ÿWPC— ·”ú„ue}r¢Ðb‹Ô“Æ| ´kÖºD=,¥{I«G×&ïô´~u‘òF’æñcp™w¹ F;w³èc b#­#©N?•6zÇÑ´ëPARÐŽ0úâÎn0ºañtîœx`ò0,‰ù„h&)#…¸ãÀc]ÕY[;=Š‘£nœ½/j±wÚæÞÍŽôI¥Œ÷öv Ët_á1Ú‚©^J´Á ˆ‘ÿ¥ÓµfÌx-r4‹ª¡uß;sÙGì¥bh£|JÄÄbGuå SŠl ®ì¯I%xŒ2¿0u÷‰éL«_Ä##ÙÚ¾|ÎjuAq†BÆüФg-"=LFU8~{ ¸1Kh–|P3S0]É=† °Ç¹äŒ¨>}(G¸oZæë¶èBÛóÚ ˜FÊ-Ñø‹ÿc¢t,7ò“€‡w+þ“çæ‰æd¶bÇ«ðg1š{ÜqÚ! »,}cN c!€Î&X4WOž)=‚g7 »A,£C‰b²e±*¤êó½J„ÿ‘eöA€Æ–€÷}â— ÝÖvÛ Á?×Ùº]5LÆ= ¾ˆH+0ü›V¯ßæ*åöõ«›©Zuo…¾¯¹f@È„申;ì×âU:n­R %ÿ— 0·œgS 0·º 0%q 0%–» 0œË#Ég(0NX^ Zwf4j~ m€<þ6X9`("Courier NewTT«<þ6X9`("Courier NewTTôôdþ6X@ÉDQô@ô Ý ƒ–(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àCAT/C/20/Add.1Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2–$¨¨Ý ƒ ‡_!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý ]Ý ƒ–'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓCAT/C/20/Add.1Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2–$§§Ý ƒ ‡_!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2ç$¤¤Ý ƒ ‡_!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€‹Xòô`èÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Ü!2é¯$¥¥Ý ƒ ‡_!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€‹Xòô`èÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (t‡_$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈј\\YORK_UNIVERSITY\q_hrts_hp4000tnÒV,,,,ÒV0!0·f0— ½”u/ê:i¢×+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ‡_!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô`èòòôÔÔ€ô`èòòô`èÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ! ++±“++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥ÑÑ = Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð b Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ )Ç ÐÌà ± àà “ àCAT/C/20/Add.1Ð · U Ðà ± àà “ à4€June€1993Ð ~  ÐÌà ± àà “ àENGLISHÐ  ª Ðà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€SPANISHÐ Ó q ÐÔÂÂ` š 8ÔCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ Â`  ÐÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓÌÌÌà@k k “àCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIESˆÐ Þ|  Ðà@ï ï #“àUNDER€ARTICLE19€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÐ ¥C  ÐÌà@ï ï #“àòòSecond€periodic€report€due€in€1993óóˆÐ 3Ñ ÐÌà@0“àòòAddendumóóˆÐ Á_ ÐÌÌà@0“àECUADOR*ˆÐ ´ ÐÌà€  Mü#à[21€April€1993]ˆÐ ¤B ÐÌÌ1.à b àEcuador€has€taken€part€in€efforts€to€strengthen€an€international€policyÐ ù— Ðfor€the€protection€of€human€rights€by€endeavouring€to€include€provisions€alongÐ À^ Ðthese€lines€in€a€set€of€draft€laws€which€are€now€under€consideration.Ð ‡% ÐÌ2.à b àEcuador€has€welcomed€the€recommendations€made€in€favour€of€respect€forÐ !³ Ðhuman€rights€in€the€administration€of€justice€and€calling€for€the€assistanceÐ Ü!z Ðof€member€States€in€the€implementation€of€international€standards.€€With€Ð £"A ÐÌÌòò€€€€€€€€€óóÐ ø$–" ÐÌà b à*€€The€initial€report€submitted€by€Ecuador€is€contained€inÐ †&$$ ÐdocumentCAT/C/7/Add.7;€for€its€consideration€by€the€Committee,€seeÐ M'ë% ÐdocumentCAT/C/SR.61€and€the€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,Ð (² & Ðforty-sixth€session,€Supplement€No.46óó€(A/46/46),€paras.118„128.€€For€theÐ Û(y!' Ðadditional€report€of€Ecuador,€see€documents€CAT/C/7/Add.11€and€13.€€For€theirÐ ¢)@"( Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee,€see€documents€CAT/C/SR.89€and€90/Add.1€andÐ i*#) ÐtheòòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€forty-seventh€session,Ð 0+Î#* ÐSupplementNo.44óó€(€A/47/44),€paras.60„92.