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M  p GENERAL    p _CCPR_/C/SR.1389 L   p 5April1995  E   p  p ORIGINAL:ENGLISH   ;D  ?_'' HhdE8Hh?-88 P888-@(HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE ; @66*Fiftythirdsession | @ !SUMMARYRECORDOFTHE1389thMEETING* 3 @ $HeldatHeadquarters,NewYork, t @ !onTuesday,21March1995,at10a.m. 2m @(Chairman:Mr._AGUILAR_Ԉ l 󀀀later:Mr.EL_SHAFEI_Ԁ(ViceChairman) # ̀later:Mr._AGUILAR_Ԁ(Chairman) d @\\/CONTENTS  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE U! COVENANT "   Secondperiodicreportof_argentina_ T $ 򀀀  "&   *  Nosummaryrecordwasissuedforthe1388thmeeting. L"#( 20  #E$)   Thisrecordissubjecttocorrection. $%+   Correctionsshouldbesubmittedinoneoftheworkinglanguages.They &='- shouldbesetforthinamemorandumandalsoincorporatedinacopyofthe &'. record.Theyshouldbesentwithinoneweekofthedateofthisdocumenttothe ~'(/ Chief,OfficialRecordsEditingSection,OfficeofConferenceandSupport <(w)0 Services,roomDC2-794,2UnitedNationsPlaza. (5*1   AnycorrectionstotherecordsofthepublicmeetingsoftheCommitteeat v*+3 thissessionwillbeconsolidatedinasinglecorrigendum,tobeissuedshortly 4+o,4 aftertheendofthesession. +--5 9580459(E)""W#/... n-.7 X)X XX\` XXX)*9580459*X  XXX\` X   ,.g/8=& _@" " Themeetingwascalledtoorderat10.15a.m.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE : COVENANT     SecondperiodicreportofArgentina(CCPR/C/75/Add.1) / t 1.  AttheinvitationoftheChairman,Mr.BarraandMs.Regazzoli(Argentina)   tookplacesattheCommitteetable. i   2.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)saidthat,inthepastfiveyearssince *  PresidentMenemhadtakenoffice,Argentinahadpursuedprofoundconstitutional   andlegalchangeandreformofitsprisonsystemwiththeaimofconsolidating a  democracyandstrengtheningtheobservanceofhumanrights.Therevised d  Constitutionwhichhadenteredintoforceon24August1994establishedthat "  internationaltreatiestookprecedenceovernationallawsandthathumanrights   treaties,includingtheInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRightsand Y  itsOptionalProtocol,enjoyed"constitutionalrank".Earlier,in1992,the \  SupremeCourthadruledthattreaties,inparticular,theAmericanConventionon  HumanRights,tookprecedenceovernationallaws.ThenewConstitutionalso  containedasetofpositivenormsrelatingtouniversalhumanrightswithout Q prejudicetotheregionalnormsbywhichArgentinawasbound.Moreover,the T executivebranchcouldnottakeadecisiontowithdrawfrominternational  treatieswithouttheapprovaloftwothirdsoftheNationalCongress.Aware  thatpoliticaldemocracywasnotsufficienttoguaranteeallhumanrights, I Argentinawasalsoseekingtopromotesocialjustice.HerGovernmentwas L submittinganadditionalreportonthe1994reformswhichhadbeenintroduced   aftertheperiodcoveredbythesecondperiodicreport.Reformsinthecriminal  justicesystemhadtransformedtheconceptoftheroleofjusticeinArgentina. A Incriminalcases,therehadbeenashiftfromwrittenproceedingsunderthe D inquisitorialsystemtoasystemoforalproceedings.  3.  SincetherestorationofdemocracyinDecember1983,measureshadbeen 9~! takentoprovidecompensationtothevictimsofpasthumanrightsviolations. <" Legislationhadbeenadoptedtoaddressthesituationofdetaineesandcivilians  # whohadbeentriedorconvictedbymilitarycourts.ActNo.23,852of s!$ September1990grantedanexemptionfrommilitaryservicetosonsorbrothersof 1"v% disappearedpersons.Agroupofdetaineesunderthestateofsiegewhohadbeen "4& informedin1980thatthetimeperiodforfilingtheirclaimshadexpiredhad #' successfullypetitionedtheInterAmericanCommissiononHumanRights.Asa k$( result,allthosedetainedpriorto1983whohadinitiatedclaimsfor )%n) compensationbefore1985orwhosecaseswerestillbeingheardwereentitledto %,* compensation.All280requestssubmittedtotheauthoritieshadbeenhonoured. &+ Underresolution1768/94,anincreaseintheamountofcompensationwasbeing c' , considered.ActNo.24,043alsoextendedcompensationtopersonswhohadbeen !(f!- detainedasaresultofmilitarycourtdecisions,eveniftheyhadnotfiled ($". claimsfordamages.Ofapproximately9,000requestssubmitted,5,000had )"/ alreadybeenprocessedand2,000werebeingreviewed.Only700requestshad [*#0 beenrejected. +^$1 4.  