultural€Advisory€Service,€the€Livestock€Selection€Centre€and€with€consultants.€€There€isÏalso€very€close€collaboration€with€the€county€Enterprise€Centres,€Technology€Centres,€and€Economy€Offices€inÏthe€field€and€with€the€ministries€of€tourism,€economy€and€agriculture,€and€the€Croatian€Insurance€Agency.€€TheÏobjective€is€to€provide€beginners€with€the€ability€to€survive€in€a€very€uncertain€environment€and€help€them€toÏmake€their€way€in€the€first€years€of€operations.ÌÌ84.à è àWe€do€not€expect€this€measure€to€achieve€any€extraordinary€results€in€the€encouragement€ofÐ }+œ$, Ðemployment,€but€in€this€way€a€forcing„bed€of€entrepreneurs€will€be€created,€and€they€will€be€crucial€in€theÏdevelopment€of€the€private€sector€of€the€economy.Ð  '-F&. Ð85.à è àThe€programme€for€making€loans€to€small„€and€medium„sized€enterprises€also€has€the€objective€of,Ð á Ðthrough€special€loans,€making€it€possible€to€provide€new€jobs.€€The€very€high€cost€of€capital€and€itsÏinaccessibility€in€this€sector€of€the€economy€is€reflected€in€the€very€low€demand€for€labour,€which€results€in€itÏbeing€impossible€to€find€jobs€for€many€of€the€unemployed€on€the€books.€€Priorities€in€the€loans€programme€willÏbe€given€to€firms,€tradesmen€and€so€on€that€directly€or€indirectly€(through€cooperation€and€other€forms)€are€theÏbiggest€employers.ÌÌ86.à è àAccording€to€need,€verified€consultants€are€engaged€for€those€entrepreneurs€who€do€not€have€the€abilityÐ ´ Ó Ðto€draw€up€a€business€plan€for€themselves.€€Beginners€from€this€programme€will€have€to€go€through€the€sameÏprocedure€as€beginners€from€the€Employment€Incentive€Programme.ÌÌà è àThe€loan€conditions€are€the€same€as€in€the€previous€programme,€i.e.:€interest€rate€equals€CNB€discountÏrate€+€1%;€the€repayment€period€is€up€to€seven€years;€and€the€moratorium€is€from€1€to€3€years€depending€on€theÏactivity.ÌÌ87.à è àClients€for€loans€have€another€benefit,€which€is€that€with€respect€to€security€instruments,€hypothecsÐ \{  Ð(liens€or€mortgages)€can€be€entered€on€items€of€purchase,€instruments€can€be€combined,€although€loans€cannotÏbe€given€to€settle€current€liquidity€problems.€€In€exceptional€cases,€among€others€in€cases€for€the€programme€ofÏmanaging€redundancies,€working€capital€funds€can€be€loaned€if€they€are€for€the€purpose€of€maintaining€theÏcurrent€level€of€employment€in€the€period€of€bringing€in€a€new€production€line€which€will€make€possible€the€long„¼term€development€of€the€company€and€thus€new€employment.ÌÌ88.à è àLoan€programmes€can€be€used€with€measures€of€the€active€policy€in€the€area€of€the€joint€financing€ofÐ /N Ðemployment,€additional€training€and€re„training.€€The€best€way€of€making€these€loans€is€via€collaboration€withÏlocal€government€so€that€the€loans€should€serve€the€overall€plan€for€the€development€of€the€economy,€and€not€beÏòòad€hocóó€solutions€that€bypass€existing€strategies.Ð ®Í ÐÌ89.à è àIn€this€programme€too€there€is€cooperation€with€the€Croatian€Postal€Bank,€which€takes€on€commissionÐ Xw Ðwork€for€the€Institute€but€also€invests€its€own€capital€in€some€investments€in€the€ratio€of€1:1.€€In€the€future,€theÏnumber€of€financial€institutions€cooperating€within€this€programme€can€be€increased,€particularly€so€as€toÏincrease€regional€coverage.