Ð ÷+•$+ ÐÌÌÌGE.93„13998€€(E)Ð /±'/ ÐÐ Ú/x(0= ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓregard€to€the€Second€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ Ô Ðand€Political€Rights€aiming€at€the€Abolition€of€the€Death€Penalty,€theÐ ›Ç ÐGovernment€Procurator's€Office€stated:€€"It€is€not€contrary€to€EcuadorianÐ bŽ Ðpublic€law€and€is,€rather,€in€keeping€with€the€individual€rights€provided€forÐ )U Ðin€title€II,€section€I,€of€the€Political€Constitution€of€the€Republic€and,€inÐ ð Ðparticular,€article€19,€paragraph€1.€€Its€acceptance€by€Ecuador€is€thereforeÐ ·ã Ðessential".Ð ~ ª ÐÌ3.à b àThese€documents€basically€reflect€the€principles€embodied€in€theÐ  8 ÐUniversal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€and€those€provided€for€in€the€ConventionÐ Ó ÿ  Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð š Æ  ÐEcuador€has€endeavoured€to€incorporate€these€universally€applicableÐ a   Ðinstruments€in€its€internal€legislation.€€Thus,€on€12€November€1991,€at€theÐ (T  Ðseventh€session€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€held€at€the€Palais€desÐ ï  ÐNations€in€Geneva,€my€predecessor€as€Government€Procurator€submitted,€inÐ ¶â  Ðaccordance€with€article€19€of€the€Convention,€the€report€supplementing€thatÐ }©  Ðintroduced€by€the€representatives€of€Ecuador€at€the€fifth€session€onÐ Dp  Ð14November1990.€Ð  7  ÐÌ4.à b àThat€report,€which€I€consider€it€necessary€to€refer€to,€since€it€containsÐ ™Å Ðan€extensive€and€specific€detailed€analysis€of€criminal€legislation,€criminalÐ `Œ Ðprocedure€and€their€relationship€with€various€legal€provisions€entitlingÐ 'S Ðcertain€administrative€officials€to€order€coercive€measures,€detention€andÐ î Ðpenalties€and€enabling€Ecuador's€inhabitants€to€file€complaints€with€theÐ µá Ðappropriate€bodies€and€claim€compensation€for€loss€and€injury,€also€deals€withÐ |¨ Ðthe€measures€adopted€to€prevent€ill„treatment,€torture€and€other€cruelÐ Co Ðpunishment€during€the€investigation€of€an€offence,€especially€in€the€firstÐ  6 Ðstage,€when€the€possible€offence€still€has€not€been€brought€to€the€attentionÐ Ñý Ðof€the€court,€whether€ordinary€or€administrative€(police€court).Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ5.à b àEcuador€has€obviously€not€been€able€to€avoid€the€underdevelopment€thatÐ &R Ðaffects€LatinAmerica€in€every€way.€€Strenuous€efforts€have€been€made€byÐ í Ðsuccessive€Governments€in€recent€years€and€some€restrictions€have€had€to€beÐ ´à  Ðplaced€on€claims€by€nationals€and€foreigners€filed€with€the€competentÐ {§! Ðauthorities.Ð Bn" ÐÌ6.à b àIt€is€unfortunate€that,€in€Ecuador,€what€happened€with€the€RestrepoÐ Ð ü$ Ðbrothers€is€remembered€with€some€uneasiness,€since€their€deaths€led€to€theÐ —!Ã% Ðadoption€of€a€set€of€radical€measures€for€pre-trial€investigations€and€effortsÐ ^"Š& Ðto€implement€a€criminal€investigation€system€provided€for€only€in€titleIII€ofÐ %#Q' Ðthe€Code€of€PenalProcedure.Ð ì#( ÐÌ7.à b àSuch€changes€nevertheless€require€reforms€and€amendments€to€the€system€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðcriminal€justice€in€general€and€this€means€that€greater€efforts€must€be€madeÐ A&m!+ Ðand€attention€paid€by€all€branches€of€the€Government,€particularly,€theÐ '4", Ðlegislature.Ð Ï'û"- Ѐ€Ð –(Â#. Ð8.à b àThe€Memorandum€of€Understanding€between€the€UnitedStates€InternationalÐ ])‰$/ ÐDevelopment€Agency,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€the€Government€Procurator'sÐ $*P%0 ÐOffice,€the€Attorney„General's€Office,€the€Office€of€the€Under„Secretary€forÐ ë*&1 ÐJustice€and€the€UnitedNations€Latin€American€Institute€for€the€Prevention€ofÐ ²+Þ&2 ÐCrime€and€the€Treatment€of€Offenders€was€signed€on€4June1992.