Underabroadinterpretationofthatlegislation,proposedbytheUnder ,%3 SecretaryforHumanRights,compensationwasprovidedtochildrenbornduring S-&4 theimprisonmentoftheirparents.UnderActNo.24,321ofMay1994,  compensationwasprovidedtorelativesofvictimsofenforceddisappearancesand y tomembersofhumanrightsnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs).ActNo.24,411 7| ofDecember1994providedforcompensationtobepaidtotheheirsandassigns : ofdisappearedpersonsorthosewhohadperishedatthehandsofthearmed   forces,thesecurityforcesorparamilitarygroupspriorto10December1983.A q  nationalcommissionhadbeenestablishedinordertocontinuethesearchfor / t childrenwhohaddisappearedandtodeterminethewhereaboutsofkidnappedor  2 disappearedchildrenwhoseidentitywasunknown.TheCommission'staskswere   carriedoutattherequestoftheAsociaci;nAbuelasdePlazadeMayo i   (AssociationofGrandmothersofthePlazadeMayo)oronitsowninitiative, 'l  includingtheprocessingofbirthcertificatesandidentificationpapersandthe *  submissionofrequestsfortheassignmentofadditionalattorneysinorderto   facilitatethesettlementofcasesandforspecificinformationfromtheoffice a  oftheUnderSecretaryforStateIntelligenceinordertoascertainthe d  authenticityofanonymouscomplaints.Thecommissionalsosubmittedrequeststo "  thenationalelectoraldepartmentforinformationconcerningthewhereaboutsof   disappearedpersonsandopenedcomplaintfiles.Thecommissionhadfiled24 Y  complaintsduringtheperiodcoveredbythesecondperiodicreport.Twentyfive \  ofthosecomplaintsconcernedchildrenofdisappearedpersons,22concerned  traffickinginchildrenandonedealtwiththeverificationoffamily  relationships.TheAsociaci;nAbuelasdePlazadeMayohadrequested Q informationon125personsandthecommissionhadrequestedinformationon26 T persons.Thecommissiondivideditsworkintofourareaslegal,genetic,  administrativeandinvestigations.  5.  ThenewConstitutioncharacterizedenforceddisappearanceofpersonsasa L crime.Domesticlegislationwouldbeadoptedinaccordancewiththe   Inter-AmericanConventionontheForcedDisappearanceofPersons,adoptedon  5June1994bytheGeneralAssemblyoftheOrganizationofAmericanStates A (OAS). D 6.  Argentinahadalsomademajorinstitutionalstridesinthefieldofhuman {  rights.UnderDecreeNo.1598ofJuly1993,thepostofGovernmentProcurator 9~! forthePrisonSystemhadbeenestablishedatthelevelofUnderSecretaryof <" Statewithintheexecutivebranch.Hisfunctionsincludedtheprotectionofthe  # humanrightsofprisonersunderthenationallegalorderandinaccordancewith s!$ therelevantinternationalconventiontowhichArgentinawasaparty.The 1"v% GovernmentProcuratorperiodicallyvisitedprisonsandinvestigatedactsor "4& omissionswhichunderminedprisoners'rights,formulatingcriminalcomplaints #' wherenecessary.UnderActNo,24,284ofDecember1993,thepostofindependent k$( Ombudsmanhadbeenestablishedwiththelegislativebranchinordertoensure )%n) thattherightsandinterestsofindividualsandofthecommunitywereprotected %,* againstactsoromissionsbythenationalpublicadministration.In &+ September1992,arightsandguaranteesCommitteehadbeenestablishedbythe c' , ChamberofDeputiesinordertoensurethatbothhousesoftheNationalCongress !(f!- wouldhaveaforuminwhichtodebatehumanrightsissues. ($". 7.  TheUnitedNationshadprovidedinvaluableassistanceinstrengthening [*#0 Argentina'shumanrightsinstitutions.TheCentreforHumanRightshadprovided +^$1 supportintheareasofpublicityandtrainingtotheInstituteforthe +%2 PromotionofHumanRights,establishedin1994. ,%3  S-&4 8.  Argentinaplayedanactiveroleininternationalhumanrightsbodieseven  thoughitwasnotamemberofthem.IthadyieldeditsplaceontheCommission y onHumanRightstoothercountriesoftheregionbut,asanobserver,had 7| followedtheworkoftheCommissionsince1992andsponsoredthedraft : resolutionontheeffectiveimplementationofhumanrightsinstruments,   includingreportingobligationsunderinternationalhumanrightsinstruments,on q  humanrightsandthematicprocedures,ontheUnitedNationsDecadeforHuman / t RightsEducation,ontherighttorestitution,compensation,andrehabilitation  2 forvictimsofgrossviolationsofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedomsandon   thequestionofenforceddisappearances.Ithadalsopromotedhumanrightsas i   anobserverintheEconomicandSocialCouncil.IntheGeneralAssembly, 'l  ArgentinahadworkedtirelesslytoconsolidatetheguidelinesfortheWorld *  ConferenceonHumanRights,heldatViennain1993,stressingtheuniversality,   interdependenceandindivisibilityofhumanrights.Additionalreportsonthe a  workoftheGovernmentProcuratorforthePrisonSystem,thenewCodeof d  CriminalProcedure,theidentificationofchildrenandthecurrentsituationof "  womenwerebeingsubmitted.   