ÿWPC ]¸Çx´Ô¼â;¢Áé?ò•ãAyÞMb²gÔ­v¢NPx<Ä/ãÔLÜÂ|R_ÔÌ“Ra¿K=Ø(kTæ­PSÛÝz_iWJô؃þÉ‹aÌ`šãu@½èB¹ÓÄ¢è\G¢Å^é§#èö#§M€xîkÕ!‹„âJ³A=Yú:§ñ› =ê• ³”þÁÔeB~cŠç«n½>y¸«% 0qÛ±k¤À勃 µ˜¡¹b±É”.wuNß=[ÀxnˆZ˜æµ"¸†DTÍôX ཰¸7"\ÙChôò# Оa3~´Âœ‡R‰­9ãŠ)Âõ[u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àCAT/C/SR.140Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2þU$¨¨Ý ƒ Œ|!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô̇òòôÔÔ€ô̇òòô̇ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý kÝ ƒ þU'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÊoòòôÔÔ€ôÊoòòôÊoÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓCAT/C/SR.140Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú1Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2þU$§§Ý ƒ Œ|!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô̇òòôÔÔ€ô̇òòô̇ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2ý±$¤¤Ý ƒ Œ|!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô̇òòôÔÔ€ô̇òòô̇ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€!jXòô̇ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Ü!2ÿÑ$¥¥Ý ƒ Œ|!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô̇òòôÔÔ€ô̇òòô̇ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€!jXòô̇ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (tŒ|$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ô̇òòôÔÔ€ô̇òòô̇ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑ d˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!)œz0— ‘vx0nts"I ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ Œ|!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÊoòòôÔÔ€ôÊoòòôÊoÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒŰÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ! ++±“++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥ÑÑ = Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð Ø Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ ŸÇ ÐÌà ± àà “ àCAT/C/SR.140Ð -U Ðà ± àà “ à27€April€1993Ð ô ÐÌà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€ENGLISHÐ ‚ª ÐÌÌÌÌÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓà@±±(“àCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREˆÐ , T  ÐÌà@  .“àTenth€sessionˆÐ º â  ÐÌà@EE“àSUMMARY€RECORD€OF€THE€FIRST€PART€(PUBLIC)*€OF€THE€140th€MEETINGˆÐ Hp  ÐÌà@õ õ !“àHeld€at€the€Ô_ÔPalaisÔ_Ô€des€Nations,€Geneva,ˆÐ Öþ  Ðà@‹ ‹ "“àon€Tuesday,€20€April€1993,€at€3€p.m.ˆÐ Å ÐÌÌà@GG)“àòòChairmanóó:€€€Mr.€Ô_ÔVOYAMEÔ_ԈРò ÐÌÌà@0“àCONTENTSˆÐ Go ÐÌAddress€by€the€Assistant€Secretary-General€for€Human€RightsÐ Õý ÐÌConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€19€of€theÐ c‹ ÐConventionÐ *R ÐÌÌÌÌß?€'»"±dE+»"±?ßÌà b à*€The€summary€record€of€the€second€part€(closed)€of€the€meeting€appearsÐ Ôü$ Ðas€document€CAT/C/SR.140/Add.1.Ð ›Ã% ÐÌÌß?€'Ú%sdE+Ú%s?ßà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð ð ( ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ ~"¦ * Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ E#m!+ Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ  $4", Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Ô_ÔPalaisÔ_Ô€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð Ó$û"- ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€Committee€atÐ a&‰$/ Ðthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ ('P%0 Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð ï'&1 ÐÌÌGE.93-12924€€(E)Ð D*l(4 ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓòòà@û û “àThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€3.20€p.m.óóˆÐ  +3)5 ÐÌADDRESS€BY€THE€ASSISTANT€SECRETARY-GENERAL€FOR€HUMAN€RIGHTSÐ ™,Á*7 ÐÐ `-ˆ+8= ÐÔ_Ô1.òòà b àThe€CHAIRMANóó€welcomed€Mr.Ibrahima€Fall,€Assistant€Secretary-General€forÐ Ô ÐHuman€Rights€and,€on€behalf€of€the€Committee,€congratulated€him€on€hisÐ ›Ç Ðappointment.Ð bŽ ÐÌ2.à b àòòMr.€FALLóó€(Assistant€Secretary-General€for€Human€Rights)€welcomed€membersÐ ð Ðto€the€tenthsession€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€and€regretted€that€heÐ ·ã Ðhad€been€unable€to€attend€the€opening€meeting.€€He€took€the€opportunity€toÐ ~ ª Ðassure€the€Committee€of€his€special€interest€in€activities€to€combat€torture,Ð E q Ðactivities€which€constituted€one€of€the€major€goals€of€the€UnitedNations€andÐ  8 Ðthe€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ3.à b àSince€the€Committee's€previous€session,€the€number€of€States€parties€toÐ a   Ðthe€Convention€had€increased€to€72€with€the€accession€of€Mauritius€and€BurundiÐ (T  Ðon€9December1992€and€18February1993€respectively€and€the€succession€of€theÐ ï  ÐCzech€Republic€to€the€Czech€and€Slovak€Federal€Republic,€which€had€ceased€toÐ ¶â  Ðexist€on€31December1992.