€€The€purposeÐ y,¥'3 Ðof€the€Memorandum€is€the€preparation€of€draft€texts€of€the€Penal€Code,€theÐ @-l(4 ÐCode€on€the€Enforcement€of€Sentences,€the€Code€of€Civil€Procedure€and€the€ActÐ Ô Ðon€the€Organization€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€and€the€Judicial€Police,Ð ›Ç Ðas€well€as€research€on€the€informal€settlement€of€disputes.€Ð bŽ ÐÌ9.à b àIn€this€context,€work€has€been€done€initially€on€the€Penal€Code,€theÐ ð Ðoutline€of€which€is€still€under€review,€but€includes€many€of€the€measuresÐ ·ã Ðadopted€by€the€States€that€have€signed€the€Convention€against€Torture,€sinceÐ ~ ª Ðmany€of€the€acts€covered€by€the€term€"torture"€in€article1€of€the€ConventionÐ E q Ðhave€been€included€as€offences€in€article4,€paragraph1,€and€the€penaltiesÐ  8 Ðfor€each€one€are€under€consideration.€€However,€the€work€is€still€going€on€andÐ Ó ÿ  Ðit€is€impossible€for€the€time€being€to€guarantee€that€the€final€draft€willÐ š Æ  Ðappear€as€a€formal€document.Ð a   ÐÌ10.à b àArticle19,€paragraph17,€of€the€Political€Constitution€of€EcuadorÐ ï  Ðprovides€for€respect€for€liberty€and€security€of€person€and,€in€referring€toÐ ¶â  Ðthe€guilt€that€may€be€attributed€to€a€person,€embodies€the€basic€principleÐ }©  Ðthat€everyone€has€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocent€until€proved€guilty€underÐ Dp  Ðan€enforceable€judgement.€€At€the€same€time,€it€must€be€admitted€that€thereÐ  7  Ðhas€been€some€moral€and€psychological€ill-treatment€in€Ecuador€as€a€result€ofÐ Òþ  Ðthe€application€of€pre-trial€detention,€in€accordance€with€article177€of€theÐ ™Å ÐCode€of€Penal€Procedure,€in€cases€where,€in€the€opinion€of€the€court,€thereÐ `Œ Ðare€indications€that€there€has€been€an€offence€punishable€by€imprisonment€andÐ 'S Ðthat€the€accused€person€is€the€perpetrator€of€or€accessory€to€the€offence.€Ð î ÐSuch€imprisonment€lasts€until€the€evidence€for€the€prosecution€and€for€theÐ µá Ðdefence€has€been€produced€during€the€first€phase€of€the€proceedings,€i.e.€theÐ |¨ Ðpre„trial€phase,€which€ends€with€an€order€for€a€stay€or€dismissal€ofÐ Co Ðproceedings€or€with€an€initiating€order.€€As€a€result€of€delays€inÐ  6 Ðproceedings,€this€problem€has€had€some€negative€consequences:€€(i)prisons€areÐ Ñý Ðovercrowded;€(ii)accused€persons€are€sometimes€imprisoned€for€more€time€thanÐ ˜Ä Ðthey€would€have€been€if€they€had€been€sentenced€as€guilty€of€the€offence;€andÐ _‹ Ð(iii)in€the€event€of€the€dismissal€of€the€proceedings,€the€right€to€honourÐ &R Ðand€reputation€and€the€principle€of€equality€before€the€law€are€violated.Ð í ÐÌ11.à b àIn€view€of€the€seriousness€of€these€problems,€an€in„depth€analysis€wasÐ {§! Ðmade€of€the€consequences€of€the€absence€of€decisions€in€criminal€cases€withoutÐ Bn" Ðan€appropriate€and€effective€defence€and,€on€26August1992,€the€NationalÐ  5# ÐCongress€adopted€the€Act€Amending€the€Penal€Code,€considering,€in€addition€toÐ Ð ü$ Ðthe€above-mentioned€factors,€that€these€irregularities€were€a€"seriousÐ —!Ã% Ðviolation€of€human€rights".€€Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ12.à b àThe€amendments€adopted€provide€that€persons€who€were€detained€without€aÐ ì#( Ðstay€of€proceedings€or€initiating€order€for€one„third€or€more€of€the€timeÐ ³$ß) Ðprovided€for€by€the€PenalCode€as€the€maximum€penalty€for€the€offence€forÐ z%¦ * Ðwhich€they€were€being€prosecuted€are€to€be€released€immediately.€€Persons€whoÐ A&m!+ Ðwere€not€tried€within€a€period€of€time€equal€to€or€greater€than€half€of€theÐ '4", Ðmaximum€penalty€provided€for€by€the€PenalCode€are€also€to€be€releasedÐ Ï'û"- Ðimmediately.