* The present document contains the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh periodic reports due on 30 October 1986, 1988, 1990 and 1992, respectively. The seventh periodic report of Peru and the summary records of the sessions at which the Committee examined that report are contained in documents CERD/C/117/Add.7 and CERD/C/SR.760-761.
The information submitted by Peru in accordance with the consolidated guidelines for the initial part of the reports of States parties appears on core document HRI/CORE/1/Add.43.
INTRODUCTION : 1 - 5
INFORMATION RELATING TO ARTICLES 2 TO 7 : 6 - 119
ARTICLE 2 : 6 - 56
ARTICLE 3 : 57 - 61
ARTICLE 4 : 62 - 68
ARTICLE 5 : 69 - 87
ARTICLE 6 : 88 - 103
ARTICLE 7 : 104 - 119
I. Total census population, unenumerated and estimated population in the Amazon region at the censuses taken during this century (table)
II. Population 15 years of age and over, by sex and employment status: 1981 and 1993 (table)
III. Illiterate population 15 years of age and over, in the urban and rural areas: 1981 and 1983 (table)
IV. Human rights: Ten golden rules of the forces of law and order
V. Table of the peasant communities listed in the National Register of Peasant Communities as at 30 March 1992
* These may be consulted in the archives of the Centre for Human Rights.
1. The Government of the Republic of Peru submits the report for the period 1986-1994, which sets out in detail the major structural reforms in the legal system. New legislative, judicial and administrative measures have been adopted for the future of the nation, since the seventh report was submitted in July 1985, in compliance with article 9 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
2. This report has been prepared in accordance with the general guidelines concerning the form and content of reports of States parties, contained in document CERD/C/70/Rev.2 of the thirty-ninth session, dated 22 March 1991.
3. In the various national and international forums, Peru has staunchly maintained a position of complete rejection of all forms of racial discrimination and of unfailing support for every initiative to eliminate any form of discrimination.
4. The State of Peru is founded on equality before the law, without discrimination on the grounds of origin, race, sex, language, religion, opinion, economic or any other status. In other words, equal treatment is accorded to the populations of both the urban and rural areas, and to men and women, irrespective of their socio-economic situation.
5. The primary concern of the Government of Peru today is to assist the populations of the Andean and Amazon regions which are seriously affected by violence. In Peru the violence caused by terrorism and drug trafficking have been the greatest obstacle to the plans and projects that the Government is carrying out in the forgotten regions and populations of the Andean and Amazonian regions, and the present Government is committed to guaranteeing them their right to participate in progress, modern achievements, development, and social well-being, while respecting their specific geographical, cultural and ethnic characteristics.
6. Below is a description of the main areas in which legislation has been enacted to eradicate the phenomenon of racial discrimination. The main provisions on the topic are contained in the new Constitution, which was adopted by the Constituent Democratic Congress, ratified by a referendum of the Peruvian people and promulgated on 28 December 1993.
Organization of the State
7. The Republic of Peru is democratic, social, independent and sovereign. The State is an indivisible whole. Its Government is unitary, representative and decentralized and shall be organized in accordance with the principle of the separation of powers (Constitution, art. 43).
8. The territory of the Republic is divided into regions, departments, provinces and districts, and in their constituencies the operations of the unitary Government are decentralized (Constitution, art. 189). The aim is to promote the integration of all of the areas of Peruvian territory, free from any kind of discrimination or inequality in the treatment of Peru's population.
Human Rights
9. Under this heading, it should be emphasized that the Constitution establishes that one of the fundamental duties of the State is to guarantee the full application of human rights and comprehensive and balanced development of the nation (Constitution, art. 44). Everyone's right not to be discriminated against on any grounds whatever can be included in these rights (Constitution, art. 2).
10. Similarly, article 1 of Legislative Decree No. 052 of 1981 which contains the Organizational Act for the Public Prosecutor's Department, provides that the Department is an autonomous State body, whose main functions are the defence of the law, the rights of citizens and the public interest, the protection of public morality, and the prosecution and prevention of crime.
11. The Office of the Attorney-General of the Nation subsequently set up the Office of the Ombudsman and the Office of the Procurator for Human Rights at the national level to handle complaints of violations of human rights, to defend the constitutional and fundamental rights of the individual and the community, and monitor the discharge of its duties by the State administration and the provision of public services to citizens. Article 162 of the Constitution establishes the Office of the Ombudsman to protect the constitutional and fundamental rights of the individual and the community, to monitor the discharge of its duties by the State administration and the provision of public services to citizens, and the Public Prosecutor's Department is no longer responsible for these matters. To that end, the Office of the Attorney-General of the Nation instructed all its branches to deal with any application relating to human rights, and the documentation for the Office of the Ombudsman and the Office of the Procurator for Human Rights would be kept by the senior procurators in each judicial district until such time as the Office of the Ombudsman was actually set up. The complaints about persons who have disappeared are dealt with by the staff at the Registry of Disappeared Persons.
12. Similarly, the Democratic Constituent Congress, through the Peacemaking and Human Rights Committee (Regulations of the Democratic Constituent Congress of 5 February 1993) is actively concerned with respect for human rights and is a channel of communication with the non-governmental organizations engaged in the defence of human rights.
13. In order to devise a National Peacemaking Plan and to provide advice and support for all who are working to achieve peace in the country and the full application of human rights, the Peace Council Act was adopted under Legislative Decree No. 652. The Council has different sectors at the national level. The headquarters are in the capital and branches are found in each region of the country.
14. Subsequently, under Decree Law No. 25593, which adopted the Organizational Act for the Judicial Sector, it was established that the National Human Rights Council should promote, coordinate, circulate information and provide advice on the protection and application of the fundamental rights of the individual. The regulations thereon are set out in Supreme Decree No. 03R-93-JUS, of 7 October 1993.
15. In turn, the Ministry of the Interior, under Ministerial Decree No. 0629-91-IN/GI, created human rights offices as fully fledged departments of the offices of the prefects, sub-prefects, governors and deputy governors. Again, the National Human Rights Committee of the department of the interior was established by Ministerial Decision No. 668-A-91-IN/DM of 15 August 1991 as the coordination and supervision agency.
16. The Armed Forces Joint Command has elaborated the Ten Golden Rules of the Forces of Law and Order in regard to human rights (annex IV).
