ÿWPCÖ {ïoET ÍòiÑòp„/ܺÜ}µµ¢4˜ÆXi¢ó`ˆÂtà©éáþ˾<±¶õXàAžib”è/‘mƒd±ؘ6%Æ6© ÜÇT,B†H(W[.ô 0Æøí‰oÖa2òbš(ºNœ ²_@®\ôŒ.2hö“¯Ê°EK¹™TtŠYñUêù°YÕ]3Û?N«2þ82\%‰aÐÞ/ô}ÇK‰ÚèJ£ju–ù®rWAG ìvÙà¿Ë£zŠþse–&‡Y3$ñæêF7c"'9AAÙ ®ÛÖ`,òÎ’Öv.2Ã^ tËÀ»G­Úáx]ÊÒgRÇ£ Å/¾õ(ù#ÄÕF!þDGØÕ`|ÿA \5:øž—ט¢ç‰D'bó9þ-Í…©y{žªK[$©!ˆSW¿W³¢zÛý·Vy¦Nw3دÈÊø¤”û8Ü>D7«S Ù7G.B`u¡£r®ì+HàfLJ¶‹È—º‡t+ÚEÜ¿×#ÕúI_L®Ù]ME×[äÈÇþl²Ÿ&3`³á‘É–U:Bn­| %)¾/Eí£ï 0½’sO 0½ 0, 0,«× 0¢ç B‰#ɦ(oN—^ ™w¥4©½ m¿<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpi«<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@ô' Ê 017429 2 &CCPR/C/SR.12460bw .15   ™Ý ƒ¯+(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÝ  ÝÓ' ++ŒP+{‚XbŒ7'Óà Œ àà P àCCPR/C/SR.1246Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(•2¯+$¨¨Ý ƒ #,!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý iÝ ƒ ¯+'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÝ  ÝÓ' ++ŒP+{‚XbŒ7'ÓCCPR/C/SR.1246Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(•2¯+$§§Ý ƒ #,!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(â"2)…$¤¤Ý ƒ #,!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€*ºXòôÈçÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(â"2+¥$¥¥Ý ƒ #,!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€*ºXòôÈçÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (z#,$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑ d˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!…€z0— ‘vx0ø’F AÈABÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ #,!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÈçòòôÔÔ€ôÈçòòôÈçÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓH4+{Ó+b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXHÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ' ++±“+{‚XbŒ7'ÓÑbØÑщ¥ÑÑ = Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð b Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ )Ç ÐÌà ± àà “ àCCPR/C/SR.1246Ð · U Ðà ± àà “ à8€June€1994Ð ~  ÐÌà ± àà “ àENGLISHÐ  ª Ðà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€FRENCHÐ Ó q ÐÌÌÌÌÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓà@GG)“àHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEˆÐ }  ÐÌà@««*“àForty„eighth€sessionˆÐ  ©  ÐÌà@‹ ‹ "“àSUMMARY€RECORD€OF€THE€1246th€MEETINGˆÐ ™7  ÐÌà@õ õ !“àHeld€at€the€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva,ˆÐ 'Å Ðà@‹ ‹ "“àon€Tuesday,€20€July€1993,€at€10€a.m.ˆÐ îŒ ÐÌà@ÝÝ+“àòòChairmanóó:€€Mr.€ANDOˆÐ | ÐÌÌà@0“àCONTENTSˆÐ Ño ÐÌConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€40€of€theÐ _ý ÐCovenant€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð &Ä ÐÌà b àSecond€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð ´R ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€' J$ÒdE+$$Ñ?ßÐ %$Ã% ÐÌà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð ý$›' ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ ‹&)) Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ R'ð* Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ (· + Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð à(~!, ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€CommitteeÐ n* #. Ðatthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ 5+Ó#/ Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð ü+š$0 ÐÌÌÌÔ:/:/Ø'/¶'ÔGE.93„17429€€(E)Ð :/Ø'4 ÐÐ  0Ÿ(5= ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@É É “àòòThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€10.20€a.m.