Ð }©  ÐÌ4.à b àWith€regard€to€the€machinery€for€implementing€the€Convention€againstÐ  7  ÐTorture€in€accordance€with€article29€of€the€Convention€a€conference€had€beenÐ Òþ  Ðheld€in€NewYork€on€9December1992€to€consider€an€amendment€to€the€provisionsÐ ™Å Ðof€the€Convention€concerning€financing.€€Under€the€proposal,€the€financing€ofÐ `Œ Ðthe€implementation€of€the€Convention,€hitherto€based€exclusively€onÐ 'S Ðcontributions€by€States€parties,€was€to€be€transferred€to€the€UnitedNationsÐ î Ðregular€budget.€€The€proposal€had€already€been€adopted€unanimously€by€theÐ µá ÐConference€of€the€States€Parties€and€approved€by€the€GeneralAssembly€at€itsÐ |¨ Ðforty-seventh€session€(resolution47/111)€and€in€February1993€theÐ Co ÐSecretary-General€had€referred€the€proposal€to€States€parties€for€theirÐ  6 Ðapproval.€€Pursuant€to€article29€of€the€Convention,€the€amendment€would€enterÐ Ñý Ðinto€force€when€two€thirds€of€the€States€parties€had€informed€theÐ ˜Ä ÐSecretary-General€that€they€accepted€it€in€accordance€with€their€respectiveÐ _‹ Ðconstitutional€processes.€€The€GeneralAssembly,€in€resolution47/113,€hadÐ &R Ðtaken€note€of€the€Committee's€fifth€annual€report€and€welcomed€the€Committee'sÐ í Ðpractice€of€making€observations€following€the€consideration€of€each€reportÐ ´à  Ðsubmitted€by€a€State€party;€it€had€invited€all€States€which€had€ratified€theÐ {§! ÐConvention€or€acceded€to€it,€and€those€which€had€not€yet€done€so,€to€make€theÐ Bn" Ðdeclarations€provided€for€under€articles21€and22€of€the€Convention€and€toÐ  5# Ðconsider€withdrawing€the€reservations€entered€with€regard€to€article20.€€TheÐ Ð ü$ Ðdebates€in€the€Third€Committee€testified€to€the€particular€attention€paid€byÐ —!Ã% ÐGovernments€to€the€work€of€the€Committee€against€Torture€and€their€concernÐ ^"Š& Ðthat€adequate€funding€be€provided.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ5.à b àAt€its€previous€session,€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€had€discussedÐ ³$ß) Ðissues€surrounding€measures€which€needed€to€be€taken€or€strengthened€toÐ z%¦ * Ðprotect€individuals€against€torture€or€other€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ A&m!+ Ðtreatment€or€punishment,€and€in€resolution1993/37€had€again€urged€all€StatesÐ '4", Ðto€become€parties€to€the€Convention,€as€a€matter€of€priority,€and€accept€itsÐ Ï'û"- Ðoptional€provisions.€€It€had€also€urged€States€parties€to€inform€theÐ –(Â#. ÐSecretary-General€as€soon€as€possible€that€they€approved€the€amendment€to€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðprovisions€of€the€Convention€concerning€financing.€€The€Commission€hadÐ $*P%0 Ðwelcomed€the€progress€made€during€the€firstsession€of€the€Working€Group€setÐ ë*&1 Ðup€to€consider€the€draft€optional€protocol€to€the€Convention€against€Torture,Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðwhich€had€opened€the€way€for€an€in-depth€analysis€of€the€principles€underlyingÐ y,¥'3 Ðthe€draft.€€The€Commission€had€studied€the€report€of€Mr.Kooijmans,€theÐ @-l(4 ÐSpecial€Rapporteur€on€questions€of€torture.€€In€1992,€he€had€examinedÐ Ô Ðinformation€concerning€58countries,€26€of€which€were€parties€to€theÐ ›Ç ÐConvention.€€He€had€also€accompanied€Mr.TadeuszMazowiecki,€theÐ bŽ ÐSpecialRapporteur€of€the€Commission€on€Human€Rights€appointed€to€investigateÐ )U Ðthe€human€rights€situation€in€the€territory€of€the€former€Yugoslavia,€on€hisÐ ð Ðsecond€mission€from€12to€22October1992.€€They€had€visited€Bosnia€andÐ ·ã ÐHerzegovina,€Croatia€and€Serbia,€during€which€time,€as€Mr.Kooijmans€noted€inÐ ~ ª Ðhis€report,€they€had€received€alarming€information€pertaining€to€violentÐ E q Ðdeaths€and€fatal€injuries€resulting€from€torture,€particularly€in€theÐ  8 Ðdetention€camps€in€Serbian-controlled€areas.€€Mr.€Kooijmans,€who€had€carriedÐ Ó ÿ  Ðout€his€duties€as€Special€Rapporteur€with€exemplary€dedication,€had€recentlyÐ š Æ  Ðbeen€replaced€by€Mr.NigelRodley.€€Undoubtedly,€the€Committee€would€cooperateÐ a   Ðas€closely€with€the€new€incumbent€as€with€his€predecessor.Ð (T  ÐÌ6.à b àThe€Commission€had€welcomed€the€consolidated€report€of€theÐ ¶â  ÐSecretary-General€entitled€"Ten€years€of€the€UnitedNations€Voluntary€Fund€forÐ }©  ÐVictims€of€Torture",€which€outlined€the€development€of€the€Fund's€financing,Ð Dp  Ðand€the€programmes€it€assisted,€together€with€other€aspects€of€its€work€andÐ  7  Ðits€success€in€helping€individuals€who€had€suffered€serious€human€rightsÐ Òþ  Ðviolations€following€torture,€and€their€families.