17. In 1991, the Technical Commission for Displaced Persons was established for the families displaced by terrorist violence. On 9 October 1993, the Population Support Project (PAR) was instituted to take action for the return of the displaced persons to their places of origin. On 10 April, the PAR Interministerial Committee was established to coordinate the measures taken by the Ministries of Health, Education, Transport, Agriculture, Defence and Industry and the Office of the President.
18. Moreover, in Peru, non-governmental human rights organizations are allowed to work with no restrictions.
Civil rights
19. The Civil Code of 1984 provides that everyone shall enjoy civil rights except in the cases expressly established by the law. Men and women therefore have equal capacity to enjoy and exercise their civil rights (Civil Code, art. 5). Consequently, the civil law reiterates the principle of non-discrimination in the exercise of the rights of the individual.
Constitutional guarantees
20. The Constitution establishes habeas corpus, amparo, habeas data proceedings, unconstitutionality action, public right of action, action for compliance (Title 5 concerning Constitutional Guarantees (Constitution, art. 200)). Anyone who considers that his rights guaranteed under the Constitution, including the right of non-discrimination, have been violated, may, after having exhausted domestic remedies, appeal to any international courts or bodies constituted under treaties or conventions to which Peru is a party (Constitution, art. 205).
Peasant and indigenous communities
21. In Peru, the peasant and indigenous communities are recognized by law, have legal personality and enjoy autonomy in respect of organization, communal work and the free use of their lands, as well as in economic and administrative matters, within the framework established by the law. The ownership of their lands is imprescriptible (Constitution, art. 89), unless it is abandoned.
22. The State respects the cultural identity of the peasant and indigenous communities (Constitution, art. 89).
23. When the Government of Peru ratified ILO Convention No. 169 concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, on December 1993, at the same time as the United Nations proclaimed the International Year for the World's Indigenous People, it undertook to adopt specific measures to guarantee for indigenous and tribal peoples effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms without any obstacle or discrimination, and to do everything possible to improve the living conditions, participation and development of the indigenous peoples, while respecting the values and social, cultural and religious and spiritual practices of the indigenous communities of the Andean and Amazon regions.
24. The authorities of the communities, with the support of the peasant patrols may administer justice within their territorial area, in keeping with customary law, provided that they do not violate the fundamental rights of the individual (Constitution, art. 149).
25. The Civil Code of 1984 also states that the peasant and indigenous communities are traditional and stable organizations of public interest, made up of individuals, and intended to develop their assets for the general well-being of all the community members, in an equitable manner.
26. Article 54 of the Environmental Code, Legislative Decree No. 613 of 7 September 1990, recognizes the ancestral peasant and indigenous communities' right of ownership to their lands in the natural protected areas and in their zones of influence, and promotes the participation of these communities.
27. The Agricultural Sector Investment Promotion Act, Legislative Decree No. 653 of 1 August 1991, protects and preserves the peasant and indigenous communities. It provides that any agricultural producers with holdings of over five hectares, except for the peasant and indigenous communities, may place a lien on their lands, for any individual or company, in order to ensure fulfilment of their obligations. The priority of the creditors shall, without exception, be determined by the date the liens were entered in the public registers (Agricultural Sector Investment Promotion Act, art. 9). Furthermore, peasant and indigenous communities, as well as associative peasant enterprises, which are entitled to the control and use of lands suitable for forestry, may issue renewable 30-year leases provided that the purpose is to establish and/or manage forest plantations.
28. These communities must also be included in the Register of Companies in order to ensure official recognition (Constitution, art. 134).
29. The General Peasant Communities Act, Act No. 24656 of 13 April 1987, governs the peasant community in Peru, as an organization with its customs and practices, its systems of ownership and its institutions. The legislation on this community is set forth in two Supreme Decrees: Supreme Decree No. 008-91-TR of 15 February 1991, which establishes the regulations on legal personality, the members of the community and the administrative system, and Supreme Decree No. 004-92-TR of 25 February 1992, which adopted the regulations of the economic system of the General Peasant Communities Act. These laws and regulations are supplemented by Act No. 24657 of 13 April 1987, concerning land demarcation and land title of the communities.
30. With these laws, the State hopes to achieve comprehensive development of the peasant communities by the following measures:
(a) Exemption from existing or future taxes on the communities and their enterprises, as regards both their own activities and imports of capital goods or purchases from local manufacturers (Act No. 24657, art. 28);
(b) Priority in obtaining loans from government institutions and simplification of the loan requirements and facilities (art. 31);
(c) Facilities, priority and preference in exports of their products (Act No. 24657, art. 32);
(d) The obligation of State agencies to grant them facilities for the industrialization, transportation and marketing of their products (Act No. 24657, art. 33);
(e) Government promotion of and support for projects to extend the farming areas (reclamation, irrigation and reassignment of community lands) (Act No. 24657, art. 36).
31. Along with the promulgation of Act No. 25509 of 25 May 1992, a start was made on implementing the rural property title project throughout the country. To that end, the National Compensation and Social Development Fund (FONCODES) issued directives for the utilization of its resources for investment projects and other operations, which include the creation of implementation units for project administration, whereby the State undertakes to contribute to the development projects managed by the grass-roots organizations.
32. In this respect, the Agricultural Department of the Government of the Inca region, the Bureau of the Peasant Communities and the Legal Department of the Bartolomé de las Casas NGO centre in Cuzco have been instrumental in identifying and granting land titles to and drafting the statutes of 40 Cuzco communities. As a result, on 30 March 1992, 4,976 peasant communities were entered in the National Register of Peasant Communities of the regional governments.
33. Act No. 24656 also governs the organization and operations of community enterprises and the multicommunity enterprise, in order to reduce the under-employment among the peasants and provide training opportunities and services for the families living in the communities (art. 26). This legislation has also institutionalized the Community Credit Funds, intended to obtain financial resources by various means and make it easier for community microproducers to obtain credit. The Community Credit Funds will serve as a link with the Rural Savings and Loan Funds, which are governed by Act No. 25612 of 20 June 1992. The Government expects that both the Rural Savings and Loan Funds and the Community Loan Funds will be able, over the medium term, to administer the supply of credit and channel savings and resources in the rural areas more efficiently than does the Agricultural Bank, which is currently in disarray.
34. In addition, the disappearance of special agrarian law with the enactment of the new Judiciary Organizational Act in 1990, will consolidate the single system of State jurisdiction, through new mechanisms for the settlement of community agricultural conflicts.