ÌÌ90.à è àIt€is€crucial€that€from€idea€to€realization€of€the€loan€not€more€than€one€month€should€elapse,€and€that€theÐ !   Ðcommercial€bank€should€be€interested€in€encouraging€small€and€medium„sized€enterprises€and€be€prepared€for€theÏlevel€of€risk€present€in€the€Croatian€investment€scene€of€today.€€During€1999,€883applications€for€loans€to€a€totalÏof€891,380,086.12€kuna€were€received,€which€would€result€in€the€employment€of€5,213€persons€from€the€booksÏof€the€unemployed.ÌÌ91.à è àPublic€works€programmes€can€be€found€in€many€countries,€especially€those€that€have€been€hit€by€warÐ &ž& Ðdamage€or€natural€disasters.€€Public€work€is€often€used€today€in€the€implementation€of€very€diverse€sociallyÏuseful€activities,€which€can€vary€from€forest€clearance€to€care€for€the€elderly.€€All€these€are€activities€in€whichÏprivate€firms€do€not€see€a€profit€motivation,€that€is,€are€in€the€domain€of€the€services€and€works€that€the€State,€orÏlocal€government,€is€charged€with.ÌÌ92.à è àAn€additional€interesting€characteristic€of€public€work€is€that€carrying€it€out€can€employ€persons€fromÐ }+œ$, Ðthe€books€of€the€unemployed€that€employers€have€no€interest€in.€€Unfortunately,€these€are€today€almost€allÏunemployed€persons€over€40,€persons€with€health€problems€or€who€are€hard€to€employ€for€other€reasons.Ð  '-F&. Ð93.à è àSince€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€there€are€many€jobs€during€the€reconstruction€process€and€since€thereÐ á Ðare€many€unemployed€at€the€same€time,€we€would€consider€public€works€an€instrument€for€intervening€in€theÏlabour€market€that€is€appropriate€to€the€times.€€Its€usefulness€comes€particularly€to€the€fore€in€plans€for€theÏreturn€of€displaced€persons€to€areas€in€which€the€economy€has€not€yet€been€brought€up€to€the€level€at€which€it€isÏcapable€of€being€in€the€forefront€of€development€and€employment,€and€without€employment,€there€is€no€return.ÌÌ94.à è àThe€Croatian€Employment€Office€has€encouraged€local€government€representatives€to€start€off€publicÐ ß þ Ðworks€programmes.€€Most€of€them€have€recognized€the€interest€of€their€county€or€city€in€this€instrument.€ÏBecause€of€this€encouragement€of€local€government€officials,€by€the€end€of€October€1999,€the€CroatianÏEmployment€Office€received€153applications€for€public€works€programmes€from€almost€all€counties,€in€whichÏabout€2,000€unemployed€persons€would€be€employed.€€The€total€funds€to€be€spent€on€the€implementation€of€theÏprogrammes€would€amount€to€some€22,700,000€kuna.ÌÌ95.à è àThe€programme€for€looking€after€redundancies€in€the€workforce€is€one€of€the€elements€of€the€NationalÐ ²Ñ  ÐEmployment€Policy€(NEP),€the€aim€of€which€is€to€prevent€a€rise€in€unemployment,€and€to€help€personsÏthreatened€with€unemployment€to€find€employment€rapidly.ÌÌ96.à è àAnalysis€of€data€obtained€from€the€records€of€local€office€of€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€has€shownÐ % Ðthat€the€most€frequent€reasons€for€the€appearance€of€redundancies€are€privatization,€the€restructuring€ofÏcompanies,€changes€in€production€lines,€the€introduction€of€new€technologies,€inability€to€adjust€to€the€needs€ofÏthe€market€and€other,€similar€reasons.