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M  p RESTRICTED    p _CCPR_/C/SR.1390 L   p 5April1995  E   p  p ORIGINAL:ENGLISH   ; ?_'' HhdE8Hh?-88 P888-@(HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE ; @66*Fiftythirdsession | @ !SUMMARYRECORDOFTHE1390thMEETING 3 @ $HeldatHeadquarters,NewYork, t @ !onTuesday,21March1995,at3p.m. 2m @(Chairman:Mr._AGUILAR_Ԉ l @\\/CONTENTS  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE "] COVENANT(continued)     SecondperiodicreportofArgentina(continued) \" ________________________________________________________________________________ !")   Thisrecordissubjecttocorrection.  #E$+   Correctionsshouldbesubmittedinoneoftheworkinglanguages.They $%- shouldbesetforthinamemorandumandalsoincorporatedinacopyofthe D%&. record.Theyshouldbesentwithinoneweekofthedateofthisdocumenttothe &='/ Chief,OfficialRecordsEditingSection,OfficeofConferenceandSupport &'0 Services,roomDC2-794,2UnitedNationsPlaza. ~'(1   AnycorrectionstotherecordsofthepublicmeetingsoftheCommitteeat (5*3 thissessionwillbeconsolidatedinasinglecorrigendum,tobeissuedshortly )*4 aftertheendofthesession. v*+5 9580464(E)""W#/... +--7 X)X XX\`XXX)*9580464*X XXX\` X   ,-8=& _@T T Themeetingwascalledtoorderat3.20p.m.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE : COVENANT(continued)     SecondperiodicreportofArgentina(continued)(CCPR/C/75/Add.1) / t 1.  AttheinvitationoftheChairman,Mr.BarraandMs.Regazzoli(Argentina)   tookplacesattheCommitteetable. i   ConstitutionalandlegalframeworkwithinwhichtheCovenantisimplemented, *  stateofemergencyandrightsofpersonsbelongingtominorities(article2,   paragraphs2and3,article4andarticle27oftheCovenant)(sectionIofthe a  listofissues)(continued) d  2.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina),replyingtoearlierquestions,saidthatunder   article116oftheArgentineConstitution,theSupremeCourtandlowercourts Y  coulddeclarealaworexecutivedecreeunconstitutional.Alawfoundtobeat \  variancewiththeConstitutionwasdeclaredunconstitutionalprovidedthatthe  declarationofunconstitutionalitywasusefulinordertoresolveaspecific  legalquestion.AsintheconstitutionalsystemintheUnitedStatesof Q America,thedecisiontakenappliedtothespecificcaseunderconsideration. T Thatfrequentlyledtotherepealofthelawordecreedeclared  unconstitutional.TheSupremeCourt,asthecourtofthelastappealinsuch  matters,hadthefinalsayindeclaringalawunconstitutional. I 3.  Asaresultofthe1994constitutionalreform,theagelimitforSupreme   Courtjusticeswas75years,whichcouldbeextendedforanadditionalfive  yearswiththeapprovaloftheSenate.SupremeCourtjusticeswereappointedby A thePresidentandcouldberemovedbyimpeachment,whichwasconductedbythe D Congress.Lowercourtjudgescouldberemovedbymeansofspecialprosecution  courtssetuptodealwithsuchmatters. {  4.  InArgentina,therewasnosystemforthepriorreviewofthe <" constitutionalityoflawsadopted.Draftlegislationwasnotreviewedbyany  # constitutionalcourt.TheArgentineConstitutiondid,however,provideforthe s!$ interpretationoflawsbyjudges.Forexample,divorcehadbeenprohibitedin 1"v% ArgentinaundertheCivilCodeuntil1987.Theconstitutionalityofthatlaw "4& hadbeenchallengedbypartiesclaimingthatitviolatedcertainindividual #' rightsandthelawhadbeenfoundtobeunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourt. k$( Immediatelyafterward,theCongresshadadoptedalawpermittingdivorce.Under )%n) hiscountry'sconstitutionalsystemofopenlimits,suchdecisionsbythecourts %,* oftenledtorapidfollowupactionbythelegislativebodies. &+ 5.  Untilthe1994reform,theremedyofamparohadnotbeenprovidedforunder !(f!- theConstitution.Duringthe1970sithadbeenestablishedundernational ($". legislationasaspeedyandeffectivewayofprotectingrightsincasesof )"/ violationsarisingfromarbitraryorillegalacts.Asaresultofthe1994 [*#0 reform,theremedyofamparohadbeenestablishedasaconstitutionalguarantee +^$1 andbroadenedinscope.Underarticle43oftheConstitution,anypersoncould +%2 invoketheremedyofamparo,providedthatnomoresuitablejudicialremedies ,%3 wereavailable,inthecaseofactsthatinfringed,restricted,alteredor S-&4 jeopardizedtherightsandguaranteeslaiddownintheConstitution,atreatyor  nationallegislation.Inaddition,alawwhichinfringedaconstitutionalright y couldbedeclaredunconstitutionalbymeansoftheremedyofamparo. 7| 6.  