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S     GENERAL p      CCPR/C/SR.1349       29July1994  o      Original:ENGLISH S  E.++b >uQ!??E@GG*HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE  @,Fiftyfirstsession 5 @ #SUMMARYRECORDOFTHE1349thMEETING  @ "HeldatthePalaisdesNations,Geneva, Q @ $onMonday,25July1994,at10a.m. n @,Chairman:Mr.ANDO  @1CONTENTS Q  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle40ofthe " Covenant(continued) P#  b SpecialreportofBurundi 4% ?'%sdE+%s? b Thisrecordissubjecttocorrection. %%/  b Correctionsshouldbesubmittedinoneoftheworkinglanguages.They '2'1 shouldbesetforthinamemorandumandalsoincorporatedinacopyofthe O('2 record.Theyshouldbesentwithinoneweekofthedateofthisdocumentto )(3 theOfficialRecordsEditingSection,roomE.4108,PalaisdesNations,Geneva. ))4  b AnycorrectionstotherecordsofthepublicmeetingsoftheCommitteeat k++6 thissessionwillbeconsolidatedinasinglecorrigendum,tobeissued 2,+7 shortlyaftertheendofthesession. ,,8 ....1.GE.9417898(E) ..:  r00< R}B.++b >uQ!++7B@ Themeetingwascalledtoorderat10.15a.m.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE b COVENANT(agendaitem4)(continued) )U SpecialreportofBurundi(CCPR/C/98)  1. b AttheinvitationoftheChairman,Mrs.Nshimirimana,Mr.Makengaand E q Mr.Ndikuriyo(Burundi)tookplacesattheCommitteetable.  8 2. b TheCHAIRMANrecalledthedecisionadoptedbytheCommitteeatits    forty-ninthsessionrequestingBurunditosubmitaspecialreportrelatingto a   thesituationprevailinginthecountryandhowitaffectedtheimplementation (T  ofarticles4,6,7,9,12and25oftheCovenant.SincetheGovernmentof   BurundihadbeenunabletosendrepresentativestotheCommittee'sfiftieth   sessionheldinNewYork,ithadbeeninvitedtoprovideadditional }  informationonthewrittenreportatthecurrentsession.Itwasclearfrom Dp  thereport(CCPR/C/98)thatcertaindifficultiesremained,althoughthe  7  Governmentwastryinghardtoresolvethem.Afterwelcomingthedelegation,   heoutlinedtheCommittee'sworkingprocedure:memberswouldraisespecific  questionsrelatingtothedifferentarticlesand,onthebasisofthe ` delegation'sreplies,theCommitteewouldmakeitsconcludingobservations. 'S 3. b Mrs.NSHIMIRIMANA(Burundi),introducingthemembersoftheBurundi  delegation,saidthatMr.Makenga,aformerteacherandlegaladviser,was | currentlyChefdeCabinetoftheMinisterofJustice.Mr.Ndikuriyo, Co followingmanyyears'serviceasamemberofthenationalmagistrature,had  6 specializedinhumanrightsstudiesinTheHagueandGenevaandwasnow  DirectoroftheCentreforthePromotionofHumanRightsinBurundi.  4. b Mr.MAKENGA(Burundi)saidhewelcomedtheopportunityfordialoguewith &R theCommitteesoastoprovideadditionalclarificationsonthewrittenreport  submittedandtheeffortsmadethusfarbyhisGovernmenttoensuregreater   respectforhumanrightsinthecountry.Burundihadbeenunabletosubmit {! thereportearlierbecauseoftheparticularlydifficultcircumstances Bn" prevailinginthecountryfollowingtheassassinationoftheHeadofStatein  5# October1993,andthesubsequentevents,asdetailedinparagraph2ofthe  $ report.Heexpressedappreciationoftheinterestshownandthesupport !% providedbytheinternationalcommunityandinparticularhumanrightsbodies ^"& duringthatdifficultperiod. %#Q' 5. b Astohowsucheventshadaffectedtheimplementationofspecific $) articlesoftheCovenant,hepointedout,withreferencetoarticle4,thatno z% * speciallegalmeasureshadbeentakenbytheGovernmentduringthecrisis A&m!+ period.However,initiallyithadbeenimpossibletoenforcethelaw,since '4", theGovernmenthadhadtogointoexileandhadsubsequentlybeenthwartedin '"- itseffortstorestorepeaceandunitybysomepublicofficialsintenton (#. paralysingnationalinstitutionsandsupportingthecoupd'tat.Nonethe ])$/ less,theGovernmenthadeventuallyregainedcontrolofthesituationand $*P%0 launcheditspacificationcampaign. *&1 6. b Asindicatedinparagraph7ofthereport,therehadbeengrossand y,'3 flagrantviolationsofarticle6,paragraph1,oftheCovenantduringthe @-l(4 ethnicandpoliticalconflictsfollowingtheassassinationof  PresidentNdadye.Thereasonsfortheextremelyviolentreactiontohis  deathweremanifoldandrequiredfurtherexplanation.First,ordinary b citizenshadventedtheirfrustrationsinthefaceofsuchaseemingly )U unjustifiedact,thePresidentbeinggenerallyregardedasaliberatorwhohad  enshrinedtheaspirationsofthenation.Second,theGovernmenthadlaidthe  blamefortheassassinationonmembersoftheoppositionparty.Likewise, ~  personsbelongingtotheethnicgroupoftheformerPresidenthadretaliated E q againstthoseoftheothermajorethnicgroupinthecountry.Lastly,the  8 subsequentannouncementbytheinstigatorsoftheputschthattheactivities    ofgovernmentinstitutionsestablishedbydemocraticelectionswouldbe    suspendedandtakenoverbymilitarycommandsatthenationalandlocallevels a   hadprovokeduncontrollableandwidespreadviolenceresultinginthemassacre (T  ofthousandsofcivilians.   