ÌÌ97.à è àThe€employee€structure€that€shows€up€as€redundant€labour€indicates€that€these€are€persons€for€whomÐ /N Ðthere€is€no€demand€on€the€labour€market.€€Employees,€that€is,€those€included€in€redundancy€managementÏprogrammes,€are€most€commonly€categorized€as€very€difficult€persons€to€employ,€women,€and€older€andÏdisabled€persons.ÌÌ98.à è àIdentification€of€employers€with€operational€difficulties€goes€on€through€employers€themselves€getting€inÐ Xw Ðtouch€with€the€Croatian€Employment€Office,€stating€the€reason€for€there€being€redundancies,€or€employeesÏthemselves€come€into€Croatian€Employment€Office€offices€to€find€out€about€the€chances€of€new€jobs€withÏanother€employer,€or€perhaps€through€cooperation€with€unions€or€other€institutions.ÌÌ99.à è àThe€work€of€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€comes€to€the€fore€even€before€the€drawing€up€of€theÐ !   ÐRedundancies€Management€Programme,€since€the€employer€while€making€up€each€part€of€the€programme€is€dutyÏbound€to€consult€the€employees'€council,€and€if€there€is€no€employees'€council,€its€role,€in€line€with€the€LabourÏLaw,€is€taken€by€theCroatian€Employment€Office.ÌÌ100.à è àThe€Croatian€Employment€Office€then€carries€out€the€counselling€procedure,€including€givingÐ ª%É% Ðinformation€to€both€employer€and€employees,€meeting€with€employees€and€taking€certain€measures€to€keep€themÏin€employment.€€In€this€context,€in€the€local€offices€of€the€Croatian€Employment€Office,€uniform€standards€haveÏbeen€fixed€through€which€the€employment€services€are€managed€in€order€to€help€employers€and€employees€inÏfinding€appropriate€solutions€to€look€after€redundant€workers.€€Expert€teams€of€the€employment€service€(aÏlawyer,€psychologist,€counsellor€and€active€employment€policy€associate)€run€these€activities.ÌÌ101.à è àThe€work€of€the€expert€teams€in€the€local€branches€are€directed€towards€setting€up€collaborative€workÐ }+œ$, Ðwith€employers€and€employees€in€good€time,€and€giving€them€information€about€the€Croatian€EmploymentÏOffice's€agency€or€intermediary€work,€the€application€of€the€measures€of€the€National€Employment€Policy€(NEP)Ï(especially€Measure€3€ð!ð€qualification,€retraining,€extra€training)€and€the€possibility€of€becoming€self„employedÏand€the€credit€lines.Ìâ âÐ ¦/Å(1 Ð102.à è àIt€should€be€stressed€that,€in€line€with€the€Labour€Law,€the€opinions€and€objections€of€the€local€servicesÐ á Ðof€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€do€not€bind€employers€in€the€implementation€of€programmes,€and€can€onlyÏprolong€their€implementation€for€a€period€of€3€months.Ìâ âÌ103.à è àDuring€1998,€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€processed€366€Redundancy€Management€ProgrammesÐ 5 T Ðinvolving€12,326€employees.€€By€August€1999,€163€Redundancy€Management€Programmes€(RMPs)€had€beenÏreceived,€involving€4,698€persons.€€It€should€be€stressed€that€a€certain€number€of€programmes€have€beenÏheralded€or€are€in€preparation,€while€some€of€them€are€currently€in€the€counselling€in€the€employment€servicesÏphase.ÌÌ104.