€€The€only€exception€is€for€persons€accused€of€offences€under€theÐ –(Â#. ÐNarcotic€Drugs€and€Psychotropic€Substances€Act,€which€provides€for€harsherÐ ])‰$/ Ðtreatment.€€Ð $*P%0 ÐÌ13.à b àWith€a€view€to€the€implementation€of€these€rules,€prison€directors€areÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðgiven€administrative€power€to€release€a€detainee€when€the€court€order€for€hisÐ y,¥'3 Ðrelease€is€not€received€within€the€prescribed€time€limit.€€Ð @-l(4 Ї14.à b àWork€is€also€under€way€on€the€amendment€of€the€rules€governing€criminalÐ Ô Ðprocedure.€€This€revision€of€the€procedural€system€for€the€administration€ofÐ ›Ç Ðcriminal€justice€is€designed€to€eliminate€the€first€phase€of€the€investigationÐ bŽ Ðknown€as€the€"pre-trial€proceedings"€and€to€replace€it€by€oral€proceedings€andÐ )U Ða€proper€accusation€in€order€to€institute€a€"pre-trial".€€Contrary€to€what€isÐ ð Ðprovided€for€in€the€Political€Constitution,€the€principle€of€innocence€hasÐ ·ã Ðbeen€violated€by€the€pre-trial€detention€provided€for€in€article177€of€theÐ ~ ª ÐCode€of€Penal€Procedure€that€is€still€in€force.€€The€draft€amendment€nowÐ E q Ðproposes€proceedings€conducted€in€full€freedom€by€competent€defence€counsel,Ð  8 Ðwith€a€review€of€the€evidence€and€direct€monitoring€of€the€proceedings€by€theÐ Ó ÿ  Ðaccused.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ15.à b àThe€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€has€a€leading€role€to€play€in€theÐ (T  Ðinvestigation€of€the€offence.€€This€role€has€been€viewed€as€a€betterÐ ï  Ðopportunity€to€ensure€full€respect€for€the€basic€guarantees€of€the€human€beingÐ ¶â  Ðand€proper€law€enforcement.€€The€draft€amendment€regards€the€Judicial€PoliceÐ }©  Ðas€a€body€under€the€supervision€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€and€as€itsÐ Dp  Ðassistant€in€the€conduct€of€the€pre„trial.Ð  7  ÐÌ16.à b àIn€this€new€approach€to€criminal€proceedings,€account€has€even€been€takenÐ ™Å Ðof€the€tricks€that€may€be€used€to€force€an€accused€person€to€make€a€statement.€Ð `Œ ÐDraft€article96€reads:€€"Methods€prohibited€for€obtaining€a€statement.€€TheÐ 'S Ðaccused€person€must€not€be€required€to€make€a€sworn€statement€and€may€not€beÐ î Ðsubjected€to€any€kind€of€force€or€coercion.€€Any€method€that€impairs€theÐ µá Ðaccused€person's€freedom€of€decision,€memory€or€ability€to€understand€andÐ |¨ Ðdiscern€is€prohibited;€in€particular,€the€following€are€prohibited:€Ð Co Ðill-treatment,€threats,€sleep€deprivation,€brutality,€torture,€deceit€and€theÐ  6 Ðuse€of€narcotic€drugs€and€so-called€"truth€serums",€lie€detectors€andÐ Ñý Ðhypnosis.€€Article97€states:€€"Questioning.€€Deceitful€and€suggestiveÐ ˜Ä Ðquestions€are€not€allowed€and€answers€must€not€be€demanded".€€Article99Ð _‹ Ðprovides€that€the€statement€by€the€accused€must€be€given€freely,€without€theÐ &R Ðuse€of€handcuffs€or€other€security€devices€and€only€in€the€presence€ofÐ í Ðauthorized€persons.€€Ð ´à  ÐÌ17.à b àSpecial€emphasis€has€been€placed€on€the€defense€of€the€accused€and,€inÐ Bn" Ðaccordance€with€internationally€applicable€provisions€resulting€from€theÐ  5# Ðagreement€of€nations€to€eliminate€all€forms€of€torture€and€ill-treatment,Ð Ð ü$ ÐtitleIII€contains€rules€designed€to€prevent€any€type€of€violation€of€theÐ —!Ã% Ðpersonal€integrity€of€the€accused.€€To€this€end,€article223€provides€forÐ ^"Š& Ðproportionality,€according€to€which€detention€must€be€commensurate€with€theÐ %#Q' Ðexpected€penalty€and€may€in€no€case€exceed€the€maximum€penalty€for€theÐ ì#( Ðoffence;€it€may€not€last€longer€than€one€year€for€offences€for€which€theÐ ³$ß) Ðmaximum€penalty€is€up€to€five€years€or€two€years€for€offences€for€which€theÐ z%¦ * Ðpenalty€is€harsher.