€€Since€1989,€the€number€ofÐ ™Å Ðprogrammes€subsidized€by€the€Fund€had€increased€sevenfold€whilst€GovernmentÐ `Œ Ðcontributions€had€been€falling.€€In€view€of€that€situation,€the€Commission€onÐ 'S ÐHumanRights€had€called€upon€the€Secretary-General€to€consider€organizing€aÐ î Ðspecial€session€to€raise€contributions€for€the€Fund€during€the€WorldÐ µá ÐConference€on€Human€Rights,€which€would€be€held€in€Vienna€from€14toÐ |¨ Ð25June1993.€€The€Board€of€Trustees€of€the€Fund€and€its€Chairman€and€membersÐ Co Ðwould€provide€the€Committee€with€further€details€of€its€activities€duringÐ  6 Ðsubsequent€meetings.Ð Ñý ÐÌ7.à b àThe€Commission€had€also€considered€the€report€drawn€up€by€the€WorkingÐ _‹ ÐGroup€established€to€look€into€cases€of€arbitrary€detention€and€had€beenÐ &R Ðconcerned€to€note€that€arbitrary€detention€seemed€to€be€facilitated€andÐ í Ðaggravated€in€certain€circumstances,€such€as€frequent€states€of€emergency€orÐ ´à  Ðwhen€the€definition€of€what€constituted€a€threat€to€State€security€was€tooÐ {§! Ðvague.€€The€Commission€considered€that€the€Working€Group,€under€its€mandate,Ð Bn" Ðcould€on€its€own€initiative€initiate€proceedings€in€cases€of€arbitraryÐ  5# Ðdetention.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ8.à b àThe€final€touches€were€being€put€to€the€preparatory€activities€for€theÐ ^"Š& ÐWorld€Conference€on€Human€Rights.€€The€Committee€had€made€a€valuableÐ %#Q' Ðcontribution€to€the€preparations€for€the€Conference€and€Mr.Sorensen€had€beenÐ ì#( Ðan€active€and€diligent€participant€in€meetings€of€the€Preparatory€Committee€asÐ ³$ß) Ðthe€Committee's€representative.€€The€General€Assembly,€at€its€latest€session,Ð z%¦ * Ðhad€called€on€Mr.PhilipAlston,€Chairman€of€the€Committee€on€Economic,€SocialÐ A&m!+ Ðand€Cultural€Rights,€to€update€his€study€of€possible€long-term€methods€forÐ '4", Ðimproving€the€operation€of€bodies€responsible€for€implementing€UnitedNationsÐ Ï'û"- Ðhuman€rights€instruments.€€Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ9.à b àThe€Committee€against€Torture€had€also€made€a€valuable€contribution€toÐ $*P%0 Ðvarious€programmes€run€by€the€Advisory€Services€and€Technical€Assistance€andÐ ë*&1 ÐInformation€Branch€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€and€in€particular€toÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðactivities€to€protect€human€rights€in€Romania,€in€which€Mr.Voyame€wasÐ y,¥'3 Ðinvolved€and,€since€January€1993,€in€Guatemala,€in€which€Mr.€Lorenzo€wasÐ @-l(4 Ðinvolved€as€a€delegate€of€Mr.€Tomuschat,€an€independent€expert€appointed€byÐ Ô Ðthe€Secretary-General€to€look€into€the€human€rights€situation€in€that€country.Ð ›Ç ÐÌ10.à b àHe€reiterated€to€the€Chairman€and€members€of€the€Committee€his€bestÐ )U Ðwishes€for€success€in€their€tasks,€in€the€course€of€which€he€and€theÐ ð Ðsecretariat€would€provide€their€fullest€support.Ð ·ã ÐÌà b àòòà@EE“àThe€meeting€was€suspended€at€3.40€p.m.€and€resumed€at€3.45€p.m.óóˆÐ E q ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€19€OF€THEÐ Ó ÿ  ÐCONVENTION€(agenda€item€4)Ð š Æ  ÐÌòòPeriodic€report€of€Canadaóó€(òòcontinuedóó)€(CAT/C/17/Add.5)Ð (T  ÐÌ11.à b àòòAt€the€invitation€of€the€Chairman,€Ms.€Weiser,€Mr.€Low€andÐ ¶â  ÐMr.Deslauriers€(Canada)€took€seats€at€the€Committee€tableóó.Ð }©  ÐÌ12.à b àòòMs.€WEISERóó€(Canada),€replying€to€questions€raised€in€the€course€of€theÐ  7  Ðdiscussion€of€her€country's€periodic€report,€said€that€before€Canada€hadÐ Òþ  Ðratified€the€Convention€against€Torture,€changes€had€been€made€to€Canadian€lawÐ ™Å Ðto€incorporate€specific€provisions€of€the€Convention€and€to€ensure€compliance.€Ð `Œ ÐThe€offence€of€torture€had€been€added€to€the€Criminal€Code€in€1985€and€itsÐ 'S Ðdefinition€had€been€based€on€that€contained€in€article€1€of€the€Convention.€Ð î ÐSection€269.1€of€the€Code€stated€that€the€defences€specified€in€article€2€ofÐ µá Ðthe€Convention€could€not€be€invoked€as€such;€in€other€words,€there€was€noÐ |¨ Ðdefence€of€superior€orders€or€of€exceptional€circumstances.€€Similarly,€theÐ Co Ðsame€section€provided€that,€as€required€by€article€15€of€the€Convention,Ð  6 Ðstatements€made€as€a€result€of€torture€were€inadmissible€as€evidence,€exceptÐ Ñý Ðfor€the€purposes€of€showing€that€the€statement€was€so€obtained.€€UnderÐ ˜Ä Ðsection7€(3.7)€of€the€Code,€universal€jurisdiction€applied€to€the€offence€ofÐ _‹ Ðtorture,€in€terms€echoing€those€of€article€5€of€the€Convention.Ð &R ÐÌ13.