9.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)saidthattheprotectionofhumanrightswas \  enshrinedintheNationalConstitutionof1853,modelledontheUnitedStates  Constitution,whichincludedadeclarationofrightsandguarantees.Duringthe  reformprocessof1994,theConstituentConventionhadnotalteredtheoriginal Q declarationofrightsandguaranteesandhadaddedguaranteesconcerning T democracyandthenullificationofactsofforcedesignedtooverthrow  democracy;suchactswerenotsubjecttoamnestyorpardon,norwerethereany  timelimitsontheprosecutionofsuchacts.Thenewchapteronrightsand I guaranteesalsoestablishedthepeople'srighttochallengeanyviolationofthe L constitutionalorder,includingattitudesorconductcontrarytothepublic   ethic.Underthesectiononpoliticalrights,theConstitutionguaranteed  universalsuffrageandthesecretballotandprescribedpositiveactionto A ensuretheequalparticipationofwomenandothervulnerablegroupsinpolitical D life.Italsoguaranteedapluralisticsystem,popularinitiativesand  referenda,therighttoasafeenvironmentandconsumerrights.Those {  individualrightsandothercollectiverightswereprotectedbytheremedyof 9~! amparo.TheOmbudsmanestablishedbytheConstitutionworkedwithprivate <" associationsandnon-governmentalorganizationsinvolvedintheprotectionof  # thosecollectiverights.Referringtotheconstitutionalrankofinternational s!$ humanrightstreatiesovernationallaw,headdedthat,underaninnovative 1"v% system,competence,includingjurisdictionalcompetence,couldbedelegatedto "4& internationalbodieswhosedecisionswouldbebindingonArgentinecourts. #' Thosemeasurestoprotecthumanrightswerecomplementedbytheestablishmentof k$( theOfficeoftheAuditorGeneralwho,liketheOmbudsman,wasunderthe )%n) authorityofthelegislativebranch.. %,* 10.  Thejudicialbranchhadalsobeensignificantlyreformed.Thenew c' , ConstitutionrequiredtheapprovalofatwothirdsmajorityoftheSenatefor !(f!- appointmentsofSupremeCourtjudgesbythePresidentoftheRepublic.Other ($". judgeswereappointedbyaCouncilontheJudiciary,establishedbythe )"/ Constitutionandcomposedofrepresentativesofthejudiciary,andthe [*#0 legislature,andoflawyersandacademics.TheCouncilontheJudiciaryalso +^$1 administeredtheresourcesofthejudicialbranchandestablishedregulations +%2 foritsfunctioning.UnderthenewConstitution,judgesweretriedinaspecial ,%3 courtformisconductandotheroffencescontainedintheCodeofCriminal S-&4 Procedure.Thejudgesofthatcourtwerealsorepresentativesofthejudiciary  andthelegislature,andattorneysandacademics.ADepartmentofPublic y Prosecutionshadalsobeenestablishedtoguaranteelawandorder,protecthuman 7| rightsanddevelopnationalcriminaljusticepolicy.TheNationalCongresswas : currentlyenactinglawsbasedontheconstitutionalreforms.   11.  Theinstitutionoforalproceedingsincriminalcasesnotonlyguaranteed / t transparencyandimmediatecontactbetweenthejudgeandthepartiesbutwas  2 alsohelpingtorelieveaseriousbacklog.Undertheformersystem,personsin   pretrialdetentionhadremainedinprisonfortwotofiveyearsbeforetheir i   caseswereheard.Underthenewsystem,thattimeperiodhadbeenshortenedto 'l  eightmonths.Profoundchangesinprisonpolicyincludednotonlythe *  establishmentofGovernmentProcuratorforthePrisonSystem,butalsoofa   SecretaryofPrisonPolicyandSocialRehabilitation,markingthefirsttime a  thatprisonpolicywasdeterminedatsuchahighlevel.Prisonpolicyforthe d  years19951999wascurrentlybeingreviewed.Theprisonreformsalsoincluded "  anambitiousprisonbuildingprogramme;shortly,bidswouldbeinvitedforthe   constructionoftwofacilitieswitha5,000personcapacity,whichwouldreplace Y  olderprisonswherethebasichumandignityofprisonerscouldnotbe \  guaranteed.Aprogrammefortherehabilitationandtrainingofprisonpersonnel  wasalsounderconsideration.  12.  Lastly,oralproceedingswerealsobeinginstitutedincivilcases, T guaranteeingclosercontactbetweenjudgesandthepartiesandmoreexpeditious  settlementofcases.Alternativesforsettlingdisputesoutofcourt,in  particularthearbitrationoflabourdisputes,werealsobeingpromoted. I ConstitutionalandlegalframeworkwithinwhichtheCovenantisimplemented,   stateofemergencyandrightsofpersonsbelongingtominorities(art.2,  paras.2and3,art.4andart.27)(sect.Iofthelistofissues) A 13.  