Inaccordancewiththesecondparagraphofarticle43,amparocouldbe   invokedbyindividuals,ombudsmenorcertainassociationsinmoregeneral q  situationsinvolvingdiscriminationagainstgroups.Twopersonslegally / t entitledtobringanactionwerenecessaryinordertohaverecoursetoamparo  2 insuchcases.TheConstitutionalsoprovidedforhabeasdata,whichwas   designedtoguaranteetheaccuracyofpersonaldatakeptonfileinpublicand i   privatedatabanks. 'l  7.  TheSupremeCourthadruledthattheinternationaltreatiestowhich   Argentinawasapartytookprecedenceovernationallegislation.Article31of a  theConstitutionmerelyenumeratedthevarioussourcesoflawwithoutgivingany d  hierarchicalorder.Article75,paragraph22,oftheConstitutionspecifiedthe "  treatiesandagreementsthattookprecedenceovernationallegislationandhad   beenincorporatedintotheConstitutionitself.Accordingly,astateofsiege, Y  forexample,couldbedeclaredonlyifdueaccountwastakenoftheprovisions \  ofarticle4oftheCovenant.TherightsguaranteedundertheCovenantcould  notbesuspended.SincetheSupremeCourthadruledthattheStatemustcomply  withitsobligationsunderinternationaltreaties,partIIIoftheCovenantwas Q fullyoperativeinArgentina,andthecourtscouldapplyitsprovisions T immediately.  8.  ThecompositionandproceduresoftheCouncilontheJudiciarywere I currentlybeingconsideredbytheCongressandaspecificlawinthatregard L wouldbeadoptedbyAugust1995.Withregardtotherelationshipbetweenthe   SupremeCourtandtheCourtofCriminalCassation,hepointedoutthatthe  SupremeCourttriedcasesonappealinvolvingquestionsofconstitutionality, A theapplicationofprocedurallaw,andallegedarbitrarydecisions.TheCourt D ofCriminalCassationinterpretedcriminallawandidentifiedcertaintypesof  behaviourasoffences.Ithadbeeninoperationsince1992andestablished {  penaldoctrineandprocedure.TheSupremeCourtcouldconsideronappealcases 9~! thataroseinconnectionwiththeapplicationoftheDefenceofDemocracyActif <" theissueofconstitutionalityoranallegedarbitrarydecisionwasinvolved.  # TheSupremeCourtheardapproximately700casesofarbitrarydecisionsannually. s!$ 9.  Intheareaofjudicialreform,Congresshadapprovedapartialreformof "4& thecivilcodethreeyearsearlierwhichcombinedcivilandcommerciallaw. #' However,thatreformhadbeenvetoedbytheexecutivepower,asamorethorough k$( debateonthematterhadbeendeemednecessary.Twobillshadbeenintroduced )%n) intheareaofobligations,thefirstbytheexecutivepowerandthesecondby %,* theChamberofDeputies,andbothwerecurrentlyunderreviewbytheSenate.In &+ addition,CongresswasconsideringadraftreformoftheCodeofCiviland c' , CommercialProcedurethatwouldprovidefororalprocedurestotaketheplaceof !(f!- existingproceedings,whichweregenerallywritten.Itwasanticipatedthata ($". newCodeofCivilandCommercialProcedurewouldbeinplaceby1998. )"/ 10.  InresponsetoaquestionregardingacasecurrentlybeforetheArgentine +^$1 courtsinwhichItalyhaddemandedtheextraditionofaformerSSofficerliving +%2 inArgentinawhohadbeeninvolvedinmassexecutionsofciviliansinRomeat ,%3 theendoftheSecondWorldWar,hesaidthatthecourtshadinitiallyruledin S-&4 favourofthedefendant,whoseattorneyhadintroducedevidencethatwasnot  relevanttoextraditionproceedings.Morerecently,however,thecourtshad y decidedtomodifytherulesofevidencesothatextraditionproceedingscouldbe 7| handledmoreswiftlyand,inthespecificcaseunderreview,hadruledthat : internationaltreatiestookprecedenceinextraditioncasesanddictatedthe   proceduresjudicialbodiesshouldadopt. q  11.  Lastly,Argentinelawstipulatedthatallbodieshavingjurisdictional  2 authoritytosettledisputesbetweenpartieshadtobepresidedoverbyjudges   whoweretobeappointedinaccordancewithstandardprocedures. i   12.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)saidthatthefirstlawpassedbythenew *  Congressfollowingtheestablishmentofdemocracyin1983hadbeenalaw   declaringgeneralamnesty.In1988,alawbanningallformsoftorturehadbeen a  introducedandacommitteeontorturehaddecidedthattheGovernmenthada d  moralobligationtocompensateanyonewhohadbeenarbitrarilyorillegally "  detainedbetween1976and1983.Withregardtotheissueofgrantingpardons,   undertherevisedConstitutionwhichhadenteredintoforceon24August1994, Y  thePresidenthadtheauthoritytodecreeapardon.However,thepardondidnot \  eraseacrimebutmerelyshortenedthecriminal'ssentence.Allindividuals  wereeligibletorequestandreceiveapardon.  