à b àWith€regard€to€the€question€relating€to€private€prosecutions€under€theÐ ´à  ÐCriminal€Code,€under€section€504€a€person€could€initiate€criminal€charges€andÐ {§! Ðproceedings€before€a€justice€and€could€prosecute€the€offence.€€However,€theÐ Bn" ÐCrown€could€subsequently€intervene€and€take€carriage€of€the€prosecution.€€InÐ  5# Ðthat€case,€the€Crown€also€had€the€power€to€stay€the€prosecution€whereÐ Ð ü$ Ðcontinuation€was€not€in€the€best€interests€of€the€administration€of€justice.€Ð —!Ã% ÐActions€could€also€be€brought€on€the€basis€of€section€12€of€the€CanadianÐ ^"Š& ÐCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€which€protected€against€cruel,€inhuman€orÐ %#Q' Ðdegrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€Section€24€of€the€Charter€empowered€theÐ ì#( Ðcourts€to€grant€whatever€remedy€they€considered€just€and€appropriate€in€theÐ ³$ß) Ðcircumstances.€€An€individual€had€the€right€to€file€complaints€with€the€RoyalÐ z%¦ * ÐCanadian€Mounted€Police€(RCMP)€Public€Complaints€Commission€and€could€alsoÐ A&m!+ Ðseek€civil€redress€under€the€Crown€Liability€Act€or€at€common€law.Ð '4", ÐÌÌ14.à b àIn€response€to€the€request€for€further€information€on€complaints€heard€byÐ ])‰$/ Ðthe€RCMP€Public€Complaints€Commission,€she€said€that€the€Commission€had€becomeÐ $*P%0 Ðoperational€in€1988€and€since€then€had€held€12€hearings,€5€of€which€hadÐ ë*&1 Ðconcerned€excessive€force.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð15.à b àReferring€to€the€question€concerning€the€difference€between€the€offenceÐ Ô Ðâ âof€torture€and€that€of€war€crimes€and€crimes€against€humanity,€she€stated€thatÐ ›Ç Ðthe€Criminal€Code€contained€both€offences.€€While€crimes€against€humanityÐ bŽ Ðcould€well€include€torture,€such€crimes€also€demanded€that€other€conditions€beÐ )U Ðmet,€for€example,€that€the€offending€act€had€been€committed€against€a€civilianÐ ð Ðpopulation€or€identifiable€group€of€persons.€€In€the€Convention,€the€offenceÐ ·ã Ðof€torture€was€not€restricted€in€the€same€way€and€so€it€had€been€deemedÐ ~ ª Ðnecessary€to€create€a€specific€offence.€€Where€an€accused€was€charged€withÐ E q Ðconduct€which€fulfilled€the€definition€of€both€sections,€the€accused€couldÐ  8 Ðonly€be€convicted€for€one€offence,€as€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€andÐ Ó ÿ  ÐFreedoms€and€common€law€protected€against€double€jeopardy.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ16.à b àAn€explanation€had€been€requested€about€the€statement€in€the€report€thatÐ (T  Ðthe€defence€of€obedience€to€de€facto€authority€was€not€available€to€anÐ ï  Ðindividual€charged€with€a€war€crime€or€a€crime€against€humanity:€€the€effectÐ ¶â  Ðof€the€provision€was€to€hold€the€person€charged€with€such€an€offence€culpable,Ð }©  Ðeven€if€the€act€had€been€committed€in€obedience€to,€or€in€conformity€with,Ð Dp  Ðdomestic€law€in€force€at€the€time.€€That€was€consistent€with€the€nature€of€aÐ  7  Ðwar€crime€or€a€crime€against€humanity.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ17.à b àSeveral€Committee€members€had€inquired€about€mutual€legal€assistance.€Ð `Œ ÐCanada's€report€(CAT/C/17/Add.5)€indicated€that€bilateral€treaties€had€beenÐ 'S Ðconcluded€with€several€countries€and€negotiations€were€being€held€with€severalÐ î Ðothers.€€Bilateral€treaties€were€advantageous€in€that€they€specified€the€exactÐ µá Ðprocedures€to€be€followed€by€each€country.€€However,€regardless€of€whetherÐ |¨ Ðsuch€a€treaty€existed,€under€the€Convention€against€Torture€Canada€couldÐ Co Ðcooperate€with€another€country€in€accordance€with€the€terms€set€out€inÐ  6 Ðarticles€8€and€9.€€Pursuant€to€a€request€received€in€1992€from€the€SupremeÐ Ñý ÐCourt€of€Chile,€the€Attorney-General€of€Canada€had€conducted€an€examination€ofÐ ˜Ä Ða€torture€victim€from€Chile€who€was€residing€in€Canada.€€The€transcript€of€theÐ _‹ Ðexamination€had€then€been€transmitted€to€Chile€for€use€in€a€prosecutionÐ &R Ðrelated€to€torture.Ð í ÐÌ18.à b àWith€regard€to€questions€concerning€the€federal€structure€of€Canada,Ð {§! Ðunder€the€Canadian€Constitution€legislative€powers€were€divided€betweenÐ Bn" Ðfederal€and€provincial€governments€according€to€subject€matter.€€However,€evenÐ  5# Ðwhere€subjects€were€related,€the€division€between€the€two€levels€of€governmentÐ Ð ü$ Ðwas€not€necessarily€the€same.€€Thus,€if€a€member€of€the€RCMP€was€charged€withÐ —!Ã% Ðexcessive€force€under€the€Criminal€Code,€he€would€be€prosecuted€in€the€courtsÐ ^"Š& Ðof€the€province€in€which€the€alleged€offence€had€taken€place.