7. b Referringtoarticle6,paragraph2,oftheCovenant,hepointedoutthat }  theBurundiCriminalCodeprovidedforthedeathpenalty.However,untilthe Dp  resultsofthecommissionssetuptoinvestigateactsperpetratedduringthe  7  crisisperiodbecameavailable,hecouldnotconfirmwhetherthedeathpenalty   wouldbeappliedinfutureinBurundiand,ifso,inwhatcircumstances.It  wasalsoworthwhilementioningthatthelatePresidenthadenvisagedthe ` abolitionofcapitalpunishment,asborneoutbytherelevantsectionofhis 'S humanrightsprogramme,whichtheGovernmenthadnotyetbeenableto  implement.  8. b Astothecrimeofgenocidecoveredbyarticle6,paragraph3,ofthe Co Covenant,hecautionedagainstviewingtheviolenceinBurundiinsimplistic  6 terms,asanattemptbyonegrouptoannihilateanothersegmentofthe  populationonaccountofitspoliticalbeliefsorethnicorigins.In-depth  andimpartialinvestigationsmustbeconductedtoidentifytherealcausesand _ thoseresponsiblefortheviolence,whichdidnotstemmerelyfromrecent &R events.Itdatedbackto1962andapatternhademerged,withrepeated  outbreaksin1965,1969,1972and1988culminatinginthetragicevents   sparkedoffbytheassassinationoftheHeadofStatein1993.Burundiwould {! welcomethecooperationoftheinternationalcommunityandcompetenthuman Bn" rightsbodiesinsuchinquirieswithaviewtoseekingappropriatesolutions  5# anderadicatingthescourgeofviolenceonceandforall.Pendingtheresults  $ ofsuchinquiries,hecouldprovidenofurtherclarificationsonthestatusof !% therightsprotectedbyarticle6,paragraphs4,5and6,oftheCovenant. ^"& 9. b TheCHAIRMANsaidthat,whilethebackgroundinformationprovidedthus #( farhadbeenmostuseful,thedelegationmightaddressitselftothemore $) recentdevelopmentsaffectingtheimplementationoftheremainingarticlesof z% * theCovenantunderconsideration. A&m!+ 10. b Mr.MAKENGA(Burundi),referringtoarticle7oftheCovenant,saidthat '"- allegationsrelatingtothetortureofdetaineeshadbeenbroughttothe (#. attentionofthecompetentjudicialauthorities.Suchactscouldchieflybe ])$/ attributedtocertainelementsoverwhichtheGovernmenthadexercisedno $*P%0 controlduringthecrisisperiod.Likewise,theGovernmentrecognizedthat, *&1 duetocircumstancesbeyonditscontrol,therehadbeenseriousviolationsof +&2 article9oftheCovenant.Duringthecrisisperiod,citizenshadbeenunable y,'3 tomovefreelywithinBurundi,fearingtheprospectofattacksonpoliticalor @-l(4 ethnicgrounds.However,sincethesubmissionofthereporttherehadbeen  someimprovementintheoverallsituationduetotheGovernment'seffortsto  restorepeaceandharmonyinthecountry.Sucheffortswouldbegreatly b enhancedbyexpressionsofsupportfromtheinternationalcommunity, )U interalia,thedispatchofforeignobserverstothecountry.Similarly,the  rightsprotectedbyarticle12oftheCovenantcouldnotbeguaranteeduntil  peacewasrestoredinBurundi,aneffort,forwhichthesupportofthe ~  internationalcommunitywasalsorequired. E q 11. b Withregardtoarticle25,hesaidthateverycitizenhadtherightand    opportunitytotakepartintheconductofpublicaffairs.Effortswerebeing    madetoensurerespectforthelegislationinforce.Inthatregard,the a   pacificationcampaignlaunchedbytheBurundiauthoritieswasaimed (T  interalia,atensuringrespectforhumanrights.HisGovernmentwasprepared   tocooperatewithallparties,inparticulartheHumanRightsCommittee,to   ensurethefullobservanceofhumanrights,astheharmfulconsequencesofthe }  crisishadnotbeenbroughtentirelyundercontrol.Inthatconnection,he Dp  stressedtheneedtodisarmthecivilianpopulationandexplainedthatthe  7  peoplehadarmedthemselvesasameansofself-defencefollowingthe   assassinationofthePresident.However,peacehadnowbeenrestoredandthe  Governmentthereforeconsideredthatthepublicshouldhandintheirweapons. ` 12. b TheGovernment'shighestprioritywastherestorationofallthe  country'sinstitutions,includingthatofthePresident.Inthatregard,he  saidthatthecurrentConstitution,whichhadbeenpromulgatedundertheold | regime,neededtobecompletelyrevised.However,thepartrelatingtohuman Co rightswouldnotbechangedbecauseeveryonerecognizedtheneedfortheir  6 observance.  