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Z  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€3à{ƒ‰.ò ò à116€„€126à „ àà ñ à€€20Ð P |  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€4à{ƒ‰.ò ò à127€„€130à „ à€€€22Ð rž  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€5à{ƒ‰.ò ò à€€€131à „ àà ñ à€€23Ð ”À  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€6à{ƒ‰.ò ò à132€„€142à „ àà ñ à€€24Ð ¶â  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€7à{ƒ‰.ò ò à143€„€145à „ à€€€25Ð Ø  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€8à{ƒ‰.ò ò à146€„€148à „ à€€€26Ð ú& Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€9à{ƒ‰.ò ò à€€€149à „ à€€€26Ð H Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€10à{ƒ‰.V V !à150€„€156à „ àà ñ à€€26Ð >j Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€11à{ƒ‰.V V !à157€„€173à „ àà ñ à€€27Ð `Œ Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€12à{ƒ‰.V V !à174€„€182à „ à€€€31Ð ‚® Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€13à{ƒ‰.V V !à183€„€190à „ àà ñ à€€31Ð ¤Ð  Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€14à{ƒ‰.V V !à191€„€196à „ àà ñ à€€32Ð Æò" Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€15à{ƒ‰.V V !à197€„€199à „ à€€€33Ð è$ Ðà ‘ àà å à€Ôn n n %%ÔArticle€16à{ƒ‰.V V !à200€„€201à „ à€€€34Ð  6& ÐList€of€annexesà{ƒ‰.  àà ‘ à€€€€€€€€€€€€€35Ð ,X( ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ  pœ, ÐÓQ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++‘å{‘„ mQÓÓ33ÿ¿Óà@0“àPART€ONEˆÐ Ô ÐÌà@+“àGENERAL€BACKGROUNDˆÐ bŽ ÐÌI.à b àINTRODUCTIONÐ ð ÐÌ1.€€Portugal€signed€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ ~ ª ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment€on€4€February€1985;€its€provisions€enteredÐ E q Ðinto€force€for€Portugal€on€11€March€1989€following€its€approval€by€theÐ  8 ÐPortuguese€Parliament€(resolution€11/88€of€1March€1988).Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ2.à b àThe€ratification€of€the€Convention€by€Portugal€does€not€require€theÐ a   Ðdrawing€up€of€new€legislation.Ð (T  ÐÌ3.à b àAt€the€time€of€ratifying€the€Convention€Portugal€recognized€theÐ ¶â  Ðcompetence€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€to€receive€and€considerÐ }©  Ðcommunications€to€the€effect€that€a€State€party€claims€that€another€StateÐ Dp  Ðparty€is€not€fulfilling€its€obligations€under€the€Convention,€and€to€receiveÐ  7  Ðand€consider€communications€from€or€on€behalf€of€individuals€subject€to€itsÐ Òþ  Ðjurisdiction€who€claim€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€by€a€State€party€of€theÐ ™Å Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention.Ð `Œ ÐÌ4.à b àThis€report,€the€first€which€Portugal€is€submitting€to€the€CommitteeÐ î Ðagainst€Torture,€is€concerned€with€the€period€from€11€March€1989€toÐ µá Ð31March1992,€and€is€presented€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€ofÐ |¨ Ðarticle19,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€and€with€the€guidelines€adopted€byÐ Co Ðthe€Committee€against€Torture€at€its€82nd€meeting.Ð  6 ÐÌ5.à b àPart€One€of€the€report€contains€information€on€the€country,€itsÐ ˜Ä Ðpopulation€and€political€structure,€on€the€legal€framework€for€the€protectionÐ _‹ Ðof€human€rights€and€on€the€steps€taken€in€favour€of€human€rights.Ð &R ÐÌ6.à b àPart€Two€contains€a€detailed€analysis€of€Portuguese€legislation€andÐ ´à  Ðpractice€with€respect€to€each€of€the€articles€of€Part€I€of€the€Convention.Ð {§! ÐÌII.à b àGENERAL€LEGAL€FRAMEWORKÐ  5# ÐÌòòThe€ConstitutionóóÐ —!Ã% ÐÌ7.€€The€fundamental€provision€relating€to€protection€against€torture€and€otherÐ %#Q' Ðcruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€is€embodied€in€article€25Ð ì#( Ðof€the€Constitution€of€the€Portuguese€Republic,€which€reads€as€follows:Ð ³$ß) ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àThe€moral€and€physical€integrity€of€individuals€shall€beÐ A&m!+ Ðinviolable.Ð'4",™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à€2.à0 ™ àNo€one€shall€be€subjected€to€torture€or€to€cruel,€degrading€orÐ –(Â#. Ðinhuman€treatment€or€pÔ_ÔunishmentÔ_Ô."Ð])‰$/™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ8.à b àHowever,€there€are€other€provisions€which€also€aim€to€ensure€protectionÐ ë*&1 Ðagainst€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 ÐÔ_Ô9.à b àThis€is€the€case€of€article€32,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Constitution,€whichÐ Ô Ðâ âestablishes,€with€respect€to€the€guarantees€of€criminal€procedure,€theÐ ›Ç Ðinvalidity€of€evidence€obtained€through€torture,€coercion€or€violation€of€theÐ bŽ Ðmoral€integrity€or€security€of€the€individual.Ð )U ÐÌ10.à b àThis€paragraph€reads€as€follows:Ð ·ã ÐÌà0 b à"Any€evidence€obtained€through€torture,€coercion,€violation€of€the€moralÐ E q Ðintegrity€or€security€of€the€individual,€or€wrongful€interference€inÐ  8 Ðprivate€life,€the€home,€correspondence€or€telecommunications€shall€beÐ Ó ÿ  Ðnull€and€void."К Æ bü#bü# ÐÌ11.à b àArticle€30€of€the€Constitution,€by€establishing€that€no€one€shall€beÐ (T  Ðsubjected€to€a€sentence€or€security€measure€involving€deprivation€orÐ ï  Ðrestriction€of€freedom€for€life€or€for€an€unlimited€or€indefinite€term,Ð ¶â  Ðreiterates€certain€considerations€in€respect€of€the€dignity€of€the€humanÐ }©  Ðperson€in€the€following€terms:Ð Dp  ÐÌà0 b àArticle€30€(Limits€on€sentences€and€security€measures):ÐÒþ bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à"1.à0™ bü#bü#àNo€one€shall€be€subjected€to€a€sentence€or€security€measureÐ `Œ Ðinvolving€deprivation€or€restriction€of€freedom€for€life€or€for€anÐ 'S Ðunlimited€or€indefinite€term.Ðî™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à2.à0 ™ àIn€case€of€danger€due€to€grave€mental€disorder€that€cannot€beÐ |¨ Ðtreated€in€an€open€environment,€security€measures€involvingÐ Co Ðdeprivation€or€restriction€of€freedom€may€be€extended€successivelyÐ  6 Ðby€judicial€decision€in€each€case,€for€as€long€as€the€danger€lasts.ÐÑý™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à3.à0 ™ àSentences€shall€not€be€transferable.Ð_‹™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à4.à0 ™ àNo€sentence€shall€involve,€as€a€necessary€consequence,€the€loss€ofÐ í Ðany€civil,€labour€or€political€rights.Ð´à ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à5.à0 ™ àConvicted€persons€who€are€subjected€to€a€sentence€or€a€securityÐ Bn" Ðmeasure€involving€deprivation€of€freedom€shall€continue€to€enjoyÐ  5# Ðthe€fundamental€rights,€save€the€limitations€that€are€inherent€inÐ Ð ü$ Ðthe€sentence€and€the€requirements€of€its€enforcement."З!Ã%™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ12.à b àAccording€to€article€15€of€the€Constitution,€aliens€and€stateless€personsÐ %#Q' Ðtemporarily€or€permanently€resident€in€Portugal€have€the€same€status€asÐ ì#( ÐPortuguese€citizens€as€regards€legal€protection€in€this€respect:Ð ³$ß) ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àAliens€and€stateless€persons€temporarily€or€permanently€resident€inÐ A&m!+ ÐPortugal€shall€enjoy€the€same€rights€and€be€subject€to€the€sameÐ '4", Ðduties€as€Portuguese€citizens."ÐÏ'û"-™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ13.à b àFinally,€in€respect€of€constitutional€protection€against€torture€andÐ ])‰$/ Ðother€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment,€mention€should€beÐ $*P%0 Ðmade€of€the€legal€provisions€of€the€Portuguese€Constitution€in€the€field€ofÐ ë*&1 Ðfundamental€rights.Ð ²+Þ&2 ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ  @-l(4 Ð14.à b àArticle€16€(Fundamental€rights:€€scope€and€sense)€reads€as€follows:Ð Ô ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àThe€fundamental€rights€embodied€in€the€Constitution€shall€notÐ bŽ Ðexclude€other€rights€resulting€from€the€law€and€from€the€applicableÐ )U Ðrules€of€international€law.Ðð™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à€2.à0 ™ àThe€constitutional€and€legal€norms€relating€to€fundamental€rightsÐ ~ ª Ðshall€be€interpreted€and€applied€in€accordance€with€the€UniversalÐ E q ÐDeclaration€of€Human€Rights."Ð 8™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ15.à b àThe€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€article€5€of€which€providesÐ š Æ  Ðfor€protection€against€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatmentÐ a   Ðor€punishment,€entered€into€force€for€Portugal€on€9€March€1978.Ð (T  ÐÌ16.à b àThe€result,€in€terms€of€protection€against€torture,€is€a€legal€systemÐ ¶â  Ðwith€a€special€legal€force,€which€existed€even€before€the€ratification€of€theÐ }©  ÐConvention€against€Torture€and€is€set€forth€in€article€18€of€the€ConstitutionÐ Dp  Ðin€the€following€terms:Ð  7  ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àThe€constitutional€provisions€relating€to€rights,€freedoms€andÐ ™Å Ðsafeguards€shall€be€directly€applicable€to€and€binding€on€publicÐ `Œ Ðand€private€bodies.Ð'S™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à€2.à0 ™ àRights,€freedoms€and€safeguards€may€be€restricted€by€law€only€inÐ µá Ðthose€cases€expressly€provided€for€in€the€Constitution.€Ð |¨ ÐRestrictions€shall€be€limited€to€what€is€necessary€to€safeguardÐ Co Ðother€rights€or€interests€protected€by€the€Constitution.Ð 6™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à€3.à0 ™ àLaws€restricting€rights,€freedoms€and€safeguards€shall€be€generalÐ ˜Ä Ðand€abstract€in€character,€may€not€have€retroactive€effect€and€mayÐ _‹ Ðnot€limit€in€extent€or€scope€the€essential€content€ofÐ &R Ðconstitutional€principles."Ðí™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌòòCriminal€lawóóÐ {§! ÐÌ17.à b àIn€conformity€with€these€constitutional€provisions,€article€412€of€theÐ  5# ÐPenal€Code€punishes€any€official€who,€in€criminal€or€disciplinary€proceedingsÐ Ð ü$ Ðor€proceedings€connected€with€an€administrative€offence€resorts€to€violence,Ð —!Ã% Ðserious€threats€or€any€other€illegal€means€of€constraint€in€order€to€obtain€aÐ ^"Š& Ðwritten€or€oral€statement€from€an€accused€person,€informant,€witness€orÐ %#Q' Ðexpert,€or€to€prevent€them€from€making€such€a€statement.Ð ì#( ÐÌ18.à b àThe€constitutional€principles€in€question€are€also€incorporated€in€theÐ z%¦ * ÐPenal€Code€in€regÔ_ÔardÔ_Ô€to€"offences€against€the€physical€integrity€ofÐ A&m!+ Ðindividuals"€(art.€142€et€seq.)€and€"offences€against€the€freedom€ofÐ '4", Ðindividuals",€for€example€threats€(art.€155),€coercion€(art.156),€illegalÐ Ï'û"- Ðconfinement€(art.€160)€and€the€kidnapping€of€minors€(art.€163)€or€othersÐ –(Â#. Ð(art.162).€€Recourse€to€torture€or€to€acts€of€cruelty€aimed€at€increasing€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðsuffering€of€the€victim€shall€qualify€the€sentence€normally€applicableÐ $*P%0 Ð(art.132,€para.2(b),€of€the€Penal€Code).Ð ë*&1 ÐÌÐ  y,¥'3 Ð19.à b àThese€principles€are€also€found€in€the€law€on€sexual€offences.€€ForÐ Ô Ðexample,€article€209€of€the€Code€makes€it€an€offence€to€have€sexual€relationsÐ ›Ç Ðwith€or€behave€indecently€before€detainees€or€persons€in€similarÐ bŽ Ðcircumstances.Ð )U ÐÌ20.à b àFinally,€the€same€principles€also€underlie€offences€against€the€familyÐ ·ã Ðsuch€as€a€desertion€of€one's€spouse€and€children€in€the€face€of€moral€dangerÐ ~ ª Ð(art.€199).Ð E q ÐÌòòThe€law€on€penal€procedureóóÐ Ó ÿ  ÐÌ21.à b àArticle€140€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€concerns€the€methods€used€toÐ a   Ðinterrogate€accused€persons;€it€prohibits€the€use€of€violence,€ill„treatment,Ð (T  Ðbodily€harm,€or€the€use€of€cruel,€fraudulent,€hypnotic€or€other€means€likelyÐ ï  Ðto€impair€the€accused's€will€or€reasoning€power.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ22.à b àAs€to€court€witnesses,€article€138,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Code€empowers€theÐ Dp  Ðpresident€of€the€court€to€prohibit€questions€which€are€suggestive,€misleading,Ð  7  Ðimproper€or€vexatious.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ23.à b àThe€Code€prohibits€the€use€of€evidence€obtained€by€torture,€coercion€or,Ð `Œ Ðin€general,€impairment€of€the€physical€or€psychological€integrity€ofÐ 'S Ðindividuals€even€with€their€consent€(art.€126).Ð î ÐÌ24.