óóˆÐ Ô ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE40€OF€THEÐ bŽ ÐCOVENANT€(agenda€item€4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð )U ÐÌòòSecond€periodic€report€of€Egyptóó€(òòcontinuedóó)€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7;Ð ·ã ÐHRI/CORE/1/Add.19;€M/CCPR/93/21,€document€without€a€symbol,€English€only)Ð ~ ª ÐÌ1.à b àòòAt€the€invitation€of€the€Chairman,€the€delegation€of€Egypt€took€a€placeÐ  8 Ðat€the€Committee€tableóó.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ2.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€noted€that€members€of€the€Committee€had€concluded€theirÐ a   Ðobservations€on€sections€II€and€III€of€the€list€of€issues€(M/CCPR/93/21)Ð (T  Ðandinvited€the€Egyptian€delegation€to€respond.Ð ï  ÐÌ3.à b àòòMr.€KHALILóó€(Egypt)€thanked€members€of€the€Committee€for€giving€him€theÐ }©  Ðopportunity,€through€their€questions€and€their€comments,€to€provide€furtherÐ Dp  Ðinformation€on€a€number€of€points.€€He€would€respond€first€of€all€to€questionsÐ  7  Ðrelating€to€the€death€sentence,€terrorism€and€prison€conditions.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ4.à b àUnder€Egyptian€criminal€law,€the€death€penalty€could€be€appliedÐ `Œ Ðonlyincertain€specific€cases,€but€the€court€was€by€no€means€obligedÐ 'S Ðtopronounce€the€death€penalty:€€it€could€always€choose€another€form€ofÐ î Ðpunishment.€€In€practice,€the€death€penalty€was€pronounced€in€three€contexts:€Ð µá Ðfirstly,€for€aggravated€homicide,€considered€particularly€horrifying€becauseÐ |¨ Ðof€the€number€of€victims,€the€methods€used€or€the€consequences;€second,Ð Co Ðfordrug€trafficking;€and€third,€for€kidnapping€followed€by€rape.€€The€factÐ  6 Ðthat€drug€trafficking€was€a€particularly€serious€offence€deserving€of€aÐ Ñý Ðparticularly€severe€penalty€could€not€be€disputed,€and€the€conference€heldÐ ˜Ä ÐatVienna€in€1988,€which€had€adopted€the€UnitedNations€Convention€againstÐ _‹ ÐIllicit€Traffic€in€Narcotic€Drugs€and€Psychotropic€Substances,€had€confirmedÐ &R Ðthat€fact.€€As€for€the€third€crime€entailing€the€death€penalty,€it€was€a€factÐ í Ðthat€rape€always€elicited€a€strong€reaction€among€the€population€and€it€wasÐ ´à  Ðtherefore€important€to€punish€the€guilty€parties€very€severely.Ð {§! ÐÌ5.à b àIt€must€be€understood€that€the€death€penalty€was€not€pronounced€lightlyÐ  5# Ðin€Egypt.€€First€of€all,€the€judges€had€to€be€unanimous.€€Then,€even€if€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðcondemned€person€did€not€appeal€the€verdict€of€his€own€accord,€it€had€to€beÐ —!Ã% Ðreviewed€by€the€court€of€appeals,€which€ensured€that€the€law€and€all€theÐ ^"Š& Ðjudicial€safeguards€were€respected.€€The€court€checked€into€whether€theÐ %#Q' Ðaccused€person€had€received€a€proper€legal€defence,€through€a€lawyer€appointedÐ ì#( Ðby€the€court€if€necessary,€and€whether€the€defence€had€played€its€roleÐ ³$ß) Ðproperly.€€If€the€court€determined€that€that€had€not€been€the€case,€theÐ z%¦ * Ðverdict€was€overruled.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ6.à b àUnder€a€law€promulgated€in€1992,€after€the€elaboration€of€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðsecondperiodic€report,€and€the€text€of€which€had€been€made€available€to€theÐ –(Â#. ÐCommittee,€the€crime€of€terrorism€had€been€added€to€crimes€entailing€the€deathÐ ])‰$/ Ðpenalty.