13. b Mr.NDIAYEsaidthatthespecialreportofBurundigavetheCommitteethe _ opportunityforadialoguewhichhehopedwouldbeinstructive.Itwasknown &R thatBurundiwasfacingacrisisandwasonawarfooting.Memberswereaware  oftheeffectsofthesituationinRwandaonBurundiandknewthatthearmy,   whichcomprisedsome22,000men,consistedmainlyofTutsi.Itwasalsoknown {! thatthepolicewasdominatedbythesameethnicgroup.Thedelegationshould Bn" telltheCommitteewhocontrolledthejudiciary,indicatethecomponentsof  5# theGovernmentandstatewhetheraccounthadbeentakenoftheethnicand  $ tribalrealitiesthatprevailedinBurundi.Itwasonlyonthebasisofsuch !% realitiesthatthecountrywouldbeabletodealwiththesituation. ^"& 14. b Withregardtotherequestforassistanceintheconcludingpartofthe #( report,hesaidthatwhatBurundineededwasamulti-disciplinarygroupthat $) wouldremaininthecountryandworkwiththeGovernmenttoestablishalegal z% * basisforthereformstobeundertaken. A&m!+ 15. b TheCommitteeshouldperhapsadviseBurunditoseetoitthatthe '"- NationalAssemblyorotherpoliticalbodieshadthepowertopreventcertain (#. situationsandtoconsider,forexample,suchmattersasthenominationofthe ])$/ HeadofStateandthefunctioningofthepoliceandthejudiciary.He $*P%0 remarkedthatitwasgenerallybelievedthatthenationStatewasthesuperior *&1 formofStateorganization.However,hewasconvincedthatsuchwasnotthe  +&2 case.InsomeareasofAfrica,itwasobviousthatcertainsocio-political  realitieshadtobetakenintoaccountinordertoavoidtragediessuchas  thatoccurringinRwandaatthepresenttime. b 16. b Inhisopinion,Africawasthesickmanofthecentury.Howelsewasit  possibletoexplainthat,despitecertaineventssuchasthoseinRwanda,the  youngpeopleofAfricatooknokindofaction?Itwasnotonlyaquestionof ~  means.Noonewasseekingtorectifythesituation,andsomewereeventrying E q toturnittotheiradvantage.  8 17. b InordertopreventeventssimilartothoseoccurringinRwanda,itwas    necessarytohaveaforcethatcouldintervenebetweenthevariouspartiesto a   aconflict.Itwasalsonecessarytohaveafullprogrammeforthe (T  re-educationofallsegmentsofthepopulation,thereorganizationof   institutions,thegreatestpossiblepopularparticipationandamorerealistic   conceptoftheStateinordertoachieveabetterformofdevelopmentforthe }  people. Dp  18. b Mrs.EVATTsaidthatshefeltthegreatestsympathyforthepeopleof   Burundi,withitslonghistoryofviolenceandgenocide.Therehadclearly  beenmassiveandfrequentviolationsofalltherightscoveredinthereport ` submittedtotheCommittee.Theheartoftheproblemseemedtobetheethnic 'S conflictwhichhadprevailedinBurundiforsolongandtheresulting  politicalunrest.Thecontentofarticle25oftheCovenantmustberegarded  aspartofthesolution,anditwasamatterforregretthatthereport | containednomentionoftheactionthathadtobetakeninordertoensure Co equalityofopportunityforallmembersofBurundisocietywhoparticipatedin  6 publiclife.Inthatconnection,sheaskedwhetheranewpolicyforsharing  andintegrationatalllevelsofpublicservicewasbeingdevelopedin  Burundi.Itwasdisappointingthatthereportfailedtoprovidemore _ informationaboutthecurrentsituation,althoughitdidmentionviolationsof &R rights.Theimplicationwasthattherewasnopossibilityofinvestigating  suchviolationsorofbringingtheperpetratorstojustice,butnotmuchwas   saidabouttheobstacles. {! 19. b TheCommitteeneededtoknowagreatdealmoreaboutthepointsmentioned  5# inparagraph22ofthereportandwhatwasactuallypreventingthose  $ suggestionsfrombeingimplemented.Withregardtojudicialcommissionsof !% inquiry,shewouldliketoknowwhetheranyfindingshadbeenreachedand,if ^"& so,whetheranyactionhadbeentakenonthem. %#Q' 20. b ReferringtoareportbyanNGOcommitteewhichhadcarriedoutan $) investigationinBurundi,sheaskedwhetherthereporthadbeenreceivedand z% * consideredbytheGovernmentandwhetheranyplanshadbeenmadetoimplement A&m!+ thesuggestionsmadeinit. '4", 21. b NotingthatthearmywascomposedmainlyofTutsi,whoaccountedfor (#. some40percentofthepopulation,sheaskedwhatplanstherewereto ])$/ restructurethearmyandtoensurethatitrepresentedthecommunity.She $*P%0 wouldalsoliketoknowwhatwasbeingdonetoensurethatthearmycameunder *&1 civiliancontrolandrefrainedfrombecominginvolvedinpoliticalissues. +&2   y,'3 22. b Mr.ELSHAFEIexpressedthehopethatthedialoguebetweentheCommittee   andtheBurundidelegationwouldbeuseful.  