35. The Constitution grants the authorities of the peasant communities the power to administer justice within their territories, in accordance with customary law, provided they do not violate the fundamental rights of the individual. To this end, some types of coordination will be established between the special jurisdiction of these communities and the justices of the peace and the other institutions of the judiciary (Constitution, art. 149).
36. With regard to the indigenous communities, the Constitution stipulates that the State shall promote the sustainable development of the Amazon by means of appropriate legislation (Constitution, art. 69).
37. The Peruvian Government is mindful of the harsh realities of the problems connected with the indigenous communities: major efforts and creative action are required to overcome poverty and political and social violence, as well as the lack of communication and separative intolerance which fosters marginalization and racism. This diagnosis of Peruvian society is more relevant to the Amazon (ignored through the ages), its population and the wealth of its culture.
38. Consequently, the State recognizes the need to bolster its presence by stepping up resource commitment and providing more efficient and timely services in order to ease the problem of marginalization and move towards national integration. This obligation has been accepted in Peru, despite major budgetary constraints, not only by government agencies but by many private, social and religious institutions which have pooled their scarce economic resources, fired by a noble humanist conviction, in order to provide effectively for the most elementary needs of the indigenous peoples.
39. Particular mention should be made of the major contribution of the Catholic Church to the development of Peru in historical, cultural and moral terms. In this regard, given the lack of a government presence in various parts of national territory, the Peruvian Church provides technical and agricultural training facilities, supports small income-generating projects, especially for the young, teaches indigenous persons to understand and win respect for their rights, defends the indigenous communities when their rights are infringed and promotes protection of the land and natural resources of the indigenous people for the sake of their cultural survival: their philosophy of life, medicine, traditional education, independent structures and institutions. Many of the Church's contributions have given the State topical insight into the most urgent requirements of the indigenous communities, thus enabling it to review and redefine its policies and plans of action.
40. For this reason, the Government of Peru plans to make greater efforts to give priority consideration to requirements in respect of agriculture, education, internal order and peacemaking, among other fields of action.
41. The Catholic Church, through the Peruvian Episcopal Conference, conducted a campaign in 1993 entitled "Sharing - Indigenous peoples of the Amazon", to foster acquaintance with the problems of the indigenous peoples and secure support by the Peruvian population for social welfare projects on behalf of the indigenous communities. Similarly, during the summer of 1993, CARITAS of Peru, the Episcopal Social Welfare Commission (CEAS) and the Amazon Centre for Anthropology and Applied Studies implemented an emergency project on behalf of the inhabitants of the central forest, in order to meet their food and health requirements.
42. In the context of the peacemaking strategy and in the face of the threat of violent ideologies which endanger the existence, identity and cultural values of the indigenous peoples, the State has encouraged the organization of a system of peasant patrols.
43. Greater attention started being paid to the development of peasant patrols at the end of the 1980s, with growing support from the Government, including the supply of arms. The patrols have thus far served as the nucleus of the efforts to reconstruct the social life of the communities devastated by the violence. The National Congress of Urban, Rural and Indigenous Patrols (May 1993) presented a project which would make the peasant patrols part of the system of national defence and of the army reserves. Mention may be made of the status of the patrols introduced in the northern sierra to provide protection against cattle rustlers. They constitute a system of defence, having been recognized in 1988 as "peaceful, democratic and autonomous patrols" under Supreme Decree No. 12-88-IND, containing regulations on the organization and functioning of such peasant patrols. The latter decree was superseded by Supreme Decree No. 2-93-DE-CCFFAA, which provided that it should be brought into line with the regulations on the organization and functioning of self-defence committees (Supreme Decree No. 77-DE-92).
44. Under the terms of Legislative Decree No. 741, dated 11 November 1991, recognition was given to the self-defence committees of the communities. In the same way, Legislative Decree No. 740 lays down rules governing the possession and use of weapons and ammunition by the peasant patrols.
45. In the case of peasants captured by terrorist groups and obliged under duress to carry out terrorist activities for which they feel no support or sympathy, they will enjoy the benefit of immunity or remission of sentence, depending on the circumstances (arts. 52 and 53, Supreme Decree No. 015-93-JUS, Regulations of the "Repentance Act", and art. 33 of Legislative Decree No. 25499, "Repentance Act").
Treatment of foreigners
46. In this connection, it may be pointed out that the Constitution provides that national and foreign investment should be treated on the same basis. As regards the property rights of foreigners, legal equality is guaranteed, with exceptions relating to the purchase of property in the restricted frontier area (within 50 km of the frontier) (Constitution, art. 71).
47. Other important rules on this subject are the following: Legislative Decree No. 662 (29 August 1991), which provides for a system of legal stability in respect of foreign investments. Under the terms of article 1 of the Decree, the State promotes and guarantees foreign investments made or to be made in Peru, in all sectors of economic activity and under any business or contractual arrangements authorized by national legislation. At the same time, the Decree stipulates that foreign investors and the firms in which they invest have the same rights and obligations as their national counterparts, with no exceptions other than those established by the Constitution of Peru and the above-mentioned Legislative Decree. With regard to the relevant legal rules, in no case will the Peruvian legal system make distinctions between investors or firms on the basis of the national or foreign origin of investments (Legislative Decree No. 662, art. 2).
48. Moreover, article 4 stipulates that the property rights of foreign investors should be subject to no restrictions other than those laid down by the Constitution of Peru. In the specific case of intellectual and industrial property rights, they are subject to the same conditions as apply to national investors.
49. At the same time, the Decree authorizes the conclusion of agreements with foreign investors and guarantees them the following rights:
(a) Stability of the tax regulations in force at the time the agreement is concluded;
(b) Stability of the rules governing the free availability of foreign currency;
(c) Stability of the right to non-discrimination provided for in article 20 (Legislative Decree No. 662, art. 12).
50. Legislative Decree No. 663 (29 August 1991), which regulates the application of the "Immigration/Investment Programme" is designed to facilitate the entry into the country of foreigners wishing to bring in capital and invest in Peru.
51. The Aliens Act, Legislative Decree No. 703 (5 November 1991), lays down the rules governing the entry, period of stay, residence, departure, re-entry and control of foreigners admitted to the territory of the Republic and regulates their legal status in the same territory. It is important to mention article 3 of this statute, which defines an alien as anyone who does not possess Peruvian nationality. It may be noted that chapter 6 specifies the exclusions and obstacles applicable to entry into the country, which are based on reasons of national security; any discriminatory connotation is therefore ruled out.