TheCHAIRMANreadoutsectionIofthelistofissuesconcerningthesecond  periodicreportofArgentina,namely(a)informationonspecificinstanceswhere {  theCovenanthadbeeninvokedbeforeandappliedbythecourtsandonthe 9~! resolutionofinconsistenciesbetweendomesticlegislationandtheCovenant,in <" particular,actiontakenbytheauthoritiesasaresultofthecommentsmadeby  # Committeemembersattheendoftheconsiderationoftheinitialreportwith s!$ regardtothecompatibilityofthelawsof"PuntoFinal"and"DueObedience" 1"v% witharticles2and7oftheCovenant;theextenttowhichhumanrights "4& violationscommittedduringthestateofsiege(24March1976to #' 10December1983)hadbeeninvestigatedandthosefoundguiltyhadbeen k$( punished;(b)informationonlegalandcourtpracticesconcerningthe )%n) enforcementofDecreeNo.70/91andActNo.24,043of1991relatingto %,* compensationforcrimescommittedduringtheperiodinwhichthestateofsiege &+ hadbeeninforce;andwhetheralawsimilartoActNo.24,043existedfor c' , victimsoftortureanddisappearedpersons;(c)informationonthenumberand !(f!- natureof,aswellasonfollowupgivento,complaintssubmittedtotheUnder ($". SecretariatforHumanandSocialRightsanditsNationalTechnicalandPretrial )"/ Department;(d)whetherthedraftlawregulatingthepoweroftheexecutive [*#0 branchwithrespecttotheimpositionofastateofsiegehadbeenenacted,and +^$1 clarificationastowhichrightsprovidedforundertheCovenantcouldbe +%2 suspendedinsuchacase,andthemaximumdurationofastateofsiege; ,%3 (e)statisticalinformationonthenumberofpersonsbelongingtoindigenous S-&4 groups,andonmeasurestakenbytheNationalInstituteofIndigenousAffairs  andothercompetentbodiestopreservetheirculturalidentity,languageand y religion;and(f)measurestakentodisseminateinformationontherights 7| recognizedintheCovenantandonthefirstOptionalProtocol;howthesecond : periodicreporthadbeenpreparedandwhethernationalinstitutionsforhuman   rightseithergovernmentalornongovernmentalhadbeenconsulted;andthe q  extenttowhichthepublichadbeenmadeawareoftheCommittee'sexaminationof / t thesecondperiodicreport.  2 14.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina),referringtosectionI(a)ofthelistofissues i   saidthatthelegalorderinexistencesince1853allowedfortheapplicationof 'l  internationaltreatiesbythenationalauthorities.Thejurisprudenceofthe *  SupremeCourtofJusticehadconsistentlymadeitclearthatinternational   treatieswereapplicablebyArgentinecourts.TheSupremeCourtofJusticehad a  ruledthattreatieswereequalinstatustonationallaws,andthatprinciple d  hadbeenappliedinnumerouscases.However,on7July1992thatjurisprudence "  hadchangedasaresultofadecisionbytheSupremeCourtofJustice,as   describedinparagraph32ofthereport;asaresult,treatiesnowprevailed Y  overnationallegislation.Thatavertedtheproblemofconflictbetweenan \  internationalagreementandanysubsequentnationallaw.Furthermore,the  recentNationalConstituentConventionhadgiventotreatiesasawholeastatus  higherthanthatofdomesticlaws. Q 15.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)saidthataveryimportantprinciplewhichhad  recentlybeenacceptedwasthatdecisionsmadebyinternationaltribunals  pursuanttotreatiestowhichArgentinawasapartyhadtheforceoflawin I Argentina.Thedecisionsofthosetribunalsregardingtheirjurisdictioncould L notbereviewedbyanyArgentinecourt,eventheSupremeCourtofJustice.That   principlehadbeenestablishedinthecontextofthecaseofaformerGerman  officerwhoseextraditionhadbeenrequestedbyItalyasaresultofhisactions A duringtheSecondWorldWar.Inaccordancewiththeprincipleofgoodfaith,it D hadbeendeterminedthatobligationsarisingoutofinternationalagreements  weretobefullycarriedout,notwithstandingtheactionsofthecountry's {  domesticcourts. 9~! 16.  Furthermore,ithadbeenclearlylaiddownbytherecentConstituent  # Conventionthatinternationaltreatiesprevailedoverdomesticlaw,thathuman s!$ rightstreatieshadtheforceofconstitutionallaw,andthatsupranational 1"v% bodiesestablishedpursuanttosuchtreatiescouldhavejurisdiction. "4& 17.