23. b Henotedthatthereportadmittedtheexistenceofviolationsbutdidnot )U indicatetheperpetratorsorgiveinformationaboutanyinvestigations  conducted.Inthatconnection,hereferredtothepressreleaseofthe  InternationalCommissionofInquiryonhumanrightsviolationscommittedin ~  Burundisince21October1993,whichstatedthatintheCommission'sviewthe E q Governmenthadnotreactedeffectivelytothemassacreofwhichithadbeen  8 informedandthatfearanddisorganizationwerenotconvincingexcusessince    theministerswhohadcalledforresistanceinradiobroadcastscouldhave    usedthesamemeansofcommunicationtoappealforanendtothemassacres. a   24. b Thereportfurtherstatedthatthearmyandthegendarmeriehadused   excessiveforceagainstthecivilianpopulation,thattheattemptedcouphad   clearlybeentheprimarycauseofthemassacresandthattheHutuhadattacked }  theTutsiatthebeginningofthemassacres,provokingmilitaryreprisals. Dp  25. b UnderthelatestConstitution,thesectionrelatingtopoliticalparties   specifiedsomanyconditionsthatitwasalmostimpossibleforthepartiesto  functionfreely. ` 26. b NotingthereferenceintheConstitutiontotheCharterofNational  Unity,hesaidhewouldwelcomeinformationconcerningtheoriginofthe  CharteranditsstatusinrelationtotheConstitution. | 27. b HefurthernotedthattheConstitutionprohibitedtheestablishmentof  6 politicalpartiesonthebasisofethnicgroups,aprovisionheconsideredto  beunjustinthelightofthecircumstancesprevailinginBurundi.  28. b Mr.WENNERGRENcongratulatedtheGovernmentofBurundionhavingsent &R suchahighleveldelegationdespiteitsverydifficultcircumstances.  29. b Hefounditsomewhatdifficulttoputspecificquestionstothe {! delegationatthepresentstage,sincethereportdidnotindicatewhathad Bn" beenthefindingsofinvestigationsintotheeventsthathadoccurredsince  5# October1993.  $ 30. b TherepresentativeofBurundihadmentionedtheneedtofindasolution; ^"& first,however,therewouldhavetobeaninvestigationintotherootcauses %#Q' ofthecrisis.HewasgladtolearnthatBurundihadestablishedcommissions #( ofinquirytoidentifythoseresponsibleforcrimesandviolations;didthe $) factthattherewereseveralsuchcommissionsmeanthattherewasone z% * commissionforeachregion?Howwerethecommissionsorganized,andwhat A&m!+ resourceshadtheybeenallocated? '4", 31. b TherepresentativeofBurundihadreferredtotheneedtodisarmthe (#. civilianpopulation,butitappearedthatmostoftheweaponstheyhadwere ])$/ tools,suchasmachetes:itwouldsurelybedifficulttodeprivethemof $*P%0 those.Howwasitplannedtocarryoutthedisarmamentoperation,what *&1 weaponswouldbeconfiscated,andwoulditbeorganizedbythepolice,the +&2 armyorthesecurityforces? y,'3  @-l(4 32. b Sinceabuseofpowerandfailuretofulfilresponsibilitiesonthepart  ofsomanypublicofficialsmustbeexplainedbysomeweaknessinthe  structureoftheadministrationandthejudiciary,oughtnotabodytobeset b uptostrengthenthatstructure?Itwascrucialtoensurethatallmembersof )U theadministrationandthejudiciarywereimpartialandcommandedpublic  confidence.HewouldbegladtoknowwhatplanstheGovernmentofBurundi  hadinthatrespect. ~  33. b Mrs.CHANETwelcomedthedelegationandthankedtheGovernmentofBurundi  8 forhavingpreparedaspecialreportonahighlycomplexsituation.    34. b Shetoofounditdifficulttoposespecificquestions,sincealthoughthe a   reportmentionedaseriesofdramaticevents,itsaidnothingabouttheir (T  causes.ThequestionofwhowaseffectivelyinchargeoftheGovernmentand   ofthearmyshouldhavebeenansweredinthereport.   35. b Thereportseemedtotakeasomewhatfatalisticattitudetothesituation Dp  inthecountry.Thus,theparalysisofpublicservices,thedeathsoftwo  7  HeadsofStateinsuccessionandinter-ethnicconflictswerepresentedas   explanationsfortheabsenceoftheruleoflaw.Inparagraph22,anumberof  ideaswereputforwardforpossiblemeasurestoremedythesituation,butno ` detailsweregivenofhowtheycouldbeputintoeffect. 'S 36. b HadtheGovernmentgiventhoughttohowtherecommendationsofthe  InternationalCommissionofInquirymightbeimplemented,andinparticular | whatstepscouldbetakentoensurethatthedeathoftheHeadofStatedid Co notautomaticallyresultinthecollapseofthecountry'sinstitutions?The  6 coreoftheproblemappearedtobethearmy:mightitnotbepossibleto  restructureitsoastoensurethatbetterethnicbalancewasachieved,and  thatmilitaryandsecurityforceswereseparated? _ 37. b Legislationwouldcountfornothingifthepublicserviceswereinsucha  stateofparalysisastobeunabletogiveeffecttoit.Lawenforcement   shouldbeinthehandsofajudiciarywhichwasimpartialandhadaproper {! ethnicbalance.Thequestionofimpunitywaslikewiseofcrucialimportance. Bn" TheInternationalCommissionofInquiryhadalreadystatedthatithad  5# informationabouttheperpetratorsofviolations.Iftheinternational  $ communitywastoprovidetheassistancethatwasbeingrequestedofit,the !