à b àThe€above€prohibition€also€applies€to€evidence€obtained€by€unauthorizedÐ |¨ Ðinterference€with€privacy€and€the€home€and€by€tampering€with€correspondence€orÐ Co Ðtelecommunications€(art.26,€para.3).Ð  6 ÐÌ25.à b àEvidence€obtained€by€these€means€is€null€and€void€and€may€be€used€only€inÐ ˜Ä Ðcriminal€proceedings€against€the€persons€obtaining€such€evidence.Ð _‹ ÐÌòòPenitentiary€lawóóÐ í ÐÌ26.à b àArticle€6,€paragraph€3,€of€Decree„Law€No.€265/79€of€1€August€establishesÐ {§! Ðthat€a€detainee€shall€enter€a€prison€out€of€the€sight€of€the€other€prisonersÐ Bn" Ðif€this€is€necessary€to€protect€his€privacy.Ð  5# ÐÌ27.à b àSearching€of€detainees€is€regulated€by€article€116.€€For€example,€aÐ —!Ã% Ðsearch€must€fully€respect€the€detainee's€personality€and€dignity€(para.2)€andÐ ^"Š& Ðmay€be€carried€out€only€when€instruments€of€detection€have€failed€(para.4).Ð %#Q' ÐÌ28.à b àIn€all€cases€where€force€is€used€it€must€be€employed€in€proportion€to€theÐ ³$ß) Ðcircumstances€(art.124);€it€must€be€restricted€to€the€minimum€required€andÐ z%¦ * Ðmay€be€used€only€to€ensure€safety€and€order€(art.122€et€seq.).€€Article125Ð A&m!+ Ðrequires€that€prior€warning€is€given,€with€a€view€to€intimidation,€whenÐ '4", Ðphysical€force€is€employed€(new€version€of€Decree-Law€No.49/80€of€22March).Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ29.à b àUse€of€force€is€always€followed€by€a€written€investigation€into€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðcircumstances.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌÐ  ²+Þ&2 ÐÔ_Ô30.à b àThere€are€also€provisions€covering€the€use€of€coercion€in€health€care.€Ð Ô ÐPursuant€to€article127,€it€is€prohibited€to€oblige€a€detainee€to€undergoÐ ›Ç Ðmedical€examinations,€treatment€or€feeding€unless€his€life€or€health€is€inÐ bŽ Ðdanger.€€Such€measures€may€only€be€prescribed€and€applied€under€theÐ )U Ðsupervision€of€a€doctor.Ð ð ÐÌ31.à b àThe€following€special€safety€measures€are€authorized€(art.111):€Ð ~ ª Ðprohibition€of€the€use,€and€confiscation,€of€certain€objects;€observation€ofÐ E q Ðthe€prisoner€during€the€night;€isolation€of€the€prisoner€from€the€prisonÐ  8 Ðpopulation;€removal€of,€or€restrictions€on,€outdoor€periods;€the€use€ofÐ Ó ÿ  Ðhandcuffs,€if€necessary,€under€medical€supervision;€confinement€in€a€specialÐ š Æ  Ðsecurity€cell.€€Such€measures€will€be€authorized€only€if€it€is€impossible€toÐ a   Ðprevent€or€remove€the€danger€of€escape€or€in€the€event€of€a€seriousÐ (T  Ðdisturbance€to€the€order€and€safety€of€the€establishment.Ð ï  ÐÌ32.à b àThe€director€of€the€establishment€is€responsible€for€deciding€on€theÐ }©  Ðapplication€of€these€special€security€measures.€€In€the€event€of€immediateÐ Dp  Ðdanger€the€measures€may€be€ordered€by€his€legal€substitute,€but€they€must€thenÐ  7  Ðbe€confirmed€as€rapidly€as€possible.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ33.à b àArticle€126€of€Decree„Law€No.€265/79€lays€down€the€general€rules€on€theÐ `Œ Ðuse€of€firearms€by€prison€personnel€or€persons€working€in€a€prison.€€The€useÐ 'S Ðof€firearms€by€the€judicial€police€is€regulated€by€Decree-Law€No.295-A/90€ofÐ î Ð21September1990.€€The€use€of€weapons€in€detention€centres€for€young€personsÐ µá Ðis€prohibited€(Decree-Law€90/83€of€16February1990,€art.20).Ð |¨ ÐÌòòPolice€measuresóóÐ  6 ÐÌ34.à b àIn€this€connection,€article€272€of€the€Constitution€provides€that€theÐ ˜Ä Ðpolice€may€only€act€in€the€cases€and€in€accordance€with€the€rules€laid€down€byÐ _‹ Ðlaw€and€only€as€strictly€necessary.€€It€states:Ð &R ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àThe€police€shall€have€the€function€of€defending€democratic€legalityÐ ´à  Ðand€protecting€internal€security€and€the€rights€of€the€citizens.Ð{§!™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à2.à0 ™ àThe€measures€taken€by€the€police€shall€be€those€provided€for€by€lawÐ  5# Ðand€shall€not€go€beyond€what€is€strictly€necessary.ÐÐ ü$™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à3.à0 ™ àThe€prevention€of€crimes,€including€crimes€against€the€security€ofÐ ^"Š& Ðthe€State,€shall€be€effected€only€in€accordance€with€the€generalÐ %#Q' Ðrules€governing€the€police€and€in€a€manner€which€respects€theÐ ì#( Ðrights,€freedoms€and€safeguards€of€the€citizens.г$ß)™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à4.à0 ™ àThe€rules€governing€the€security€forces€shall€be€fixed€by€law.€Ð A&m!+ ÐEach€such€force€shall€have€a€single€form€of€organization€throughoutÐ '4", Ðthe€national€territory".ÐÏ'û"-™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌThe€same€rule€applies€to€the€use€of€coercion€by€the€public€safety€policeÐ ])‰$/ Ð(art.3€of€Decree„Law€No.€151/85€of€9€May€1985).Ð $*P%0 ÐÌÐ  ²+Þ&2 Ð35.à b àDecree„Law€No.€292„A/90€of€21€September€1990€requires€officials€of€theÐ Ô Ðjudicial€police€to€refrain€from€inflicting€torture,€inhuman,€cruel€orÐ ›Ç Ðdegrading€treatment€and€gives€them€the€right€not€to€execute€and,€if€necessary,Ð bŽ Ðto€disregard€any€orders€or€instructions€to€apply€such€treatment€(art.€91).Ð )U ÐÌ36.à b àThis€principle€is€also€established€in€the€organizational€or€statutoryÐ ·ã Ðlaws€relating€to€other€police€forces.Ð ~ ª ÐÌòòMedical€or€scientific€experimentsÐ  8 ÐÌà b àThe€Physicians'€Code€of€EthicsÐ š Æ  ÐÌóó37.à b àIn€1982,€the€physicians€drafted€a€new€Code€of€Ethics.€€It€is€of€interestÐ (T  Ðto€recall€here€some€of€the€basic€concepts€in€the€Code€which€relate€to€theÐ ï  Ðapplication€of€these€principles.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ38.à b àIn€chapter€II,€concerning€life€and€death,€the€problems€dealt€withÐ Dp  Ðinclude:Ð  7  ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àTreatment€involving€the€risk€of€termination€of€a€pregnancy;Йř ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àThe€duty€to€refrain€from€providing€useless€treatment;Ð'S™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àThe€decision€to€put€an€end€to€the€use€of€exceptional€methods€ofÐ µá Ðprolonging€survival€artificially;Ð|¨™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àThe€removal€of€organs€from€dead€or€living€persons;Ð 6™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à ™ àArtificial€insemination€and€sterilization.Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ39.à b àChapter€IV€relates€to€the€problems€arising€from€experiments€on€humanÐ &R Ðbeings.€€It€lays€down€safeguards€and€ethical€restrictions€applicable€to€suchÐ í Ðexperiments.Ð ´à  ÐÌ40.à b àArticle€44€of€chapter€I€provides€that€any€physician€who€has€treated€aÐ Bn" Ðchild€or€an€elderly,€handicapped€or€legally€incapacitated€person€and€observesÐ  5# Ðthat€such€a€person€has€been€abused,€subjected€to€ill„treatment€or€other€formÐ Ð ü$ Ðof€cruelty€shall€take€the€appropriate€measures€for€their€protection,€and€inÐ —!Ã% Ðparticular€notify€the€police€or€the€competent€social€authorities.Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ41.à b àChapter€III€deals€with€ill„treatment€of€sick€persons€deprived€of€theirÐ ì#( Ðfreedom.Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ42.à b àParagraph€2€of€article€56€lays€down€the€general€principle€that€it€is€theÐ A&m!+ Ðduty€of€the€physician€always€to€respect€the€well„being€and€physical€integrityÐ '4", Ðof€the€sick€person,€in€accordance€with€the€rules€of€the€code€of€ethics.€Ð Ï'û"- ÐSpecifically,€it€provides€that€„Ð –(Â#. ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ àThe€physician€shall€under€no€circumstances€perform,€cooperate€in€orÐ $*P%0 Ðagree€to€the€perpetration€of€acts€of€violence,€torture€or€other€cruel,Ð ë*&1 Ðinhuman€or€degrading€acts,€whatever€the€crime€committed€or€imputed€to€theÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðperson€arrested€or€detained,€and€especially€during€a€state€of€emergencyÐ y,¥'3 Ðor€a€state€of€war€or€during€a€situation€of€civil€conflict".Ð @-l(4bü#bü# Ð43.à b àThese€provisions€also€require€a€physician€to€refuse€to€hand€overÐ Ô Ðequipment,€instruments€or€medicaments,€or€to€transfer€his€scientificÐ ›Ç Ðknowledge,€to€enable€the€infliction€of€torture.Ð bŽ ÐÌòòRepression€of€violent€crimesÐ ð ÐÌà b àProtection€of€the€victims€of€violent€crimesóóÐ ~ ª ÐÌ44.à b àAct€No.€461/91€of€13€August€1991€provides€special€protection€for€womenÐ  8 Ðwho€are€victims€of€violence.€€To€that€end,€a€special€support€service€for€womenÐ Ó ÿ  Ðis€to€be€established€within€the€judicial€police€department.€€Its€main€functionÐ š Æ  Ðis€to€prevent€acts€of€violence€against€women€by€ensuring€them€protection€andÐ a   Ðinformation€about€their€rights€and€by€making€provision€for€means€of€punishmentÐ (T  Ðwhere€necessary.Ð ï  ÐÌ45.à b àDecree„Law€No.€423/91€of€30€October€1991€has,€for€its€part,€supplementedÐ }©  Ðthe€provisions€of€the€Penal€Code€while€at€the€same€time€guaranteeing€specialÐ Dp  Ðprotection€for€the€victims€of€violent€crimes,€especially€in€respect€ofÐ  7  Ðcompensation.€€This€instrument€establishes€the€method€of€determining€theÐ Òþ  Ðprovisional€compensation€to€be€awarded€to€victims,€and€also€provides€for€theÐ ™Å Ðsubrogation€of€the€State.Ð `Œ ÐÌòòObligations€deriving€from€other€international€instrumentsóóÐ î ÐÌ46.à b àPortugal's€participation€in€action€to€combat€torture€has€beenÐ |¨ Ðdemonstrated€by€its€ratification€of€several€international€instruments€on€theÐ Co Ðsubject,€of€regional€or€world„wide€application,€as€follows:€€Ð  6 ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àThe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;Ð ˜Ä ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àThe€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÐ &R Ðagainst€Women;Ð í ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àThe€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€ofÐ {§! ÐRacial€Discrimination;Ð Bn" ÐÌà b à(d)à ™ àThe€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child;Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌà b à(e)à ™ àThe€Geneva€Conventions€and€Protocols€concerning€the€protection€ofÐ ^"Š& Ðvictims€of€armed€conflicts;Ð %#Q' ÐÌà b à(f)à ™ àThe€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€Human€Rights€andÐ ³$ß) ÐFundamental€Freedoms;Ð z%¦ * ÐÌà b à(g)à ™ àThe€European€Convention€for€the€Prevention€of€Torture€and€InhumanÐ '4", Ðor€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€the€Committee€of€which€recently€visitedÐ Ï'û"- ÐPortugal€(February€1992).Ð –(Â#. ÐÐ  ])‰$/ Ðà@0“àPART€TWOˆÐ Ô ÐÌà@µµ“àINFORMATION€ON€THE€IMPLEMENTATION€OF€ARTICLES€1€TO€16€OF€THE€CONVENTIONˆÐ bŽ ÐÌ47.à b àThe€following€comments€refer€to€the€way€in€which€Portuguese€legislationÐ ð Ðensures€the€application€of€articles€1€to€16€of€the€Convention.Ð ·ã ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€1ˆÐ E q ÐóóÌ48.à b àThis€article€defines€the€meaning€of€the€term€"torture"€for€the€purposesÐ Ó ÿ  Ðof€the€Convention.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ49.à b àThere€is€no€definition€of€torture€in€Portuguese€law.€€However,€on€accountÐ (T  Ðof€the€value€attached€to€international€law€in€the€Portuguese€legal€system,€theÐ ï  Ðdefinition€given€in€the€Convention€must€be€considered€as€having€been€adoptedÐ ¶â  Ðinto€Portuguese€law€upon€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Convention.€€InÐ }©  Ðaccordance€with€article€8€of€the€Constitution:Ð Dp  ÐÌà0 b à"1.à0™ bü#bü#àThe€rules€and€principles€of€general€or€ordinary€international€lawÐ Òþ  Ðshall€be€an€integral€part€of€Portuguese€law.Йř ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b à2.à0™ bü#bü#àThe€rules€laid€down€in€all€duly€ratified€or€approved€internationalÐ 'S Ðconventions€shall,€immediately€on€their€official€publication,€beÐ î Ðincorporated€into€domestic€law€and€shall€remain€in€force€as€long€asÐ µá Ðthey€are€internationally€binding€upon€the€Portuguese€State".Ð|¨™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€2ˆÐ  6 ÐÌóó50.à b àConcerning€the€legislative,€administrative,€judicial€and€other€measuresÐ ˜Ä Ðadopted€in€Portugal€to€combat€torture,€reference€is€made€to€the€first€part€ofÐ _‹ Ðthis€report,€in€which€the€general€legal€framework€is€outlined.Ð &R ÐÌ51.à b àThere€is€no€doubt€that€the€prevention€of€torture€and€its€punishment€areÐ ´à  Ðareas€between€which€there€is€a€substantial€degree€of€interaction.