52. Accordingly, the following categories of foreigners will be denied entry:
(a) Those expelled from Peruvian territory by judicial warrant or pursuant to the aliens regulations, as long as no measure has been taken by the competent authority to revoke the decision concerned;
(b) Fugitives from justice who have committed offences defined as ordinary law offences under Peruvian legislation. At the same time, it is specified that the immigration department may deny admission to national territory in the case of foreigners:
(i) Who have been expelled from other countries for committing offences characterized as ordinary law offences under Peruvian legislation or infringements of aliens regulations similar to the Peruvian regulations;
(ii) Whose admission to national territory is considered by the Peruvian Health Authority to endanger public health;
(iii) Who have a criminal or police record for offences characterized as ordinary law offences under Peruvian legislation;
(iv) Who do not have the financial resources needed to defray the costs of their stay in the national territory;
(v) Who face prosecution in foreign countries for offences characterized as ordinary law offences under Peruvian legislation, for which imprisonment or a more serious penalty might be incurred according to information from the competent foreign authority;
(vi) Who do not comply with the requirements laid down in the Decree and in the aliens regulations.
53. Lastly, reference may usefully be made to article 55 of the Decree, which states that foreigners on the territory of the Republic have the same rights and obligations as Peruvians, with exceptions laid down by the Constitution and the other statutory provisions of the Republic.
54. The Foreign Workers Recruitment Act, Legislative Decree No. 689 (4 November 1991), stipulates that all employers, regardless of their field of activity or nationality, shall give preference to the recruitment of national workers (art. 1). However, the recruitment of foreign workers is permitted, subject to the labour regulations of the private sector and the limitations laid down by law. The employment contract and any amendment thereto must be authorized by the labour administration (Legislative Decree No. 689, art. 2). At the same time, a ceiling of 20 per cent is imposed on the total number of servants, employees and manual workers of foreign origin who may be recruited by national or foreign firms. Their remuneration may not exceed 30 per cent of the firm's total payroll (Legislative Decree No. 689, art. 4).
Languages
55. The Constitution provides that Spanish is the official language and that Quechua, Aymara and the other aboriginal languages also have official status under the law in the areas where their use predominates (Constitution, art. 48). The intention is to preserve the cultural values of each segment of the population, by promoting the dissemination of those values and preventing any type of discrimination (including racial discrimination).
Criminal legislation
56. The New Criminal Code, Legislative Decree No. 635 (8 April 1991), provides that the criminal law shall be applied on the basis of equality. It also recognizes the possibility of a culturally conditioned error that diminishes or nullifies the criminal liability of anyone who, for reasons connected with his culture and customs, commits an act considered punishable under the legal system of the Peruvian State. In this way, the State legal system seeks to avoid unfair consequences for the indigenous population, so far as the criminal law is concerned (Criminal Code, art. 15). Article 129 also defines the crime of genocide.
57. Peru has vigorously condemned all types of racism and racial discrimination, especially those of an institutionalized form, such as apartheid, or those derived from official doctrines of superiority or racial exclusiveness, which constitute crimes against humanity.
58. At the international level, our country has acted within the ethical framework of international relations by rejecting racial discrimination. To that end, Peru ratified the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid under Legislative Decree No. 22280; it sought closer relations with the countries of sub-Saharan Africa; it chaired the World Conference on Sanctions against Racist South Africa, held in June 1986 at UNESCO headquarters; it supported the "Front-line" States bordering on South Africa and is therefore a member of the Africa Fund set up by the Non-Aligned Movement, with its headquarters in Lusaka. It also supported the independence of Namibia, which was illegally occupied by the South African regime.
59. At the same time, our country has voted in favour of numerous resolutions and other anti-apartheid texts adopted in the United Nations system, some of which are cited below:
(a) Resolution 47/15, Activities of those foreign economic and other interests which impede the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in Territories under colonial domination and efforts to eliminate colonialism, apartheid and racial discrimination in southern Africa;
(b) Resolution 47/81, Status of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid;
(c) Resolution 47/116, Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa.
60. Peru has also unreservedly condemned policies and ideologies aimed at fomenting racial hatred and "ethnic cleansing" in all its forms, which are incompatible with human rights and universally recognized fundamental freedoms.
61. Again, in accordance with the principle steadfastly followed by Peruvian foreign policy, which is aimed at universalizing the country's diplomatic relations for the purpose of strengthening cooperation, confidence and mutual understanding between States, and having regard to the radical changes in South African political life, which have put an end to the policies of apartheid, as recognized by the United Nations, Peru established diplomatic relations at the highest level with the Republic of South Africa on 28 July 1993: this is an important step forward, since Peru has traditionally not maintained international relations with South Africa.
62. In accordance with article 4, paragraph (c), of the Convention, and as already mentioned, the Constitution proclaims that all people are equal before the law, thus demonstrating the Peruvian Government's concern that no authority or public institution, either national or local, should promote or incite racial discrimination. The Government of Peru vigorously condemns any violation of human rights.
63. Thus, in the field of international law, the Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture was approved under the terms of Legislative Decision No. 25285 (12 December 1990).
64. The Peruvian people, the Government of Peru and the international community recognize that the main violations of human rights, and more especially the fundamental right to life, of the urban and rural population of the Andean communities and the Amazon, have been committed by the subversive movements responsible for violence, destruction and the death of 27,000 Peruvians. Hence, the community will organize itself to deal with subversion and build national peace through the self-defence committees, recognized and regulated by Legislative Decree No. 741 and Supreme Decree No. 007-DE-92 (8 November 1991).
65. The short- and long-term Peacemaking Plan does not exclude or divide Peruvians; on the contrary, it seeks to provide common ground, with no discrimination of any kind, for the achievement of national peace-building. To this end, Act No. 25499 (16 May 1992), the so-called Repentance Act, lays down the conditions under which consideration may be given to the exemption from or the reduction, remission or mitigation of a sentence incurred for committing terrorist offences.
66. The international community grasped the complex reality of the situation in Peru and firmly supported the strategy of national peacemaking adopted by the Peruvian Government, by means of international resolutions vigorously condemning the terrorist violence in Peru, adopted by the Commission on Human Rights and the Permanent Council of the OAS (CP/RES-587 (911/92), of 24 July 1992).