Ð A&m!+ Ѐ€Ð '4", Ð18.à b àThe€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€is€vested€with€authority€which,€in€ourÐ Ï'û"- Ðsystem€of€criminal€procedure,€always€has€been€and€still€is,€the€soleÐ –(Â#. Ðprerogative€of€the€judge,€namely,€that€of€ordering€pre-trial€detention€for€aÐ ])‰$/ Ðperiod€of€not€more€than€24hours.€€The€principle€is€established€that€detentionÐ $*P%0 Ðmay€not€be€ordered€by€the€police€in€any€case.€€Pre-trial€detention€is€orderedÐ ë*&1 Ðonly€to€guarantee€the€appearance€of€the€accused€at€the€trial€and€to€ensure€theÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðenforcement€of€the€sentence.€€Such€pre-trial€detention€cannot€be€allowed€toÐ y,¥'3 Ðbecome€an€advance€penalty.€€Alternatives€have€been€offered€to€prevent€Ô_ÔpossibleÐ @-l(4 Ðflight.€€To€replace€pre-trial€detention€when€it€would€be€afflictive,€provisionÐ Ô Ðhas€been€made€for€house€arrest,€the€obligation€to€submit€to€the€supervision€ofÐ ›Ç Ða€particular€person€or€institution,€the€obligation€to€report€periodically€toÐ bŽ Ðthe€judge€or€court,€etc.€€Ð )U ÐÌ19.à b àOne€of€the€concerns€that€might€not€have€been€answered€at€theÐ ·ã Ðseventhsession€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€was€that€of€claims€forÐ ~ ª Ðcompensation€by€persons€unfairly€accused.€€The€draft€amendments€to€the€Code€ofÐ E q ÐPenal€Procedure€must€take€account€of€Book€Seven,€title€III,€stating€that€aÐ  8 Ðperson€unfairly€convicted€or€acquitted€by€dismissal€of€the€proceedings€mayÐ Ó ÿ  Ðclaim€compensation€for€the€days€of€detention€served.Ð š Æ  ЀÌ20.à b àThe€draft€amendments€were€referred€to€the€National€Congress€and€it€isÐ (T  Ðhoped€that,€with€the€revisions€and€changes€under€consideration€by€that€branchÐ ï  Ðof€Government,€they€will€be€discussed€soon.€€Ecuador's€system€of€criminalÐ ¶â  Ðjustice€requires€urgent€change€in€order€to€meet€the€objectives€not€only€ofÐ }©  Ðuniversal€conventions€and€principles,€but€also€the€exigencies€of€its€ownÐ Dp  Ðsituation.€Ð  7  ÐÌ21.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€objectives€of€the€international€agreements€toÐ ™Å Ðwhich€Ecuador€is€a€party,€the€Juvenile€Code,€whose€structure€and€provisionsÐ `Œ Ðare€based€on€the€principles€of€the€international€conventions€ratified€byÐ 'S ÐEcuador,€the€Declaration€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€Ecuador's€own€socialÐ î Ðrequirements,€was€published€on€7€August€1992€in€Supplement€No.€995€of€theÐ µá ÐOfficial€Gazette,€in€which€laws€and€decrees€are€enacted€as€provided€for€inÐ |¨ Ðtitle€I,€article€5,€paragraph€2€(2),€of€the€Civil€Code.€€Another€matter€ofÐ Co Ðgreat€concern€to€persons€in€the€legal€profession€that€became€a€public€problemÐ  6 Ðwhen€it€got€out€of€hand€was€an€enterprise€for€the€sale€of€abandoned€childrenÐ Ñý Ðwhich€turned€children€into€products€for€export€to€European€countries€and€theÐ ˜Ä ÐUnited€States€and€which€was€a€humiliation€for€the€poorest€and€least€educatedÐ _‹ Ðsector€of€the€population€of€Ecuador.Ð &R ÐÌ22.à b àFor€the€express€purpose€of€preventing€and€putting€an€end€to€suchÐ ´à  Ðirregularities,€the€National€Government€adopted€more€appropriate€legalÐ {§! Ðprovisions,€which€reflect€current€circumstances€and,€above€all,€take€a€broaderÐ Bn" Ðand€more€forward„looking€approach€designed€to€guarantee€the€life,€identity,Ð  5# Ðfreedom€and€dignity€of€minors.€€Title€II€of€the€Juvenile€Code€thus€establishesÐ Ð ü$ Ðthe€system€to€which€all€inhabitants€of€Ecuador€will€be€subject€in€respect€ofÐ —!