€€Therefore,Ð {§! Ðagainst€the€background€of€the€general€framework€outlined€above,€some€of€theÐ Bn" Ðfeatures€of€the€situation€prevailing€in€Portugal€are€described€below.Ð  5# ÐÌ52.à b àArticle€18€of€the€Constitution,€referred€to€earlier,€contains€provisionsÐ —!Ã% Ðconcerning€fundamental€rights.€€Its€first€paragraph€stipulates€that€theÐ ^"Š& Ðindividual's€right€to€moral€and€physical€integrity€is€inviolate,€and€respectÐ %#Q' Ðfor€this€right€is€directly€applicable€to€and€binding€on€both€public€andÐ ì#( Ðprivate€bodies.Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ53.à b àThese€provisions€are€supported€by€the€provisions€in€the€Penal€Code€andÐ A&m!+ Ðthe€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€designating€as€punishable,€and€stipulatingÐ '4", Ðpenalties€in€respect€of,€acts€falling€within€the€scope€of€article€1€of€theÐ Ï'û"- ÐConvention€which,€upon€its€ratification,€was€incorporated€into€Portuguese€law,Ð –(Â#. Ðpursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€8€of€the€Constitution€(see€paras.€14€to€16Ð ])‰$/ Ðabove).Ð $*P%0 ÐÌÐ  ²+Þ&2 Ð54.à b àThe€organizational€and€statutory€regulations€governing€the€police€forcesÐ Ô Ðand€the€gendarmerie€have€been€radicially€changed€in€order€to€reinforce€furtherÐ ›Ç Ðthe€prohibition€of€torture€and€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€punishment€orÐ bŽ Ðtreatment€by€imposing€severe€disciplinary€and€penal€sanctions€on€personsÐ )U Ðcommitting€such€offences.Ð ð ÐÌ55.à b àTake,€for€example,€Decree„Law€No.€260/91€of€25€July€1991,€amendingÐ ~ ª ÐDecree-Law€No.€333/83€of€14€July€1983,€concerning€the€Public€Security€Police,Ð E q Ðand€Decree„Law€No.€39/90€of€3€February€1990€concerning€the€National€RepublicanÐ  8 ÐGuard.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ56.à b àArticle€2,€paragraph€1€(a),€of€the€latter€instrument€was€even€expresslyÐ a   Ðamended€in€order€to€give€the€National€Republican€Guard€a€role€of€"legalÐ (T  Ðguarantor€of€the€exercise€of€the€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€of€citizensÐ ï  Ðand€of€the€normal€functioning€of€the€democratic€institutions".€€In€addition,Ð ¶â  ÐDecree-Law€No.€295„A/90€of€21€September€1990,€which€adopted€the€organizationalÐ }©  Ðregulations€governing€the€judicial€police,€contains€a€provision€in€itsÐ Dp  Ðarticle91,€paragraph€1€(b),€reading€as€follows:Ð  7  ÐÌà0 b à"The€special€obligations€incumbent€on€the€officers€of€the€judicial€policeÐ ™Å Ðinclude€the€following:Ð`Œbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àTo€refrain€from€committing€any€acts€of€torture€and€fromÐ î Ðinflicting€any€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€and€also€fromÐ µá Ðexecuting€any€orders€or€instructions€which€...".Ð|¨bü#bü# ÐÌ57.à b àAdditional€legislation€has€been€introduced€to€strengthen€the€protectionÐ  6 Ðagainst€torture,€both€directly€and€indirectly.€€This€includes:Ð Ñý ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àDecree-Law€No.324/85€of€6€August€1985,€which€lays€down€the€rules,Ð _‹ Ðto€be€applied€case€by€case€and€by€a€decision€of€the€Council€ofÐ &R ÐMinisters,€for€the€award€of€compensation€to€government€officialsÐ í Ðand€employees€who,€on€account€of€their€duties,€are€the€victims€ofÐ ´à  Ðcriminal€acts€of€intimidation€or€of€reprisal€against€their€lives,Ð {§! Ðphysical€integrity,€freedom€or€highly€valuable€assets.€Ð Bn" ÐCompensation€may€be€paid€to€the€families€or€dependants€of€theÐ  5# Ðofficials€concerned,€if€such€persons€have€themselves€been€victimsÐ Ð ü$ Ðof€criminal€acts.З!Ã%™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àDecree-Law€No.48/87€of€29€January€1987,€includes€jurors€in€theÐ %#Q' Ðcategory€of€government€employees,€according€to€the€terms€and€forÐ ì#( Ðthe€purposes€of€Decree-Law€No.324/85,€of€6€August€1985.г$ß)™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àAct€No.61/91€of€13€August€1991,€which€grants€special€protection€toÐ A&m!+ Ðwomen€who€are€the€victims€of€violence.Ð'4",™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àDecree-Law€No.423/91€of€30October€1991,€which€grants€specialÐ –(Â#. Ðprotection€to€the€victims€of€violent€crimes.Ð])‰$/™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ58.à b àPortugal€has€also€made€great€strides€forward€in€the€field€ofÐ ë*&1 Ðinternational€cooperation€by€agreeing€to€accede€to€various€bilateral€andÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðmultilateral€international€conventions.Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ð59.à b àFurthermore,€Decree„Law€No.€43/91€of€22€August€1991€authorizesÐ Ô Ðinternational€cooperation€in€criminal€matters€in€the€absence€of€a€treaty€orÐ ›Ç Ðinternational€convention€binding€the€Portuguese€State€in€this€area€andÐ bŽ Ðestablishes€the€domestic€regulations€defining€the€cooperation€procedure€to€beÐ )U Ðfollowed€and€the€competent€authorities.Ð ð ÐÌ60.à b àIt€covers€extradition,€the€transfer€of€sentenced€persons,€the€supervisionÐ ~ ª Ðof€prisoners€or€detainees,€the€execution€of€criminal€sentences,€mutual€aid€inÐ E q Ðjudicial€matters€and€the€referral€of€criminal€proceedings.Ð  8 ÐÌ61.à b àRegarding€international€cooperation€in€criminal€matters,€the€sameÐ š Æ  ÐDecree-Law€also€establishes€the€principles€governing€international€protectionÐ a   Ðagainst€torture€and€the€defence€of€human€rights€in€general.€€For€example,€itsÐ (T  Ðarticle€6,€paragraph€1,€and€article€7€read€as€follows:Ð ï  ÐÌà0 b à"òòArticle€6óó.€€òòGeneral€conditions€precluding€international€cooperationóóÐ}© bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à1.à ™ àA€request€for€cooperation€shall€be€refused:Ð 7 bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àIf€the€procedure€does€not€comply€with€or€observe€theÐ ™Å Ðconditions€set€in€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€HumanÐ `Œ ÐRights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€of€4€November€1950,€or€in€any€otherÐ 'S Ðrelevant€international€instrument€ratified€by€Portugal;Ðîbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àIf€there€are€serious€grounds€to€believe€that€the€cooperationÐ |¨ Ðis€requested€in€order€to€prosecute€or€punish€a€person€on€account€inÐ Co Ðparticular€of€his€race,€religion,€sex,€nationality,€language,€politicalÐ  6 Ðor€ideological€convictions€or€membership€of€a€particular€social€group;ÐÑýbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(c)à Ð àIf€the€person's€situation€is€likely€to€be€aggravated€for€anyÐ _‹ Ðof€the€reasons€set€out€in€the€previous€paragraph;Ð&Rbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(d)à Ð àIf€such€cooperation€may€result€in€his€being€tried€by€a€courtÐ ´à  Ðof€special€jurisdiction€or€is€connected€with€the€enforcement€of€aÐ {§! Ðdecision€handed€down€by€such€a€court;ÐBn"bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(e)à Ð àIf€the€act€to€which€it€relates€is€punishable€by€death€or€byÐ Ð ü$ Ðlife€imprisonment;З!Ã%bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(f)à Ð àIf€such€cooperation€concerns€an€offence€to€which€a€permanentÐ %#Q' Ðprotective€measure€is€applicable.Ðì#(bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àòòArticle€7óó.€€òòRefusal€on€account€of€the€nature€of€the€offenceÐz%¦ *bü#bü# ÐóóÌà0 b à1.à ™ àA€request€shall€also€be€refused€if€the€procedure€concerns:Ð'4",bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àAn€act€which,€under€Portuguese€law,€constitutes€a€politicalÐ –(Â#. Ðoffence€or€an€offence€connected€with€a€political€offence;Ð])‰$/bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àAn€act€which€constitutes€a€military€offence€which€is€notÐ ë*&1 Ðsimultaneously€covered€by€ordinary€criminal€law.в+Þ&2bü#bü# ÐÌÐ  @-l(4 Ðà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€following€offences€shall€not€be€considered€political€offences:ÐÔbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àGenocide,€crimes€against€humanity,€war€crimes€and€seriousÐ bŽ Ðcrimes€pursuant€to€the€Geneva€Conventions€of€1949;Ð)Ubü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àOffences€covered€by€article€1€of€the€European€Convention€onÐ ·ã Ðthe€Suppression€of€Terrorism,€opened€for€signature€on€27€January€1977;Ð~ ªbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(c)à Ð àòòActs€referred€to€in€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€otherÐ  8 ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€adopted€onÐ Ó ÿ  Ð10December€1984€by€the€United€Nations€General€Assemblyóó;"К Æ bü#bü# ÐÌ62.à b àAt€this€point€mention€should€be€made€of€measures€relating€to€training,Ð (T  Ðinformation€and€the€development€of€an€awareness€of€the€problem€of€torture€andÐ ï  Ðother€forms€of€ill„treatment.òòÐ ¶â  ÐÌInformationóóÐ Dp  ÐÌ63.à b àThis€heading€also€covers€a€broad€range€of€measures.€€They€include,€on€theÐ Òþ  Ðone€hand,€symposiums,€seminars€or€information€sessions€and,€on€the€other,€theÐ ™Å Ðsystematic€publication€of€material€on€human€rights.Ð `Œ ÐÌ64.à b àSince€Portugal€acceded€to€the€community€of€democratic€nations,€specialÐ î Ðattention€has€been€devoted€to€measures€to€provide€information€on,€and€toÐ µá Ðdevelop€awareness€of,€human€rights,€in€respect€of€the€domestic€situation€(forÐ |¨ Ðexample€with€regard€to€the€role€of€women€in€society);€of€the€significance€ofÐ Co Ðparticular€items€of€legislation,€as€in€the€case€of€the€reform€of€the€CivilÐ  6 ÐCode€and€of€criminal€law;€or€in€the€spheres€of€international€law€and€ofÐ Ñý Ðinternational€organizations€and€their€activities.Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ65.à b àBy€way€of€example,€we€may€mention€the€events€held€on€the€occasion€of€theÐ &R Ðfortieth€anniversary€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€which€ledÐ í Ðto€the€organization€of€several€information€sessions€in€the€Assembly€of€theÐ ´à  ÐRepublic,€in€the€Bar€Council€„€organized€in€conjunction€with€the€Ministry€ofÐ {§! ÐJustice€and€attended€by€the€President€of€the€Republic€„€and€in€the€PortugueseÐ Bn" ÐAssociation€of€Democratic€Jurists.Ð  5# ÐÌ66.à b àThe€scope€of€article€16€of€the€Constitution,€which,€as€already€mentioned,Ð —!Ã% Ðstipulates€that€the€constitutional€and€legal€norms€relating€to€human€rightsÐ ^"Š& Ðare€to€be€interpreted€in€accordance€with€the€Universal€Declaration€of€HumanÐ %#Q' ÐRights,€undoubtedly€helped€to€account€for€the€interest€aroused.Ð ì#( ÐÌ67.à b àIn€January€1988€the€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€organized€a€symposium€onÐ z%¦ * Ðthe€United€Nations€Commission€on€Human€Rights.€€This€was€precisely€the€year€inÐ A&m!+ Ðwhich€Portugal€assumed€membership€of€that€body,€a€factor€which€intensified€theÐ '4", Ðinterest€of€participants€and€of€the€media.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ68.à b àIn€May€a€meeting€was€held,€in€conjunction€with€the€Advisory€ServicesÐ ])‰$/ Ðbranch€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€on€the€activities€of€the€various€bodiesÐ $*P%0 Ðestablished€by€the€United€Nations€human€rights€conventions.Ð ë*&1 Ðâ âÐ ²+Þ&2 Ð69.à b àThis€meeting,€which€addressed€participants€from€all€Portuguese„speakingÐ Ô Ðcountries,€was€an€opportunity€to€provide€the€officials€present€with€trainingÐ ›Ç Ðin€the€preparation€of€reports.Ð bŽ Ðâ âÌ70.à b àMajor€strides€have€been€made€in€the€publicizing€of€human€rights.€€It€isÐ ð Ðour€view€that€if€people€are€to€be€more€broadly€aware€of€and€actually€toÐ ·ã Ðbenefit€from€human€rights,€it€is€essential€to€provide€systematic,€up„to„dateÐ ~ ª Ðand€accessible€information.Ð E q ÐÌ71.à b àWithin€the€Ministry€of€Justice,€the€Office€for€Documentation€andÐ Ó ÿ  ÐComparative€Law€has€set€up€a€documentation€centre€specialized€in€human€rights;Ð š Æ  Ðthe€centre€receives,€processes€and€ensures€the€dissemination€of€the€mostÐ a   Ðsignificant€works€and€the€principal€documents€adopted€within€the€internationalÐ (T  Ðorganizations;€work€relating€to€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€the€actionÐ ï  Ðof€the€Committee€naturally€constitute€part€of€this.€€One€of€its€mostÐ ¶â  Ðsignificant€activities€is€dissemination€of€this€material€to€the€variousÐ }©  Ðcommissions€on€legislative€reform.Ð Dp  ÐÌ72.