€€In€addition,Ð %#Q' Ðthe€officer€could€face€internal€disciplinary€proceedings,€apart€from€theÐ ì#( Ðcriminal€process.€€Those€proceedings€would€be€governed€by€federal€law€becauseÐ ³$ß) Ðthe€RCMP€was€a€federal€police€force.€€The€Criminal€Code€offence€of€torture€wasÐ z%¦ * Ðsubject€to€universal€jurisdiction;€thus€any€judge,€whether€provincial€orÐ A&m!+ Ðfederal,€who€had€authority€to€hear€criminal€trials€could€rely€on€the€universalÐ '4", Ðjurisdiction€provision€of€the€Code.Ð Ï'û"- ÐÌ19.à b àThe€federal€Government€had€authority€to€prescribe€the€punishment€for€aÐ ])‰$/ Ðparticular€criminal€offence,€including€terms€of€imprisonment,€regardless€ofÐ $*P%0 Ðwhether€they€would€be€served€in€a€federal€or€provincial€institution.€€If€theÐ ë*&1 Ðstipulated€term€of€imprisonment€was€two€years€less€one€day,€it€would€be€servedÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðin€a€provincial€detention€centre.€€If€the€term€exceeded€that€limit,€theÐ y,¥'3 Ðoffender€would€be€sent€to€a€federal€institution.€€With€a€view€to€clarifyingÐ @-l(4 Ðhow€the€federal€structure€of€Canada€functioned,€and€in€response€to€the€requestÐ Ô Ðmade€by€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights€that€States€prepare€a€core€document€forÐ ›Ç Ðuse€by€all€treaty-monitoring€bodies€when€examining€State€reports,€Canada€hadÐ bŽ Ðalmost€completed€drafting€such€a€document,€which€described€the€constitutionalÐ )U Ðstructure€in€detail.Ð ð ÐÌ20.à b àA€number€of€questions€had€been€asked€about€the€training€given€to€variousÐ ~ ª Ðgroups€with€which€the€Convention€was€concerned.€€The€criminal€law€course€forÐ E q ÐRCMP€recruits€was€given€by€instructors€within€the€police€force.€€RecruitÐ  8 Ðtraining€involved€sessions€on€the€law€governing€arrest,€detention,€search,Ð Ó ÿ  Ðseizure€and€the€obtaining€of€evidence.€€Emphasis€was€placed€on€trainingÐ š Æ  Ðrecruits€to€understand€and€abide€by€the€provisions€of€the€Criminal€CodeÐ a   Ðgoverning€the€use€of€force€and€the€prohibition€of€torture.€€They€also€receivedÐ (T  Ðinstruction€on€the€Canadian€Charter€on€Rights€and€Freedoms,€in€particular€theÐ ï  Ðcivil€and€due€process€rights€of€all€accused€persons.€€Members€of€theÐ ¶â  ÐCorrectional€Service€of€Canada€(prison€guards)€underwent€a€12-week€trainingÐ }©  Ðcourse€in€the€interpretation€and€application€of€the€Criminal€Code€and€internalÐ Dp  Ðdirectives€governing€the€use€of€force.€€The€training€emphasized€the€importanceÐ  7  Ðof€exercising€judgement€and€discretion€in€responding€to€a€wide€variety€ofÐ Òþ  Ðcircumstances.€€Refresher€courses€were€also€given.Ð ™Å ÐÌ21.à b àMembers€of€the€Canadian€armed€forces€called€upon€to€assist€civilÐ 'S Ðauthorities€during€a€riot€or€disturbance€in€Canada€received€specific€trainingÐ î Ðon€the€use€of€minimum€force.€€The€level€of€force€authorized€in€such€operationsÐ µá Ðwas€similar€to€that€authorized€for€other€peace€officers.€€Members€of€CanadianÐ |¨ Ðforces€participating€in€United€Nations€peace„keeping€and€humanitarianÐ Co Ðassistance€operations€outside€Canada€received€specific€training€on€the€levelÐ  6 Ðof€force€permitted€under€international€law,€government€policy€and€the€rules€ofÐ Ñý Ðengagement€applicable€to€the€particular€operation.€€The€level€of€forceÐ ˜Ä Ðauthorized€was€usually€the€minimum€force€required€and€based€on€the€principleÐ _‹ Ðof€self-defence.€€All€members€of€the€Canadian€forces€were€given€training€onÐ &R Ðthe€Geneva€Conventions€and€the€Additional€Protocols.Ð í ÐÌ22.à b àShe€was€unaware€of€specific€training€for€medical€doctors€on€the€detectionÐ {§! Ðof€torture.€€However,€she€would€take€steps€to€find€out€more€about€thatÐ Bn" Ðsubject.€€A€full€review€would€be€made€of€the€letter€referred€to€byÐ  5# ÐMr.Sorensen,€which€expressed€views€on€the€scope€of€the€Convention,€and€of€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðinterpretation€contained€within€it.€Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ23.à b àAs€to€the€question€concerning€corporal€punishment€in€Canada,€it€should€beÐ %#Q' Ðnoted€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€in€the€case€of€Regina€versus€Smith,Ð ì#( Ðhad€stated€that€there€were€certain€punishments€which€would€always€offend€theÐ ³$ß) Ðprotection€against€cruel€and€unusual€punishment€in€section€12€of€the€CanadianÐ z%¦ * ÐCharter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€including€corporal€punishment.€€The€Ð  A&m!+ ÐfederalGovernment€was€re-examining€a€provision€of€the€Criminal€Code€whichÐ Ô Ðpermitted€reasonable€force€by€a€parent€or€schoolteacher€in€the€correction€of€aÐ ›Ç Ðchild.