€€The€suffering€and€destruction€resulting€from€acts€of€terrorism€inÐ $*P%0 ÐEgypt€and€elsewhere€was€considerable,€and€the€response€must€be€of€a€measureÐ ë*&1 Ðwith€the€effects€of€terrorist€acts.€€Under€article€86€of€the€new€law,Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðterrorism€was€defined€as€any€use€of€force,€violence,€threats€or€intimidationÐ y,¥'3 Ðin€the€execution€of€a€criminal€plan,€whether€individual€or€collective;Ð @-l(4 Ðthedefinition€also€covered€acts€aimed€at€jeopardizing€the€physical€integrityÐ Ô Ðof€the€population€or€endangering€the€life€or€security€of€individuals,€as€wellÐ ›Ç Ðasacts€designed€to€destroy€the€environment€or€communications,€undermine€theÐ bŽ Ðfunctioning€of€public€services€or€obstruct€the€application€of€the€ConstitutionÐ )U Ðor€the€law.€€Those€criteria€were€used€for€guidance€by€the€courts€responsibleÐ ð Ðfor€trying€terrorism€cases.€€Making€use€of€the€exceptional€powers€conferredÐ ·ã Ðupon€him€by€the€law€on€states€of€emergency,€the€President€of€the€RepublicÐ ~ ª Ðreferred€to€military€courts€only€those€individuals€who€were€suspects€inÐ E q Ðterrorism€cases.€€Terrorism€was€an€abnormal€phenomenon€which€must€be€counteredÐ  8 Ðby€special€treatment.€€The€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€had€decreed€that€theÐ Ó ÿ  Ðexceptional€powers€conferred€on€the€President€of€the€Republic€authorized€himÐ š Æ  Ðto€refer€to€military€courts€individuals€accused€of€terrorism.€€Such€courtsÐ a   Ðrespected€all€judicial€safeguards,€including€the€right€to€present€a€defence.€Ð (T  ÐTheir€decisions€were€subject€to€monitoring€under€a€procedure€equivalent€toÐ ï  Ðthat€of€an€appeal€which€was€carried€out€by€judges€with€specialized€andÐ ¶â  Ðcertified€competence.Ð }©  ÐÌ7.à b àTorture€had€long€constituted€a€criminal€offence€punishable€by€a€heavyÐ  7  Ðpenalty;€the€Egyptian€Criminal€Code€equated€torture€with€murder€if€the€victimÐ Òþ  Ðsubsequently€died.€€It€would€be€useless€to€pretend€that€torture€did€not€exist,Ð ™Å Ðhuman€nature€being€what€it€was.€€But€such€crimes€were€severely€punished€inÐ `Œ ÐEgypt.€€Torture€was€one€of€the€offences€for€which€there€was€no€prescription.€Ð 'S ÐConfessions€obtained€under€duress€or€under€torture€were€regarded€as€null€andÐ î Ðvoid,€in€accordance€with€the€Covenant.€€They€were€not€taken€into€accountÐ µá Ðduring€a€trial€and,€if€no€other€evidence€had€been€obtained,€the€accusedÐ |¨ Ðwasacquitted€and€the€prosecutor's€office€pursued€the€investigation.€€AnyÐ Co Ðcomplaint€about€torture€submitted€to€the€òòóóprosecutor's€office€was€referred€toÐ  6 Ðthe€judicial€authorities€following€an€investigation;€the€same€was€true€if€theÐ Ñý Ðoffence€was€uncovered€during€the€prosecution€of€a€separate€case.€€A€criminalÐ ˜Ä Ðcourt€made€up€of€three€high-level€judges€had€jurisdiction€over€cases€ofÐ _‹ Ðtorture.€€In€1988,€the€public€prosecutor€had€instituted€proceedingsÐ &R Ðagainst44police€officers€after€a€court€had€established€that€acts€ofÐ í Ðtorturehad€been€committed.€€Such€examples€revealed€the€Egyptian€Government'sÐ ´à  Ðcommitment€to€meting€out€appropriate€punishment€to€those€responsible€for€actsÐ {§! Ðof€torture.€€The€Constitution€provided€that€the€State€paid€compensation€toÐ Bn" Ðvictims,€and€the€State€also€made€sure€that€victims€received€medical€care.Ð  5# ÐÌ8.à b àWith€respect€to€prison€conditions,€all€necessary€measures€were€taken€toÐ —!