à b àSince€1980€the€Ministry€of€Justice€has€been€publishing€a€bulletin€onÐ Òþ  Ðdocumentation€and€comparative€law€whose€purpose€is€to€inform€and€develop€theÐ ™Å Ðawareness€of€jurists€concerning€EC,€international,€foreign€and€comparativeÐ `Œ Ðlaw.€€It€always€includes€a€chapter€on€human€rights.Ð 'S ÐÌ73.à b àThe€bulletin€ensures€the€publication€of€the€case€law€of€the€bodies€inÐ µá ÐStrasbourg,€of€the€Inter„American€Court€of€Human€Rights€and€of€the€HumanÐ |¨ ÐRights€Committee€(such€as€the€decisions€handed€down€in€A.M.€against€DenmarkÐ Co Ðand€Duilio€Fanali€against€Italy),€of€articles€on€these€bodies'€activities€andÐ  6 Ðthe€translation€into€Portuguese€of€the€most€recent€instruments€adopted€(suchÐ Ñý Ðas€the€Body€of€Principles€for€the€Protection€of€All€Persons€under€Any€Form€ofÐ ˜Ä ÐDetention€or€Imprisonment€and€of€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child)€orÐ _‹ Ðin€the€process€of€being€adopted.Ð &R ÐÌ74.à b àIn€the€same€field,€it€should€be€mentioned€that€the€fortieth€anniversaryÐ ´à  Ðof€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights€was€celebrated€by€a€number€ofÐ {§! Ðcommemorative€events,€and€in€particular€the€publication€in€Portuguese€of€aÐ Bn" Ðcompilation€of€international€human€rights€instruments,€prepared€in€conjunctionÐ  5# Ðwith€the€United€Nations€Centre€in€Portugal.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ75.à b àThe€compilation,€which€includes€the€principal€conventions,€was€sent€toÐ ^"Š& Ðall€Portuguese„speaking€countries€and€was€widely€distributed€in€PortugueseÐ %#Q' Ðschools.Ð ì#( ÐÌ76.à b àMention€should€also€be€made€of€the€programmes€organized€by€the€DepartmentÐ z%¦ * Ðof€the€òòProvedor€de€Justicaóó€(Ombudsman)€on€the€radio,€to€ensure€widespread€andÐ A&m!+ Ðaccessible€dissemination€of€knowledge€of€the€fundamental€rights€of€citizens.Ð '4", ÐÌ77.à b àIn€the€areas€of€information€and€development€of€awareness,€mention€shouldÐ –(Â#. Ðbe€made€of€the€"Citizen€and€Justice"€programme,€launched€on€17€April€1990€byÐ ])‰$/ Ðdecision€No.€22/90€of€the€Minister€of€Justice,€published€in€òòOfficial€JournalóóÐ $*P%0 ÐNo.€89,€2nd€series,€of€the€same€date.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌÐ  y,¥'3 Ð78.à b àThe€programme€is€designed€to€develop€understanding€of,€facilitate€accessÐ Ô Ðto,€and€foster€citizens'€participation€in€the€judicial€system.€€It€providesÐ ›Ç Ðfor€a€range€of€information€activities€as€well€as€means€of€achieving€moreÐ bŽ Ðeffective€operation€of€the€judicial€system€and€the€possibility€for€communityÐ )U Ðorganizations€to€intervene,€in€the€interests€of€participating€in€communityÐ ð Ðdevelopment.Ð ·ã ÐÌ79.à b àThe€information€activites€undertaken€include€the€publication€of€an€easilyÐ E q Ðaccessible€information€brochure€containing€the€text€of€the€European€ConventionÐ  8 Ðon€Human€Rights.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ80.à b àThe€role€played€by€certain€departments€in€developing€information€on€andÐ a   Ðawareness€of€the€evil€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€in€general€and€onÐ (T  Ðcompliance€with€legal€standards€relating€to€fundamental€rights€should€beÐ ï  Ðunderscored.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ81.à b àOne€example€is€the€activity€of€the€òòGabinete€Tcnico€de€Preven o€CriminalóóÐ Dp  Ðof€the€judicial€police,€which€is€responsible€for€planning€and€implementingÐ  7  Ðpublicity€campaigns€to€develop€awareness€among€victims€and€to€provide€themÐ Òþ  Ðwith€information,€at€the€same€time€focusing€on€prevention€as€the€best€means€ofÐ ™Å Ðaverting€crime€and€victimization.Ð `Œ ÐÌ82.à b àThe€public€safety€Police€also€carries€out€publicity€campaigns€andÐ î Ðcampaigns€to€develop€awareness€among€victims€and€to€provide€them€withÐ µá Ðinformation.Ð |¨ ÐÌ83.à b àA€similar€role€is€played€by€the€Portuguese€Association€for€the€Support€ofÐ  6 ÐVictims€(APAV),€established€on€25€June€1990€by€an€authentic€instrument,Ð Ñý Ðpublished€in€the€òòOfficial€Journalóó€of€12€July€1990.€€Its€aims,€according€to€itsÐ ˜Ä Ðstatutes,€are€as€follows:Ð _‹ ÐÌà0 b à"òòArticle€3óóÐíbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à1.à ™ àIn€order€to€achieve€its€aim,€APAV€intends€in€particular:Ð{§!bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àTo€promote€the€protection€of€and€support€for€the€victims€ofÐ  5# Ðcriminal€offences€generally,€and€in€particular€for€those€in€greatestÐ Ð ü$ Ðneed,€through€information,€individual€attention€and€guidance€and€theÐ —!Ã% Ðprovision€of€moral,€social,€legal,€psychological€and€financialÐ ^"Š& Ðassistance;Ð%#Q'bü#bü# Ðà b à...Ð ì#( Ðà0 b àà ™ à(e)à Ð àTo€promote€and€participate€in€programmes,€projects€andÐ ³$ß) Ðactivities€in€the€fields€of€information,€training€and€to€promote€greaterÐ z%¦ * Ðawareness€among€the€public."ÐA&m!+bü#bü# ÐÌ84.à b àAs€regards€more€specifically€minors€and€women,€mention€has€to€be€made€ofÐ Ï'û"- Ðthe€activities€of€the€"Support€centres€for€ill„treated€children"€and€of€theÐ –(Â#. Ð"Equal€rights€commission".Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ85.à b àThese€centres€operate€on€a€voluntary,€interdisciplinary€basis€and€areÐ ë*&1 Ðresponsible€for€comprehensive€and€integrated€measures€regarding€the€personalÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðsituations€of€ill-treated€children,€especially€in€the€medical,€psychological,Ð y,¥'3 Ðlegal€and€social€spheres.Ð @-l(4 Ð86.à b àThe€Equal€Rights€Commission€is€a€governmental€body€whose€remit€extends,Ð Ô Ðòòinteraliaóó,€to€the€problem€of€victims€of€ill„treatment€within€the€family.Ð ›Ç ÐÌ87.à b àIn€the€sphere€of€information€and€public€awareness,€special€referenceÐ )U Ðshould€also€be€made€to€the€role€played€by€the€following€departments:€€theÐ ð ÐPortuguese€section€of€Amnesty€International,€the€Law€and€Justice€AssociationÐ ·ã Ð(the€Portuguese€section€of€the€International€Commission€of€Jurists),€the€HumanÐ ~ ª ÐRights€Section€of€the€Bar€Council€and€the€department€of€the€òòProvedor€deÐ E q ÐJusti aóó€(Ombudsman)).Ð  8 ÐÌòòHuman€rights€teachingóóÐ š Æ  ÐÌ88.à b àAttention€is€devoted€to€a€number€of€human€rights€issues€in€the€variousÐ (T  Ðlevels€of€official€education,€in€the€history,€philosophy,€political€science,Ð ï  Ðsociology€and€Portuguese€language€curricula.€€In€this€spirit,€a€number€ofÐ ¶â  Ðschools€have€even€organized€exhibitions,€debates€and€symposia€which€have€beenÐ }©  Ðreceived€with€keen€interest.Ð Dp  ÐÌ89.à b àAt€the€university€level€the€knowledge€acquired€hitherto€is€being€furtherÐ Òþ  Ðdeveloped€to€permit€the€study€of€international€systems€of€human€rightsÐ ™Å Ðprotection.€€Accordingly,€human€rights€has€been€incorporated€as€a€legalÐ `Œ Ðdiscipline€into€the€curricula€of€university€law€courses€for€jurists€as€well€asÐ 'S Ðinto€the€basic€training€of€Portuguese€judges.Ð î ÐÌ90.à b àTeacher€training€is€the€subject€of€keen€interest.€€This€is€reflected€byÐ |¨ Ðthe€growing€attendance€at€the€courses€organized€by€the€Institut€Ren€Cassin,Ð Co Ðin€Strasbourg,€as€well€as€at€those€organized€by€the€non„governmentalÐ  6 Ðorganization€òòl'Ecole€instrument€de€paixóó,€which€has€consultative€status€withÐ Ñý Ðthe€United€Nations.Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ91.à b àAt€the€end€of€1988,€in€recognition€of€the€importance€of€human€rightsÐ &R Ðteaching,€the€Government€of€Portugal€set€up€a€commission€to€promote€humanÐ í Ðrights€and€combat€inequality€in€education,€with€a€specific€brief€to€study€theÐ ´à  Ðmultidisciplinary€nature€of€this€approach€and€to€make€recommendations€for€theÐ {§! Ðstrengthening€of€the€study€of€human€rights€and€for€the€promotion€of€greaterÐ Bn" Ðawareness€on€the€part€of€teachers€and€pupils€(Decree€195/ME/88€ofÐ  5# Ð12December).Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌòòTrainingóóÐ ^"Š& ÐÌ92.à b àPortugal€appreciates€the€importance€of€training€as€a€means€of€preventing€Ð ì#( Ðhuman€rights€violations€and€for€a€number€of€years€has€provided€systematicÐ ³$ß) Ðtraining€for€a€number€of€professions€whose€work€is€essential€to€secureÐ z%¦ * Ðfundamental€rights,€freedoms€and€guarantees.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ93.à b àIn€addition€to€the€measures€mentioned€above,€we€shall€focus€here€on€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðtraining€of€judges€and€police€officials.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ94.à b àSince€it€was€established,€the€Portuguese€judges'€college€has€providedÐ $*P%0 Ðtraining€in€the€sphere€of€human€rights€and€the€international€machinery€forÐ ë*&1 Ðtheir€protection,€thereby€contributing,€through€the€study€of€the€main€texts€in€Ð  ²+Þ&2 Ðforce€in€Portugal,€to€the€development€of€awareness€among€judges€of€the€valueÐ Ô Ðand€importance€of€international€human€rights€law.€€In€view€of€its€regionalÐ ›Ç Ðvocation,€the€European€Convention€receives€particular€attention.Ð bŽ ÐÌ95.à b àIn€addition,€the€college€and€its€students€participate€in€a€number€ofÐ ð Ðscientific€and€cultural€activities€organized€to€publicize€international€lawÐ ·ã Ðand€the€activities€of€the€international€organizations;€one€example€is€theÐ ~ ª Ðseminar€on€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child.Ð E q ÐÌ96.à b àIt€should€be€noted€that€the€Bar€Council€has€played€a€part€in€suchÐ Ó ÿ  Ðactivities€in€connection€with€training€for€young€lawyers€who€are€required€byÐ š Æ  Ðtheir€statute€to€undergo€a€period€of€in„service€training€before€freelyÐ a   Ðexercising€their€profession.Ð (T  ÐÌ97.à b àAs€an€illustration,€the€information€provided€to€judges€regarding€appealsÐ ¶â  Ðto€international€bodies,€such€as€those€in€Strasbourg€or€the€Human€RightsÐ }©  ÐCommittee,€is€of€considerable€value€to€them.Ð Dp  ÐÌòòPolice€officialsóóÐ Òþ  ÐÌ98.à b àFollowing€the€amendment€of€the€organizational€regulations€relating€to€theÐ `Œ Ðpolice€forces€in€1985,€the€recruitment€and€training€of€officials€in€theÐ 'S Ðdifferent€forces€have€evolved€considerably,€particularly€with€respect€toÐ î Ðpublic€relations€and€to€rights,€safeguards€and€fundamental€freedoms.Ð µá ÐÌ99.à b àDuring€1989€the€curriculum€of€training€courses€for€police€officersÐ Co Ðoffered€by€the€School€of€Higher€Police€Studies€was€modified,€together€withÐ  6 Ðthose€of€the€various€further€training€courses€provided€for€members€of€theÐ Ñý Ðpublic€safety€police€or€the€National€Republican€Guard.Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ100.à b àEmphasis€is€placed,€in€particular,€on€the€principles€in€constitutionalÐ &R Ðand€criminal€law€and€the€law€on€penal€procedure€which€expressly€stipulate€theÐ í Ðprimacy€of€human€rights€and€punish€any€violations€thereof.Ð ´à  ÐÌ101.à b àAs€regards€relations€with€the€public,€all€officials€must€carry€with€themÐ Bn" Ða€code€of€conduct€which€stresses€the€purposes€of€police€activities,€that€is,Ð  5# Ðthe€defence€of€democratic€legality€and€the€fundamental€rights€of€citizens,€andÐ Ð ü$ Ðcontains€rules€of€courtesy€towards€the€public€as€well€as€a€code€of€individualÐ —!Ã% Ðaction.Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ102.à b àThis€code€of€action€stipulates€that€the€police€must€act€impartially€andÐ ì#( Ðwith€due€respect€for€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms,€within€the€limits€laidÐ ³$ß) Ðdown€by€the€law€and€without€resorting€to€illegal€or€manifestly€excessiveÐ z%¦ * Ðmeasures.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ103.à b àA€significant€portion€of€the€training€programmes€for€police€officials,Ð Ï'û"- Ðwhich€vary€according€to€their€rank,€is€devoted€to€rights,€freedoms€andÐ –(Â#. Ðsafeguards,€both€at€the€basic€training€and€further€training€levels.Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ104.à b àIn€addition€to€the€historical€evolution€of€human€rights,€the€coursesÐ ë*&1 Ðcover€the€universality€of€human€rights,€non„discrimination,€legal€protection€Ð  ²+Þ&2 Ðand€information,€and€the€activities€of€the€òòProvedor€de€Justi aóó€(Ombudsman)€andÐ Ô Ðthe€courts.€€Special€emphasis€is€placed€on€the€study€of€regional€machinery€forÐ ›Ç Ðthe€protection€of€universal€human€rights.€Ð bŽ ÐÌ105.