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina),referringtothequestionregardingthelawsof k$( "PuntoFinal"and"DueObedience",saidthatActNo.23,492andActNo.23,521 )%n) concernedactscarriedoutbymilitarypersonnelofthearmedforcesandby %,* securityandpenitentiarypersonnel,between24March1976(thedateofthecoup &+ d'tat)and26September1983.The"PuntoFinal"lawwasdesignedtoensure c' , thattrialswerecompletedwithinaperiodof60days.The"DueObedience"law !(f!- setlimitstojudicialreview;theonlycriminalproceedingstobecontinued ($". werethoseagainstpersonswhohadexercisedeffectivecommandandpowerof )"/ decisionbyvirtueoftheirpositionsinthearmedforcesandthesecurity [*#0 forces.Theincompatibilityofthoselawswithinternationalstandardshadnot +^$1 beentakenintoconsiderationwhentheyhadbeeninstituted. +%2   ,%3 18.  TheCommitteeagainstTorturehadexpressedtheopinionthatArgentinahad   amoraldutytocompensatethevictimsofhumanrightsabuses;suchcompensation y wasindeedbeinggiven,andhadalreadybeenreceivedbyalmostallofthe 7| victims.TheInterAmericanCommissiononHumanRightshadalsorecommendeda : policyofcompensation.   19.  Referringtothequestionregardingtheinvestigationoftheeventswhich / t hadtakenplacebetween24March1976and10December1983,shesaidthatthe  2 democraticGovernmentwhichhadcometopowerafterthatperiodhadadopteda   policyofinvestigatingandprosecutingthoseresponsibleforthehumanrights i   abuses.ThefirstactofthenewNationalCongresshadbeentodeclarethatAct 'l  No.22,924,thesocalledselfamnestylaw,wasnullandvoid.Withinfivedays *  ofcomingtopower,PresidentRalAlfonsnhadsetuptheNationalCommission   onDisappearances. a  20.  Theprosecutionofthemembersofthelastthreemilitaryjuntasmadeit "  possibleforalltheevidencetobebroughttogetherinasinglecaseandall   therecenteventstobeinvestigated.Thedecisionofthefederalcourtinthat Y  casedemonstratedthattherehadbeencriminalconductandthatthemilitary \  commandershadbeenresponsibleforit.  21.  Numerousothercaseshadbeeninvestigated,prosecutedandjudged; Q reparationshadbeenandwerestillbeingmade.Argentinamustproceedwithits T programmeofreformsinordertoachievenationalcoexistenceandbecomea  countrywhereallthepeoplecouldlivetogetherinpeace.  22.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)addedthatonthepreviousday,afederalcourthad L grantedarequestbyacitizenwishingtoobtainfromtherelevantauthorities,   especiallythemilitaryauthorities,anylistswhichmightexistofthenamesof  disappearedpersons.Thatillustratedthewayinwhichjusticewasstillbeing A done,withintheframeworkofexistinglegislation. D 23.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina),referringtothequestionregardingthe {  enforcementofDecreeNo.70/91andActNo.24,043pointedoutthatthematter 9~! wasdealtwithintheintroductiontothereport.Theamountspaidtovictims <" ofunlawfuldetentionvariedaccordingtothedurationofthatdetention,but  # wereinsomecasesashighas$500,000. s!$ 24.  Referringtothequestionregardingthetreatmentofcomplaintssubmitted "4& totheUnderSecretariatforHumanandSocialRights,shesaidthatabout50 #' complaintsandpetitionswerereceivedeachmonth.Ifitappearedthata k$( governmentofficialwasimplicatedinacriminalact,theappropriateprocedures )%n) wereinitiated.Ifitseemedthattheproblemcouldbesettledbymediation, %,* thatfunctionwascarriedoutbytheUnderSecretariat. &+ 25.  Regardingthepowertoimposeastateofsiege,sherecalledthatno !(f!- situationnecessitatingthedeclarationofastateofsiegehadarisensince ($". 1989,andtherelevantconstitutionalrulehadnotchanged.Inthatrespect, )"/ Argentinelawwasgovernedbytherulesofinternationallaw,specifically [*#0 article4oftheCovenantandarticle27oftheAmericanConventiononHuman +^$1 Rights,regardingboththedeclarationofastateofsiegeitselfandthe +%2 determinationofwhichrightscouldnotinanycasebesuspended. ,%3  S-&4 26.  Referringtothequestionregardingindigenousgroups,shesaidthatthe  recentconstitutionalreformhadbeenparticularlyimportantintermsof y guaranteeingtheethnicandculturalidentityofindigenouspeoples. 7| 27.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)saidthattheroleoftheConstitutionwasvery   importantinprotectingtheidentityoftheindigenousgroups.Hereadout q  article75,paragraph17,oftheConstitution,whichdetailedtheGovernment's / t obligationsinthatrespect.Hedrewattentiontotheprovisionswhichgave  2 indigenousgroupsadistinctstatus,especiallyinrespectofownershipoftheir   land. i   28.