à è àIn€carrying€out€this€work€in€taking€care€of€redundant€labour,€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€meets€aÐ 3R  Ðnumber€of€problems€of€an€objective€nature,€such€as€the€lack€of€new€jobs,€both€with€the€old€and€with€any€otherÏemployer,€the€psychological€and€physical€nature€of€the€persons€involved€in€the€programmes,€because€of€whichÏthe€existing€measures€carried€out€by€the€Office€cannot€be€employed.ÌÌ105.à è àThe€Croatian€Employment€Office€is€also€involved€in€the€company€reconstruction€programme.€€Within€theÐ \{  Ðimplementation€of€this€programme,€the€Institute€has€insisted€on€retaining€the€existing€number€of€employees,€andÏin€cases€where€it€was€manifest€that€development€plans€would€not€allow€for€the€same€level€of€employment,Ïinstruments€envisaged€by€the€redundancy€management€programme€were€brought€into€play,€as€follows:ÌÌà è à(a)à  àJoint€financing€of€retraining€and€additional€training€of€existing€employees€so€that€they€shouldÐ …¤ Ðacquire€new€skills€and€knowledge,€as€required€by€the€new€jobs;ÌÌà è à(b)à  àEmployment€agency€work€for€the€employees€before€they€even€get€onto€the€books€of€the€CroatianÐ # ÐEmployment€Office;ÌÌà è à(c)à  àOffer€of€loans€for€self„employment,€and€involving€employees€in€the€self„employmentÐ ƒ¢ Ðencouragement€programme;ÌÌà è à(d)à  àLoans€to€a€company€during€its€period€of€reconstruction€with€which€it€can€be€helped€to€maintainÐ ! Ðthe€existing€level€of€employment€within€the€programme€of€the€future€development€of€the€company.€€For€suchÏpurposes,€the€Croatian€Employment€Office€has€invested€one€hundred€million€kuna€of€its€funds.ÌÌ106.à è àWe€are€of€the€opinion€that€with€these€programmes,€and€with€constant€updating€of€their€effect,€theÐ V"u! ÐCroatian€Employment€Office€has€effective€long„term€instruments€to€affect€the€labour€market€in€order€to€reduceÏthe€number€of€unemployed,€create€new€jobs,€reduce€structural€unemployment€and€help€the€development€of€theÏeconomy.ÌÔ/Ù%øª%ÉÔÔ/&'Ù%øÔà@caàò òArticle€7ó óˆÐ &'% ÐÌ107.à è àThe€Republic€of€Croatia€is€a€party€to€the€following€conventions€of€the€International€Labour€Organization:Ð ¿'Þ ' ÐÔ/Ã(â!”(³!ÔÔ/ò("Ã(â!Ôà è àEqual€Remuneration€Convention,€1951€(No.€100)Ìà è àWeekly€Rest€(Industry)€Convention,€1921€(No.€14)Ìà è àWeekly€Rest€(Commerce€and€Offices)€Convention,€1957€(No.€106)Ìà è àHolidays€with€Pay€Convention€(Revised),€1970€(No.€132)Ìà è àLabour€Inspection€Convention,€1947€(No.€81)ÌÔ& ª Ôà è àLabour€Inspection€(Agriculture)€Convention,€1969€(No.€129)Ìà0 è àOccupational€Safety€and€Health€Convention,€1981€(No.€155).Ô'ª-OÔÐ è#è# ÐÌÌâ âÐ o0Ž)1 ÐIt€also€regularly€submits€reports€about€the€application€of€these€conventions€to€the€competent€bodies.€ThereforeÏâ âwe€would€refer€to€these€reports€to€do€with€the€rights€that€are€laid€down€in€this€article€of€the€Covenant.ÌÌ108.à è àThe€basic€principle€behind€the€fundamental€concept€of€the€Labour€Law€is€respect€for€the€completeÐ `  Ðfreedom€of€collective€bargaining€and€the€promotion€of€collective€bargaining,€at€all€levels,€for€the€purpose€ofÏsettling€all€questions€of€interest€to€the€collective€agreement,€and€in€particular€questions€of€pay,€other€benefits€andÏremuneration€and€material€rights€in€accord€with€the€concept€through€which€this€Law€introduced€the€socialÏwelfare„market€economy€model€into€the€Croatian€economic€system.