à b àThe€courses€also€currently€include€the€study€of€the€Universal€DeclarationÐ ð Ðof€Human€Rights,€the€Covenants,€the€conventions€against€torture€of€theÐ ·ã ÐUnitedNations€and€the€Council€of€Europe,€the€European€Convention€on€theÐ ~ ª Ðcontrol€of€the€acquisition€and€possession€of€firearms€by€individuals€and€theÐ E q ÐEuropean€Convention€on€spectator€violence€and€misbehaviour€at€sports€events,Ð  8 Ðwhich€are€in€force€in€the€domestic€legal€system.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ106.à b àIt€is€worth€stressing€that€even€the€selection€and€recruitment€of€privateÐ a   Ðsecurity€personnel€(authorized€by€Decree„Law€No.€282/86€of€5€September)€mustÐ (T  Ðtake€into€account€their€familiarity€with€and€their€obligations€in€respect€ofÐ ï  Ðfundamental€rights,€freedoms€and€safeguards.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ107.à b àWith€respect€to€other€professional€categories€it€should€also€be€mentionedÐ Dp  Ðthat€the€prison€services€are€provided€with€the€texts€in€Portuguese€of€theÐ  7  Ðprincipal€international€instruments,€in€particular€the€Code€of€Conduct€for€LawÐ Òþ  ÐEnforcement€Officials,€the€Principles€of€Medical€Ethics,€the€Standard€MinimumÐ ™Å ÐRules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisoners€and€the€recently€approved€European€PrisonÐ `Œ ÐRules.Ð 'S ÐÌ108.à b àFinally,€further€evidence€of€this€concern€in€professional€training€andÐ µá Ðactivities€is€the€Physicians'€Code€of€Ethics,€which€reflects,€for€example,€theÐ |¨ Ðprinciples€with€respect€to€torture€already€mentioned€above.€€The€Code€evenÐ Co Ðprohibits€the€handing€over€of€equipment,€instruments€or€medicaments,€or€theÐ  6 Ðtransmission€of€scientific€knowledge,€which€would€permit€recourse€to€violence.Ð Ñý ÐÌ109.à b àIn€Portugal,€a€state€of€siege€or€a€state€of€emergency€may€not€be€invokedÐ _‹ Ðas€a€justification€for€torture.Ð &R ÐÌà b àPursuant€to€article€19,€paragraph€6€of€the€Constitution,Ð ´à  ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€declaration€of€a€state€of€siege€or€a€state€of€emergency€shallÐ Bn" Ðin€no€circumstances€affect€the€right€to€life,€personal€integrity€andÐ  5# Ðidentity,€civil€capacity€and€citizenship€of€the€person,€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðnon-retroactive€nature€of€criminal€law€and€the€right€to€defence€ofÐ —!Ã% Ðaccused€persons€and€freedom€of€conscience€and€religion."Ð^"Š&bü#bü# ÐÌ110.à b àThese€principles€are€also€included€in€the€National€Defence€ActÐ ì#( Ð(ActNo.29/82€of€11€December)€and€the€Basic€Civil€Protection€Act€(ActÐ ³$ß) ÐNo.113/91€of€29August).€€However,€it€is€in€Act€No.44/86€of€30€September€onÐ z%¦ * Ðthe€regime€for€a€state€of€siege€and€a€state€of€emergency€that€these€principlesÐ A&m!+ Ðfind€their€clearest€expression€(Act€No.€44/86€of€30€September,€art.€2).Ð '4", ÐÌ111.à b àThus€article€19,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Constitution€and€article€2€of€ActÐ –(Â#. ÐNo.€44/86€stipulate€that€even€in€a€state€of€siege€or€a€state€of€emergencyÐ ])‰$/ Ðthere€is€a€nucleus€of€rights,€freedoms€and€safeguards€that€cannot€beÐ $*P%0 Ðsuspended,€set€aside€or€in€any€way€affected.Ð ë*&1 ÐÐ  ²+Þ&2 Ð112.à b àThe€fact€that€the€Constitution€mentions€this€nucleus€of€rights€whichÐ Ô Ðremain€unaffected€does€not€mean€that€all€other€rights€may€or€must€be€suspendedÐ ›Ç Ðif€a€state€of€emergency€or€siege€is€declared.€€Each€situation€calls€forÐ bŽ Ðconsideration€of€what€measures€should€be€adopted.€€Any€measures€decided€uponÐ )U Ðare€justifiable€only€if€they€are€in€proportion€to€the€existing€or€anticipatedÐ ð Ðdanger,€compatible€with€the€objectives€pursued€and€in€line€with€theÐ ·ã Ðobligations€existing€under€the€relevant€legislation€at€both€the€national€andÐ ~ ª Ðinternational€levels€(art.€3€of€ActNo.€44/86€on€the€regime€for€a€state€ofÐ E q Ðsiege€and€a€state€of€emergency).Ð  8 ÐÌ113.à b àArticle€2,€paragraph€2,€of€Act€No.€44/86,€stipulates€that€the€suspensionÐ š Æ  Ðof€the€exercise€of€those€rights€which€may€be€set€aside€must€always€observe€theÐ a   Ðprinciples€of€equality€and€non„discrimination.€€It€reflects,€òòinter€aliaóó,€theÐ (T  Ðspirit€of€article€13€of€the€Constitution,€which€stipulates:Ð ï  ÐÌà0 b à"1.à0™ bü#bü#àAll€citizens€shall€have€the€same€social€dignity€and€shall€be€equalÐ }©  Ðbefore€the€law.ÐDp ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à€2.à0 ™ àNo€one€shall€be€privileged,€favoured,€put€at€a€disadvantage,Ð Òþ  Ðdeprived€of€any€right€or€exempted€from€any€duty€on€account€of€hisÐ ™Å Ðor€her€ancestry,€sex,€race,€language,€place€of€origin,€religion,Ð `Œ Ðpolitical€or€ideological€convictions,€education,€economic€situationÐ 'S Ðor€social€status."Ðî™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ114.à b àFinally,€it€should€be€mentioned€that€aliens€and€stateless€personsÐ |¨ Ðtemporarily€or€permanently€resident€in€Portugal€enjoy€the€same€rights€and€areÐ Co Ðsubject€to€the€same€duties€as€Portuguese€citizens.€€They€are€debarred€onlyÐ  6 Ðfrom€the€performance€of€public€duties€not€of€a€predominantly€technical€natureÐ Ñý Ðand€from€exercising€political€rights€(although€exceptions€have€been€made€withÐ ˜Ä Ðrespect€to€local€elections€subject€to€certain€conditions)€and€from€the€rightsÐ _‹ Ðand€duties€restricted€exclusively€to€Portuguese€citizens€under€the€lawÐ &R Ð(art.15€of€the€Constitution).€€Moreover,€suspension€of€the€exercise€ofÐ í Ðrights,€freedoms€and€safeguards€must€respect€the€following€limitsÐ ´à  Ð(ActNo.44/86,€art.€2,€para.€2):Ð {§! ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àRestricted€residence€or€detention€of€individuals€on€the€grounds€ofÐ  5# Ðviolation€of€security€regulations€must€always€be€referred€to€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðcompetent€examining€magistrate€within€24€hours,€and€the€right€ofÐ —!Ã% Ðhabeas€corpus€in€particular€is€guaranteed;Ð^"Š&™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àHouse€searches€and€the€collection€of€evidence€by€various€means€mustÐ ì#( Ðbe€subject€to€an€official€report€transmitted€to€the€examiningÐ ³$ß) Ðmagistrate,€together€with€a€report€on€the€reasons€and€the€results;Ðz%¦ *™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àIf€the€movement€of€persons€or€vehicles€is€restricted€or€prohibited,Ð '4", Ðthe€authorities€must€provide€the€necessary€means€for€enforcing€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðdeclaration,€particularly€in€regard€to€the€transport,€housing€andÐ –(Â#. Ðmaintenance€of€the€persons€affected;Ð])‰$/™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àThe€suspension€of€publications€and€of€radio€or€televisionÐ ë*&1 Ðbroadcasts€and€cinema€and€theatrical€presentations,€and€the€seizureÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðof€publications,€must€form€the€subject€of€a€decision€by€a€competentÐ y,¥'3 Ðauthority;Ð @-l(4™ ü#™ ü# Ðà b à„à0 ™ àMeetings€of€the€statutory€bodies€of€political€parties,€trade€unionsÐ Ô Ðand€occupational€associations€will€in€no€circumstances€beÐ ›Ç Ðprohibited,€dissolved€or€made€subject€to€prior€authorization.ÐbŽ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ115.à b àAccording€to€Portuguese€law,€orders€from€superiors€may€in€no€case€beÐ ð Ðinvoked€as€a€justification€for€an€act€which€constitutes€a€criminal€offence.€Ð ·ã ÐThis€is€confirmed€by€article€271,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Constitution,€whichÐ ~ ª Ðstipulates:Ð E q ÐÌà b à"1.à0 ™ àOfficials€and€personnel€of€the€State€and€other€public€bodies€shallÐ Ó ÿ  Ðbe€responsible€on€civil,€criminal€and€disciplinary€grounds€for€actsÐ š Æ  Ðand€omissions€committed€by€them€in€the€exercise€of,€or€on€accountÐ a   Ðof,€their€functions€which€give€rise€to€infringements€of€the€legallyÐ (T  Ðprotected€rights€or€interests€of€citizens.€€Action€or€proceedingsÐ ï  Ðtaken€in€this€respect€shall€not€be€subject€at€any€stage€to€approvalÐ ¶â  Ðby€a€higher€authority.Ð}© ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à...Ð  7  ÐÌà b à3.à0 ™ àThe€duty€of€obedience€shall€cease€whenever€the€carrying€out€ofÐ ™Å Ðorders€or€instructions€involves€committing€a€criminal€offence."Ð`Œ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€3óóˆÐ î ÐÌ116.à b àThe€questions€dealt€with€under€this€provision€are€covered€by€article€33Ð |¨ Ðof€the€Constitution,€which€reads€as€follows:Ð Co ÐÌà b à"òòExtradition,€deportation€and€the€right€of€asylumóóÐ Ñý ÐÌà b à1.à0 ™ àPortuguese€citizens€shall€not€be€extradited€or€deported€from€theÐ _‹ Ðnational€territory.Ð&R™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à2.à ™ àNo€one€shall€be€extradited€for€political€reasons.Ð ´à  ÐÌà b à3.à0 ™ àNo€one€shall€be€extradited€for€crimes€which€carry€the€death€penaltyÐ Bn" Ðunder€the€law€of€the€requesting€State.Ð 5#™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à4.à ™ àExtradition€shall€be€decided€only€by€a€judicial€authority.Ð —!Ã% ÐÌà b à5.à0 ™ àDeportation€of€persons€who€have€entered€or€have€been€residingÐ %#Q' Ðtemporarily€in€Portuguese€territory,€of€persons€who€have€obtained€aÐ ì#( Ðresidence€permit€or€of€persons€who€have€submitted€an€applicationÐ ³$ß) Ðfor€asylum€which€has€not€been€rejected,€shall€be€decided€only€by€aÐ z%¦ * Ðjudicial€authority.€€The€law€shall€provide€for€a€rapid€decision€inÐ A&m!+ Ðthis€respect.Ð'4",™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à6.à0 ™ àThe€right€of€asylum€shall€be€guaranteed€for€aliens€and€statelessÐ –(Â#. Ðpersons€who€are€being€prosecuted€or€seriously€threatened€withÐ ])‰$/ Ðprosecution€for€their€activities€on€behalf€of€democracy,€social€andÐ $*P%0 Ðnational€liberation,€peace€between€peoples€and€the€freedom€andÐ ë*&1 Ðrights€of€the€individual.Ð ²+Þ&2™ ü#™ ü# Ðà b à7.à0 ™ àThe€status€of€political€refugees€shall€be€defined€by€law."ÐÔ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àThis€provision€is€complemented€by€Decree„Law€No.€43/91€of€22€JanuaryÐ bŽ Ð(Outline€Act€on€international€cooperation€in€criminal€matters).Ð )U ÐÌ117.à b àArticle€30,€paragraph€1,€of€the€above„mentioned€Decree„Law€stipulatesÐ ·ã Ðthat€extradition€may€take€place€for€the€purposes€of€criminal€proceedings€or€ofÐ ~ ª Ðthe€application€of€a€custodial€penalty€for€a€crime€falling€under€theÐ E q Ðjurisdiction€of€the€courts€of€the€requesting€State.Ð  8 ÐÌ118.à b àWhatever€the€case,€the€person€in€question€may€only€be€extradited€inÐ š Æ  Ðconnection€with€a€criminal€offence€(even€if€only€attempted)€which€isÐ a   Ðpunishable€under€Portuguese€law€and€under€the€law€of€the€requesting€State€by€aÐ (T  Ðcustodial€penalty€of€a€maximum€duration€of€not€less€than€one€year.Ð ï  ÐÌ119.à b àWhen€extradition€is€requested€for€the€purpose€of€executing€a€custodialÐ }©  Ðpenalty,€the€request€can€be€granted€only€if€the€remaining€part€of€the€sentenceÐ Dp  Ðto€be€served€is€not€less€than€four€months.Ð  7  ÐÌ120.à b àExtradition€can€be€decided€only€by€a€judicial€authority.€€However,Ð ™Å ÐDecree-LawNo.€43/91€stipulates€that€extradition€proceedings€shall€be€dealtÐ `Œ Ðwith€urgently€and€shall€comprise€two€phases:€€the€administrative€phase€and€theÐ 'S Ðjudicial€phase.Ð î ÐÌ121.à b àThe€administrative€phase€involves€the€examination€by€the€Government€ofÐ |¨ Ðthe€application€for€extradition€in€order€to€reach€a€decision€as€to€whether€itÐ Co Ðshould€be€followed€up€or€immediately€rejected,€either€on€political€grounds€orÐ  6 Ðbecause€it€is€considered€untimely€or€inappropriate.Ð Ñý ÐÌ122.à b àOnce€the€interested€party€has€been€heard,€the€judicial€phase€fallsÐ _‹ Ðexclusively€within€the€competence€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.Ð &R ÐÌ123.à b àExtradition€will€be€refused€if€there€are€serious€grounds€for€believingÐ ´à  Ðthat€it€has€been€requested€for€the€purpose€of€prosecuting€or€punishing€aÐ {§! Ðperson,€in€particularòòóó€on€account€of€his€or€her€race,€religion,€sex,€politicalÐ Bn" Ðor€ideological€convictions€or€membership€of€a€particular€social€groupÐ  5# Ð(Decree-Law€No.€43/91€of€22€January,€art.€6,€para.€1€(b)).Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ124.à b àThe€same€rule€applies€if€there€are€grounds€for€believing€that€theÐ ^"Š& Ðsentence€will€be€served€in€inhumane€conditions€or€in€conditions€which€areÐ %#Q' Ðincompatible€with€the€international€protection€of€human€rights.Ð ì#( ÐÌ125.à b àThese€criteria,€in€fact,€constitute€mandatory€grounds€for€refusal€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðextradition€provided€for€in€the€bilateral€treaties€which€bind€the€PortugueseÐ A&m!