Ã% Ðensure€that€they€conformed€to€the€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€the€Treatment€ofÐ ^"Š& ÐPrisoners.€€Sentences€were€served€in€various€establishments,€depending€on€theÐ %#Q' Ðnature€of€the€offence€and€the€severity€of€the€sentence.€€Prisoners€underwent€aÐ ì#( Ðmedical€check„up€upon€arrival€in€the€penitentiary€and€were€subsequently€givenÐ ³$ß) Ðregular€check„ups€by€specialized€physicians.€€They€had€access€to€education.€Ð z%¦ * ÐThey€could€receive€visitors€and€mail.€€The€health€of€detained€persons€wasÐ A&m!+ Ðtaken€into€consideration:€€it€was€against€the€regulations€to€force€prisonersÐ '4", Ðwho€were€over€a€certain€age€or€were€in€ill€health€to€work.€€Prison€conditionsÐ Ï'û"- Ðwere€the€subject€of€constant€surveillance€exercised€by€the€public€prosecutor,Ð –(Â#. Ðwhose€representatives€could€make€unannounced€visits€to€check€on€possibleÐ ])‰$/ Ðviolations€of€the€law.€€Judges€were€likewise€entitled€to€visit€prisons€ifÐ $*P%0 Ðtheyreceived€complaints€from€detainees.€€A€prisoner€was€never€subjected€toÐ ë*&1 Ðâ âpunishment€more€rigorous€than€called€for€by€his€sentence.€€Sentences€were€Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðalways€carried€out€in€the€appropriate€penitentiaries,€and€there€were€no€otherÐ Ô Ðtypes€of€detention€centres.€€Incarceration€of€an€individual€in€a€facility€thatÐ ›Ç Ðwas€not€provided€for€by€the€law€constituted€an€offence.Ð bŽ Ðâ âÌ9.à b àSolitary€confinement€was€a€disciplinary€measure€adopted€in€case€ofÐ ð Ðdisturbances€in€the€prison€or€refusal€to€obey€orders.€€Detainees€subjectedÐ ·ã Ðtothat€measure€had€the€right€to€lodge€protests€against€it.Ð ~ ª ÐÌ10.à b àProvisional€or€pre-trial€detention€was€a€measure€applied,€in€accordanceÐ  8 Ðwith€the€law,€when€the€suspect€would€be€subject€to€incarceration€if€he€orÐ Ó ÿ  Ðshewere€found€guilty.€€The€objective€was€to€ensure€that€the€investigationÐ š Æ  Ðproceeded€smoothly€by€guaranteeing€that€all€the€evidence€was€preserved€andÐ a   Ðthat€the€accused€duly€appeared€before€the€courts.€€The€arrest€warrant€handedÐ (T  Ðdown€by€the€public€prosecutor€was€valid€for€only€four€days€following€theÐ ï  Ðarrest.€€If€the€public€prosecutor€decided€to€extend€the€pre-trial€detentionÐ ¶â  Ðperiod,€he€referred€the€case€to€a€judge€responsible€for€summary€procedures.€Ð }©  ÐPre-trial€detention€periods€could€be€extended€several€times,€for€45days€eachÐ Dp  Ðtime,€with€the€total€length€of€detention€not€to€exceed€6months.€€If€theÐ  7  Ðdetention€period€was€not€so€extended,€the€suspect€must€either€be€broughtÐ Òþ  Ðbefore€the€competent€court€or€released,€with€or€without€bail.€€That€processÐ ™Å Ðwas€intended€to€ensure€that€the€suspect€benefited€at€all€times€from€theÐ `Œ Ðguarantees€provided€for€by€the€law.€€Any€individual€detained€in€conformityÐ 'S Ðwith€the€laws€on€the€state€of€emergency€enjoyed€the€same€guarantees€as€thoseÐ î Ðprovided€for€in€the€standard€legislation.€€The€Supreme€Constitutional€CourtÐ µá Ðhad€stated,€in€a€decree€dated€2€January€1993,€that€some€of€the€legislativeÐ |¨ Ðprovisions€relating€to€treatment€of€suspects€were€unconstitutional,€basingÐ Co Ðitsdecision€on€the€principle€of€presumption€of€innocence€and€reaffirmingÐ  6 Ðthatthe€guilt€of€any€suspect€must€be€proved€according€to€the€law.Ð Ñý ÐÌ11.à b àThe€legislation€on€young€offenders€and€juvenile€courts€had€beenÐ _‹ Ðelaborated€in€full€conformity€with€the€international€instruments€on€theÐ &R Ðtreatment€of€minors.