% Burundiauthoritieswouldneedtousethatinformationtocarryout ^"& investigationsandtopunishthoseresponsible. %#Q' 38. b Mr.PRADOVALLEJO,welcomingthedelegation,saidthatallwoulddeplore $) thetragicsituationinBurundi.Thereportadmittedthattherehadbeen z% * humanrightsviolations,andthatthesituationwasfarfrombeingunder A&m!+ control.Itstatedthatcommissionsofinquiryhadbeensetup,althoughit '4", saidnothingabouttheirfindings. '"- 39. b Thereportwasthusafrankone,anddidnotgivetheimpressionthatthe ])$/ Governmentwastryingtoshirkitsresponsibilities.However,themain $*P%0 problemseemedtobethatthosechieflyresponsibleforhumanrights *&1 violationswereagentsoftheState,namelymembersofthearmyandthe +&2 securityforces.ThereportindicatedthattheGovernmenthadlauncheda  y,'3 pacificationcampaignandhadcalledonthepolicenottotorturedetainees,  butthatwasnotenoughtoensurefullcompliancewiththerightsrecognized  undertheCovenant. b 40. b Itwouldseemthatnoonehadbeenchargedorpunishedinconnectionwith  violations,andthatthoseresponsibleforthemenjoyedcompleteimpunity.A  Statehadanobligationtoidentifytheperpetratorsofoffencesandtobring ~  themtojusticesince,ifimpunitycontinued,violationswouldcontinue.It E q appearedthatoneofthereasonsforthatsituationinBurundiwasthat  8 variousfactionswerevyingforpoliticalpower:stepsshouldbetakento    ensurethatpoliticalpowerwasusedtoguaranteedemocracyandtheruleof    law,ratherthantoconferprivilegeonaparticularfaction. a   41. b Thereportsaidnothingaboutthethousandsofrefugeeswhohadfled   humanrightsviolationsinthecountry.Hesuggestedthatahigh-level   commissionofinquiry,basedonanationwideconsensus,shouldbesetupto }  investigatethesituationandtomakerecommendationstotheGovernmentfor Dp  specificmeasurestoremedyit.Ifthatwerenotdone,itwouldbevery  7  difficultfortheGovernmenttoovercomeitscurrentproblemsandtoachieve   genuineandeffectivepacification.  42. b Mr.AGUILARURBINAsaidthattherepresentativeofBurundihadadutyto 'S addresshumanrightsviolations.ThemoretheCommitteeknewaboutwhathad  occurred,andthereasonsforit,thebetterplaceditwouldbetogivethe  helpaskedofitinparagraph23ofthereport.TheCommittee'staskwasto | ensurethatthetragiceventswhichhadoccurredrepeatedlysinceBurundi's Co accessiontoindependencedidnotcontinue.Hehadbeengreatlyconcernedat  6 recentsuggestionsinthepressthatwhatwasnowhappeninginRwandamight  wellsoonbehappeninginBurundi.  43. b ThesituationwasverysimilartowhathadoccurredinCentralAmericain &R thecourseofthepastdecade,partlyasaresultofthelegacyofthe  colonialpast.Hewasnotsurewhetheritwascorrecttospeakofdifferent   ethnicgroupsinBurundi,sinceitappearedthatbothTutsiandHutuinfact {! belongedtothesameethnicgroup.Itwouldprobablybemoreaccurateto Bn" speakofgroupswhichhadidentifiedtoagreaterorlesserextentwiththe  5# colonialPowers.Itwasimportanttobreakwithacolonialpastwhichhad  $ imposedaconceptoftheStatethatwasatvariancewiththecountry'sown !% aspirationsandtraditions.ThatproblemwasnotexclusivetoBurundi,but ^"& existedthroughoutCentralAfrica. %#Q' 44. b Ashesawit,theCommittee'smaintaskwhereBurundiwasconcernedwas $) toensurerespectforhumanrightsinaclimateofpeace.Ifitwereto z% * succeedinthatendeavour,itwouldfirstneedtoknowwhathadhappenedin A&m!+ respectofthevariouscommissionsofinquiry,bothgovernmentaland '4", non-governmental,whichhadinvestigatedthesituationinthecountry.The '"- reportsofthosecommissionshadcontaineddetailedandwell-substantiated (#. evidenceofwrongdoingbyspecificindividuals.Hadtheybeenstudiedbythe ])$/ competentauthoritiesinBurundi?Itwouldseemthatmembersofthearmed $*P%0 forcesandciviliansonbothsideshadcommittedhumanrightsviolations, *&1 torturedandkilledwithcompleteimpunityandthatnooneinBurundihaddone +&2 anythingtobringthemtojustice. y,'3  @-l(4 45. b Anotherimportantissuewasthecompositionofthejudiciary:it  appearedthatitwascomposedexclusivelyofmembersofonegroup,andwas  preventingproperinvestigationsfrombeingcarriedout.Forexample,a b certainlieutenantcolonelwhohadbeencloselyimplicatedintheeventsof )U October1993wasnowPresidentoftheMilitaryCourtwhichwouldbejudging  othersfortheirpartinthoseevents.  46. b Withreferencetothemeasuresproposedinparagraph22ofthereport,he E q agreedthatdisarmamentofthecivilianpopulationwasimportant,butnoted  8 whathadbeensaidabouttheneedforthepopulationtodefendthemselves.He    haddetectedacertainethnictoneinwhathadbeensaidtotheCommittee.    