67. The authorities and public servants of the Republic are obliged to protect the fundamental rights of all citizens, with no discrimination of any kind. In this connection, the new Constitution authorizes any citizen to institute the constitutional proceedings referred to above against any authority or civil servant responsible for threatening or infringing fundamental rights (Constitution, art. 200).
68. Similarly, the Criminal Code defines offences against the peace (Title XIV), making it a criminal offence for two or more people to associate for the purpose of committing the crime of genocide, crimes infringing public security and peace, crimes against the State and national defence or against the public authorities and the constitutional order; a minimum sentence of eight years of imprisonment is applicable (Criminal Code, art. 317). On the other hand, article 129 of the Code makes the crime of genocide punishable by deprivation of liberty for a minimum of 20 years in the case of anyone who, with the intention of wholly or partially destroying a national, ethnic, social or religious group, carries out any of the following acts:
(a) Killing of members of the group;
(b) Serious mental or bodily harm to the members of the group;
(c) Inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction, wholly or in part;
(d) Measures designed to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children to another group.
69. As will be shown below, all citizens of Peru are guaranteed equality in respect of their fundamental rights, with no discrimination of any kind. As regards equal treatment before the courts, reference should be made to the Constitution, which provides that every person has the right to equality before the law and prohibits discrimination on the grounds of origin, race, sex, language, religion, opinion, economic status or on any other grounds (Constitution, art. 2, para. 2).
70. With regard to personal security and protection of the State against all acts of violence or infringements of personal integrity, it may be pointed out that article 2, paragraph 24, of the Constitution confirms that every person has the right to personal freedom and security, and accordingly that:
(a) No one is obliged to do anything not ordered by the law, nor prevented from doing what the law does not prohibit;
(b) No form of personal restriction is allowed, save in those cases provided by law; slavery, servitude and traffic in human beings in any form whatsoever are abolished;
(c) There is no debtors' prison; this principle does not restrict court orders for the non-fulfilment of support obligations;
(d) No one is to be charged or sentenced for an act or omission which at the time it was committed had not previously been expressly and unequivocally defined in law as a punishable offence, nor may he be subjected to a penalty not stipulated by law;
(e) Every person is considered innocent as long as his guilt has not been established by a court;
(f) No one may be arrested without a written court order including a reason given by a judge or by the police authorities in a case of "flagrante delicto". The person arrested must be placed at the disposal of the appropriate court within 24 hours or in the space of time needed to travel the corresponding distance. These time-limits do not apply to cases of terrorism, espionage and illegal drug trafficking. In such cases, the police authorities may effect the pre-trial detention of the alleged culprits for a period no longer than 15 calendar days. They are required to give an account of their actions to the public prosecutor and the judge, who may assume jurisdiction before the expiry of that period;
(g) No one may be held incommunicado except in a case essential for the elucidation of a crime, and in the form and time stipulated by law. The authorities are obliged, subject to incurring liability, to report without delay and in writing the place at which the detainee is being held;
(h) No one may be the victim of moral pressure or mental or physical violence or subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment. Anyone may immediately call for a medical examination of an aggrieved person or a person prevented from applying to the authorities himself. Statements obtained by means of violence have no worth. Anyone who uses such a statement incurs liability.
71. With regard to political rights, the second sentence of article 2, paragraph 17, of the Constitution provides that, under the law, citizens have the right to elect, remove or dismiss authorities, the right to initiate legislation and the right to call for a referendum. Article 30 provides that Peruvians over 18 years of age are citizens and that inclusion of a person's name in the electoral register is required for the exercise of citizenship. The exercise of citizenship may be suspended by a judicial prohibition order, by a custodial sentence or by a sentence involving disqualification from the exercise of political rights (art. 32).
72. At the same time, article 31 clearly stipulates that Peruvian citizens enjoy the following rights:
(a) To participate in public affairs through referendums;
(b) To initiate legislation;
(c) To remove or dismiss authorities and demand an account of their actions;
(d) Freely to stand for election and elect their representatives in accordance with the conditions and procedures laid down by an institutional act;
(e) To participate in local government at the relevant level;
(f) To vote, provided that they have legal capacity.
73. In the matter of civil rights, the Constitution provides that everyone has the right:
(a) To freedom of conscience and religion in individual or collective form. There shall be no persecution on the grounds of ideas or beliefs. No one can be prosecuted for his opinions. The public exercise of all faiths is not subject to restriction, so long as it does not offend morals or disturb the public order (Constitution, art. 2, para. 3);
(b) To the freedoms of information, opinion, expression and dissemination of ideas orally, in writing or by visual means, by use of any mass medium, without previous authorization, censorship or impediment of any kind, subject to statutory liability. Crimes committed through books, the press and other mass media are detailed in the Criminal Code and come under the jurisdiction of the ordinary courts. Any measure which suspends or closes down an organ of expression or hinders its free circulation also constitutes an offence. The rights to report information and to express an opinion include the right to establish communications media (Constitution, art. 2, para. 3);
(c) To choose the place of one's residence, to cross and leave and re-enter national territory, except for restrictions imposed for reasons of public health or by judicial warrant or pursuant to the Aliens Act (Constitution, art. 2, para. 11);
(d) To assemble peacefully without weapons. Meetings in private places or those open to the public do not require prior notice. Meetings convened in public squares and thoroughfares require prior notification to the authorities, which may prohibit them only on proven grounds of security or public health (Constitution, art. 2, para. 12);
(e) To join and establish foundations and various types of non-profit organization, without prior authorization and in accordance with the law. They may not be dissolved by administrative decision (Constitution, art. 2, para. 13);
(f) To property and inheritance (Constitution, art. 2, para. 16);
(g) To nationality. No one can be stripped of his nationality. Nor may he be deprived of the right to obtain or renew his passport within or outside the territory of the Republic (Constitution, art. 2, para. 21).
74. With regard to economic, social and cultural rights, everyone is guaranteed the right to work freely, subject to legal requirements (Constitution, art. 2, para. 15). At the same time, it may be mentioned that the Constitution delegates to the community and the State the task of protecting children, adolescents, mothers and old people who have been abandoned. They also protect the family and promote marriage, recognizing them as natural and fundamental institutions of society. Similarly, the forms of marriage and the causes of separation and divorce are regulated by law (Constitution, art. 4).