€€This€model,€at€the€same€time,€equally€andÏequably,€is€endeavouring€to€realize€the€ideas€of€private€ownership€and€freedom€of€enterprise,€on€the€one€hand,Ïand€social€justice,€equal€opportunities€and€humaneness,€on€the€other,€which€is€in€line€with€the€constitutionalÏdefinitions€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia€as€a€social€welfare€State€that€guarantees€property€rights€and€freedom€ofÏenterprise.€€Wage€fixing€would€be€direct€and€across€the€board€State€interference€into€employment€matters€andÏwould€considerably€weaken€entrepreneurial€motivation,€threatening€the€profit€motive€and€economic€activity.€€TheÏLaw€stipulates€in€article€3€the€employer's€obligation€to€pay€a€worker€a€wage€or€salary€for€work€that€has€beenÏdone.ÌÌ109.à è àPayment,€pursuant€to€article€12€of€the€Labour€Law,€is€a€mandatory€item€of€a€written€employmentÐ 1P  Ðcontract.€€Salaries€are,€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€left€to€the€autonomy€of€the€parties€and€the€basis€and€criteria€forÏthe€payment€of€salaries€are€laid€down€in€an€individual€employment€contract,€in€the€collective€agreement€or€in€theÏlabour€regulations€(art.€81,€Labour€Law).ÌÌ110.à è àAn€employer€who€is€bound€by€the€terms€of€the€collective€agreement€may€not€work€out€and€pay€anÐ Zy Ðemployee's€salary€in€an€amount€that€is€smaller€than€the€amount€set€out€by€the€collective€agreement.€€If€the€basesÏand€criteria€for€the€payment€of€salaries€are€not€laid€out€in€the€collective€agreement,€any€employer€who€employsÏmore€than€twenty€people€is€bound€to€set€them€out€in€the€Labour€Regulations.ÌÌ111.à è àIf€a€salary€is€not€fixed€in€either€of€these€two€ways,€and€the€employment€contract€does€not€containÐ ƒ¢ Ðenough€information€for€it€to€be€worked€out,€the€employer€is€bound€to€pay€the€employee€an€appropriate€salary.€ÏBy€an€appropriate€salary€is€meant€the€pay€that€is€regularly€and€usually€paid€for€equal€work€and€equal€values€(art.Ï81,€Labour€Law).€€Pursuant€to€article€84€of€Labour€Law,€an€employee€has€the€right€to€increased€pay€forÏaggravated€conditions€of€work,€overtime€and€night€work,€and€for€work€on€Sundays,€public€or€religious€holidays,Ïand€on€some€other€day€statutorily€determined€as€being€a€non„working€day.ÌÌ112.à è àIn€the€civil€service€and€the€public€services,€Law,€in€such€a€way€that€officials€and€employees€areÐ V"u! Ðcategorized€into€salary€classes€according€to€groups€of€position,€rank€and€job€determine€salaries.ÌÌ113.à è àThe€pay€of€an€official€is€a€multiple€of€the€value€of€the€salary€class€into€which€the€official€is€put,€or€theÐ Õ$ô$ Ðposition€to€which€he€or€she€is€appointed,€which€is€expressed€by€a€coefficient€and€the€base€that€is€determined€byÏthe€Government,€and€the€salary€of€an€employee€is€composed€of€the€product€of€the€value€of€the€salary€class€inÏwhich€the€job€is€classified€expressed€as€a€coefficient€and€the€base€laid€down€by€the€Government,€unlessÏotherwise€determined€by€the€collective€agreement.€€For€officials€and€other€employees€the€base€is€laid€down€in€theÏcollective€agreement.€€In€the€public€services,€the€salaries€of€officials€and€other€employees€are€also€determined€byÏclassification,€the€value€of€which€is€determined€by€law.