€€Some€sentences€could€not€be€imposed€on€juvenilesÐ í Ðunder15years€of€age,€and€any€juvenile€found€guilty€of€an€offence€couldÐ ´à  Ðbeplaced€in€a€medical€or€psychiatric€institution€if€the€court€deemed€thatÐ {§! Ðtheminor's€physical€state€or€living€conditions€justified€such€a€measure.€Ð Bn" ÐChildren's€judges€were€entitled€to€check€up€on€the€implementation€of€sentencesÐ  5# Ðand€request€the€lightening€or€modification€of€the€penalties€imposed€if€suchÐ Ð ü$ Ðameasure€was€justified€by€the€physical€and€mental€progress€of€the€minor.€Ð —!Ã% ÐJuvenile€courts€were€made€up€of€a€president,€three€judges€chosen€from€theÐ ^"Š& Ðhighest€echelons€of€the€magistracy€and€three€eminent€individuals,€but€theirÐ %#Q' Ðdecisions€were€adopted€on€the€basis€of€a€majority€of€votes€cast€by€the€judgesÐ ì#( Ðalone.€€Those€decisions€could€be€appealed€before€a€higher€court,€therebyÐ ³$ß) Ðoffering€further€guarantees€of€due€process.€€Cases€submitted€to€juvenileÐ z%¦ * Ðcourts€generally€involved€illegal€acquisition€of€funds€and€drug€trafficking.€€Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ12.à b àOn€the€subject€of€legal€aid,€the€Constitution€and€legislation€of€EgyptÐ Ï'û"- Ðstipulated€that€the€State€was€required€to€provide€the€services€of€a€legalÐ –(Â#. Ðcounsel€free€of€charge€to€individuals€who€did€not€have€sufficient€financialÐ ])‰$/ Ðresources.€€The€legal€counsel€did€not€simply€engage€in€formalities€likeÐ $*P%0 Ðseeking€to€have€a€sentence€reduced:€€if€appointed€òòexofficioóó,€he€wasÐ ë*&1 Ðâ âresponsible€for€enforcing€the€right€to€present€a€defence,€and€if€that€Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðobligation€was€not€fulfilled,€the€verdict€handed€down€by€the€court€could€beÐ Ô Ðdeclared€null€and€void€and€give€rise€to€an€appeal€to€a€higher€court€on€theÐ ›Ç Ðground€of€violation€of€the€right€of€defence.Ð bŽ Ðâ âÌ13.à b àThe€penalty€of€forced€labour€which€could€be€imposed€by€Egyptian€courtsÐ ð Ðcould€in€no€way€be€equated€with€cruel€or€inhuman€treatment.€€It€simplyÐ ·ã Ðinvolved€obliging€an€individual€found€guilty€of€a€crime€to€do€work€in€minesÐ ~ ª Ðoragricultural€holdings,€for€example,€in€conformity€with€the€legislation€onÐ E q Ðlabour€and€the€regulations€applicable€in€penal€institutions.Ð  8 ÐÌ14.à b àFinally,€in€conformity€with€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€a€deathÐ š Æ  Ðpenalty€pronounced€òòinabsentiaóó€became€null€and€void€if€an€individual€whoÐ a   Ðhadbeen€declared€guilty€appeared€of€his€own€accord€before€the€court.Ð (T  ÐÌ15.à b àòòMr.€AGUILAR€URBINAóó€said€that€he€would€like€to€have€information€on€theÐ ¶â  Ðdefinition€of€acts€regarded€as€criminal€acts€under€the€new€Terrorism€Act.€Ð }©  ÐSince€individuals€found€guilty€of€violating€that€Act€were€liable€to€incur€theÐ Dp  Ðdeath€penalty,€the€Egyptian€legislator€had€been€obliged€to€base€himself€onÐ  7  Ðprecise€definitions€before€empowering€courts€to€take€decisions€with€suchÐ Òþ  Ðpotentially€serious€repercussions.Ð ™Å ÐÌ16.à b àòòMr.€KHALILóó€(Egypt)€said€that€the€concept€of€a€terrorist€act€couldÐ 'S Ðnaturally€vary€depending€on€the€circumstances€prevailing€in€a€particularÐ î Ðcountry.€€Under€Egyptian€law€an€act€of€terrorism€was€defined€as€an€act€aimedÐ µá Ðat€inciting€people€to€break€the€law€or€undermining€the€individual€libertiesÐ |¨ Ðguaranteed€by€the€Constitution.