13.  Aspartofanongoingpolicytoinstilnewawarenessofhumanrights T withoutdisregardingthepasttwopublicationsabookwhichdetailedthe  investigationsthathadbeenconductedinconnectionwiththetrialsofthe  formermilitaryleadersandthe"Sabado"reportwerebeingusedinall I secondaryschoolsanduniversitiesinArgentinatoeducateyoungpeopleabout L theneedtodefendhumanrights.TheUnderSecretariatforHumanRights,apart   oftheMinistryoftheInterior,hadbeenrenamedin1993astheUnder  SecretariatforHumanandSocialRights,therebyexpressingthewidelyaccepted A viewthathumanrightswereindivisiblefromothersocial,political,economic D andculturalrights.Inaddition,aFederalCouncilonHumanRightshadbeen  establishedineachstateofArgentinatocoordinatetheactivitiesofthe {  UnderSecretariat.Attheregionallevel,theInterAmericanInstituteofHuman 9~! Rightsheldtrainingcoursesyearlytoeducateprofessionals,legislatorsand <" studentsonhumanrightsissues.InternationalbodiessuchastheInternational  # CommitteeoftheRedCrosswerecooperatingwithsecurityforcesinArgentinato s!$ promotetheprotectionofhumanrights. 1"v% / /2   14  .3    For25years,beginningin1955,Argentinahadexperiencedaperiodof #' strictauthoritarianismduringwhichitscitizenshadbeendeprivedofallcivil k$( andpoliticalrights.ThepeopleofArgentinawereattemptingtoovercomethat )%n) pastandcreateanatmosphereofrespectforhumanrights.Withregardto %,* possiblelistsofdisappearedpersons,itwasassumedthatiftheexecutive &+ powerhadhadanysuchlistsinitspossession,theywouldhavebeenproduced c' , duringthetrialsoftheformermilitaryleaders.Allmattersrelatingto !(f!- investigationsofdisappearancesofpersonswerenowhandledbythecourts. ($". 2   15  .3    ElaboratingontheactivitiesoftheNationalInstituteofIndigenous [*#0 Affairs,shesaidthatthatInstitutewashelpingindigenouspeopleinArgentina +^$1 toreceiveproper,bilingualeducationandtobecomelandowners,whilealso +%2 ensuringthatsuchpeoplemaintainedtheirculturalidentity.Incooperation ,%3 withtheEuropeanUnion,aprogrammehadrecentlybeenlaunchedtotrain S-&4 indigenouspeoplewithaviewtointegratingthemmorefullyintothemarket  placeandtoprovidethemwithlandandhousing.Amapofthedistributionof y indigenousgroupsthroughoutthecountrywasavailableforconsultation,aswere 7| copiesofthepilotproject. : 2   16  .3    Inanswertoaquestionregardingtheaccessofnon-governmental q  organizationstothereportunderconsideration,shesaidthatsuch / t organizationshadbeenprovidedwithcopiesofthereportandthatithadalso  2 beensenttootherhumanrightsbodiesinboththeSenateandtheChamberof   Deputies. i   2   17  .3    Mr.KRETZMERinquiredwhetherproceduresexistedtoremovefrompower,and *  preventtheprofessionaladvancementof,personsconvictedofhumanrights   violationswhohadbeenpardoned. a  2   18  .3    Mr.MAVROMMATISrequestedinformationonthemannerinwhichArgentina "  implementedtheviewsoftheCommitteewithrespecttothefirstOptional   Protocol. Y  2   19  .3    Mr.BARRA(Argentina),replyingtoquestionsraisedregardingthepowerof  thePresidenttodeclareastateofsiege,saidthatarticle23ofthe  Constitutionwascompatiblewitharticle4oftheCovenant.Thesuspensionof Q constitutionalguaranteesduringastateofsiegewascoveredbyarticle4. T 2   20  .3    AstotheconcernexpressedbyMr.ElShafeiattheprecedingmeeting  regardingadiscrepancybetweentheinformationondeclarationsofastateof I siegeprovidedinArgentina'sreporttotheCommitteeonTortureandthat L containedinitsreporttotheHumanRightsCommittee,theformerreport   indicatedthatastateofsiegehadbeendeclaredontwooccasionsduringthe  period19831989.However,thelatterreportstatedthatnonehadbeenimposed A sincetherestorationofdemocraticgovernmentin1989. D 2   21  .3    Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)saidthatwheretheappropriateauthorities {  receivedreportsofviolations,hearingswereheld,andifapublicofficialwas 9~! foundtohavecommittedanunlawfulact,thefindingswerereportedtothe <" individual'sadministrativeauthoritieswithaviewtoterminatingtheperson's  # employment. s!