€€The€base€for€the€calculation€of€salaries€is€laid€down€inÏthe€collective€agreement.ÌÌ114.à è àSalaries€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia€are€left€to€the€autonomy€of€the€parties,€and€so€is€the€determination€ofÐ R,q%- Ðthe€minimum€salary.€€The€Government€only€lays€down€through€its€decision€the€minimum€pay€for€benefits€fromÏsocial€security.Ð  ü-'/ Ð115.à è àThe€lowest€wage€was€settled€in€the€Collective€Agreement€on€the€Amount€of€the€Lowest€Wage€that€theÐ á ÐGovernment€made€on€6€March€1999€with€the€employers'€associations€and€which,€via€a€decision€of€the€MinisterÏof€Labour€and€Social€Welfare,€was€extended€to€all€employers€and€employees€in€the€Republic€of€Croatia.€€In€thisÏCollective€Agreement,€the€contracting€parties€determine€that€the€amount€of€the€lowest€wage€cannot€be€lower€thanÏthe€lowest€base€for€calculating€and€paying€contributions€for€retirement€and€disability€insurance€laid€down€byÏspecial€regulations.ÌÌ116.à è àAccording€to€the€last€Decision€of€the€Croatian€Institute€for€Retirement€Insurance€(CIRI)€(òòOfficialÐ ´ Ó ÐGazetteóó€No.€14/99),€if€pay€is€used€as€a€base,€the€lowest€base€for€the€calculation€and€payment€of€contributionsÐ ‰ ¨ Ðand€the€ability€to€claim€rights€from€retirement€insurance€has€been€set€at€the€sum€of€1,500€kuna.€€This€base€is€setÏfor€full„time€work.€€For€employees€who€work€part€time,€the€contribution€is€calculated€and€paid€from€the€lowestÏbase,€in€proportion€to€the€duration€of€the€work.ÌÌ117.à è àIn€spite€of€the€freedom€to€contract€the€terms€of€work€between€employer€and€employee,€including€withÐ ²Ñ  Ðrespect€to€fixing€the€bases€and€criteria€for€the€payment€of€salaries€and€wages,€the€Labour€Law€specificallyÏforbids€any€discrimination€on€a€sexual€basis€in€this€area.€€Thus€article€82€of€the€Law€says€that€an€employer€isÏbound€to€pay€equal€wages€to€men€and€women€for€equal€work€and€work€of€equal€worth,€and€any€provision€of€anÏemployment€contract,€collective€agreement€or€work€regulations€or€any€other€document€that€conflicts€with€thisÏprovision€is€null€and€void.€€This€provision€is€very€consistently€applied€in€practice.ÌÌ118.à è àMen€and€women€are€paid€equal€wages€for€equal€work€and€work€of€equal€value.€€What€is€questionable€isÐ …¤ Ðthe€manner€of€evaluation€through€which€it€is€determined€whether€work€at€different€jobs€is€of€equal€value,Ïbecause€obsolete€parameters€are€in€use.€€For€this€reason,€the€Government€of€the€Republic€of€Croatia,€within€theÏframework€of€the€implementation€of€the€National€Policy€for€the€Promotion€of€Equality,€has€started€up€a€project,Ïwith€the€help€of€the€ILO,€for€the€testing€of€the€evaluation€of€work€of€equal€value.ÌÌ119.à è àMinimum€conditions€for€safety€and€the€protection€of€the€health€of€employees€are€prescribed€byÐ ƒ¢ Ðprovisions€of€the€Protection€at€Work€Law€(òòOfficial€Gazetteóó€Nos.€19/83,€17/86,€46/92€and€26/93)€and€detailedÐ Xw Ðregulations€passed€pursuant€to€this€Law.€€From€1€January€1997€the€application€of€the€new€Protection€at€WorkÏLaw€began€(òòOfficial€Gazetteóó€No.€59/96),€which€is€in€line€with€the€provisions€of€Convention€No.€155€of€theÐ ! ÐInternational€Labour€Organization€and€Guideline€89/391€of€the€European€Union.