+ ÐState€in€this€regard.Ð '4", ÐÌ126.à b àMoreover,€Portugal€even€issued€reservations€in€respect€of€article€1€ofÐ –(Â#. Ðthe€European€Convention€on€Extradition€on€the€occasion€of€its€ratification.Ð ])‰$/ ÐÐ  $*P%0 Ðòòà@ÑÑ0“àArticle€4óóˆÐ Ô ÐÌ127.à b àThe€observations€which€follow€complete€the€remarks€made€in€the€first€partÐ bŽ Ðof€this€report€as€well€as€those€made€with€respect€to€article€2,€paragraph1Ð )U Ð(see€above,€paras.€17€to€25€and€50€òòet€seqóó.).Ð ð ÐÌ128.à b àUnder€article€23€of€the€Penal€Code,€an€attempted€crime€is€also€consideredÐ ~ ª Ða€criminal€offence€and€is€punishable€by€the€same€sentence€as€would€beÐ E q Ðapplicable€to€the€crime€itself€in€a€specially€mitigated€form.Ð  8 ÐÌ129.à b àWilful€complicity€is€also€punishable,€under€article€27€of€the€Penal€Code,Ð š Æ  Ðby€the€same€sentence€as€that€imposed€on€the€perpetrator€of€the€crime,€again€inÐ a   Ðspecially€mitigated€form.Ð (T  ÐÌòòà@; ; “àòòSentences€applied€for€different€types€of€crimesóóóóˆÐ ¶â  ÐÌÔ*ƒƒ ddd Xdd Xdd X+ü#+ü#ƒÔÔ,Ø ?/ ÔÔ,Ø ?/ ÔÔ,Ø ?? ÔÔ+  ÔÐ 8€'H H  €€‚?‚ƒƒ„„8ÐòòType€of€crimeÐ 4€#[‡  „„4ÐSentence€appliedÐ 6€#[‡  „„6ÐAggravated€sentenceÐ J€;#[‡  ?   €€‚?‚ƒƒ„„JÐOrdinary€homicideÐ 2€#/[  „„2Ð8€to€16€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€#/[  „„6Ð12€to€20€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€;#/[  ?   €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐHomicide€through€negligenceÐ 2€ #ã „„2Ðup€to€2€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€!"#ã  „„6Ðup€to€3€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€#;#ã / ö !" €½€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐExposure€to€or€desertion€inÐ —à Ðthe€face€of€dangerÐ 2€$#6b# „„2Ð6€months'€to€5€years'Ð —à ÐimprisonmentÐ 6€%&#6b$ „„6Ð1€to€5€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€';#—à / ½ %& €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐOrdinary€offence€against€theÐ ê ÐpersonÐ 2€(#‰µ ' „„2Ðup€to€2€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€)*#ê!( „„6ÐÐ J€+;#ê" / ö )* €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐSerious€offence€against€theÐ =i# ÐpersonÐ 2€,#Ü$+ „„2Ð1€to€5€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€-.#=i%, „„6ÐÐ J€/;#=i& / ö -. €½€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐOffence€against€the€personÐ ¼' Ðentailing€possible€dangerÐ 2€0#/[(/ „„2Ð6€months'€to€3€years'Ð ¼) ÐimprisonmentÐ 6€12#/[*0 „„6ÐÐ J€3;#¼+ / ½ 12 €½€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐOffence€against€the€personÐ ã, Ðaggravated€by€the€consequencesÐ 2€4#‚®-3 „„2Ð2€to€8€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€56#ã.4 „„6ÐÐ J€7;#ã/ / ½ 56 €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐProhibited€use€of€firearmsÐ 2€8#6b07 „„2Ðup€to€6€months'€imprisonmentÐ 6€9:#6b18 „„6Ðup€to€2€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€;;#6b2 / ö 9: €K€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐIll„treatment€of€children€orÐ ê3 ÐspouseÐ 2€<#‰µ4; „„2Ð6€months'€to€3€years'Ð ê5 ÐimprisonmentÐ 6€=>#‰µ6< „„6Ð6€months'€to€4€years'Ð ê7 Ðimprisonment€(in€the€case€ofÐ ‰µ8 Ða€serious€offence€against€theÐ (T9 Ðperson);€3€to€9€years'Ð Çó: Ðimprisonment€(in€case€ofÐ f’; Ðdeath)Ð J€?;#1< / K => €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐThreatsÐ 2€@#¹å=? „„2Ðup€to€one€year's€imprisonmentÐ 6€AB#¹å>@ „„6Ðup€to€3€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€C;#¹å? / ö AB €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐCoercionÐ 2€D#m™@C „„2Ðup€to€two€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€EF#m™AD „„6ÐÐ J€G;#m™B / ö EF €½€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐSerious€coercion€(by€anÐ ! MC Ðofficial,€with€misuse€ofÐ À ìD Ðpowers)Ð 2€H#_!‹EG „„2Ð6€months'€to€3€years'Ð ! MF ÐimprisonmentÐ 6€IJ#À ìGH „„6Ðup€to€5€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€K;#! MH / ½ IJ €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐIllegal€detentionÐ 2€L#"?IK „„2Ðup€to€2€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€MN#"?JL „„6Ð2€to€10€years'€imprisonmentÐ J€O;#"?K / ö MN €ö€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐSlaveryÐ 2€P#Ç"óLO „„2Ð8€to€15€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€QR#Ç"óMP „„6ÐÐ J€S;#Ç"óN / ö QR €½€‚/‚ƒƒ„„JÐAbductionÐ 2€T#{#§OS „„2Ð4€to€8€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€UV#{#§PT „„6Ð4€to€10€years'€imprisonmentÐ {#§Q Ðor€15years'€imprisonment€(inÐ $FR Ðcase€of€death)Ð L€WX;#¹$åS / ½ UV €€‚/‚ƒƒ„„LÐKidnapping€of€a€minorÐ 4€YZ#m%™ TWX „„4Ð6€to€10€years'€imprisonmentÐ 6€[\]#m%™ UYZ „„6Ð8€to€15€years'€imprisonmentóóÐ3)'m%™ V /   [\] 3ÐÌ130.à b à€The€Penal€Code€and€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€are€currently€beingÐ ã&"W Ðrevised€by€interministerial€commissions.€€One€of€the€aspects€which€is€beingÐ ª'Ö"X Ðconsidered€is€the€scale€of€the€penalties€to€be€applied.Ð q(#Y ÐÌÌÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€5óóˆÐ +¹&] Ðâ âÐ T,€'^ Ð131.à b àIn€Portugal,€the€criminal€jurisdiction€referred€to€in€article€5€of€theÐ Ô Ðâ âConvention€is€governed€by€articles€4,€5€and€6€of€the€Penal€Code,€which€read€asÐ ›Ç Ðfollows:Ð bŽ ÐÌà b à"Article€4.€€(òòGeographical€application:€general€principleóó)Ð ð ÐÌà b àPortuguese€penal€law€shall€apply:Ð ~ ª ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àto€acts€committed€on€Portuguese€territory,€whatever€theÐ  8 Ðnationality€of€the€offender;ÐÓ ÿ bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àto€acts€committed€on€board€a€Portuguese€ship€or€aircraft.Ða  bü#bü# ÐÌà b àArticle€5.€(òòActs€committed€outside€Portuguese€territoryóó)Ð ï  ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#à1.à Ð àExcept€where€otherwise€stipulated€in€treaties€or€conventionsÐ }©  Ðto€which€Portugal€is€a€party,€Portuguese€penal€law€shall€alsoÐ Dp  Ðapply:Ð 7 ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#àà Ð à(a)à  àTo€acts€committed€outside€the€national€territory€if€theyÐ ™Å Ðconstitute€offences€under€articles€236€to€250,€288,€289,€334€toÐ `Œ Ð352,€356€to€369,€and€381;Ð'S™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#àà Ð à(b)à  àTo€acts€committed€outside€the€national€territory,Ð µá Ðprovided€the€offender€is€present€in€Portugal€and€cannot€beÐ |¨ Ðextradited,€if€the€said€acts€constitute€offences€under€articles€161Ð Co Ðto€163,€186€to€188,€189€(para.€1),€192€and€217;Ð 6™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#àà Ð à(c)à  àTo€acts€committed€outside€the€national€territory€byÐ ˜Ä ÐPortuguese€nationals€or€by€aliens€against€Portuguese€citizens,Ð _‹ Ðprovided:Ð&R™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌÓB.++b™ — 'u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà b àà ™ ààÑ3 3 — àIˆà ' à„à0  àThe€offenders€are€present€in€Portugal;дà ü#ü# ÐÌà b àà ™ ààÑÏ Ï — àIIˆà ' à„à0  àThe€acts€are€also€punishable€under€theÐ Bn" Ðlegislation€of€the€place€where€they€wereÐ  5# Ðcommitted,€except€if€the€punishment€is€notÐ Ð ü$ Ðapplied€there;З!Ã%ü#ü# ÐÌà b àà ™ ààÑk k — àIIIˆà ' à„à0  àThe€acts€constitute€extraditable€offences€andÐ %#Q' Ðextradition€cannot€be€granted;Ðì#(ü#ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#ààÑk k — à(d)ˆà ' àTo€acts€committed€outside€the€national€territoryÐ z%¦ * Ðagainst€Portuguese€nationals€who,€at€that€time,€had€their€mainÐ A&m!+ Ðresidence€in€Portugal€and€were€present€at€that€residence.Ð'4",™ ü#™ ü# Ðà0 b àÐ bü#bü# Ðà b àà0 ™ àÓQ.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++‚7— 'u‡7QÓ2.à Ð àPortuguese€penal€law€also€applies€to€acts€committed€outsideÐ –(Â#. Ðthe€national€territory€and€which€the€State€of€Portugal€is€bound€byÐ ])‰$/ Ðan€international€treaty€or€convention€to€prosecute.Ð$*P%0™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌÌà b àArticle€6.€€(òòRestrictions€on€the€application€of€Portuguese€lawóó)Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ðà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#à1.à Ð àPortuguese€penal€law€shall€apply€to€acts€committed€outsideÐ Ô Ðthe€national€territory€only€if€the€offender€has€not€been€prosecutedÐ ›Ç Ðby€the€country€in€which€the€act€was€committed€or€if€he€has€evadedÐ bŽ Ðthe€execution€in€whole€or€in€part€of€the€sentence€passed.Ð)U™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#à2.à Ð àAlthough€in€accordance€with€the€preceding€paragraphÐ ·ã ÐPortuguese€law€may€be€applicable,€the€act€shall€be€prosecutedÐ ~ ª Ðaccording€to€the€law€of€the€country€in€which€it€was€committed€ifÐ E q Ðsuch€law€is€substantially€more€favourable€to€the€offender.€€TheÐ  8 Ðsentence€which€applies€shall€be€converted€into€a€correspondingÐ Ó ÿ  Ðsentence€in€the€Portuguese€system€or,€if€no€direct€parallel€can€beÐ š Æ  Ðdrawn,€into€the€sentence€which€Portuguese€law€would€impose€for€theÐ a   Ðsame€offence.Ð(T ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#à3.à Ð àThe€regime€described€in€the€preceding€paragraph€shall€notÐ ¶â  Ðapply€to€offences€under€article€5,€paragraph€1€(a).Ð}© ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#à4.à Ð àIf€the€offender€has€been€prosecuted€abroad€and€is€prosecutedÐ  7  Ðin€Portugal€for€the€same€offence,€the€sentence€passed€shall€alwaysÐ Òþ  Ðtake€into€account€the€sentence€already€served€abroad."Йř ü#™ ü# ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€6óóˆÐ 'S ÐÌ132.à b àIn€considering€the€effects€of€this€article,€a€distinction€must€be€drawnÐ µá Ðbetween€remand€in€custody€for€the€purpose€of€criminal€prosecution€and€remandÐ |¨ Ðin€custody€for€the€purpose€of€extradition.Ð Co ÐÌ133.à b àRemand€in€custody€for€the€purpose€of€extradition€remains€possible,€in€theÐ Ñý Ðabsence€of€an€international€convention€or€treaty,€under€Decree„Law€No.€43/91Ð ˜Ä Ðof€22€January€1991,€on€a€basis€of€reciprocity.Ð _‹ ÐÌ134.à b àDecree„Law€No.€43/91€also€provides€for€the€exchange€of€informationÐ í Ðbetween€States€in€this€regard.Ð ´à  ÐÌ135.à b àRemand€in€custody€for€the€purpose€of€criminal€prosecution€is€governed€byÐ Bn" Ðarticles€254€òòet€seq.óó€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure.Ð  5# ÐÌ136.à b àPursuant€to€article€254€of€the€Code,€custody€is€imposed€in€order€to€bringÐ —!Ã% Ðthe€accused€person€before€the€examining€magistrate€within€a€maximum€period€ofÐ ^"Š& Ð48€hours€or€in€order€to€restrain€him€from€committing€certain€acts.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ137.à b àRemand€in€custody€of€persons€caught€òòin€flagrante€delictoóó€is€legallyÐ ³$ß) Ðpossible€for€all€crimes€punishable€by€a€prison€sentence€(art.€255).Ð z%¦ * ÐÌ138.à b àRemand€in€custody€of€persons€who€were€not€caught€òòin€flagrante€delictoóóÐ '4", Ðrequires€a€warrant€from€the€examining€magistrate€or,€in€cases€where€pre„trialÐ Ï'û"- Ðdetention€is€admissible,€from€the€representative€of€the€public€prosecutor'sÐ –(Â#. Ðdepartment€(art.€257,€para.€1).Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌÌÌ139.à b àThe€police€may€also€order€remand€in€custody€of€persons€who€were€notÐ y,¥'3 Ðcaught€òòin€flagrante€delictoóó€in€cases€where€pre„trial€imprisonment€isÐ @-l(4 Ðadmissible,€if€there€is€danger€of€escape€or€if€the€urgency€of€the€situationÐ Ô Ðrequires€prompt€intervention€by€the€judicial€authority.Ð ›Ç ÐÌ140.à b àPursuant€to€article€202,€pre„trial€imprisonment€may€be€applied€if€thereÐ )U Ðis€strong€evidence€of€a€wilfully€committed€offence€punishable€by€a€sentenceÐ ð Ðexceeding€three€years'€imprisonment;€if€the€offender€has€unlawfully€enteredÐ ·ã Ðthe€national€territory;€or€if€extradition€or€deportation€proceedings€have€beenÐ ~ ª Ðinstituted€against€him.€€Moreover,€the€criteria€set€forth€in€article204Ð E q Ð(escape€or€danger€of€escape;€danger€of€loss€of€evidence;€or€the€personality€ofÐ  8 Ðthe€accused€person)€are€also€applicable.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ141.à b àPortugal€is€a€party€to€the€Vienna€Convention€on€Consular€Relations,€whichÐ a   Ðstipulates€in€article€36€that€consular€officers€of€a€State€must€be€informed€ofÐ (T  Ðthe€provisional€arrest€of€one€of€its€nationals,€if€he€so€requests,€and€must€beÐ ï  Ðfree€to€communicate€with€him€and€protect€his€interests.