$ 2   22  .3    Mr.KRETZMERinquiredwhetherthatprocedureappliedalsotomembersofthe "4& armedforcesandthesecurityservices. #' 2   23  .3    Mrs.MEDINAQUIROGAaskedwhetheraformalcomplaintwasrequiredto )%n) initiateadministrativeproceedingsinthecaseofcivilservantswho,owingto %,* theamnesty,hadnotbeenbroughttotrial,andwhethersuchpersonswent &+ unpunishedbecauseofthe"PuntoFinal"law. c' , 2   24  .3    Mr.BARRA(Argentina)confirmedthatnopersonsconvictedofhumanrights ($". violationscurrentlyheldanypublicoffice.Personswhohadnotbeenconvicted )"/ werepresumedinnocent,andthatprotectioncouldnotberemovedwithoutacourt [*#0 decision.Civilserviceandmilitarypersonnelcouldberemovedfromservice +^$1 onlyforcause,suchasfailuretoperformtheirdutiesorcommissionofan +%2 illegalact,forwhichthepersonmusthavebeenconvicted. ,%3  S-&4 2   25  .3    Mrs.MEDINAQUIROGArecalledthatattheconclusionoftheCommittee's  considerationofArgentina'sinitialreport,therepresentativeofArgentinahad y statedthattheamnestyhadnoteliminatedtheculpabilityofthosewhohad 7| committedhumanrightsviolations.Shethereforewishedtoknowwhathappened : whentherewasnoconvictionorwhenproofcontradictingthepresumptionof   innocenceexisted. q  2   26  .3    Mr.BARRA(Argentina)saidthat,unfortunately,therewasnowayto  2 prosecutefurtherpersonswhohadnotbeenconvicted.However,complainants   wereentitledtoreparations. i   2   27  .3    Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina),saidthatpromotionrecommendationsformilitary *  personnelwereforwardedbythearmedforceinquestiontotheExecutivepower,   whichinturntransmittedthemtotheSenate.Afterreviewinganycomplaints, a  reportsorotherdocuments,theSenatecoulddecidewhethertograntthe d  promotion.In1994,twonavalofficershadbeendeniedpromotionowingtothe "  substantialhumanrightsaccusationsbroughtagainstthem.   2   28  .3    Mr.BUERGENTHALinquiredwhetherdisciplinarymeasuresexistedwhichthe \  Statecouldimplementoncenewinformationcametolight.  2   29  .3    TheCHAIRMAN,speakinginhispersonalcapacity,askedwhetherthefact Q thatthetwonavalofficersinquestionhadbeenneitherpromotednorconvicted T violatedtheprincipleinarticle14oftheCovenantconcerningpresumptionof  innocence.  2   30  .3    Mr.BARRA(Argentina)saidthatpromotionwasdiscretionaryandthatthe L denialofpromotionrequestsstemmedfromanexecutivedecisionandwasnot   proofofculpability.  2   31  .3    Mr.BRUNICELLIobservedthatsinceonlycertainpromotionrequestswere D referredtotheSenate,theproblemremained.  2   32  .3    Mr.PRADOVALLEJOsaidthathewouldbeinterestedinlearningwhat 9~! happenedinthecaseofformermilitarypersonnelwhomightbeguiltyofhuman <" rightsviolationsbutwho,byvirtueoftheircurrentcivilianstatus,werenot  # coveredbytheamnesty,andwhatrecoursewasavailabletotherelativesof s!$ victims. 1"v% 2   33  .3    TheCHAIRMAN,speakinginhispersonalcapacity,wonderedwhythetwo #' officerswhohadbeendeniedpromotionswerestillinthearmedforces,given k$( thenumberofcomplaintsofhumanrightsviolationslodgedagainstthem. )%n) 34.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)saidthatallofficersquestionedinconnection &+ withhumanrightsviolationshadalreadyleftthearmedforces.Inthecaseof c' , thetwoofficerswhosepromotionshadbeendenied,theSenatehadsimplystated !(f!- thattheyhadnotbeenpromotedbecauseofthecomplaints,buthadnotdescribed ($". thecomplaintsorrevealedwhohadfiledthem.Complainantscouldseekredress )"/ beforethecivilcourts. [*#0 35.  InreplytoMr.PradoVallejo,shepointedtoacasethathadrecently +%2 receivedwidepublicityinwhichaformermemberofthearmedforceshad ,%3 disclosedinformationaboutthemannerinwhichcertainpersonshadbeenkilled. S-&4 Thematterwasbeforethecourts;thecourtshadnotconsideredsuchcasesin  1983. y 36.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)referredtotwoadditionalcaseswhichillustrated : theimportantpointthattherewasnorestrictiononthepowerofjudgestotake   appropriateactionincasesofallegedhumanrightsviolations. q  37.  InreplytothequestionraisedbyMr.Mavrommatis,hesaidthathis  2 countryimplementedthefirstOptionalProtocolinthemannerintendedbythe   Covenant,subjecttoalawsettingoutArgentina'sreservationwithrespectto i   theMalvinasIslandsandaclarificationtotheeffectthattheimplementation 'l  ofarticle15,paragraph2,oftheCovenantwassubjecttotheprinciple *  establishedinarticle18oftheArgentineConstitutionwhichcalled,   interalia,forappropriateguaranteesofdueprocess.Inorderforany a  internationaltreatytoapplyinhiscountry,itsprovisionsmustbereflected d  intherelevantnationallegislation. "  Righttolife,treatmentofprisonersandotherdetainees,libertyandsecurity Y  ofthepersonandrighttoafairtrial(articles6,7,9,10and14ofthe \  Covenant)(sectionIIofthelistofissues)  38.  