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)mentionedanumberofspeciallawsinexistence *  invariousprovinceswhichprovidedforspecialmeasuresforindigenousgroups.   Shereadoutadetailedlistofthenamesandnumbersofindigenousgroupsin a  eachprovince;thevariousgroupstotalledapproximately376,500inthecountry d  asawhole. "  29.  Referringtothequestionregardingthedisseminationofinformationonthe Y  Covenant,shesaidthattheConstitutionwascurrentlypublishedinaformat \  whichincorporatedthoseinternationalinstrumentswhichhadbeengiven  constitutionalstatus,includingtheCovenantanditsfirstOptionalProtocol.  TheUnderSecretariatforHumanandSocialRightswasworkingtoinclude Q awarenessofhumanrightsanddemocracyatalllevelsofeducation,toprovide T trainingforgovernmentofficials,policeofficersandmembersofthesecurity  forces,andpromotethepublicationofappropriateliterature.  30.  TheCHAIRMANaskedwhethertherewasalawsimilartoActNo.24,043for L victimsoftortureanddisappearedpersons.   31.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)saidthatsuchcasescamewithinthescopeofthe A samelawoncompensationofthevictimsofillegaldetention;apersonwhohad D notbeendetainedcouldnotbeavictimoftorture.Sherecalledthatinthe  preceding30days,2,700claimshadbeenreceivedregardingcasesof {  disappearance. 9~! 32.  Mr.PRADOVALLEJOsaidthattheCommitteehadhadaconstructivedialogue  # withtheGovernmentduringtheconsiderationofitspreviousreport.He s!$ congratulatedtherepresentativesofArgentinaforthequalityoftheir 1"v% informativepresentation. "4& 33.  Thereportshouldhavecontainedmoreinformationregardingthewayin k$( whichtherelevantlawswerecurrentlybeingputintopractice,ratherthan )%n) simplydescribingtheprovisionsofthoselaws.Thedialoguebetweenthe %,* CommitteeandtheGovernmentshouldrevealwhatdifficultiesexistedinthe &+ implementationoftheCovenant,aswellasshowingtheprogressthathadbeen c' , made.Thatprogresswasindeedconsiderable,especiallyinrespectofthenew !(f!- Constitution.ThecreationoftheUnderSecretariatofHumanandSocialRights, ($". oftheNationalTechnicalandPreTrialDepartment,andoftheUnderSecretariat )"/ forHumanRightsandWomen,werealsomajorstepsforward.Thepossibilityof [*#0 invokingtheCovenantdirectlyinthecourtswasalsoimportant. +^$1 34.  Thelawsofamnestyandpardonwere,however,acauseforconcerntothe ,%3 Committee.Democracycouldnotbeconsolidatedwhereimpunitycontinuedto S-&4 exist;suchlawswouldimpedetheinvestigationofhumanrightsviolations,the  punishmentofthoseresponsible,andthecompensationofvictims. y 35.  Althoughparagraphs6and25ofthesecondperiodicreportmentioned : compensationforanyonewhowasarbitrarilyorillegallydetainedbetween1976   and1983,thereportingStateshouldbemorespecificabouttheappeal q  proceduresopentovictimsoftortureandthefamiliesofdisappearedpersons / t whowantedtoknowthetruthabouttheState'sactivitiesinrelationtotheir  2 cases.TheCommitteeviewedtheapparentlackofaccesstoanappealprocedure   asapointoffundamentalincompatibilitywiththeCovenant. i   36.  Henotedthatcertainnongovernmentalorganizationshadactuallyinitiated *  legalproceedingsagainsttheArgentineStateratherthanspecificindividuals,   anditwouldbeinterestingtolearnhowtheStatewashandlingthosecharges. a  37.  Article15oftheArgentineConstitutionstatedthattherewerenoslaves "  inArgentina,butthefewwhichstillexistedwerefreefromthemomentthe   Constitutioncameintoforce.Additionalinformationonanysuchcasesshould Y  beprovided. \  38.  Article23oftheArgentineConstitution,whichreferredtothemeasures  theGovernmentcouldtaketoimplementastateofsiege,omittedtomentionany Q limitationonthesuspensionofrightswhichcouldariseinsuchcases.That T omissionappearedtoconflictwitharticle4oftheCovenant,whereitwas  clearlystatedthatsomerightsdidnotadmitofderogation.Thereporting  Stateshouldthereforeindicateexactlywhichrightscouldnotbesuspendedina I stateofsiege. L 39.  Mr.BRUNICELLIexpressedconcernthatlawslikeArgentina'slawson  impunitymeantthatmanyindividualsmanagedtoescapejustice. A 40.  Mr.MAVROMMATISsaidhewasdisappointedthatonsomeissuesthereporting  Statehadmerelyindicatedthatithadnothingtoaddtoitspreviousreport, {  forexampleinitscommentsregardingarticle7oftheCovenant.Complaints 9~! relatingtovariousarticlesoftheCovenantweremadeallthetime,andmore <" informationaboutanysuchcomplaintsandthewaytheArgentineauthoritieshad  # dealtwiththemwouldhavebeenwelcome.Furthermore,hewasnotsatisfiedthat s!