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ142.à b àThe€obligation€to€notify€other€States€parties€to€the€Convention€of€anyÐ Dp  Ðremand€in€custody€and€to€inform€them€of€the€results€of€the€preliminaryÐ  7  Ðinvestigation€will€be€observed€as€long€as€it€is€not€incompatible€withÐ Òþ  Ðcommitments€flowing€from€the€obligation€to€protect€privacy€under€theÐ ™Å ÐConstitution€and€the€law€(Act€on€the€protection€of€personal€data)€and€underÐ `Œ Ðsuch€international€instruments€as€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ 'S ÐPolitical€Rights€(art.€17)€and€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€ofÐ î ÐHuman€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€(art.€8).Ð µá ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€7óóˆÐ Co ÐÌ143.à b àUnder€this€article€the€States€parties€are€bound,€in€certain€cases,€toÐ Ñý Ðexercise€the€competence€established€in€article5,€thus€applying€the€principleÐ ˜Ä Ðof€òòaut€dedere€aut€judicareóó€which€national€law€on€extradition€in€turnÐ _‹ Ðrecognizes€(art.€31,€para.€2,€of€Decree„Law€No.43/91,€of€22January).Ð &R ÐÌ144.à b àMoreover,€the€obligation€to€prosecute€the€perpetrator€of€a€criminalÐ ´à  Ðoffence€whose€extradition€is€not€possible€(for€example,€because€there€areÐ {§! Ðgrounds€which€place€Portugal€under€the€obligation€to€refuse€to€cooperate)€isÐ Bn" Ðalready€established€in€various€international€agreements€which€are€binding€onÐ  5# ÐPortugal.€×ƒ_×Ý ƒ^ÿÿÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×€Thus,€if€Portugal€does€not€allow€the€extradition€of€the€person€inÐ Ð ü$ Ðquestion,€it€is€bound€to€bring€criminal€proceedings€against€him.Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ145.à b àIn€that€case€the€rights€and€procedural€safeguards€of€the€accused€underÐ %#Q' Ðthe€Constitution€and€the€law€are€fully€respected,€and€the€terms€of€the€treatyÐ ì#( Ðdo€not€entail€any€special€derogation€from€the€general€rules€on€the€subject.Ð ³$ß) ÐÌÌÌÌÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€8óóˆÐ ])‰$/ ÐÐ $*P%0 Ð146.à b àIn€Portugal,€as€stated€previously€with€respect€to€article3,€extraditionÐ Ô Ðis€governed€by€article33€of€the€Constitution€and€by€Decree-Law€No.43/91Ð ›Ç Ð(outline€Act€on€international€cooperation€in€criminal€matters),€which€isÐ bŽ Ðapplied€in€the€absence€of€an€international€treaty€on€the€subject.Ð )U ÐÌ147.à b àDecree-Law€No.43/91,€like€most€of€the€extradition€treaties€to€whichÐ ·ã ÐPortugal€is€a€party,€applies€the€so-called€elimination€system€under€which,Ð ~ ª Ðtheoretically,€extradition€is€justified€for€all€criminal€offences€punishableÐ E q Ðby€a€custodial€sentence€of€a€certain€duration€(generally€from€four€orÐ  8 Ðsixmonths€to€one€year)€in€both€the€requesting€State€and€the€State€whichÐ Ó ÿ  Ðreceives€the€request.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ148.à b àThe€above„mentioned€Decree-Law€makes€provision€for€some€exceptions€to€theÐ (T  Ðobligation€to€grant€extradition,€such€as€military€and€political€criminalÐ ï  Ðoffences.€€The€same€rule€can€be€found€in€the€extradition€treaties€to€whichÐ ¶â  ÐPortugal€is€a€party.Ð }©  ÐÌà@ÑÑ0“àòòArticle€9óóˆÐ  7  ÐÌ149.à b àInternational€mutual€judicial€assistance€in€criminal€matters€is€alsoÐ ™Å Ðgoverned€by€Decree„Law€No.€43/91€(arts.€135€òòet€seq.óó).€€This€Decree-Law€isÐ `Œ Ðapplied€in€the€absence€of€an€international€treaty€on€the€subject.€€ItsÐ 'S Ðapplication€is€thus€subsidiary€(see€the€relevant€regulations€set€forth€in€theÐ î Ðabove„mentioned€Decree„Law€included€in€the€annex€to€this€report,€in€particularÐ µá Ðarticles€135€to€153).Ð |¨ ÐÌà@ŸŸ/“àòòArticle€10óóˆÐ  6 ÐÌ150.à b àOn€this€subject€reference€is€made€to€the€comments€regarding€article2,Ð ˜Ä Ðand€in€particular€paragraphs€5,€98€and€108€above.Ð _‹ ÐÌ151.à b àInstruction€on€the€legislation€concerning€fundamental€rights€is€part€ofÐ í Ðthe€standard€training€course€for€the€various€police€forces.€€Special€emphasisÐ ´à  Ðis€laid€on€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution,€the€Penal€Code€and€the€Code€ofÐ {§! ÐPenal€Procedure€and€on€the€international€treaties€for€the€promotion€of€theseÐ Bn" Ðrights€(the€Covenants€and€other€instruments€of€the€United€Nations€and€theÐ  5# ÐUnited€Nations€and€Council€of€Europe€conventions€on€human€rights€and€againstÐ Ð ü$ Ðtorture,€etc.).Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ152.à b àSince€1989€in€particular,€as€the€result€of€a€change€in€the€curriculum€ofÐ %#Q' Ðthe€training€courses€for€the€police,€special€attention€has€been€given€to€theÐ ì#( Ðneed€to€treat€suspects€and€detainees€humanely.Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ153.à b àDecree-Law€No.346/91€of€18September€created€a€new€job€category€at€theÐ A&m!+ Ðhigher€technical€level€in€re„education€within€the€Directorate„General€ofÐ '4", ÐPrison€Services.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ154.à b àProtection€against€torture€and€other€forms€of€ill„treatment€receiveÐ ])‰$/ Ðspecial€emphasis€in€the€organizational€regulations€governing€the€differentÐ $*P%0 Ðâ âpolice€forces€(for€example,€art.91€of€Decree-Law€295„A/90,€ofÐ ë*&1 Ð21September1990).€€Offences€committed€in€this€field€give€rise€toÐ Ô Ðdisciplinary€and€penal€sanctions.€×ƒa×Ý ƒ^ÿÿÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  Úóó/Ý  Ý×  ×Ð ›Ç Ðâ âÌ155.à b àThe€orientation€and€supervision€of€the€activities€of€the€police€forces€is€Ð )U Ðthe€responsibility€of€the€public€prosecutor's€department.Ð ð ÐÌ156.à b àThe€òòProvedor€di€Justi aóó€also€has€responsibilities€for€inspecting€theÐ ~ ª Ðactivities€of€the€police€forces€to€assess€the€appropriateness€and€the€legalityÐ E q Ðthereof.Ð  8 ÐÌà@ŸŸ/“àòòArticle€11óóˆÐ š Æ  ÐÌ157.à b àThe€legal€framework€established€for€the€prevention€of€torture€and€otherÐ (T  Ðforms€of€ill„treatment€and,€where€necessary,€for€the€punishment€thereof€hasÐ ï  Ðalready€been€outlined.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ158.à b àActs€of€torture€are,€as€stated€before,€subject€to€criminal€andÐ Dp  Ðdisciplinary€sanctions.€€The€general€legal€framework,€consisting€of€theÐ  7  ÐConstitution,€the€Penal€Code€and€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€as€well€as€theÐ Òþ  Ðinstruments€of€international€law€concerning€protection€against€torture,€formÐ ™Å Ðan€integral€element€in€the€standard€training€courses€of€the€police€forces.Ð `Œ ÐÌ159.à b àIn€addition,€the€organizational€and€statutory€regulations€governing€theÐ î Ðpolice€forces€(for€example,€article91€of€the€basic€law€of€the€publicÐ µá Ðprosecutor's€department,€Decree„Law€No.292„A/90€of€21September)€also€containÐ |¨ Ðprovisions€prohibiting€the€practice€of€torture€and€prescribing€sanctions€inÐ Co Ðrespect€thereof,€because€they€are€fundamentally€inspired€by€the€humanitarianÐ  6 Ðprinciples€governing€the€treatment€of€individuals,€and€of€detainees€inÐ Ñý Ðparticular,€contained,€for€example,€in€the€UnitedNations€Standard€MinimumÐ ˜Ä ÐRules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisoners.€Ð _‹ ÐÌ160.à b àThere€is€effective€monitoring€of€the€application€of€these€rules€byÐ í Ðvarious€entities€(depending€on€the€nature€of€the€activities€of€theÐ ´à  Ðdepartments);€these€are€described€later.€Ð {§! ÐÌ161.à b àThe€Portuguese€Association€for€the€Support€of€Victims,€was€establishedÐ  5# Ðbyan€authentic€instrument€dated€25June1990,€and€published€in€theÐ Ð ü$ ÐòòOfficialJournalóó€of€12July1990,€Series€III,€to€promote€and€help€to€provideÐ —!Ã% Ðinformation,€protection€and€support€for€the€victims€of€criminal€offences,Ð ^"Š& Ðproposes€in€particular:Ð %#Q' ÐÌà0 b à"1.à ™ à(a)à Ð àTo€promote€the€protection€of€and€support€for€the€victims€ofÐ ³$ß) Ðcriminal€offences€generally,€and€in€particular€for€those€in€greatestÐ z%¦ * Ðneed,€through€information,€individual€attention€and€guidance€and€theÐ Ô Ðprovision€of€moral,€social,€legal,€psychological€and€financialÐ ›Ç Ðassistance;€ÐbŽbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àTo€cooperate€with€the€competent€bodies€of€the€justiceÐ ð Ðadministration,€the€police,€social€security€and€health,€as€well€as€withÐ ·ã Ðthe€local€and€autonomous€regional€authorities€and€any€other€public€orÐ ~ ª Ðprivate€entity,€for€the€protection€and€the€effective€exercise€of€theÐ E q Ðrights€and€interests€of€the€victims€of€criminal€offences€and€theirÐ  8 Ðfamilies;ÐÓ ÿ bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(c)à Ð àTo€encourage€and€promote€solidarity€within€society,€forÐ a   Ðexample,€through€the€training€and€operation€of€networks€of€volunteerÐ (T  Ðworkers€and€patrons,€as€well€as€through€mediation€between€the€victim€andÐ ï  Ðthe€offender;жâ bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(d)à Ð àTo€encourage€and€sponsor€research€into€and€studies€of€theÐ Dp  Ðproblems€of€victims€in€order€to€secure€greater€satisfaction€of€theirÐ  7  Ðinterests;ÐÒþ bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(e)à Ð àTo€promote€and€participate€in€programmes,€projects€andÐ `Œ Ðactivities€in€the€fields€of€information€and€training€and€to€promoteÐ 'S Ðgreater€awareness€among€the€public;€Ðîbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(f)à Ð àTo€contribute€to€the€adoption€of€legislative,€regulatory€andÐ |¨ Ðadministrative€measures€which€may€facilitate€the€defence€of€the€victimsÐ Co Ðof€criminal€offences€and€their€protection€of€and€support€with€a€view€toÐ  6 Ðthe€preventing€of€the€risks€of€victimization€and€mitigating€its€effects;€ÐÑýbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(g)à Ð àTo€establish€contacts€with€international€organizations€and€toÐ _‹ Ðwork€closely€with€bodies€in€other€countries€with€similar€goals.€€Ð&Rbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à2.à ™ àThe€Association€may€become€affiliated€to€international€associationsÐ ´à  Ðpursuing€the€same€goals€and€may€become€their€representative€in€Portugal.Ð{§!bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à3.à ™ àIn€the€performance€of€its€duties,€the€Association€may€actively€seekÐ  5# Ðmeans€of€obtaining€financial€resources,€in€particular€from€public€andÐ Ð ü$ Ðprivate€bodies,€both€Portuguese€national€and€foreign."€Ð—!Ã%bü#bü# ÐÌ162.à b àThe€office€of€the€òòProvedor€de€Justi aóó€(mediator€or€ombudsman)€is€anÐ %#Q' Ðindependent€institution€whose€primary€function€is€the€defence€and€promotion€ofÐ ì#( Ðthe€rights,€freedoms,€safeguards€and€legitimate€interests€of€the€citizens.Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ163.à b àIt€is€an€independent€public€body,€dedicated€to€the€defence€of€the€rightsÐ A&m!+ Ðand€legitimate€interests€of€the€citizens,€by€the€use€of€informal€methods€whichÐ '4", Ðsafeguard€the€legality€and€the€justice€of€the€administration.€€By€hisÐ Ï'û"- Ðmediatory€action€to€protect€human€rights,€the€òòProvedoróó€naturally€has€an€impactÐ –(Â#. Ðon€the€implementation€of€the€rights€recognized€by€the€Convention€againstÐ ])‰$/ ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€whichÐ $*P%0 Ðare€also€reflected€in€the€text€of€the€Constitution.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌ164.à b àThe€regulations€governing€the€office€of€the€òòProvedoróó,€provide€that€anyÐ y,¥'3 Ðcitizen€may€submit€to€him,€orally€or€in€writing,€complaints€about€acts€orÐ @-l(4 Ðomissions€of€the€public€authorities.€€The€òòProvedoróó,€after€investigating€aÐ Ô Ðcomplaint,€shall€submit€to€the€competent€bodies€the€necessary€recommendationsÐ ›Ç Ðfor€the€prevention€or€the€remedying€of€any€injustice.Ð bŽ ÐÌ165.à b àFurthermore,€the€òòProvedoróó€is€required:Ð ð ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àto€submit€recommendations€for€remedying€any€illegal€or€unjust€actsÐ ~ ª Ðor€improving€the€services€of€the€administration;ÐE q™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àto€point€out€any€flaws€in€the€legislation€and€ask€for€an€assessmentÐ Ó ÿ  Ðof€the€legality€or€the€unconstitutionality€of€any€statutoryÐ š Æ  Ðinstrument;Ða  ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àto€deliver€opinions€on€any€questions€put€to€him€by€the€Assembly€ofÐ ï  Ðthe€Republic;ж⠙ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à„à0 ™ àto€ensure€the€dissemination€of€information€on€the€fundamentalÐ Dp  Ðrights€and€freedoms,€their€contents€and€value€and€the€aims€and€theÐ  7  Ðwork€of€the€òòProvedoróó.