TheCHAIRMANreadoutsectionIIofthelistofissuesconcerningthe Q secondperiodicreportofArgentina,namely:(a)whetherthedraftreformof T theCodeofMilitaryJusticehadbeencompleted,inparticular,whether  articles528and621hadbeenamendedwithaviewtoabolishingthedeath  penaltyandwhetherconsiderationhadbeengiventothepossibilityofacceding I tothesecondOptionalProtocolandinformationonthecurrentjurisdictionof L militarycourts;(b)thefindingsoftheNationalCommissiononDisappearances   ofPersons(CONADE)andthePublicProsecutor'sOfficeintheirinvestigations  ofunresolvedcasesofdisappearancesthathadoccurredduringthestateof A seige,thesituationofchildrenwhoseparentshaddisappearedduringthat D periodandtheinformationobtainedthroughthegeneticdatabankinthat  regard;(c)rulesandregulationsgoverningtheuseofweaponsbythepoliceand {  otherforces,violationsofthoserulesandregulations,ifany,measurestaken 9~! againstpersonsfoundguiltyofsuchactsandmeasurestopreventrecurrences; <" (d)informationregardinganycomplaintsoftorture,disappearances,  # extrajudicialexecutions,arbitrarydetentionorotherinhumanordegrading s!$ treatmentorpunishmentbythepoliceorotherforces,andinformationon 1"v% investigationsorprosecutionsinsuchcases,actiontakentopunishthosefound "4& guiltyandthecompensationofvictims;(e)informationontrainingprogrammes #' forlawenforcementofficialsaimedatinformingthemoftheirobligationsunder k$( theCovenantandoftheUnitedNationsBasicPrinciplesontheUseofForceand )%n) FirearmsbyLawEnforcementOfficials;(f)informationoncompliancewiththe %,* UnitedNationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners,the &+ accessibilityoftherelevantregulationsanddirectivestopersonsdeprivedof c' , theirliberty,andtheaccessibilityofprisonerstotheGovernmentProcurator !(f!- forthePrisonSystem;(g)informationonconditionsanddurationof ($". incommunicadodetention;and(h)clarificationofthefunctionsandactivities )"/ oftheAdvisoryCommissionontheMagistratureanddescriptionofthesteps [*#0 takentostrengthentheindependenceofthejudiciaryandprotectjudgesfrom +^$1 threatsofintimidation. +%2   ,%3 39.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina),referringtosectionII(a),saidthatwhenthe   ruleoflawhadbeenrestoredon10December1983,boththeCriminalCodeand y theCodeofMilitaryJusticehadenvisagedthedeathpenaltyforcertaincrimes. 7| ByActNo.23,077of9August1984,thatpenaltycouldnolongerbeapplied : undertheCriminalCodeandrelatedlaws.TheCodeofMilitaryJustice   continuedtoenvisagecapitalpunishment,butonlyforseriouscrimessuchas q  thosegenerallycommittedintimeofwar.Thedeathpenaltyhadnotbeen / t imposedforover30yearsand,inthelightofamendmentstotheConstitution  2 andthePactofSanJos,itneverwouldbereinstated.   40.  Withregardtothejurisdictionofmilitarycourts,shesaidthatalthough 'l  effortshadbeenmadetoharmonizerecentchangesconcerningprocedureinthe *  CodeofMilitaryJusticewiththosemadetotheCodeofCriminalProcedure,   therewereimportantdifferences.Anexaminingmagistratepresidedover a  pre-trialproceedings,thetrialitselfwasconductedbytheStandingWar d  CouncilandappealsweredealtwithbytheSupremeCourtoftheArmedForces, "  withcompulsoryreferencetothefederalappealscourtcompetentinthelocation   wheretheeventshadtakenplace.ByActNo.23,049of1984,thenational Y  judiciaryhadthefinalsaypriortoanyappealtothecountry'sSupremeCourt \  ofJustice.Thejudgespresidingatpreliminaryproceedingswereactivemembers  ofthearmedforcesassignedonacasebycasebasisandwerenotnecessarily  lawyers.Theywereadvisedbymilitaryattorneys. Q 41.  Asageneralrule,adefendantenjoyedthesameguaranteesundertheCode  ofMilitaryJusticeasthoseavailabletoanindividualbeingtriedinasimilar  situationundertheCodeofCriminalProcedure.ActNo.23,049alsoabrogated I provisionsestablishingmilitaryjurisdictionovercivilians.Similarly, L militarycourtshadjurisdictiononlyinrespectofcrimesandoffencesofa   militarycharacter.  42.  WithregardtosectionII(b),shesaidthatDecreeNo.1306/92had D establishedaNationalCommissionontheRighttoIdentitywithintheUnder  SecretariatforHumanandSocialRightsoftheMinistryoftheInterior.The {  purposeoftheCommissionwastofacilitatethesearchforchildrenwhohad 9~! disappearedandtodeterminethewhereaboutsofchildrenofunknownidentitywho <" hadbeenkidnappedorhaddisappeared,aswellasofchildrenborntomothers  # illegallydeprivedoftheirlibertyandotherchildrenwhoseidentitywas s!