75. In labour matters, the Constitution states that there shall be respect for equality of opportunity, without discrimination (art. 26, para. 1). On the other hand, article 1 of the Employment Promotion Act, Legislative Decree No. 728 (12 November 1991), defines national employment policy as a set of law-making instruments designed to promote a system of equal employment opportunities which secures for all Peruvians the right of access to a useful occupation that protects them from unemployment and underemployment in any form.
76. It can be seen from data provided by the National Statistics and Computer Science Institute that the total population aged 15 and over, by the branch of economic activity of the main job, by sex and age group, is as follows: total employed population 2,317,608, i.e. 1,429,329 male and 887,312 female, with ages ranging from 15 to 65. The most common activity is in commerce, restaurants and hotels.
77. The State recognizes the right to join and form trade unions, to collective bargaining and to strike, thus safeguarding the practice of democracy:
(a) It guarantees freedom of association;
(b) It encourages collective bargaining and promotes peaceful solutions to labour conflicts. A collective convention has binding force in the context of the agreements reached;
(c) It regulates the right to strike so that the right is exercised in keeping with the social interest and it specifies exceptions and restrictions (Constitution, art. 28).
78. With regard to health and social security, the integrationist tendency of the new government administrators and their support for the general lines of institutional policy has directed the advance of the social security system into the heart of Peru, which is in the densely populated areas, with their high mother and child sickness and death rates and high fertility rate (an average of 7 per cent), along with poor coverage and inadequate health and education services. In view of this situation, efforts have been made to rectify these deficiencies and shortcomings in a country like Peru, which functions with a crisis economy and a difficult topography that has kept us separate in many respects.
79. Progress began in 1993 in the Inka region, one of the most depressed and neglected areas of the country, according to the bulletin published by the Peruvian Social Security Institute's Directorate of the Institutional Image (December 1993) and the Institute's Technological, Scientific, Bibliographical and Cultural Review, DOCUMENTA (December-February 1994). During the campaign, which lasted for 90 days, important actions were carried out: surgical operations; 1,400 consultations in various medical fields; 200,000 emergencies; 120 educational and family planning talks; 600 growth and development checks of children and the delivery of 11,000 food rations.
80. Also of note has been the progress made by a comprehensive modern health programme, in the context of the decentralization of the health and social care systems, in which the Institute has carried out admirable work in the field, particularly in the work centres, urban slum settlements and peasant communities.
81. Transplants have also been a focus of decentralization activities in the Almazor Aguinaga Asenjo Hospital in Chiclayo and Arequipa's Hospital Nacional del Sur, which have excellent surgical rehabilitation programmes. The inauguration of the modern Sicuani Hospital, in Cuzco, means care can be provided for the communities in the provinces of Canchia, Canas, Chumbivilca and Espinar, among others.
82. The decentralization of the emergency medical team (EMIR), which was previously a centralized State service in the capital serving only insured patients from the provinces, has meant that it now provides vital health services in the most remote villages of our country. At the present time, EMIR is made up of a group of very high-level surgeons from national IPSS hospitals. In 28 months, it has carried out 53 missions in 20 departments of the country, has made 158,800 examinations, 30,800 of which were for non-insured patients, and has performed 9,000 operations.
83. The Institute's Mobile Hospital, set up in 1970 to bring medical help to numerous Peruvian villagers mainly affected by natural disasters and epidemics, has extended its comprehensive care activities as a practical form of increasing its health coverage. In the past three years, it has had out-patient surgeries, operating theatres and primary hospitalization wards, laboratories, X-ray premises, echograph equipment, emergency services and ambulances. All the sections are installed in tents which can be set up in Peru's rural and urban areas; they have a mobile infrastructure, light, water, drains and modern surgical care teams, and this enables them to move rapidly, by any means of transport. This has become possible because they have been provided with the equipment they need to attend to all the regions of Peru in recent months. The Mobile Hospital has been in Urcos, Espinar, Andahuaylas and Satipo - rural areas with indigenous marginalized populations, lacking resources and with no direct access to the medical services provided by the social security.
84. These populations are now becoming familiar with the health personnel who come to help when an emergency or an epidemic outbreak affects the population in order to furnish health checks, treatment and prevention. This system is in keeping with a new approach which breaks with the conventional system of care, and goes out to meet the patient in the provinces, providing him with a high quality on-the-spot care in three fields:
(a) Internal medicine, general surgery, paediatrics, neurology, cardiology, traumatology, inter alia;
(b) Prevention in monitoring tuberculosis and acute respiratory infections, inter alia;
(c) Prevention and coordination services in the event of natural disasters, where joint activities have been organized with governmental and non-governmental bodies, and with the mass media.
85. In the context of the Hospital's important social work, special mention should be made of the care provided to the survivors of the massacre of Ashaninka indigenous persons and settlers in Mazamari, Satipo; the number of patients totalled 952 with 50 per cent suffering from anxiety and depression syndrome, skin diseases (20 per cent), parasitosis (12 per cent) and the rest from respiratory diseases. The Mobile Hospital also helped out after the fire disaster in the district of Laberinto, in the department of Madre de Dios, where it attended to 1,627 persons, 38 with first and second degree burns, 347 with anxiety and depression syndrome and the rest with illnesses typical of the region.
86. The State endeavours in this way to comply to the full with the provisions of the Constitution with reference to social security and health. As to regulations on social security, it is established that the State recognizes that it has a universal and progressive right to provide protection vis-à-vis the contingencies specified by the law and to improve the quality of life.
87. The State therefore guarantees access to health services and pensions through public, private or semi-private bodies. Where health is concerned, it should be noted that everyone has the right to comprehensive health protection and the duty to be involved in promoting his own health, that of his family and that of the community.