Whyhadthemassmediabeenusedtocallonthepopulationtocommitmurder a   andtorture?CouldthedelegationgivetheCommitteesomeinformationabout (T  implementationofarticle20oftheCovenantinBurundi.   47. b Mr.BRUNICELLIsaidhehadbeenimpressedbyMr.Ndiaye'spointthat }  othercountriesinAfricabesidesBurundiwerecurrentlyundergoingasimilar Dp  crisis.Whileagreementsonthepoliticallevelcalledforarational  7  approach,rationalitywasoftendifficulttoachieveincountriesdividedby   ethnic,religiousorculturalconflict.Thepotentialforsuchconflict  existedincertainEuropeancountries,butinmostthepoliticalbalancewas ` suchthatthosewhoheldmorepowerdidnottakeadvantageofittoviolate 'S therightsofothers.  48. b Hewouldthereforeurgethatpoliticalleadersanddecision-makersin | Burundinotonlyseekpoliticalagreement,butalsomakegreatereffortsto Co ensurethatthesectorofthepopulationtowhichtheybelongeddidnot  6 violatethehumanrightsofothers.  49. b Mr.BANwelcomedtheBurundidelegationandvoicedcommiserationwiththe _ peopleofthatcountryintheirsuffering.Henotedfromparagraph23ofthe &R reportthehopeoftheGovernmentofBurundithattheHumanRightsCommittee  wouldnotconfineitselfsolelytoinformationreceivedthroughcertain   channels,butwouldadoptabalancedviewoftheactualsituationinthe {! country.MembersoftheCommitteeaskednomorethantodojustthat,andit Bn" wasthereforedisappointingthatneitherthereport,northeoralpresentation  5# justmade,shedmuchlightoneventssincetheendof1993.More  $ particularly,therehadbeennoindicationwhetherthe"virtualparalysisof !% nationalinstitutions"(para.2),alsodescribedasa"paralysisaffectingall ^"& publicservices"(para.6),sinceOctober1993persistedorhadtoanyextent %#Q' beenovercome.Paragraph22(b)spokeoftheestablishmentofjudicial #( commissionsofinquirytoidentifythoseresponsibleforthevariouscrimes; $) wasittobeinferredthatthenormalinstitutionsprovidedforinthe z% * Constitutionwereinoperative?Hefurtherinquiredwhethertheatrocities A&m!+ hadnowcometoanendandwhatwastheimpactonBurundiofeventsinRwanda, '4", andnotablyofthemassiverefugeemovementsparkedoffbythoseevents. '"- 50. b IthadbeengratifyingtolearnthattheGovernmentsetinplaceafter ])$/ theJune1993electionshadbeencommittedtoreconciliation,presumablyon $*P%0 thebasisofsomekindofcoalition.ButdidtheStateorgans,beginningwith *&1 Parliamentitself,stillreflectthatcommitment,orweretheynotofamore +&2 unilateralnature? y,'3  @-l(4 51. b Lastly,heaskedforfurtherinformationconcerningthe"Kajaga"and  "Kigobe"agreements.  52. b Mrs.HIGGINSwelcomedthepresenceoftheBurundidelegationinwhat )U wereindeeddifficulttimes.Notingthatitwasmostimportantforthe  Committeetobeinpossessionofup-to-dateinformationoneventsinthat  country,shesaidthatshewouldhavelikedtoknowwhatwasthecomposition ~  andfunctioningofthecurrentGovernment,whetheranyarrestshadbeenmade E q amongmembersofthearmedforces,whetherthedemocraticexperimentin  8 Burundihadbeensuspendedorwasstillinsomepartialwaybeingpursued,    whetherthesituationvariedfromonepartofthecountrytoanother,what    wastheimpactoftheappallingstateofaffairsinRwanda,andwhatwasthe a   natureofthe"Kajaga"and"Kigobe"agreements. (T  Ѐ53. b Thatbeingsaid,shedevelopedMr.AguilarUrbina'sreferenceto   CentralAmerica,andspokeofthe"viciouscircles"inhumanrights,whereby }  Stateterrorismbredterrorismbynon-Stateactorsandthenintervenedagain Dp  tocrushthelatter.Fordifferentreasonsandwithdifferentmotivations,  7  Burundiseemedtobecaughtupinjustsuchacircle.Butiftherewerealso   positivelessonstobelearnedfromdevelopmentsinSouthAmerica,thepeople  ofBurundionlyhadtolooksouthwardintheirowncontinenttoseehowa ` minoritywhoseabsolutedominionhadlongbeenasourceofracialhatredhad, 'S throughoutstandingleadership,cometorelinquishsomeofthatpowerinthe  greaterinterestofall.  54. b Burundi'srelianceontheinternationalcommunitywas,inherview, Co somewhatmisplaced.Whatcouldthatcommunityachieve?Renewedand  6 extraordinarilycourageouseffortsandpoliticalwillatthenationallevel  werecalledformorethananythingelse,notleastwheretheendingof  impunityfortheauthorsofatrocities,thedisarmingofthepopulation,the _ controlofthemilitary,andthereorderingofthecompositionofthearmed &R forces,thepoliceandthejudiciarytomeetethnicrealitieswereconcerned.  