€€She€would€try€to€ensure€that€the€outcome€of€that€examination€wasÐ bŽ Ðincluded€in€Canada's€next€report.Ð )U ÐÌ24.à b àQuestions€had€been€raised€about€the€availability€of€statistics€in€CanadaÐ ·ã Ðon€certain€matters€related€to€the€Convention.€€The€collection€of€statisticalÐ ~ ª Ðinformation€was€undoubtedly€complicated€by€the€division€of€powers€in€Canada.€Ð E q ÐHowever,€consultations€with€the€relevant€government€departments€responsibleÐ  8 Ðfor€collecting€such€data€would€be€held€and€more€information€of€that€natureÐ Ó ÿ  Ðwould€be€included€in€the€next€report.€€Similarly,€her€delegation€would€act€onÐ š Æ  Ðthe€comments€made€concerning€the€style€and€organization€of€certain€parts€ofÐ a   Ðthe€report.Ð (T  ÐÌ25.à b àòòMr.€DESLAURIERSóó€(Canada)€said€that€since€1988€the€Province€of€Quebec€hadÐ ¶â  Ðbeen€undertaking€a€major€police€reform,€briefly€summarized€in€paragraphs€87„94Ð }©  Ðof€the€report€contained€in€document€CAT/C/17/Add.5.€€Two€new€tribunals,€theÐ Dp  ÐCommissioner€for€Police€Ethics€and€the€Committee€on€Police€Ethics,€wouldÐ  7  Ðfurther€enhance€the€implementation€of€the€Convention's€provisions€in€Quebec,Ð Òþ  Ðparticularly€those€of€articles12€and13.Ð ™Å ÐÌ26.à b àWith€regard€to€the€allegations€brought€to€the€Committee's€attention€byÐ 'S ÐAmnesty€International,€the€fourcases€submitted€to€the€Complaints€Committee€ofÐ î ÐQuebec's€Department€of€Public€Security€had€been€rejected€because€there€hadÐ µá Ðbeen€no€collaboration€or€the€complainant€had€been€untraceable€or€theÐ |¨ Ðcomplaints€had€proved€unfounded.€€The€Complaints€Committee's€decisions€were,Ð Co Ðin€any€case,€subject€to€appeal.€€The€fourcases€concerned€were€based€onÐ  6 Ðmatters€which€had€been€raised€before€1September1990€and€had€thus€beenÐ Ñý Ðconsidered€under€the€former€system;€under€the€new€provisions,€all€complaintsÐ ˜Ä Ðwould€be€considered,€in€the€first€instance,€by€the€Commissioner€for€PoliceÐ _‹ ÐEthics.Ð &R ÐÌ27.à b àThe€last€case€mentioned€by€the€Committee€did€involve€events€which€hadÐ ´à  Ðoccurred€after€1September1990€and€had€thus€been€examined€by€the€CommissionerÐ {§! Ðfor€Police€Ethics;€as€a€result€of€the€inquiry,€certain€police€officers€hadÐ Bn" Ðbeen€summoned€to€appear€before€the€Committee€on€Police€Ethics,€which€would€beÐ  5# Ðconsidering€the€matter€in€the€autumn€of€1993.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ28.à b àWith€regard€to€Mr.BenAmmar's€request€for€further€information€about€theÐ ^"Š& Ðaims€and€working€methods€of€the€Commissioner€and€Committee€on€Police€Ethics,Ð %#Q' Ðhe€suggested€that,€in€order€to€save€time,€the€Committee€against€Torture€shouldÐ ì#( Ðbe€provided€with€the€latest€annual€report€of€the€Commissioner€for€PoliceÐ ³$ß) ÐEthics,€which€also€included€information€about€the€relevant€Committee.Ð z%¦ * ÐÌ29.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€thanked€the€speaker€for€the€information€provided.€€ThereÐ '4", Ðbeing€no€objections,€he€took€it€that€the€Committee€wished€to€receive€and€studyÐ Ï'û"- Ðthe€annual€report€mentioned.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ30.à b àòòMr.€LOWóó€(Canada),€referring€to€the€relationship€between€the€ConventionÐ $*P%0 Ðagainst€Torture€and€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€saidÐ ë*&1 Ðthat,€in€Canada's€view,€the€twoinstruments€should€be€interpreted€in€aÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðcompatible€fashion,€in€accordance€with€the€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€ofÐ y,¥'3 ÐTreaties,€and€the€Committee€against€Torture€should€seek€to€interpret€itsÐ @-l(4 Ðgoverning€Convention€accordingly.€€Although€the€latter€was€more€specific€inÐ Ô Ðsome€ways,€the€concept€of€persecution€in€the€non„refoulement€obligationÐ ›Ç Ðreflected€in€article€33€of€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€RefugeesÐ bŽ Ðshould€be€taken€to€cover€the€concept€of€torture.€€Since€UNHCR€had€been€soÐ )U Ðpositive€about€Canada's€fulfilment€of€its€obligations,€the€Committee€shouldÐ ð Ðnot€lightly€assume€that€general€criticisms€or€vague€allegations€about€Canada'sÐ ·ã Ðrecord€were€well€founded.€€Furthermore,€in€view€of€the€provisions€relating€toÐ ~ ª Ðtorture€in€Canada's€Criminal€Code,€there€seemed€no€need€for€a€specificÐ E q Ðreference,€in€the€country's€immigration€laws,€to€the€operative€provisions€ofÐ  8 Ðthe€Convention€against€Torture.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ31.