€€Nevertheless,€any€decision€that€a€particularÐ Co Ðaction€constituted€a€terrorist€act€was€still€subject€to€review€by€the€courts.€Ð  6 ÐThe€relevant€provisions€included€those€contained€in€article86€òòbisóó€ofÐ Ñý ÐActNo.97/1992€concerning€terrorism.€€The€Egyptian€delegation€was€unable€toÐ ˜Ä Ðprovide€detailed€comments€on€those€provisions€in€the€time€available,€but€wouldÐ _‹ Ðbe€able€to€transmit€the€article€in€question€to€the€Committee€together€with€theÐ &R Ðobservations€of€the€Egyptian€Government.Ð í ÐÌ17.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€thanked€the€Egyptian€delegation€for€its€willingness€toÐ {§! Ðtransmit€the€text€of€the€article€in€question€to€the€Committee,€and€invitedÐ Bn" ÐtheEgyptian€delegation€to€reply€to€questions€contained€in€sectionIV€of€theÐ  5# Ð"List€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€in€connection€with€the€consideration€of€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðsecond€periodic€report€of€Egypt",€which€was€as€follows:Ð —!Ã% ÐÌà0 b à"IV.à0™ bü#bü#àòòNon„discrimination,€equality€of€the€sexes,€freedom€of€religion,Ð %#Q' Ðexpression,€assembly€and€association,€political€rights€and€rightsÐ ì#( Ðof€persons€belonging€to€minoritiesóó€(arts.€2(1),€3,€26,€18,€19,€21,Ð ³$ß) Ð22,€25€and€27)Ðz%¦ *™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(a)à  àPlease€provide€information€on€laws€and€practice€givingÐ '4", Ðeffect€to€the€provisions€of€articles2(1)€and26€of€the€Covenant.ÐÏ'û"-™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(b)à  àPlease€clarify€the€statement,€contained€on€page40€ofÐ ])‰$/ ÐannexII€of€the€report,€that€the€State€undertakes€to€reconcile€theÐ $*P%0 Ðduties€of€women€towards€their€families€with€their€work€in€societyÐ ë*&1 Ðand€that€Egyptian€legislation€protects€and€safeguards€the€civilÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðandpolitical€rights€of€women€'in€a€manner€consistent€with€theirÐ y,¥'3 Ðnature'.Ð@-l(4™ ü#™ ü# Їà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(c)à  àPlease€provide€further€information,€including€relevantÐ Ô Ðstatistical€data,€concerning€the€participation€of€women€in€theÐ ›Ç Ðpolitical€and€economic€life€of€the€country.ÐbŽ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(d)à  àPlease€clarify€the€conditions€under€which€a€child€mayÐ ð Ðacquire€Egyptian€nationality€through€its€mother€or€father€in€theÐ ·ã Ðevent€they€are€married€to€foreigners.Ð~ ª™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(e)à  àPlease€provide€information€on€the€law€and€practiceÐ  8 Ðrelating€to€the€employment€of€minors.ÐÓ ÿ ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(f)à  àPlease€provide€information€concerning€the€law€andÐ a   Ðpractice€relating€to€permissible€interference€with€the€rightÐ (T  Ðtoprivacy.Ðï ™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(g)à  àPlease€comment€on€the€main€differences,€if€any,€in€theÐ }©  Ðstatus€of€Islam€and€other€religious€denominations.€€Have€there€beenÐ Dp  Ðany€cases€of€discrimination€against€non-Muslim€believers€and,€ifÐ  7  Ðso,€what€measures€have€been€taken€to€prevent€the€recurrence€of€suchÐ Òþ  Ðacts?Йř ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(h)à  àWhat€controls€are€exercised€on€the€freedom€of€the€pressÐ 'S Ðand€mass€media?Ðî™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(i)à  àWhat€are€the€restrictions€on€the€exercise€of€the€freedomÐ |¨ Ðof€expression€as€guaranteed€by€article19€of€the€Covenant?