55. b Shefounddepressingthenotionthat,unlesspeacecame,progresscould {! notbemadeinanyofthoseareas;wasitnottheprincipalmessageoutof Bn" SouthAmericaandSouthAfricathatthecirclemightbebrokenatanother  5# pointandthat,whenprocessesofjusticeandreconciliationweresetin  $ motion,peacecameintheirtrain? !% 56. b Mr.POCARcommendedthecandourofthedelegationofBurundiin %#Q' acknowledgingnumerousviolationsofhumanrightsthatwereamplydocumented #( inmaterialfromothersources;itwastoberegrettedthatthedelegationhad $) beenunabletoidentifythecausesortoshowwheretheresponsibilitieslay. z% * 57. b Paragraph22ofthereportalludedtothepoliticalwill,constantly A&m!+ reassertedbytheBurundiGovernmentandallthoseconcernedatthenational '4", level,tofindasatisfactorysolutiontoallexistingproblemssothathuman '"- rightswouldonceagainbeproperlyrespected.Thatwasanadmirable (#. statementofintent,butitsrealizationwasconspicuouslyabsent.Norwas ])$/ itenoughtostate(para.9)thatcommissionsofinquiryhadbeensetupto $*P%0 identifyoffencesandapportionresponsibility,andthattheirreportswere *&1 awaited:theCommitteewouldwishtoknowhowthosebodieshadbeen +&2 establishedandcomposed,howtheyfunctioned,whethertheywereaccessible y,'3 toindividualcitizens,whethertheycouldaddresstheissueofimpunity, @-l(4 andmuchmorebesides.Withoutgenuineinquiryandactionthereon,the  "pacification"ofthecountrywouldamounttonomorethanplacingalidon  thesituationuntiltheinterethnicpressuresrosetoburstingpointonce b more;untiltheruleoflawwassetinplace,therecouldbeneitherrespect )U fornorpeacefulexerciseofhumanrights.  58. b Hehadbeendistressedtolearnoftheuseofthemassmediatofanthe ~  flamesofhatred,hostilityandviolenceinBurundi,ratherthantodampdown E q theconflict.Thatsurelyconstitutedaviolationofarticle20ofthe  8 Covenant.RecallingthattheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacial    DiscriminationhadrecentlyvoicedconcernattheabsenceinBurundiofany    effectiveprohibitionofinterethnicviolence,hestressedtheurgentneed a   forpositivemeasureswherebysuchviolence,andtheincitementtoracial (T  hatredthatinspiredit,mightbebroughttoanend.Foremostamongsuch   measuresmustbeareorganizationofthecompositionoftheinstitutionsof   theStateandpubliclifeandnotablythearmyandthepolice,toensure }  equalityofaccessonthepartofallmembersofthepopulation. Dp  59. b Therecouldbenodoubtthattheinternationalcommunitywantedtohelp   Burunditoemergefromitsdifficulties.Butitsassistance,tobeeffective,  mustbebasedonaninformedpictureofthesituationasitreallywas,on ` specificrequests,andonarealpossibilityofinfluencingthesituationfor 'S thebetter.Unfortunately,thosethreeprerequisiteswereallforthemoment  lacking.  60. b Mr.DIMITRIJEVIC,whilewelcomingtheBurundidelegation,saidhe Co sharedthefeelingsofdisappointmentconcerningthereportanditsoral  6 presentation.Therewasnoquestionofapportioningblameforthe  shortcomings;itshouldmerelyberecognizedthat,forallitsgoodintentions  anddesiretocooperatewiththeCommittee,theGovernmenthadlittlepower _ toinfluenceevents.Intheabsenceoftheupdatingtheyhadhopedfor,the &R membersoftheCommitteemustaddresstherootcausesofthesituation,and  thatwasnoeasytask,despitethenumerousreasonableandintelligent   analysesavailable. {! Ѐ Bn" 61. b Whatwasclear,however,wasthatthemassiveviolationsofhuman  5# rightsthathadoccurredinBurundiweretheconsequenceofanungovernable  $ situation,ofadeepfaultinthecountry'ssocietythatproducedperiodic !% upheavalswhichresembledeachotherintheirpointsofdepartureandinthe ^"& coursetheyfollowed.Authoritarianaction,oftenbythemilitary,ledto %#Q' "vigilante"-stylekillingsbyunrulyelementswhich,despitewhatwasclaimed, #( didnotfollowgenuinelyinter-ethniclines,insofarastheTutsiandthe $) Hutudidnotappeartobedistinctethnicentitiesintheusualsenseof z% * thatterm.Itseemed,rather,thatdifferencesbetweenthetwogroupshad A&m!+ initiallybeenfosteredandexploitedbythecolonialPowerstoservetheir '4", ownends;theresultwasanunusualproblemthatrequiredaninnovative '"- solutionwhichperhapslaywiththeeducatedyoungergeneration. (#. 