à b àWith€reference€to€Amnesty€International's€representations€about€allegedÐ a   Ðill„treatment€of€twopersons€in€Vancouver,€the€Committee€would€be€providedÐ (T  Ðwith€an€updated€report€about€the€findings€of€the€independent€commissionÐ ï  Ðappointed€by€the€Province€ofBritishColumbia,€in€response€to€thoseÐ ¶â  Ðrepresentations,€to€inquire€into€municipal€policing.€€But€it€should€be€noted,Ð }©  Ðfirst,€that€the€independent€Police€Complaints€Commission€had€carried€out€anÐ Dp  Ðinvestigation,€and€secondly,€that€the€persons€in€question€had€apparentlyÐ  7  Ðinstituted€legal€proceedings€against€the€officers€concerned,€which€showed€thatÐ Òþ  Ða€remedy€was€available€and€that€Canada€attached€importance€to€making€provisionÐ ™Å Ðfor€those€who€felt€they€had€been€subjected€to€cruel€or€unusual€treatment.Ð `Œ ÐÌ32.à b àCanada's€refugee€determination€system€fully€complied€with€theÐ î ÐConvention's€requirements€relating€to€torture€allegations.€€With€regard€toÐ µá Ðdifferent€standards€of€proof,€the€fact€remained€that,€whether€the€standard€wasÐ |¨ Ð"substantial€grounds€for€believing",€"reasonable€grounds",€"danger...ofÐ Co Ðbeing€subjected€to€torture"€or€some€other€test,€there€must€be€factual€evidenceÐ  6 Ðto€support€the€refugee's€claim.€€In€Canada,€a€refugee€could€make€a€claim€basedÐ Ñý Ðon€torture€or€other€recognized€forms€of€persecution€to€the€Convention€RefugeeÐ ˜Ä ÐDetermination€Division€(CRDD)€of€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board.€€ThatÐ _‹ Ðbody,€independent€of€the€Government€and€having€staff€specially€trained€by€theÐ &R ÐCanadian€Centre€for€Victims€of€Torture€and€by€UNHCR,€as€well€as€a€data€bankÐ í Ðwith€information€on€conditions€in€countries€of€origin,€heard€claimants'€casesÐ ´à  Ðand€gave€them€the€benefit€of€the€doubt€in€any€unclear€instances.€€Any€claimÐ {§! Ðbacked€by€trustworthy€evidence€would€succeed;€but€there€had€to€be€someÐ Bn" Ðevidence.Ð  5# ÐÌ33.à b àIf€the€CRDD€did€not€accept€the€claim,€the€claimant€could€apply€for€leaveÐ —!Ã% Ðto€appeal€to€the€Federal€Court.€€If€a€claimant€did€not€appeal,€or€if€theÐ ^"Š& Ðappeal€did€not€succeed,€the€claim€was€automatically€referred€to€a€Post-ClaimÐ %#Q' ÐDetermination€Officer€with€a€view€to€determining€whether€there€was€any€factorÐ ì#( Ðthat€would€militate€against€returning€the€person.€€The€procedure,€intended€toÐ ³$ß) Ðprovide€an€automatic€supplementary€safety€net,€had€been€established€inÐ z%¦ * Ðresponse€to€concerns€voiced€by€refugee€support€groups€in€Canada€and€went€farÐ A&m!+ Ðbeyond€the€requirements€of€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees.€Ð '4", ÐAgain,€however,€there€had€to€be€some€factual€basis€for€the€person's€concern.€Ð Ï'û"- ÐShould€that€review€not€succeed,€the€person€could€appeal€further€for€permissionÐ –(Â#. Ðto€remain€in€Canada€on€humanitarian€and€compassionate€grounds;€the€decisionÐ ])‰$/ Ðwould€likewise€depend€on€the€existence€of€factual€support.€€There€were€thus€atÐ $*P%0 Ðleast€four€opportunities€for€a€victim€to€make€a€claim.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌÌÐ @-l(4 Ð34.à b àThe€success€rate€for€refugee€claimants€in€Canada€had€been€recognized€byÐ Ô ÐUNHCR€as€the€highest€in€the€world:€€57€per€cent€of€all€such€claims€currentlyÐ ›Ç Ðsucceeded.€€That€high€rate€stemmed€from€Canada's€genuine€intention€to€complyÐ bŽ Ðwith€its€obligations€under€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees.€Ð )U ÐHis€delegation€would€try€to€obtain€clarification€about€the€cases€referred€toÐ ð Ðthe€Committee;€but€the€claims€that€Canada's€refugee€determination€system€wasÐ ·ã Ðtantamount€to€torture,€or€that€Canada€had€failed€to€meet€its€obligations€underÐ ~ ª Ðeither€of€the€two€Conventions€in€question,€would€be€hard€to€substantiate.€€TheÐ E q Ðsystem€would€nevertheless€be€kept€under€continuous€review,€so€as€to€ensureÐ  8 Ðthat€it€remained€the€best€in€the€world,€a€fact€attested€to€by€UNHCR€andÐ Ó ÿ  Ðimplied€in€the€award€of€the€Nansen€medal€to€Canada€„€the€only€instance€of€itsÐ š Æ  Ðaward€to€a€country.€€Ð a   ÐÌ35.à b àThe€training€of€immigration€officers€of€all€categories€consisted€of€veryÐ ï  Ðsubstantial€programmes,€including€courses€developed€in€consultation€withÐ ¶â  Ðoutside€organizations€such€as€UNHCR,€the€Immigration€and€Refugee€Board€andÐ }©  ÐAmnesty€International.€€The€training€included€a€cross„cultural€awarenessÐ Dp  Ðmodule€developed€with€UNHCR's€advice€and€assistance.Ð  7  ÐÌ36.