$ unknownbecausetheyhadbeenseparatedfromtheirbiologicalparentsfor 1"v% variousreasons.TheAsociaci;nAbuelasdePlazadeMayohadprovidedvaluable "4& assistance.Extensivetestsconductedbythegeneticdatabank,someofwhich #' hadbeenreevaluatedoverseas,hadrevealedthatsomechildrenwerenotinfact k$( whotheyhadbeenthoughttobe.Sheofferedafewexamplesofthethousandsof )%n) caseswhichillustratedhowdifficultitwastoascertainthetruthandhow %,* painfulthefindingscouldbe.Thedifficultiesinvolvedinsearchingforlost &+ childrenaftersomanyyearscouldnotbeunderestimated.However,ifa c' , grandparentappliedforsuchasearch,theGovernmentwouldpursuethematter. !(f!- 43.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)said,inconnectionwithsectionII(c),that )"/ article184oftheCodeofCriminalProcedureempoweredthepoliceandsecurity [*#0 forcestouseforceasneeded.Inaddition,thePoliceOrganizationAct +^$1 providedthatmembersofthenationalpoliceforcecoulddisplaytheirweapons +%2 andusethemtomaintainorder,guaranteesecurityandpreventtheperpetration ,%3 ofcrimes,andforotherlegitimatepurposes.Theuseofforcemust,however, S-&4 beappropriatetoeachcase.Weaponscouldbeusedbythepolicetodefend  themselvesandthirdpartieswhenliveswereatrisk,butalwaysasalast y resort.Theuseofweaponsundercircumstancesotherthanthoseprovidedbylaw 7| wasacriminaloffenceandwassoprosecutedinordinaryorfederalcourts,and : indeedsomepoliceofficershadbeenconvictedofhomicide.   44.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)said,asregardedsectionII(d),thatthe / t NationalTechnicalandPreTrialDepartmentoftheUnderSecretariatforHuman  2 andSocialRightswithintheMinistryoftheInteriorhadbroughttotriala   numberofrelevantcomplaints.ArgentinahadalsoprovidedtotheCommissionon i   HumanRightstheinformationrequestedbythespecialrapporteursdealingwith 'l  tortureandsummaryorarbitraryexecutions. *  45.  ConcerningsectionII(e),shesaidthataseriesofsymposiahadbeen a  organizedinApril1994ontheinternationalhumanrightssystemforofficersof d  thefederalandprovincialprisonservicesbytheUnderSecretariatofHumanand "  SocialRightsoftheMinistryoftheInteriorandtheOfficeoftheGovernment   ProcuratorforthePrisonSystem.InOctober1994,theInstituteforthe Y  PromotionofHumanRightsoftheMinistryoftheInterior,incooperationwith \  theUnitedNationsCentreforHumanRights,hadheldatrainingseminarinwhich  some50assistantpolicecommissionershadparticipated.Advancedtraining  courseshadbeendevelopedforeachdifferentrankofthepolicehierarchy, Q coveringsubjectssuchaspublicinternationallaw,theprovisionsofthemajor T humanrightsinstruments,andcivilrights.Aspecificcourseonhumanrights  hadbeengiveninOctober1994attheHigherFederalAcademytotraintrainers  inthepoliceforce. I   46.  RegardingsectionII(f),theprovisionsofDecreeLawNo.412/58,   comprisingthenationalprisonlegislation,reflectedthoseoftheUnited  NationsStandardMinimumRulesfortheTreatmentofPrisoners.Aspartofthe A prisonreform,newprisonlegislationwasbeingdraftedtoimprovesituations D thatneededremedying.  47.  Aspartofhisfunctionsandprerogatives,outlinedinparagraph53ofthe 9~! report,theGovernmentProcuratorforthePrisonSystemcouldmake <" recommendationsforadoptionbytheMinistryofJustice,whichwasresponsible  # forthecontrolandsupervisionofthenationalandfederalprisonsystem. s!$ AccordingtohisfirstreportofAugust1994,whichwasbeingmadeavailableto 1"v% theCommittee,theProcuratorhadreviewed1,382complaintsorrequestsfrom "4& inmates,dealingmainlywithundulyprolongedpretrialdetentionandproblems #' involvingdisciplinarysanctions,healthcare,physicalmistreatment, k$( sanitation,nutrition,prisonwork,andarrangementsforvisitscorrespondence )%n) andtelephoneprivileges.TheProcuratorhadmade373recommendations,100of %,* whichhadbeenacteduponand83denied.Notmuchprogresshadyetbeenmadein &+ addressingsystemicproblems,buttheforthcomingPrisonReformGuidelineswould c' , nodoubtbeastepforward. !(f!- 48.  ActNo.24,390/94stipulatedamaximumtimelimitoftwoyearsfor )"/ pre-trialdetention,butinunusuallyseriousorcomplexcasesitallowedthat [*#0 periodtobeextendedbyafurtheryearandeven,inparticularcircumstances, +^$1 sixadditionalmonthsaswell. +%2   ,%3 49.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)addedthatwhileActNo.24,390soughttosolvethe   seriousproblemofpretrialdetentionwhichlastedlongerthantwoyears,the y averagelengthofacasewasamorereasonableeightmonths. 