88. As regards remedies which may be brought before the competent national courts for any instance of discrimination, the Constitution sets out the constitutional guarantees and the cases for which these are appropriate (art. 200):
(a) Habeas corpus: this applies in the case of any act or omission, by any authority, official or person, which violates or threatens the freedom of the individual or related constitutional rights. It is not suspended during states of emergency;
(b) Amparo: this applies in the case of any act or omission, by any authority, official or person, which violates or threatens other rights recognized in the Constitution. It is not applicable against legislation enacted or court decisions reached in accordance with regular procedure. It is not suspended during states of emergency;
(c) Habeas data: this applies in the case of any act or omission, by any authority, official or person, which violates or threatens the right of any person to request and receive the information he requires from any public body within the statutory period; the right to ensure that computerized public and private services do not provide information affecting the right to privacy, the right to honour and a good reputation, personal and family privacy, and the right to an individual's own voice and image;
(d) An unconstitutionality action may be brought against any provisions having the rank of law: laws, legislative decrees, emergency decrees, treaties, congressional regulations, regional provisions and municipal ordinances which are contrary to the Constitution in form or substance;
(e) A public right of action lies against any regulations, administrative provisions and general decisions or decrees issued by any authority, on the grounds that they violate the Constitution and the law;
(f) An action for compliance lies against any authority or official who refuses to comply with a legal provision or administrative act, without prejudice to statutory liability.
89. Once domestic jurisdictions have been exhausted, individuals who feel that their fundamental rights have been affected may have recourse to the help of international courts and bodies, in accordance with the treaties to which Peru is a party (art. 25). Mention may be made here, inter alia, of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Administrative measures
90. The General Norms for Administrative Procedures Act, Supreme Decree No. 02-94-JUS (31 January 1994), governing acts by administrative bodies, was issued in order to expedite access by all Peruvians, without discrimination, to all Government bodies and organizations. It therefore applies to:
(a) Administrative proceedings in public administrative bodies to resolve disputes between two or more private persons, between private persons and the Administration or between administrative bodies;
(b) Administrative acts inherent in the Administration's own actions and initiated officially;
(c) Procedures for the transfer or acquisition of goods and services by or for the State;
(d) The right of petition set out in the Constitution (art. 1).
91. It should be noted that this law sets forth the right of any individual with legal capacity in accordance with the law to appear before the administrative authority to obtain the declaration, recognition or concession of a right, the exercise of a power, a declaration of a fact or in order to express legitimate opposition (art. 4). It is also lawful to submit claims to repeal or amend any administrative act which reputedly violates, ignores or adversely affects a right or a legitimate and direct interest, and to have the effects suspended (art. 5).
92. In this way, the Government of Peru endeavours to improve the supply of and access to services of the Public Administration without any impediment due to discrimination.
93. Human rights offices were established for the purpose of directing and monitoring the activities of the political authorities and the National Police. Lawyers are authorized under Legislative Decree No. 665 (2 September 1991) to enter detention centres and check on the situation of detainees.
Proceedings
94. Norms in this regard have been issued to guarantee effective human rights, including the right to non-discrimination, by fair and more equitable treatment in the course of proceedings.
95. The new Code of Civil Procedure (22 April 1993) establishes in the preliminary section the principle of socialization of the trial, whereby all individuals have the right to effective court protection in the exercise or defence of their rights or interests, subject to due process, and the judge must make sure that inequality between persons on grounds of sex, race, religion, language or social, political or economic status does not affect the course or outcome of the trial (art. 6).
96. The duties of judges include ensuring the equal standing of the parties in the proceedings, using their powers under the Code (art. 50, para. 2). The judge shall also appoint an interpreter when the party in the proceedings or the witness does not understand or speak Spanish (art. 195).
97. Similarly, the new Code of Criminal Procedure (27 April 1991 and entering into full force on 1 May 1994) provides that, when the accused does not speak Spanish he shall be questioned through the interpreter and the record of proceedings prepared in Spanish. The interpreter shall swear on oath or give a promise to perform his duty faithfully, and shall sign the record when his task is done (art. 131).
98. In Peru, there are various bodies responsible for dealing with complaints of human rights violations - including the right not to be discriminated against - and to ensure that everyone has the right to just and adequate reparation for any damage suffered as a result of a threat to his basic rights.
99. The Constitution thus approves the institution of the Ombudsman, on whom it devolves to defend the constitutional and fundamental rights of the individual and the community and to supervise fulfilment of the duties of the State administration and supply of public services to citizens (art. 162).
100. It may also be mentioned that, with the adoption of the new organizational structure of the Public Prosecutor's Department, Supreme Decree No. 009-93-JUS (5 April 1993) established the Special Office of the Ombudsman and Procurator for Human Rights as the body responsible for receiving complaints and carrying out investigations into illegal acts involving human rights violations. Recently, the Special Office of the Ombudsman and Procurator for Human Rights sent representatives to the village of Mazamari, province of Satipo, department of Junin, to investigate the massacre of 60 Ashaninkas - women, men and children, members of the largest indigenous community in Peru; inquiries showed that crimes against humanity, ethnocide and abuses against indigenous communities had been committed and that the communities had suffered injuries and had been subjected to torture, forced labour and expulsion from their lands.
101. Mention should also be made of the activities of the National Council for Human Rights, a multilateral body under the Ministry of Justice with functions specified in Supreme Decree No. 038-93-JUS. The Council comprises representatives of the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Defence, the Public Prosecutor's Department, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Education, the Catholic Church, non-governmental human rights organizations, the judiciary and the Commission for the Promotion of Peru Abroad.
102. This national institution is the Executive's advisory body responsible for promoting, coordinating, and supervising the effective operation of the fundamental rights of the individual. Its objectives include the following:
(a) To help create proper awareness of respect for the fundamental rights of the individual enshrined in the Constitution and other relevant laws;
(b) To assist in strengthening the rule of law, as a guarantee for the full and effective validity of human rights;
(c) To consolidate the fundamental task of the State of guaranteeing unrestricted respect for human rights.
103. The National Council for Human Rights has as its duties:
(a) To prepare and propose human rights policy to the Executive;
(b) To establish institutional relations with organizations concerned with the defence, promotion and protection of human rights;
(c) To process, make comments and transmit to competent bodies information concerning missing persons communicated by the Public Prosecutor's Department under the terms of Act No. 25592;
(d) Propose bills or amendments to human rights legislation. At the present time the Executive Secretariat of the National Council for Human Rights is preparing a bill for the establishment of a Standing Commission to Combat Racial Discrimination.
Education
104. Training in ethics, civic education and the teaching of the Constitution and human rights are mandatory throughout the period of civil or military education (art. 14, para. 3).
105. A student has the right to training which respects his identity and to be well treated psychologically and physically. The State guarantees that illiteracy will be eradicated and encourages bilingual and intercultural education, in accordance with the characteristics of each area. It preserves Peru's various forms of cultural and linguistic expression and promotes national integration (Constitution, art. 17).