€€Bodies€of€the€LabourÏInspectorate€carry€out€supervision€of€the€implementation€of€the€regulations€in€all€spheres€of€work€except€inÏmining,€where€the€Mining€Inspectorate€carries€out€supervision.€€Provisions€of€the€Protection€at€Work€Law€do€notÏapply€to€members€of€the€armed€forces,€the€police€force€or€home€helps.ÌÌ120.à è àThe€Labour€Law€and€the€Protection€at€Work€Law€regulate€the€particular€protection€of€women€at€work.€Ð $# ÐLegislative€regulations,€respecting€women's€biological€characteristics€and€their€reproductive€function,€and€givingÏthem€through€protection€a€privileged€position€in€some€cases,€actually€make€it€impossible€for€the€specific€nature€ofÏwomen€to€be€made€the€subject€of€discrimination€as€compared€with€men.ÌÌ121.à è àThe€Labour€Law€defines€the€jobs€that€a€woman€may€not€do.€€A€woman€may€not€undertakeñ—ñÐ )(H!( Ðñ—ññ˜ñ€ñ˜ñparticularly€demanding€physical€work,€work€underground€or€under€the€water€and€other€jobs€that,€with€ñ™ñÌñ™ñrespect€to€her€psychological€and€physical€characteristics,€would€particularly€threaten€her€life€and€health.€€ñšñÌñšñThe€minister€responsible€for€labour,€with€the€agreement€of€the€minister€responsible€for€health€care,€has€ñ›ñÌñ›ñdefined€which€jobs€these€are€in€Regulations.€€The€ban€on€work€underground€does€not€relate€to€women€ñœñÌñœñwho€do€management€jobs,€welfare€and€health€care€jobs,€students€and€trainees€who€during€their€education,Ïtraining€or€professional€qualification€period€must€spend€part€of€their€time€in€the€underground€parts€of€ññÌÌÌñññŸñÌñŸñññÌÐ P1o*3 Ðññmines,€nor€to€women€who€must€enter€the€underground€parts€of€mines€to€do€jobs€that€are€not€of€a€ñžñÌñžñphysical€nature.ñ ñÐ  ¶Õ Ðñ ññ¡ñÌÌñ¡ñ122.à è àThe€Labour€Law€forbids€women€to€work€at€night€in€industry,€unless,€exceptionally,€in€the€event€ofÐ `  Ðserious€danger,€for€the€protection€of€the€national€interests,€the€minister€responsible€for€labour€has€approved€thisÏkind€of€work.€€The€law€further€says,€in€the€same€article,€that€the€ban€does€not€relate€to€employers€who€employÏonly€members€of€their€own€family,€to€women€who€carry€out€management€and€technical€affairs,€and€to€womenÏemployed€in€health€care€and€welfare€who€do€not€commonly€carry€out€jobs€of€a€physical€nature.ÌÌ123.à è àThe€minister€responsible€for€labour€must,€while€giving€consent€for€night€work,€obtain€the€opinion€of€theÐ ^}  Ðunions€and€the€employers'€associations.€€Nevertheless,€exceptionally,€a€woman€can€be€directed€to€work€at€nightÏwithout€the€prior€approval€of€the€Minister€of€Labour€and€Welfare€if€this€kind€of€work€is€absolutely€essentialÏbecause€of€òòforce€majeureóó€or€to€stop€raw€materials€spoiling,€and€in€such€a€case€the€Labour€Inspectorate€has€to€beÐ Ýü  Ðinformed€within€a€period€of€24€hours.€€A€Labour€Inspector€can€ban€night€work€in€a€case€in€which€he€or€sheÏjudges€that€the€work€is€not€vitally€essential,€that€there€does€not€exist€any€òòforce€majeureóó€or€danger€of€rawÐ ‡¦  Ðmaterials€spoiling.ÌÌ124.