7| 50.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)said,withregardtosectionII(g)and   incommunicadodetention,thatarticle205oftheCodeofCriminalProcedure q  providedforsuchdetentionofaccusedpersonsforamaximumof48hours,witha / t possibilityofextensionforafurther24hoursuponwrittenapplicationif  2 therewasreasontobelievethattheaccusedmightconspirewiththirdparties   orobstructtheinvestigationinsomeway.Suspectsarrestedbythepolice i   couldbeheldincommunicadoforamaximumofsixhours,afterundergoinga 'l  psychologicalandphysicalexamination,andcouldcontinuetobeheld *  incommunicadoforamaximumof72hoursonlyontheorderofajudge.   Throughouttheincommunicadodetention,theaccusedcouldcommunicatefreely a  withhisattorneyandhadaccesstobooksandothersuitableobjectshemight d  request.Hewasalsoauthorizedtoperformessentialcivilacts,providedthat "  theydidnotprejudicetheproceedings.   51.  ShewishedtopointoutthatsectionII(h)ofthelistofissueshadbeen \  addressedatthepreviousmeeting.  Nondiscriminationandequalityofthesexes,righttoprivacy,freedomof Q conscience,religion,expressionandassociation,andprotectionofthefamily T andchildren(article2,paragraph1,articles1719andarticles2124)  (sectionIIIofthelistofissues)  52.  TheCHAIRMANreadoutsectionIIIofthelistofissues,namely: L (a)circumstancesunderwhichtelephoneandtelegraphtappingwasauthorizedand   thesafeguardstowhichitwassubject;(b)actiontakenbytheauthoritiesin  responsetotheCommittee'sconcludingcommentsontheinitialreportwith A regardtothespecialstatusandprivilegesgrantedtotheRomanCatholic D Church;(c)theprovisionsofthemilitaryservicebillonconscientious  objection(para.66ofthereport);(d)informationonlegalrestrictionsunder {  ActNo.24,198(para.67ofthereport)ontheexerciseofthefreedomof 9~! expressionand,inparticular,freedomofthepressandthemassmedia;(e)the <" extenttowhichattacksonjournalistshadlimitedtheenjoymentoffreedomof  # expressionandtherighttoreceiveandimpartinformation,andanystepstaken s!$ toprotectjournalistsfromsuchattacks;(f)anymeasurableprogressin 1"v% eliminatingtheremaininginequalitiesbetweenmenandwomen(paras.2628of "4& thereport)asaresultoftheestablishmentoftheNationalCouncilonWomen #' andtheCabinetofPresidentialAdviserssetuptomonitortheimplementationof k$( thethreeyearEqualOpportunityPlan;(g)thecompatibilityofdecrees )%n) suspendingcollectiveagreementsinthemaritimeindustrieswiththefreedomof %,* associationunderarticle22;(h)informationonthelawandpracticerelating &+ totheemploymentandprotectionofminors. c' , 53.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)said,withregardtosectionIII(a),that ($". article236oftheCodeofCriminalProcedureauthorizedtapping,when )"/ justifiable,byorderofajudge.Articles234and235alsolaiddownspecific [*#0 provisionsfortheinterceptionofcorrespondence. +^$1 54.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina),referringtosectionIII(b),pointedoutthat ,%3 articles14and20oftheConstitutionupheldtherightofallresidents, S-&4 includingforeigners,toworshiptheirownreligionfreely,eventhoughRoman  Catholicismwasofficiallysupportedasthemajorityreligion.Bygrantingall y residentsthesamefreedomofworship,suchasystemrespectedtheirciviland 7| naturalequality.Church/StaterelationsinArgentinaweregovernedbythe : principlesofautonomyandcooperationestablishedintheAgreementof   10October1966betweentheHolySeeandtheArgentineRepublic,adoptedin q  ActNo.17,032.Itshouldbenotedthattherecentconstitutionalreformhad / t abolishedtheformerrequirementunderarticle76thatthePresidentmustbea  2 Catholic.   55.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)said,concerningsectionIII(c),thatDecree 'l  No.1537/94establishedtheprofessionalarmedservicespersonnelregimewhich *  madevolunteerenlistmentinthethreearmedforcestherule.Sincecompulsory   militaryservicehadthusbeenabolished,conscientiousobjectionwasnolonger a  anissue.Shenotedthat60percentofthevolunteerswhohadenlistedsince d  thepassageofthatlegislationhadbeenwomen. "  56.  WithregardtosectionIII(d),neithertheCongressnortheexecutive Y  branchhadadoptedanylegislationororderrestrictingfreedomofexpression, \  althoughtherewerecertainbillsunderconsiderationthatsoughttoregulate  expostfactoresponsibilitiesinthatarea.  