$ thereportingStatehadprovideddetailedenoughanswerstosomeofthe 1"v% Committee'squestions.Forexample,withreferencetosectionI(a)ofthelist "4& ofissues,hecitedthecaseofchildrenofdisappearedpersonswhohadbeen #' unlawfullyabducted.Althoughthechildrenhadlaterbeenreturnedtothecare k$( oftheirgrandparents,thoseresponsiblefortheabductionshadneverbeen )%n) broughttojustice. %,* 41.  Regardingindigenouspopulations,thereportingStateshouldbemore c' , specificaboutmeasuresithadtakentoencouragethepositiveexerciseoftheir !(f!- rights,andwithspecificreferencetoparagraph21ofthereport,theCommittee ($". wouldappreciatefurtherinformationontheprerequisitesforregistration,the )"/ benefitsitbestowedandtheresultsoftheregistrationprogramme. [*#0 42.  Mr.POCARsaidthattheCommittee'srevisedgeneralcommentonarticle7of +%2 theCovenantstatedthatamnestieswereincompatiblewiththeinvestigationof ,%3 crimesandthebringingofthoseresponsibletojustice.Norcouldindividuals S-&4 bedeprivedoftheirrighttocompensation,eveniftheviolationsinquestion  hadtakenplacebeforeArgentina'sratificationoftheCovenant.TheStatehad y bothalegalandamoraldutytopaysuchcompensation. 7| 43.  Withregardtotheremedyofamparodescribedinarticle43ofthe   ArgentineConstitution,hewouldappreciatefurtherinformationonwhat q  reparationsweremadetothevictimofaviolationintheeventofsuch / t proceedingsbeinginitiated.Furthermore,paragraph4ofthesamearticle  2 seemedtoimplythatajudgecouldissueanimmediaterulinginsomebutnotall   casesofhumanrightsviolations. i   44.  Hetookitthatarticle75,paragraph22,oftheArgentineConstitution *  enshrinedaconstitutionalrighttotransmitcommunicationstotheHumanRights   Committee,andrequestedfurtherdetailsabouthowthatrightwastobe a  implemented. d  45.  Mrs.EVATTagreedthatthereportdidnotcontainsufficientinformation   aboutthepracticalimplementationofhumanrightsinArgentina.Withreference Y  tosectionI(c)ofthelistofissues,thereportingStateshouldprovidemore \  detailaboutthecomplaintssubmittedtotheUnderSecretariatforHumanand  SocialRightsandindicatehowmanyofthosecomplaintshadresultedin  prosecutions.Inaddition,sherequestedfurtherinformationabouttheactual Q functionoftheRightsandGuaranteesCommitteeestablishedbytheChamberof T Deputieswhichwasmentionedinparagraph19ofthesecondperiodicreport.  46.  TheCommitteerequiredmuchfullerinformationaboutthestatusof I indigenouspeoples.SpecificallywithregardtoActNo.3,258of1987,she L wonderedwhethertheprovisionregardingthereturnoflandtoindigenousgroups   hadbeenimplementedinfullandtowhatextentcustomarylawwasrecognized.  MoredetailswouldbewelcomeontheNationalInstituteofIndigenousAffairs, A itsroleandresourcesandwhetheritsstaffincludedmembersofindigenous D groups.  47.  Sheinquiredwhetheranynongovernmentalorganizationshadbeenconsulted 9~! inthepreparationofthesecondperiodicreportandifthatreporthadbeen <" disseminatedtoanysuchgroups.  # 48.  Mr.ELSHAFEIsaidthat,althoughinformationonsomearticlesofthe 1"v% Covenantwaslackingandsomeimportantlegalreformswerenotreflected,the "4& reportwouldbeextremelyusefulincontinuingthedialoguebegunwiththe #' initialreport.Herequestedclarificationofanapparentdiscrepancybetween k$( thereportsubmittedbyArgentinatotheCommitteeagainstTorture,whichhad )%n) includedinformationontwoseparatestatesofsiegethathadbeenimposedand %,* therestrictionofcertainrights,andparagraph30ofthereportbeforethe &+ Committee,whichstatedthattherehadneverbeenasituationinwhichastate c' , ofsiegehadbeenimposed. !(f!- 49.  TheInterAmericanCommissiononHumanRightshadsuggestedanumberof )"/ legalreforms,andhewouldliketoknowwhetherthosereformshadbeenapproved [*#0 forlongtermimplementation. +^$1 50.  Mrs.HIGGINSaskedformoreinformationonthereformoftheCivilCode. ,%3 Withregardtothequestionofcompensationtovictimsofhumanrights S-&4 violations,furtherexplanationwasneededofthereasonsforimposingtime  limitsinsuchcases. y 51.  Thenewlawsregardingindigenousgroupsalsoaddressedthequestionof : theiraccesstonaturalresources,anditwouldbeinterestingtolearnwhat   specificstepshadbeentakeninthatregard. q  52.  Mr.ElShafei,ViceChairman,tooktheChair.  2 53.  