ÐCo™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(j)à  àPlease€provide€information€on€laws€and€practicesÐ Ñý Ðconcerning€public€meetings.Иę ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(k)à  àPlease€provide€information€on€the€existence€andÐ &R Ðfunctioning€of€associations€and€trade€unions.Ðí™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà b àà0 ™ àà Ð à(l)à  àPlease€provide€information€on€measures€taken€by€theÐ {§! Ðauthorities€to€implement€article27€of€the€Covenant.ÐBn"™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌ18.à b àòòMr.€KHALILóó€(Egypt)€said€that,€with€regard€to€non-discrimination€andÐ Ð ü$ Ðsexual€equality,€the€Egyptian€Constitution€and€laws€guaranteed€full€equalÐ —!Ã% Ðrights€for€men€and€women.€€Labour€legislation€included€provisions€guaranteeingÐ ^"Š& Ðequal€opportunity€in€employment€for€women,€without€any€discrimination.€€TheÐ %#Q' Ðlegislation€also€included€provisions€prohibiting€the€employment€of€women€inÐ ì#( Ðwork€likely€to€be€harmful€for€their€health€or€morals,€and€the€Penal€Code€alsoÐ ³$ß) Ðlaid€down€special€penalties€for€crimes€against€women.€€Under€the€law,€womenÐ z%¦ * Ðwere€entitled€to€special€maternity€leave€and€to€other€advantages€to€enableÐ A&m!+ Ðthem€to€care€for€small€children€and€maintain€family€ties.Ð '4", ÐÌ19.à b àThe€special€protection€accorded€to€the€family€by€the€State€was€rooted€inÐ –(Â#. Ðthe€unique€status€of€the€family€in€Eastern€societies,€and€especially€Egypt.€Ð ])‰$/ ÐThe€State€had€a€duty€to€provide€women€with€the€means€of€reconciling€theirÐ $*P%0 Ðfamily€responsibilities€and€their€work€in€society€(section€IV(b)),€and€theÐ ë*&1 ÐEgyptian€State€authorities€had€accordingly€established€crches€and€healthÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðcentres€for€mothers€and€children.Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ð20.à b àOn€the€subject€of€the€participation€of€women€in€the€political€andÐ Ô Ðeconomic€life€of€the€country€(section€IV€(c)),€women€in€Egypt€had€the€sameÐ ›Ç Ðpolitical,€social€and€economic€rights€as€men:€€they€had€access€to€education,Ð bŽ Ðto€employment€in€the€public€and€private€sectors,€and€even€to€senior€posts€inÐ )U Ðministries,€the€diplomatic€service€and€the€judiciary.€€There€were€also€womenÐ ð Ðin€the€armed€forces€and€the€police.€€They€had€the€same€rights€under€law€inÐ ·ã Ðmatters€of€remuneration€and€safeguards.€€The€fact€that€they€enjoyed€certainÐ ~ ª Ðprivileges€was€because€of€their€responsibilities€as€mothers.€€Egypt€hadÐ E q Ðacceded€to€all€the€international€conventions€on€equal€rights€for€womenÐ  8 Ðandnon-discrimination€and€there€was€no€discrepancy€between€the€EgyptianÐ Ó ÿ  ÐConstitution€and€the€provisions€of€those€conventions.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ21.à b àAs€to€the€nationality€of€children€(section€IV€(d)),€the€EgyptianÐ (T  Ðlegislator€had€been€guided€by€the€concern,€when€drafting€legislation€on€thatÐ ï  Ðquestion,€to€ensure€that€individuals€could€not€be€deprived€of€a€nationality€orÐ ¶â  Ðhold€dual€nationality,€and€to€reunite€members€of€one€family.€€He€had€thus€beenÐ }©  Ðmotivated€by€the€doctrines€of€òòjus€sanguinisóó€and€òòjus€solióó.€€A€mother€could€passÐ Dp  Ðon€her€nationality€to€her€children€if€the€father€had€no€nationality€or€if€itÐ  7  Ðhad€not€been€possible€legally€to€determine€the€child's€paternity.