57.  WithregardtosectionIII(e),thedeputychiefoftheOfficeofthe T AttorneyGeneralhadbeenappointedasaspecialprosecutortoinvestigate  attacksonjournalistsimmediatelyafterthefirstsuchoccurrence.Sincehe  hadbegunhisinvestigationson10September1993,hehadbroughttolightmany I detailsofsuchattacks,andtheidentificationofoneoftheperpetrators L responsiblefor30ofthecrimes,togetherwithpreventivemeasures,had   eventuallyledtothecessationofsuchoccurrences.  58.  TheNationalCouncilonWomenandtheCabinetofPresidentialAdvisers D referredtoinsectionIII(f)ofthelistofissueswereveryinnovative.  Theiraimwastopromoteequalopportunityforwomenineducationandother {  fields,andtocoordinatetheeffortsofallministriestoimplementtheEqual 9~! OpportunityPlanofAction.ThePlanhadalreadybeenputintopracticeinthe <" fieldofeducation,andthecurriculumandtextbookswerebeingrevised.  # 59.  TheCouncilwasworkingwiththeCabinetandwiththeUnderSecretariatfor 1"v% theHumanRightsofWomentoensuretheimplementationoftheConventiononthe "4& EliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen.Argentina,itshould #' benoted,wastheonlycountrytohaveincorporatedthatConventionintoits k$( Constitution.TheCouncilalsooversawtheapplicationoftheQuotaAct )%n) (para.26ofthereport)andadministeredaseriesofprogrammestoestablish %,* equalityofopportunityforwomeninemployment,publicadministrationand &+ decisionmakingposts.Therehadbeenasuccessfulprogrammetoeradicate c' ,   violenceagainstwomen,andArgentinawouldsoonberatifyingtheconvention !(f!- recentlyadoptedbytheOrganizationofAmericanStatesonviolenceagainst ($". women.TheCouncilwasalsoenforcingtheapplicationofadecreeprovidingfor )"/ thedischargeofanypublicofficialwhopractisedgenderbaseddiscrimination. [*#0 Therewasnolegaldiscriminationbetweenmenandwomeninthefieldoflabour +^$1 butratherdefactodiscriminationbyindividualemployers. +%2 60.  Mr.BARRA(Argentina)observedthattheConstitutioncontainedpositive S-&4 provisionsonbehalfofwomenguaranteeingtheirequalityofopportunityand .V'5 treatment,andthatdefactodiscriminationagainstwomen,children,theelderly .(6 orthedisabledwasregularlybeingcombatedbycongressionallegislation,most  recentlyinthesettingofelectoralquotasforwomen. y 61.  Ms.REGAZZOLI(Argentina)notedthat80ofthe305conventiondelegatesto : therecentconstitutionalconventionheldtoreformtheConstitutionhadbeen   women. q  62.  AstosectionIII(g),DecreeNo.817/92hadabrogatedthelabourclauses  2 ofaseriesofagreementsasanomnibusmeasureadoptedatthetimeofthe   dissolutionoftheGeneralPortsAdministrationandthecreationoftheUnder i   SecretariatofPortsandNavigableWaterwayswithintheTransportSecretariatof 'l  theMinistryoftheEconomy,PublicWorksandServices. *  63.  Astotheempowermentandprotectionofminors,article128oftheCivil a  Codeestablished21yearsastheageofmajority,butminorscouldbeemployed d  atage18withoutspeciallegalconsentorauthorization,inaccordancewiththe "  labourregulations.Minorsqualifiedtopractiseaprofessioncoulddoso   withoutpriorauthorizationandcouldfreelydisposeoftheproductsoftheir Y  labour;theycouldalsotakepartincivilorcriminalproceedingshavingtodo \  withrelatedactions.  64.  TheMinistryofLabourandSocialSecuritywasresponsibleforimplementing Q labourlegislation.Article188oftheLabourContractActprovidedthat T employersmustobtainmedicalcertificatesinadvanceforminorsofeithersex  undertheageof18andhavethemundergoperiodicmedicalexaminations.  DecreelawNo.14,538/44stipulatedthatminorsundertheageof18mustbe I examinedastotheirphysicalabilitytoperformthetaskstowhichtheywere L assigned.Suchaptitudetestsmustalsoevaluatethesanitaryandsafety   conditionsintheworkplace.Article189oftheLabourContractActprohibited  employersfromhiringminorsunder14yearsofageforanytypeofwork,paidor A unpaid,theexceptiontothatrulebeingminorsemployedinsmallfamily D businesses,withministerialauthorization.Article190oftheLabourContract  Actprovidedthatminorsbetweentheagesof14and18couldnotworkmorethan {  6hoursadayor36hoursaweek,althoughminorsover16yearsofagecould, 9~! withadministrativeauthorization,workupto8hoursadayor48hoursaweek. <" Minorsofeithersexwerenotallowedtodonightwork,betweenthehoursof  # 8p.m.and6a.m,withthespecificexceptionsstipulatedinarticle173ofthe s!$ LabourContractActformaleminorsover16yearsofage. 1"v% @BB%Themeetingroseat6.05p.m. k$(