ÐÒþ ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ166.à b àIn€this€specific€area,€public€information€programmes€are€frequentlyÐ `Œ Ðprinted€in€the€press€and€broadcast€on€the€radio€and€television.€€A€regularÐ 'S Ðprogramme€called€the€Voice€of€the€òòProvedoróó€has€been€introduced€on€the€nationalÐ î Ðradio;€this€programme€has€contributed€decisively€to€making€the€work€of€thisÐ µá Ðimportant€body€known,€especially€to€the€elderly,€among€whom€there€is€still€anÐ |¨ Ðexcessively€high€level€of€illiteracy.Ð Co ÐÌ167.à b àIn€the€performance€of€his€duties,€the€òòProvedoróó€may:Ð Ñý ÐÌà b à(a)à ™ àCarry€out€inspection€visits€in€any€branch€of€the€administration,Ð _‹ Ðexamine€the€documents,€hear€the€agencies€and€officials€of€the€administrationÐ &R Ðor€request€any€information€which€he€deems€necessary;Ð í ÐÌà b à(b)à ™ àConduct,€by€any€means,€whatever€inquiries€he€deems€necessary€forÐ {§! Ðdiscovering€the€truth,€without,€however,€infringing€the€legitimate€rights€andÐ Bn" Ðinterests€of€the€citizens.€€An€inquiry€was€made,€for€example,€into€acts€ofÐ  5# Ðtorture€allegedly€committed€by€certain€police€officers€and€prisonÐ Ð ü$ Ðadministration€officials€which,€because€of€the€strong€media€and€publicÐ —!Ã% Ðreaction,€led€to€the€adoption€of€various€measures€by€the€public€authorities;Ð ^"Š& ÐÌà b à(c)à ™ àSeek,€in€cooperation€with€the€competent€bodies€and€departments,€theÐ ì#( Ðmost€satisfactory€means€of€safeguarding€the€legitimate€interests€of€theÐ ³$ß) Ðcitizens€and€improving€the€work€of€the€administration.Ð z%¦ * ÐÌ168.à b àThe€òòProvedoróó€may€order€the€publication€of€press€releases€or€informationÐ '4", Ðon€any€findings€reached,€making€use€of€the€media€where€necessary.€€In€additionÐ Ï'û"- Ðhe€submits€annual€reports€on€his€activities€to€the€Assembly€of€the€Republic.€Ð –(Â#. ÐThese€reports€òòóóinclude€statistical€data€on€the€number€and€nature€of€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðcomplaints€filed,€the€complaints€of€unconstitutionality€submitted€and€anyÐ $*P%0 Ðrecommendations€made;€they€are€published€in€the€òòOfficialJournalóó€of€theÐ ë*&1 ÐAssembly.Ð ²+Þ&2 ÐÌÐ @-l(4 ЇÌÌ169.à b àAct€No.€9/91€of€9€April€establishes€the€rules€governing€the€activities€ofÐ bŽ Ðthe€òòProvedoróó.€€It€reiterates€the€wording€of€article23€of€the€Constitution,Ð )U Ðwhich€reads€as€follows:Ð ð ÐÌà0 b à"1.à0™ bü#bü#àCitizens€may€present€complaints€concerning€acts€or€omissions€on€theÐ ~ ª Ðpart€of€the€public€authorities€to€the€òòProvedor€de€Justi aóóÐ E q Ð(Ombudsman).€€Although€having€no€decision-making€power,€he€shallÐ  8 Ðexamine€them€and€make€such€recommendations€as€are€necessary€to€theÐ Ó ÿ  Ðcompetent€bodies€in€order€to€prevent€and€remedy€any€injustice.К Æ ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b à2.à0™ bü#bü#àThe€activities€of€the€òòProvedoróó€shall€be€independent€of€anyÐ (T  Ðdiscretionary€or€judicial€remedies€provided€for€by€the€ConstitutionÐ ï  Ðand€the€laws.ж⠙ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b à3.à0™ bü#bü#àThe€òòProvedor'sóó€Office€shall€be€an€independent€organ.€€The€òòProvedoróóÐ Dp  Ðhimself€shall€be€appointed€by€the€Assembly€of€the€Republic.Ð 7 ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b à4.à0 ™ àThe€agencies€and€officials€of€the€public€administration€shallÐ ™Å Ðcooperate€with€the€òòProvedoróó€in€the€performance€of€his€duties."Ð`Œ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ170.à b àIn€recent€years€the€òòProvedoróó€has€systematically€monitored€the€work€of€theÐ î Ðdifferent€police€forces€by€launching€inquiries€into€their€activities,€eitherÐ µá Ðon€his€own€initiative€or€following€complaints€filed€by€citizens.Ð |¨ ÐÌ171.à b àThis€systematic€monitoring€was€already€under€way€well€before€theÐ  6 Ðratification€of€either€the€UnitedNations€Convention€or€the€Convention€adoptedÐ Ñý Ðby€the€Council€of€Europe;€it€naturally€increased€after€the€ratification€byÐ ˜Ä ÐPortugal€of€these€instruments.Ð _‹ ÐÌ172.à b àThe€following€table€shows€the€numbers€of€legal€proceedings€brought€by€theÐ í ÐòòProvedoróó€concerning€police€violence€in€penal€establishments:Ð ´à  ÐÌÔ*ƒƒbc ddØ ?/ Ø Ø ?/ Ø Ø ?? Ø +ü#+ü#ƒÔÔ,htd ÔÔ,àtd ÔÔ,p td ÔÔ,Rtt ÔÔ+  ÔÐ >€def+Bn"Bn €€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„……>ÐÓ  ÓLegal€proceedings€brought€by€the€Ombudsman€concerning€Ð Êö# Ðpolice€violence€in€the€penal€establishmentsÐ V€ghG/‘ ½$  ˆ  def €p€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„VÐà@çàYearˆÐ 2€ij#¿!ë%gh „„2ÐLegal€proceedingsÐ ¿!ë& Ðconcerning€chargesÐ †"²' Ðrelating€to€allegedÐ M#y( Ðpolice€violenceÐ 2€kl#$@)ij „„2ÐLegal€proceedingsÐ ¿!ë* Ðconcerning€chargesÐ †"²+ Ðrelating€to€alleged€useÐ M#y, Ðof€violence€againstÐ $@- ÐdetaineesÐ 6€mno#Û$ .kl „„6Ðà@üüLŒàFindingsˆÐ J€pq;#¿!ë/ ˆ p mno €P€‚ˆ‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@çà1987ˆÐ 2€rs# &5!0pq „„2Ðà@§ § à35ˆÐ 2€tu# &5!1rs „„2Ðà@:³à6ˆÐ 6€vwx# &5!2tu „„6ÐÐ J€y;# &5!3 ˆ P vwx €€‚x‚ƒƒ„„JÐà@çà1988ˆÐ 2€z#''S"4y „„2Ðà@§ § à18ˆÐ 2€{#''S"5z „„2ÐÐ 6€|}#''S"6{ „„6Ð1€case€of€policeÐ ''S"7 ÐviolenceÐ L€~;#î'#8 x  |} €€‚x‚ƒƒ„„LÐà@çà1989ˆÐ 4€€# )8$9~ „„4Ðà@§ § à27ˆÐ 4€‚ƒ# )8$:€ „„4ÐÐ 6€„…†# )8$;‚ƒ „„6Ð2€cases€ofÐ  )8$< Ðpolice€violenceÐ3)'Ó)ÿ$= x   „…† 3ÐÌÌÌÐ ÿ,+(@ Ð173.à b àLastly,€mention€should€be€made€of€the€work€of€the€agencies€which€initiateÐ Ô Ðcriminal€proceedings€(public€prosecutor's€department)€which€take€actionÐ ›Ç Ðwhenever€criminal€offences€are€brought€to€their€attention,€and€also€the€workÐ bŽ Ðof€the€courts,€which€always€apply€the€appropriate€penalties€once€an€offenceÐ )U Ðhas€been€proven.Ð ð ÐÌà@ŸŸ/“àòòArticle€12óóˆÐ ~ ª ÐÌ174.à b àWhen€a€crime€is€reported,€criminal€investigation€is€always€undertaken€byÐ  8 Ðthe€criminal€prosecution€agencies€„€the€public€prosecutor's€department,Ð Ó ÿ  Ðassisted€by€the€judicial€police€(arts.€241€ff€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure).Ð š Æ  ÐÌ175.à b àPursuant€to€article€122,€paragraph€5€of€Decree„Law€265/79€of1August,€ifÐ (T  Ðdisciplinary€measures€are€taken€against€detainees,€a€written€inquiry€isÐ ï  Ðautomatically€conducted€into€the€circumstances€which€caused€the€taking€of€suchÐ ¶â  Ðmeasures.Ð }©  ÐÌ176.à b àIf€commission€of€an€offence€is€established,€the€disciplinary€and€penalÐ  7  Ðresponsibility€must€be€determined.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ177.à b àIn€the€case€of€death€an€autopsy€is€performed€to€determine€the€exactÐ `Œ Ðcauses€of€death.Ð 'S ÐÌ178.à b àIn€accordance€with€the€above€provisions,€the€Department€of€PrisonÐ µá ÐServices€always€conducts€a€rigorous€inquiry€whenever€there€is€any€suspicionÐ |¨ Ðthat€acts€of€torture€or€ill-treatment€have€been€committed€by€prison€officers,Ð Co Ðincluding€prison€warders.Ð  6 ÐÌ179.à b àIn€this€connection,€there€are€two€examples€of€cases€where€inquiries€wereÐ ˜Ä Ðmade€into€penal€establishments€„€the€Vale€de€Judeus€prison€(in€1990)€and€theÐ _‹ ÐLinhð;ð€prison.Ð &R ÐÌ180.à b àAfter€the€inquiry€has€been€completed€and€the€responsibility€has€beenÐ ´à  Ðestablished,€the€necessary€disciplinary€and€criminal€sanctions€must€whereÐ {§! Ðappropriate€be€applied.Ð Bn" ÐÌ181.à b àThis€occurred€in€the€case€of€the€Director€of€the€Linhð;ð€prison,€againstÐ Ð ü$ Ðwhom€the€sanction€of€forced€resignation€was€applied.Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ182.à b àA€similar€case€was€that€of€a€Government€official€who€was€sentencedÐ %#Q' Ðto18months'€imprisonment€for€committing€homicide€with€a€firearm€that€hadÐ ì#( Ðbeen€issued€to€him€for€the€performance€of€his€duties€(Decision€No.€24.214€ofÐ ³$ß) Ðthe€Criminal€Court€of€Lisbon,€of€25€January€1989).Ð z%¦ * ÐÌà@ŸŸ/“àòòArticle€13óóˆÐ '4", ÐÌ183.à b àPursuant€to€article€20€of€the€Constitution:Ð –(Â#. ÐÌà0 b à"1.à0™ bü#bü#àEveryone€shall€be€guaranteed€access€to€the€courts€to€defend€his€orÐ $*P%0 Ðher€rights.€€Justice€may€not€be€denied€to€a€person€for€lack€ofÐ ë*&1 Ðfinancial€resources.в+Þ&2™ ü#™ ü# Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ðà0 b à2.à0™ bü#bü#àAll€citizens€shall€have€the€right€to€legal€information€and€counsel,Ð Ô Ðâ âas€well€as€to€legal€aid."ЛǙ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ184.à b àArticle€21€of€the€Constitution€further€stipulates€that€"anyone€shall€haveÐ )U Ðthe€right€to€resist€an€order€that€violates€his€rights,€liberties€orÐ ð Ðsafeguards,€and€to€repel€by€force€any€aggression€when€recourse€to€publicÐ ·ã Ðauthority€is€impossible".Ð ~ ª ÐÌ185.à b àDecree„Law€387„B/87€of€29€December€regulates€the€legal€aid€system€inÐ  8 ÐPortugal,€while€Decree-Law391/88€of€26October€governs€the€financial€aspectsÐ Ó ÿ  Ðof€legal€aid.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ186.à b àThus€right€to€lodge€a€complaint€for€purposes€of€initiating€criminal€andÐ (T  Ðdisciplinary€proceedings€against€offenders€is€established€and€guaranteed.Ð ï  ÐÌ187.à b àApplication€to€the€òòProvedoróó€is€also€provided€for€and€guaranteed€asÐ }©  Ðdescribed€above.Ð Dp  ÐÌ188.à b àSpecial€provision€is€also€made€to€guarantee€right€to€bring€an€action€inÐ Òþ  Ðrespect€of€a€person€deprived€of€his€freedom.Ð ™Å ÐÌ189.à b àDecree„Law€265/79,€of€1€August,€guarantees€the€right€of€all€detainees€toÐ 'S Ðbe€informed€of€the€facts,€right€to€lodge€a€complaint€and€the€right€to€appealÐ î Ð(art.138).€€In€order€to€exercise€these€rights€they€may€apply€personally€orÐ µá Ðotherwise€to€the€prison€governor,€to€the€prison€officers€or€to€the€inspectorsÐ |¨ Ðof€prisons.€€Detainees€may€also€apply€to€the€visiting€magistrate,€who€visitsÐ Co Ðthe€prison€at€least€once€a€month€(art.139).€€They€may€also€apply€to€the€courtÐ  6 Ðresponsible€for€the€enforcement€of€sentences€with€jurisdiction€over€their€ownÐ Ñý Ðsentences.€€Once€all€the€domestic€legal€remedies€have€been€exhausted,€appealsÐ ˜Ä Ðmay€also€be€made€to€the€international€bodies€which,€pursuant€to€the€treatiesÐ _‹ Ðto€which€Portugal€is€a€party,€are€competent€to€examine€such€complaints,€suchÐ &R Ðas€the€bodies€established€under€the€European€Convention€for€the€Protection€ofÐ í ÐHuman€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€and€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ´à  Ðand€Political€Rights.Ð {§! ÐÌ190.à b àPortugal€expressly€recognizes€the€need€to€protect€witnesses€andÐ  5# Ðplaintiffs€from€intimidation€subsequent€to€the€submission€of€information€orÐ Ð ü$ Ðtestimonies.€€In€practice,€the€police€endeavour€to€provide€such€protectionÐ —!Ã% Ðwhile€preserving€the€anonymity€of€witnesses€who€feel€threatened.€€In€theÐ ^"Š& Ðcourts,€anonymity€is€preserved€by€the€public€prosecutor's€department€duringÐ %#Q' Ðthe€criminal€investigation€stage.Ð ì#( ÐÌà@ŸŸ/“àòòArticle€14óóˆÐ z%¦ * ÐÌ191.à b àThere€are€several€ways€in€which€the€victims€of€violence€may€obtainÐ '4", Ðcompensation€under€Portuguese€law:€€the€basic€rule€is€contained€in€article483Ð Ï'û"- Ðof€the€Civil€Code,€under€which€anyone€who€wilfully€or€negligently€causesÐ –(Â#. Ðinjury€to€another€person€must€pay€compensation€for€the€injury€suffered.€€TheÐ ])‰$/ Ðlaw€also€provides€for€risk€liability.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌÌâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð192.à b àThe€liability€of€public€authorities€is€defined€in€article€22€of€theÐ Ô Ðâ âConstitution€in€the€following€terms:Ð ›Ç ÐÌà0 b à"The€State€and€other€public€bodies€shall€bear€civil€liability€jointly€andÐ )U Ðseverally€with€the€members€of€their€agencies,€their€officials€orÐ ð Ðemployers,€for€any€act€or€omission€committed€in€the€discharge€of€theirÐ ·ã Ðduties,€or€in€connection€therewith,€which€entails€a€violation€of€theÐ ~ ª Ðrights,€liberties€and€guarantees€of€another€person€or€injury€to€anotherÐ E q Ðperson."Ð 8bü#bü# ÐÌ193.à b àSimilarly,€Decree„Law€48051,€article€2,€of€31€November€1967€determinesÐ š Æ  Ðthe€extracontractual€liability€of€the€State€for€acts€of€public€administrationÐ a   Ðas€follows:Ð (T  ÐÌà0 b à"The€State€and€any€other€public€legal€persons€shall€bear€civil€liabilityÐ ¶â  Ðtowards€third€parties€for€any€violations€of€their€rights€or€of€the€legalÐ }©  Ðprovisions€intended€to€protect€