Mr.LALLAHassociatedhimselfwithconcernsexpressedbyothermembers i   regardingthe"PuntoFinal"lawwhich,inhisview,posedanimpedimentto 'l  victimsofhumanrightsviolationsseekingaremedy. *  54.  Withregardtoindigenouspeoples,hewonderedwhethertheGovernmentof a  ArgentinahadbeenawareoftheCommittee'sgeneralcommentonarticle27ofthe d  Covenantwhenithaddrafteditsnewlegislation.Thatarticledidnotjust "  provideforequalityforminorities,butitrecognizedtheirculturalrightsas   well.IntheCovenant,culturemeantawayoflife,whichwasoftenassociated Y  withlandandresources.Herequestedfurtherinformationonspecificaction \  takenonbehalfofminorities,particularlyconcerningcontrolofnatural  resourcesbyindigenousgroups.  55.  Mr.KLEINsaidthat,fromparagraph32ofthereport,itwasunclear T whethertheCovenanthadthesamerankastheConstitutionwithinthedomestic  legalorder.Hewouldalsobeinterestedtoknowwhether,intheexperienceof  Argentina,anyprovisionsoftheCovenanthadbeenfoundnottobesufficiently I concretetoallowimmediateapplication. L 56.  Itwouldbehelpfultoknowwhethertheadministrativeauthoritieswith  jurisdictioninhumanrightsmatters(paras.1618)hadpowertoissuebinding A ordersandcouldinterveneinactualcases.Turningtothecompetentcourts D (para.14),hewonderedwhethertherewere"anyotherbodiesestablishedbylaw"  notcomposedofjudges,andthereforenotrealcourts,whichhadjurisdictionin {  humanrightsmatters. 9~! 57.  Theconnectionbetweenamnesty,impunityandhumanrightseducationshould  # befurtherexplored. s!$ 58.  Mr.KRETZMERsaidthatanumberofindividualswhohadbeenconvictedof "4& humanrightsviolationsandpardonedremainedinpositionsofpowerand #' responsibility.Hewonderedwhethertheirconvictionwouldhaveanyeffecton k$( theirprospectsforpromotion.Itwouldbehelpfulifthedelegationcouldcite )%n) й 0p specificinstancesofdecisionstakenintheArgentinecourtsdealingwiththe &+ Covenant,whetheranycourtcouldruleonthevalidityoflegislationinrespect c' , oftheCovenant,andwhetheranymechanismexistedforexaminingthe !(f!- compatibilityofproposedlegislationwithinternationaltreatyobligations. ($". 59.  Mrs.MEDINAQUIROGAinquiredwhethertheArgentineGovernmenthad [*#0 consideredthepossibilityofimposingsanctionsotherthancriminalpenalties, +^$1 suchasadministrativetrialsorexpulsionfromthecivilservice,onthose +%2 responsibleforhumanrightsviolationsinordertomakeitclearthatthe ,%3 Governmentdidnotcondonesuchactions.Shewasalsocurioustoknowhowthe S-&4 GovernmentwouldbeinformedabouttheopinionsexpressedbyCommitteemembers .V'5 duringtheconsiderationofthereportandwhetheritwouldtakeanyactionin .(60 response.Moreinformationwasalsoneededontherelationshipbetweenthe  varioushumanrightsauthorities. y 60.  Mr.BUERGENTHALexpressedadmirationforthenewConstitutionofArgentina, : whichcouldserveasamodeltomanyothercountriesthatwereintransition.   61.  HeinquiredaboutthemeasurestheGovernmentcouldtakeagainstthe / t personsresponsibleforthedisappearanceswhichhadrecentlybeendisclosed.  2 Somewerestillmembersofthearmedforcesandwerebeingpromoted,whilethose   whohaddisclosedtheinformationhadbeenforcedtoleavethearmedforces. i   62.  WithregardtotheConstitution,henotedtheabsenceoftheGeneva *  ConventionsandProtocolsinthelistofinternationaltreatieswith   constitutionalrank.Duringstatesofemergency,theGenevaConventionsbecame a  particularlyimportant.Herequestedconfirmationthatarticle4ofthe d  Covenantregardingstatesofemergencyhadconstitutionalstatusandmustbe "  readinconjunctionwitharticle23oftheConstitution.   63.  Mr.AguilarresumedtheChair. \  64.  Mr.ANDOrequestedfurtherinformationonanymechanismsthathadbeen  establishedtoenableindividualstorealizetheirrights,suchasactio Q popularis.Withregardtotheindependenceofthejudiciary,theterm"all T sectors",mentionedinparagraph10ofthereport,andtherelationshipbetween  theSupremeCourtofJusticeandtheNationalCourtofCriminalCassationshould  beclarified. I 65.  HepointedoutthattheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsdidnot   includeprovisionsontherightsofminoritiesbecauseithademphasizedthe  rightsoftheindividual.Moreover,whenitwasbeingdrafted,mostGovernments A werepursuingpoliciesofassimilationofminorities.Theircollectiverights D wereprotectedunderarticle27oftheCovenant,however,andhewouldliketo  hearmoreaboutthecurrentpolicyoftheArgentineGovernmentonminority {  questions. 9~! @BB%Themeetingroseat1.05p.m. s!$