Ã% Ðminors€as€subjects€of€law.Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ23.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€principles€of€the€International€Convention€againstÐ ì#( ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,Ð ³$ß) Ðarticles22€and€23€of€the€Juvenile€Code€provide€for€the€right€of€minors€to€theÐ z%¦ * Ðinviolability€of€their€physical,€mental€and€moral€integrity€and€thisÐ A&m!+ Ðnecessarily€means€that€they€cannot€be€subjected€to€torture,€cruel€or€degradingÐ '4", Ðtreatment€or€arbitrary€detention.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ24.à b àThe€right€of€abandoned€newborn€children€to€an€identity€has€also€beenÐ ])‰$/ Ðprovided€for€in€the€new€legal€system,€but€the€penalties€for€persons€whoÐ $*P%0 Ðviolate€this€right€are€still€indicative.€€Book€Two,€titleIX,€chapterII,€ofÐ ë*&1 ÐÔ& U Ôthe€Penal€Code€classifies€acts€committed€for€that€purpose€and€theÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðcorresponding€penalties,€which€range€from€eight€days€to€three€months'€ordinaryÐ y,¥'3 ÐÔ'U²+PÔimprisonment€to€three€to€six€years'€rigorous€imprisonment.Ð @-l(4 Ї25.à b àTitleIV€of€the€new€Juvenile€Code€provides€for€the€protection€of€minorsÐ Ô Ðfrom€ill-treatment.€€Types€of€prevention,€the€responsibility€of€the€State€andÐ ›Ç ÐGovernment€measures€and€policies€of€protection,€rehabilitation€and€support€forÐ bŽ Ðjuvenile€welfare€programmes€have€been€defined€within€this€specific€framework.€Ð )U ÐAccording€to€article148,€as€contained€in€chapterII,€the€juvenile€courts€areÐ ð Ðresponsible€for€determining€whether€or€not€such€an€act€is€an€offence,€anÐ ·ã Ðinvestigatory€process€which,€as€a€result€of€the€new€system,€has€the€necessaryÐ ~ ª Ðprobative€value€in€court,€as€stated€in€article€149,€paragraph€3.€€It€shouldÐ E q Ðalso€be€noted€that€article150(d),€which€relates€to€cases€in€which€anÐ  8 Ðofficial€is€responsible€for€the€ill-treatment€of€a€minor,€does€not€provide€forÐ Ó ÿ  Ðthe€corresponding€penalty,€but€does€allow€the€juvenile€court€to€ask€theÐ š Æ  Ðcompetent€authority€for€the€penalty€warranted€by€such€an€act€or€acts.Ð a   ÐÌ26.à b àUnder€this€new€legal€system,€provision€has€been€made€for€a€specialÐ ï  Ðmeasure€that€is€applied€only€in€criminal€cases,€since€a€house€search€is€nowÐ ¶â  Ðpossible€when€it€is€necessary€to€rescue€a€minor€who€is€known€to€be€ill„Ð }©  Ðtreated.€€Any€person€is€allowed€to€intervene€to€prevent€such€acts€and€save€theÐ Dp  Ðminor.Ð  7  ÐÌ27.à b àTitle€IV,€chapter€IV,€contains€provisions€which€reflect€the€objective€ofÐ ™Å Ðarticle€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€€These€provisionsÐ `Œ Ðrelate€to€the€prevention€of€the€torture€of€minors,€even€in€cases€where€theyÐ 'S Ðengage€in€conduct€that€might€be€criminal,€since€a€number€of€measures€have€beenÐ î Ðtaken€to€guarantee€the€physical€and€psychological€integrity€of€juvenileÐ µá Ðoffenders,€even€in€detention.Ð |¨ ÐÌ28.à b àGeneral€emphasis€is€placed€on€article€172,€paragraph€2:€€"TransferringÐ  6 Ðminors€by€using€handcuffs,€rope€or€any€other€means€contrary€to€their€dignityÐ Ñý Ðshall€be€prohibited€and€physical€or€psychological€pressure€may€also€not€beÐ ˜Ä Ðused".Ð _‹ ÐÌ29.à b àArticle€168€expressly€states€that€the€guarantees€provided€for€inÐ í Ðinternational€conventions€are€incorporated.Ð ´à  ÐÌ30.à b àOther€important€points€are€that€any€investigation€in€which€a€minor€isÐ Bn" Ðinvolved€must€be€preliminary€in€nature€and€not€last€more€than€one€month;€thatÐ  5# Ðthe€minor€should€be€brought€before€the€competent€court€within€24€hours€andÐ Ð ü$ Ðthat€the€police€report€should€contain€the€preliminary€medical,€social€andÐ —!