à è à€Due€to€any€need€to€use€productive€facilities€more€efficiently,€increase€employment€or€similar€importantÐ % Ðeconomic€or€social€reasons,€the€minister€responsible€for€labour€can€decide€that€night€work€means€a€time€differentÏfrom€the€period€between€10€in€the€evening€until€6€in€the€morning€the€next€day,€and€in€agriculture€between€10€inÏthe€evening€and€5€in€the€morning€the€next€day,€or€exclude€from€the€ban€on€night€work€women:ÌÌà è à(a)à  àIn€a€certain€branch€of€industry€or€occupation,€or€in€a€given€occupation,€on€condition€that€theÐ /N Ðemployers'€association€and€the€unions€have€made€an€agreement€about€it€or€given€their€consent€to€it;ÌÌà è à(b)à  àWith€one€or€more€employers,€not€involved€in€this€decision,€on€condition€that€the€employer€andÐ ®Í Ðthe€employees'€council€have€made€an€agreement€about€it,€and€that€they€have€sought€the€opinion€of€the€employers'Ïassociation€and€the€union€of€the€branch€of€industry€or€the€occupation€or€the€given€occupation;ÌÌà è à(c)à  àWith€an€employer€not€covered€by€the€decision€about€night€work€or€in€which€no€agreementÐ ! Ðbetween€employer€and€employees'€council€has€been€reached,€on€condition:ÌÌà è àà  à(i)à0 V àThat€the€opinion€of€the€employees'€council€has€been€sought,€and€that€of€the€employers'Ð !   Ðassociation,€the€unions€of€the€branch€of€industry€or€the€occupation€or€the€givenÏoccupation;Ð V #V # ÐÌà è àà  à(ii)à0 V àThat€the€minister€responsible€for€labour€is€assured€of€the€suitability€of€the€measuresÐ Õ$ô$ Ðtaken€for€safety€and€protection€at€work,€social€welfare€services€and€equal€opportunitiesÏfor€behaving€towards€employed€women;Ð V #V # ÐÌà è àà  à(iii)ÔV V V GGÔThat€the€decision€is€good€for€a€certain€limited€period€of€time,Ð )(H!( Ðà0 è àà0è#è#àà0V ##àand€that€it€can€be€renewed€by€the€procedure€and€under€the€conditions€laid€down€for€itsÏbeing€made.Ð V #V # ÐÌ125.à è àA€pregnant€woman€and€a€mother€up€to€the€second€birthday€of€a€child€and€a€single€mother€up€to€the€thirdÐ }+œ$, Ðbirthday€of€a€child€cannot€be€exempted€from€the€ban€on€night€work,€unless€she€herself€asks€to€be€so€exempted.ÌÐ  '-F&. Ð126.à è àThe€Protection€at€Work€Law€specifies€jobs€with€particular€conditions€of€work€as€jobs€that€can€be€doneÐ á Ðonly€by€employees€who€apart€from€general€conditions€for€being€employed€also€satisfy€special€conditions€withÏrespect€to€age,€gender,€technical€qualifications,€health,€physical€or€psychological€capacities.€€The€ministerÏresponsible€for€labour€and€social€welfare€together€with€the€Minister€of€Health€prescribes€what€these€jobs€withÏspecial€conditions€of€work€are,€and€the€manner,€contents€and€periods€for€the€testing€of€the€working€abilities€ofÏemployees.€€As€for€sailors€and€fishermen,€a€special€law€and€by„laws€govern€the€ascertainment€of€their€health€andÏconsequent€ability€to€do€their€job.ÌÌ127.à è àThe€Constitution,€article€55,€says€that€every€employee€has€the€right€to€time€off€work€during€the€week€andÐ ‰ ¨ Ða€paid€holiday€during€the€year€and€cannot€relinquish€these€rights.€€According€to€this€the€Labour€Law€determinesÏthe€right€to€rest:€€during€the€day€(break);€between€two€successive€work€days€(daily€rest);€between€two€workÏweeks€(weekly€rest);€in€each€calendar€year€(annual€vacation).ÌÌ128.à è àAn€employee€who€works€full„time€has€the€right€to€a€break€of€30€minutes€every€working€day.€€The€timeÐ ²Ñ  Ðof€this€break€is€counted€in€working€time.€€If€the€particular€nature€of€the€work€does€not€allow€of€an€interruptionÏof€work€for€this€kind€of€break€to€be€taken,€the€collective€agreement,€the€agreem