62. b Iftherewasaneedforinternationalassistance,thenitshouldtakethe $*P%0 formnotsomuchofspecializedaidinthedomainofhumanrightsasofadvice *&1 frompersonsfamiliarwithandcapableofunderstandingthespecialnatureof +&2 Burundi'sdilemmaandofpursuingthematterthroughtheconstitutional y,'3 dimensionofthemodernStaterightintotheheartofBurundi'straditional @-l(4 society.ForwhatBurundineededmorethananythingwasaformofcivil  societythatwouldholdthecountrytogetherbyinstrumentsotherthanthose  ofrepression.Tothatend,areportfreeoftaboosandutterlyfrankinits b accountofthesituationwouldbefarmoreusefulthanonewhichpretended )U thattheGovernmentwasincontrol.Perhapsthe"Kajaga"and"Kigobe"  agreementsmarkedafirststepinthedirectionoftheunderstandinghe  hadreferredto;hewouldcertainlywelcomeconfirmationthatthatwasso. ~  63. b Mr.FRANCIS,afterwelcomingandthankingthedelegationofBurundi,  8 inquiredparticularlyaboutthesituationinBurundi'sprisons,askingwhether    membersofthetwoethniccommunitiesweresegregatedinordertoavoid    clashesbetweenthem. a   Ѐ (T  64. b Concerningtheannounceddisarmamentofthecivilianpopulation,heasked   whetheraperiodofamnestyhadbeendeclaredforthevoluntarysurrenderof   firearms. }  65. b Referringtothe"basisofaconsensusforthemanagementofthe  7  country'spoliticalaffairs",describedasagoalinparagraph22(c)ofthe   report,hesuggested,intheeventofadecisiontodraftanewConstitution,  thatsuchataskmightbeentrustedtoaConstitutionalCommissioncomprising ` representativesofpoliticalparties,tradeunions,universitiesandother 'S teachinginstitutions,churches,women'sorganizationsandyouth  organizations,theaimbeingtoensurethebroadestpossibleparticipation  inthatexercise. | 66. b Mr.SADI,aftercommendingthedelegationofBurundionitscandour,  6 submittedthatthesituationinthecountryhadspiralledoutofcontrol,and  askedwhyastateofemergencyhadnotbeendeclaredinrecognitionofthat  fact.Withtroublesbeyonditsownborders,Burundiwasnotalone;theentire _ regiondesperatelyneededsympathy,understandingandhelp.Butfactsmustbe &R faced.Nationalreconciliationandethnicbalancewerefinegoals,butit  wouldtakeaverylongtimetotransformtriballoyaltyintothecontemporary   formofloyaltytotheState.Allthatcouldbereasonablyhopedatpresent {! wasthattheGovernmentwouldregaincontrol;allthatcouldbereasonably Bn" askedwasthattheprocessofhealingwouldbeinitiatedassoonaspossible.  5# Theinternationalcommunitycouldnotsubstituteitselfforthepeopleofthe  $ regioninworkingouttheirdestiny. !% 67. b Mr.LALLAHjoinedinwelcomingthedelegationofBurundiandcommended %#Q' itsacknowledgementofthegravityofthesituation.Humanrightshadbeen #( repeatedlyviolatedinvirtuallyallthewaysimaginableformorethana $) quarterofacenturyinBurundi,essentiallyforreasonsrelatedtothe z% * possessionandexerciseofpower.Itwasdifficulttoseewhatthe A&m!+ internationalcommunitycoulddotobreakthatchainofcircumstances. '4", Mr.NdiayehadevokedtheissueofthenationStateandtheproblemsthat '"- conceptposedinAfrica;hehimselfwouldgofurther,andsaythatnosystem (#. wasworkableifitwasrejectedbythepeopleonwhomitwasimposed.Andit ])$/ wouldobviouslytakeuncommonskillsofleadershipandcommitmenttobring $*P%0 TutsiandHututogether,fordifferencesdidexistbetweenthem,however *&1 theyweredescribed,andtheywereindeedengagedinkillingoneanother. +&2   y,'3 68. b Aslongaspartofthepopulationwasexcludedfromtheexerciseof   power,violationswouldcontinueandevenworsen.Exclusionwassynonymous  withlackofconfidence.Why,then,didBurundihaveanarmyof20,000 b composedessentiallyofTutsi?Howwasitthatmembersofthejudiciaryand )U civilserviceweredrawnalmostexclusivelyfromjust14percentofthetotal  population?Mightnotcollegiatepoweratalllevelsbeenvisagedasan  interimmeasure?Couldnotthearmedforceshavetwocommanders-in-chief, ~  oneHutuandoneTutsi? E q 69. b Paragraph20ofthereportmaintainedthatarticle25oftheCovenanthad    "generallybeenapplied".Theridershouldbeadded:"withnosuccess".The    samewasdoubtlesstrueofalltheotherarticles. a   Ѐ (T  70. b Astowhattheinternationalcommunitycoulddo,hehimselfbelievedthat   anymeasureinvolvinganykindoftrusteeshipmustbeexcluded.Foodand   medicalaidmightbeprovided,butthesimpletruthmustbefacedsquarely: }  thepeopleofBurundimustguidethemselvesoutoftheirimpasse;theymust Dp  accepttheirdifferences;theymustlearntosharepower.Theyalonecould  7  findthepeacetheysodesired.   71. b TheCHAIRMANnotedthattherewerenomorespeakers.Heassuredthe ` delegationofBurundithatneithercriticismnorchallengeformedpartofthe 'S Committee'smandate;itsmemberssoughtonlytoadvancethecauseofhuman  rights.Thathadsurelybeenobviousfromtheirstatementssofar,whichhad  sometimessoundedlikeconcludingobservations.Hehopedthatintheshort | timeavailabletoit,thedelegationwouldbeabletopreparerepliestothe Co specificquestionsasked,soastoensureafruitfulcontinuationofthe  6 dialogue.  @(Themeetingroseat1p.m.