Ã% Ðpsychological€examinations;€and€that€the€minors'€detention€may€not€last€moreÐ ^"Š& Ðthan€four€years,€no€matter€what€offence€he€might€have€committed.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ31.à b àOn€28€January€1992,€moreover,€the€National€Congress€adopted€theÐ ³$ß) ÐÔ_ÔLegislataiveÔ_Ô€Organization€Act,€article€50€of€which€determines€the€specialÐ z%¦ * Ðstanding€committees€that€are€to€be€set€up.€€Two€are€of€particular€interest:€Ð A&m!+ Ðthe€Committee€on€Women,€Children€and€the€Family€and€the€Human€RightsÐ '4", ÐCommittee,€which€are€entrusted€with€the€task€of€preparing€appropriateÐ Ï'û"- Ðlegislation€in€the€matters€of€concern€to€them.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ32.à b àAlthough€article€44€(k)€of€the€Political€Constitution€provides€that€theÐ $*P%0 ÐNational€Congress€may€grant€a€general€amnesty€for€political€offences€andÐ ë*&1 Ðpardons€for€ordinary€offences€on€the€basis€of€a€justification€of€veryÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âimportant€grounds,€the€procedure€had€been€a€dead€letter,€but€the€adoption€ofÐ y,¥'3 ÐÔ_Ôthe€Act€gave€effect€to€this€remedy€and€the€right€of€every€person€to€apply€forÐ Ô Ða€pardon€or€the€reduction€or€commutation€of€his€sentence.Ð ›Ç Ðâ âÌ33.à b àThe€National€Congress€also€considered€it€essential€to€amend€the€PoliticalÐ )U ÐConstitution€and,€on€23€December€1992,€adopted€provisons€to€modernize€andÐ ð Ðstreamline€the€administration€of€justice€and€make€it€more€efficient.€€ForÐ ·ã Ðexample,€article€29€replaces€the€content€of€article141€relating€to€the€powersÐ ~ ª Ðof€the€court€of€Constitutional€Guarantees.€€€Thus,€although€the€Court€stillÐ E q Ðhas€the€power€to€hear€complaints€filed€by€any€natural€or€legal€person€againstÐ  8 Ðacts€of€Government€officials€that€violate€the€rights€and€freedoms€guaranteedÐ Ó ÿ  Ðby€the€Constitution,€it€also€has€the€possibility,€in€the€event€of€failure€toÐ š Æ  Ðtake€account€of€the€observations€it€makes€when€it€finds€a€complaint€to€beÐ a   Ðjustified,€to€request€the€competent€body€to€remove€the€official€in€questionÐ (T  Ðand€apply€the€other€penalties€provided€for€by€law€"without€prejudice€to€anyÐ ï  Ðcriminal€action€that€might€be€applicable".€€This€is€further€evidence€of€theÐ ¶â  Ðefforts€being€made€in€Ecuador€to€ensure€respect€for€citizens'€rights€and€toÐ }©  Ðincorporate€the€principles€embodied€in€the€international€conventions€to€whichÐ Dp  Ðit€has€become€a€party€and€ratified.Ð  7  ÐÌ34.à b àAs€a€result€of€the€serious€complaints€made€against€the€National€PoliceÐ ™Å Ðresponsible€for€the€Criminal€Investigation€Service,€the€Government€made€everyÐ `Œ Ðeffort€to€eradicate€all€forms€of€torture,€ill„treatment€and€humiliation€ofÐ 'S Ðdetainees.€€Thus,€when€the€Criminal€Investigation€Service€was€dissolved,€theÐ î ÐCrime€Investigation€Office€was€established,€although€the€National€Police,Ð µá Ðwhose€conduct€towards€detainees€has€improved€somewhat,€continues€to€beÐ |¨ Ðresponsible€for€it€on€a€temporary€basis.€Ð Co ÐÌ35.à b àThe€aim€of€reserving€this€task€for€a€specialized€technical€body€such€asÐ Ñý Ðthe€Judicial€Police,€whose€powers€and€duties€are€provided€for€in€Book€One,Ð ˜Ä Ðtitle€III,€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€led€to€the€establishment€ofÐ _‹ Ðcommittees€composed€of€the€bodies€which,€in€view€of€the€specific€nature€of€theÐ &R Ðmatter,€are€involved€in€proceedings€and€the€enforcement€of€sentences€and€whichÐ í Ðagreed,€after€comparing€institutional€interests,€to€the€training€of€the€staffÐ ´à  Ðneeded€especially€for€pre„trial€investigations.