106. As mentioned earlier, the Constitution establishes that the purpose of education is the comprehensive development of the human person. In this regard, the State recognizes and guarantees freedom of teaching (art. 13). The State is concerned to eradicate illiteracy and encourage bilingual and intercultural education, while preserving Peru's various forms of cultural and linguistic expression (Constitution, art. 17).
107. The Education Plan is prepared by the State, along decentralized lines, so as to ensure that nobody is restricted by his financial situation or by mental or physical disabilities (Constitution, art. 16). The State's concern is to guarantee access by all Peruvians to education, without discrimination of any kind. Similarly, article 17 speaks of the compulsory nature of education, namely early, primary and secondary education, and of the cost, pointing out that, although education is free in State institutions, in the public universities the State guarantees the right to a free education for students who work satisfactorily but have no financial resources.
108. It will be seen that access to education does not depend on any form of discriminatory treatment, but seeks to promote and support students who produce good results.
109. The university system in Peru is promoted by public and private bodies, both in the case of the universities and the higher institutes and other educational centres, and is exempt from all direct or indirect taxes on property, activities and services inherent in its educational and cultural aims (Constitution, arts. 18 and 19).
110. Under the General Education Act No. 23384 (18 May 1982), education is subject to the following:
(a) Priority attention to marginalized sectors, border zones, rural areas, population groups where indigenous languages predominate and other similar situations (art. 4 (d));
(b) The exclusion, subject otherwise to penalties, of all forms of discrimination based on sex, race, religious belief, political affiliation, language, occupation, civil status or social or economic status of the pupil or his parents (art. 4 (d));
(c) The loyalty of teachers and students at all levels and in all forms of education, in conformity with the principles of the Constitution (art. 4 (g)). In this regard, one of the stipulations of the General Education Act is mandatory teaching of the Constitution and human rights at all levels. The State's cultural policy thus endeavours to bring about full appreciation of Peru's cultural heritage, preserving it and enhancing it, and through encouragement, cooperation and exchange with universal culture, particularly that of Latin America, maintaining independence and national identity and stimulating knowledge of Peru's living languages (General Education Act, art. 4, (a) and (c)).
111. As part of multisectoral activities for the socio-economic development of rural and urban communities, programmed and implemented with the participation of the public and private sectors, literacy programmes are under way with priority on the mother tongue, in vernacular language communities integrated into a bilingual education process (General Education Act, arts. 44 and 45).
112. In Peru, the National Schools of Fine Arts, Music, Dramatic Art and Folklore, inter alia, are ranked as higher education institutions, responsible for training professionals in their respective disciplines, without discrimination of any type (Act No. 23626, June 1983).
113. Recently, Act No. 26011, on Community Participation in the Administration of Education (7 December 1992), was adopted as a mark of confidence in the organizational capacity of the community to provide continuity and improve the quality of education. For this purpose, the State will change the way in which it finances the educational services for which it is responsible and will replace its contribution by a monthly cash payment which the Ministry of the Economy and Finance will allocate to the Communal Education Councils (COMUNED) (Legislative Decree No. 26012 of 26 December 1992).
Information
114. It should be mentioned that the Government of Peru's concern to protect and prohibit propaganda activities which promote and incite racial discrimination is shared by the Radio and Television Association of Peru, which covers the radio and television companies operating in the country and which have agreed to exclude from their broadcasts any comment that may offend against other beliefs and/or present class and/or racial prejudices. This is laid down in the Radio and Television Association's Code of Ethics. The effort is to ensure that the language used in communication does not contain words scornful of belief, race, colour, nationality, and so on.
115. As stipulated in the General Education Act, the State mass media are at the service of education and culture, while those of the private sector are required to collaborate for this purpose in the spirit and practice of freedom of expression and the needs of the community (General Education Act, art. 10).
116. In addition, the State-owned radio and television companies (Radio and Television of Peru), include programme items intended to publicize the cultural and artistic expressions of the peoples of the Andes and the Amazon, as a way of fostering integration and strengthening national identity.
117. The Constitution lays down that the official languages are Spanish and also, in areas where they predominate, Quechua, Aymara and the other indigenous languages specified by law (art. 48). The aim here is to preserve the cultural values of each sector of the population, by encouraging them and by avoiding any form of discrimination.
Culture
118. The State promotes cultural integration, fosters the spread of culture and facilitates access to education and scientific and technological research for all Peruvians without distinction or discrimination, through the following decentralized public bodies (Act No. 25762, Education Organization Act):
National Institute of Culture (INC);
Peruvian Institute of Sport (IPD);
National Library;
Science and Technology Council (CONCYTEC);
Geophysics Institute of Peru;
National Institute of Fellowships and Education Grants (INABEC).
119. Some of the centres which carry out activities consonant with respect for dissemination of the cultural values of the indigenous communities of the Andes and the Amazon are listed below:
AIDER - Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Rural Integral; CAAP - Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Prática; Cámara Agropecuaria y Agroindustrial-Región Grau; CAPRODA - Centro de Apoyo y Promoción al Desarrollo Agrario; CEDECUM - Centro para el Desarrollo del Campesinado y del Poblador Urbano Marginal; CEDICC - Centro de Desarrollo Integral de Comunidades Campesinas; CE & DAP - Centro de Estudios y de Desarrollo Agrario del Perú; CEDEP - Centro de Estudios para el Desarrollo y la Participación; Centro de Estudios Rurales y de Organización Campesina y de Servicios; CEPES - Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales; CFC - Centro de Formación Campesina; CICCA - Centro de Investigación y Capacitación Campesina; CIDESUR - Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Urbano Rural; CICEP - Centro de Investigación Campesina y Educación Popular; CITAM - Centro de Investigación de Tecnologias Apropiadas para la Amazonía; COICA - Coordinadora de las Organizaciones Indígenas de la Cuenca Amazónica; CREA - Centro Regional de Estudios Andinos; CHIRAPAQ - Centro de Culturas Indias del Perú; ICA -Instituto de Asuntos Culturales; IIA - Instituto de Apoyo Agrario (1980); IIP-DBD - Instituto Indigenista Peruano; ILLA - Centro de Educación y Comunicación; INAPE - Instituto de Investigaciones Afro-Peruano; PRODEI -Proyecto de Desarrollo Integral; TINKUI.