à b àWith€regard€to€the€concern,€mentioned€by€Mr.Sorensen,€that€a€personÐ ™Å Ðmight€be€extradited€to€face€the€death€penalty,€and€the€possibility€of€lengthyÐ `Œ Ðdelays€pending€appeals€prior€to€execution,€the€issue€related€to€cases€pendingÐ 'S Ðbefore€the€Human€Rights€Committee€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ î ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;€it€was€hoped,€therefore,Ð µá Ðthat€the€Committee€would€appreciate€the€impropriety€of€discussing€them.€€TheÐ |¨ Ðmatter€had€been€fully€deliberated€in€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€and€thereÐ Co Ðwere€certainly€two€sides€to€the€question€of€delay:€€some€delay€was€inevitableÐ  6 Ðwhen,€following€conviction,€a€person€had€invoked€legal€procedures€that€wereÐ Ñý Ðintended€to€ensure€that€the€execution€could€not€take€place€before€the€mostÐ ˜Ä Ðexhaustive€review€and€legal€scrutiny.Ð _‹ ÐÌ37.à b àInformation€on€criminal€injuries€compensation€arrangements€in€Canada€wasÐ í Ðcontained€in€that€country's€reports€submitted€under€the€International€CovenantÐ ´à  Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€Certain€general€factors€should€perhaps€beÐ {§! Ðmentioned.€€If€a€police€investigation€concluded€that€there€had€been€noÐ Bn" Ðoffence,€there€was€no€right€to€compensation;€if€an€accused€person€wasÐ  5# Ðacquitted€on€the€merits€of€the€charge,€compensation€might€be€provided€if€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðrelevant€tribunal€was€persuaded€that€the€injuries€had€been€occasioned€by€aÐ —!Ã% Ðcriminal€offence.€€And€in€the€case€of€an€acquittal€on€technical€grounds,€suchÐ ^"Š& Ðas€undue€delay€in€presenting€the€prosecution's€case,€compensation€mightÐ %#Q' Ðnevertheless€be€granted.€€It€should€be€noted€that€such€compensation€provisionsÐ ì#( Ðstemmed€from€special€funds€established€by€the€governments;€the€injured€partyÐ ³$ß) Ðmight€also€seek€compensation€or€other€remedies€through€the€courts,€even€if€theÐ z%¦ * Ðoffender€was€a€government€official.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ38.à b àIf€the€Committee€had€any€further€questions€to€put€to€him€or€hisÐ Ï'û"- Ðcolleagues,€they€would€do€their€best€to€reply€or€obtain€the€relevant€details.€Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ39.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€thanked€the€speakers€for€the€information€they€had€provided.€Ð $*P%0 ÐFollowing€a€brief€informal€consultation,€he€invited€the€Alternate€CountryÐ ë*&1 ÐRapporteur€to€read€out€the€Committee's€final€appreciation.€€Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð40.à b àòòMr.€EL€IBRASHIóó€(Alternate€Country€Rapporteur)€read€out€the€text€of€theÐ Ô Ðâ âCommittee's€findings:Ð ›Ç ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€Committee€against€Torture€examined,€at€its€meeting€held€onÐ )U Ð20April1993,€the€first€supplementary€report€submitted€by€the€CanadianÐ ð ÐGovernment€and€presented€by€his€Excellency€the€Permanent€RepresentativeÐ ·ã Ðand€Ambassador€of€Canada€to€the€UnitedNations€at€Geneva€and€theÐ ~ ª Ðaccompanying€delegation.€€ÐE qbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ àThe€Committee€expresses€its€appreciation€of€the€comprehensiveÐ Ó ÿ  Ðreport€and€the€excellent€presentation€by€the€Canadian€delegation,€as€wellÐ š Æ  Ðas€of€the€measures€and€efforts€undertaken€by€the€Canadian€authorities€inÐ a   Ðcompliance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.Ð(T bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ àThe€Committee€also€took€note€with€satisfaction€of€the€variousÐ ¶â  Ðclarifications€pointed€out€by€the€Canadian€delegation€in€response€to€theÐ }©  Ðquestions€raised€by€members€of€the€Committee€during€the€discussion€of€theÐ Dp  Ðreport.€€Ð 7 bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ àHowever,€the€Committee€expects€to€be€provided€with€more€detailsÐ ™Å Ðconcerning€the€training€of€doctors,€the€outcome€of€the€inquiriesÐ `Œ Ðconducted€by€the€Canadian€authorities€relating€to€two€immigrants€ofÐ 'S ÐChinese€origin,€as€well€as€some€statistics€requested€by€the€Committee".Ðîbü#bü# ÐÌ41.à b àFollowing€an€observation€by€òòMr.MIKHAILOVóó,€òòthe€CHAIRMANóó€said€he€took€itÐ |¨ Ðthat€the€Committee€unanimously€accepted€the€text€read€out€by€the€AlternateÐ Co ÐCountry€Rapporteur.€€He€reiterated€the€Committee's€appreciation€for€theÐ  6 ÐCanadian€authorities'€close€collaboration€and€detailed€information,€and€saidÐ Ñý Ðthat€the€Committee€had€thus€concluded€its€deliberations€on€the€firstÐ ˜Ä Ðsupplementary€report€submitted€by€Canada.Ð _‹ ÐÌ42.à b àòòMs.€Weiser,€Mr.€Deslauriers€and€Mr.Low€(Canada)€withdrewóó.Ð í ÐÌÌà@‹ ‹ "“àòòThe€public€meeting€rose€at€4.45€p.m.óó