€€Technical€experts€from€FranceÐ {§! Ðwere€brought€in€to€provide€instruction€for€several€months.Ð Bn" ÐÌ36.à b àThe€Judicial€Police€Regulations€were€adopted€with€a€view€to€achievingÐ Ð ü$ Ðthis€aim.€€The€1983€report,€as€contained€in€title€II€of€the€Code€of€PenalÐ —!Ã% ÐProcedure€dealing€with€the€institution€of€criminal€proceedings,€served€as€aÐ ^"Š& Ðbasis€for€the€initiation€of€such€proceedings.€€It€should€be€noted€that€theÐ %#Q' Ðstarting€point€for€90€per€cent€of€proceedings€is€the€police€investigation€orÐ ì#( Ðpolice€report,€when€the€offence€being€investigated€is€one€that€is€regarded€asÐ ³$ß) Ðbeing€publicly€actionable.€€As€stated,€however,€the€Judicial€Police€did€notÐ z%¦ * Ðcome€into€being€as€an€institution,€despite€the€adoption€of€its€regulations€onÐ A&m!+ Ð7€August€1992,€because€of€many€factors€hampering€its€operation,€the€mostÐ '4", Ðimportant€one€being€economic.€€The€Regulations€provide€the€necessary€structureÐ Ï'û"- Ðfor€the€achievement€of€the€desired€objective.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ37.à b àThe€organizational€structure€of€this€technical€body€includes€allÐ $*P%0 Ðinvestigatory€branches:€€criminal€cases,€traffic€and€drug€cases,€the€CentralÐ ë*&1 ÐNaional€Office€of€INTERPOL€and€the€Technical€and€Scientific€Office€composed€ofÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðlaboratory,€forensic€medicine,€computing€and€communications€and€centralÐ y,¥'3 Ðarchives€and€dissemination€sections.€€This€technical€service€will€be€Ô_ÔstaffedÐ @-l(4 Ðby€police€officers€with€academic€training€and€civilians€with€the€sameÐ Ô Ðqualifications.€€The€services€offered€by€the€laboratories€and€their€expertsÐ ›Ç Ðwill€be€completely€free€of€charge,€a€measure€for€the€benefit€of€the€poorestÐ bŽ Ðpopulation€group,€which€is€the€one€most€involved€in€criminal€cases.€€TheÐ )U Ðunification€of€the€service€is€fully€in€keeping€with€the€objective€of€havingÐ ð Ðone€investigatory€body.€€Although€each€part€should€have€its€ownÐ ·ã Ðspecialization,€the€investigatory€machine€as€a€whole€should€be€under€theÐ ~ ª Ðsupervision€of€the€Public€Prosecutor's€Office€and€the€courts.Ð E q ÐÌ38.à b àThe€revision€of€the€Act€on€the€Organization€of€the€Public€Prosecutor'sÐ Ó ÿ  ÐOffice€is€becoming€essential.€€This€Government€body€not€only€takes€part€in€theÐ š Æ  Ðproceedings,€but,€in€view€of€the€new€role€that€will€be€assigned€to€it€underÐ a   Ðthe€proposed€reforms,€there€is€a€need€to€bring€the€legal€system€governing€itÐ (T  Ðinto€line€with€the€aims€of€the€new€Penal€Code€and€Code€of€Penal€Procedure.Ð ï  ÐÌ39.à b àThe€amendment€of€the€legislation€governing€it€will€give€the€PublicÐ }©  ÐProsecutor's€Office€a€new€direction€as€a€party€to€the€proceedings;€it€willÐ Dp  Ðconduct€investigations€together€with€the€Judicial€Police,€instituteÐ  7  Ðproceedings,€bring€evidence€and€be€responsible€for€the€proper€administrationÐ Òþ  Ðof€justice.€€It€will€therefore€assume€responsibility€for€monitoring€fullÐ ™Å Ðrespect€for€the€established€legal€order€and€the€protection€of€citizens€and€theÐ `Œ Ðpeople€in€the€administrative€courts.Ð 'S ÐÌ40.à b àIn€view€of€our€deep„seated€belief€in€change,€our€aim€is€to€ensure€thatÐ µá Ðthe€administration€of€criminal€justice€in€Ecuador€has€a€new€structure€based€onÐ |¨ Ðthe€principles€of€human€rights,€the€exigencies€of€our€own€situation€andÐ Co Ðuniversal€principles€of€respect€for€freedom.à ã àÐ  6 ÐÌÌà@GG)“à„€„€„€„€„€€€€€€€€€€€€€