€€An€EgyptianÐ Òþ  Ðwoman€who€married€a€foreigner€was€required€to€obtain€permission€beforeÐ ™Å Ðacquiring€her€husband's€nationality,€but€was€allowed€to€retain€her€own.€€TheÐ `Œ Ðlegislation€in€question€was€being€reviewed€and€a€bill€had€been€drafted€whichÐ 'S Ðwould€allow€a€mother€to€pass€on€her€nationality€to€her€children.Ð î ÐÌ22.à b àWith€regard€to€section€IV(e)€and€the€information€concerning€laws€andÐ |¨ Ðpractice€relating€to€the€employment€of€minors,€in€view€of€the€large€numberÐ Co Ðofpeople€who€start€to€work€at€an€early€age,€the€Egyptian€legislator€hadÐ  6 Ðintroduced€provisions€for€supervision€measures€and€for€training€for€suchÐ Ñý Ðworkers.€€A€new€Employment€Act€had€raised€the€minimum€age€at€which€minorsÐ ˜Ä Ðcould€be€employed€to€15€years.€€Egypt€had€been€one€of€the€first€countriesÐ _‹ Ðtosign€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€the€Child€and€the€Committee€on€theÐ &R ÐRights€of€the€Child€had€paid€a€tribute€to€it€for€its€activities€in€that€area.Ð í ÐÌ23.à b àLaws€and€practice€concerning€the€protection€of€privacy€(section€IV€(f))Ð {§! Ðwas€based€on€the€following€principles:€€violation€of€privacy€was€an€offenceÐ Bn" Ðunder€the€Egyptian€Penal€Code€and€privacy€was€protected€by€the€same€guaranteesÐ  5# Ðas€the€right€not€to€be€subjected€to€torture.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ24.à b àUnder€sectionIV€(g),€information€had€been€requested€on€the€mainÐ ^"Š& Ðdifferences,€if€any,€between€the€status€of€Islam€and€that€of€other€religiousÐ %#Q' Ðfaiths,€as€well€as€details€of€any€cases€of€discrimination€against€non-MuslimsÐ ì#( Ðand,€if€so,€any€measures€which€had€been€taken€to€prevent€the€recurrence€ofÐ ³$ß) Ðsuch€acts.€€All€religions€were€held€in€high€esteem€in€Egypt,€and€theÐ z%¦ * Ðlegislator€had€included€all€the€necessary€guarantees€to€ensure€freedomÐ A&m!+ Ðofreligion€and€to€punish€any€act€which€undermined€that€freedom.€€ThoseÐ '4", Ðguarantees€applied€to€all€religions€and€not€just€Islam.€€Any€attack€on€placesÐ Ï'û"- Ðof€worship€was€an€offence€punishable€by€law.€€Egyptian€legislation€did€notÐ –(Â#. Ðestablish€any€discrimination€on€grounds€of€religion€other€than€that€relatingÐ ])‰$/ Ðto€the€personal€status€of€individuals,€that€is,€in€the€area€of€marriage€andÐ $*P%0 Ðthe€family,€which€was€governed€by€the€precepts€of€each€religion.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌ25.à b àReplying€to€the€question€in€section€IV€(h)€concerning€controls€exercisedÐ y,¥'3 Ðon€the€freedom€of€the€press€and€media,€he€said€that€a€constitutional€amendmentÐ @-l(4 Ðwhich€had€entered€into€force€in€1980,€conferred€certain€guarantees€on€theÐ Ô Ðpress€to€enable€it€to€carry€out€its€activities,€including€the€freedom€toÐ ›Ç Ðobtain€information.€€The€media€enjoyed€freedom€of€expression,€in€conformityÐ bŽ Ðwith€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€subject€to€the€restrictions€envisaged€by€theÐ )U ÐCovenant€(section€IV€(i)).€€Laws€and€practice€concerning€public€meetingsÐ ð Ð(section€IV€(j))€were€also€subject€to€restrictions€in€accordance€with€theÐ ·ã ÐConstitution.Ð ~ ª ÐÌ26.à b àHe€said€that€those€rights€and€liberties€could€give€rise€to€review€byÐ  8 Ðtheadministrative€authorities€in€that€the€latter€were€called€upon€to€issueÐ Ó ÿ  Ðauthorizations.€€Under€Egyptian€law,€any€administrative€decision€could€beÐ š Æ  Ðappealed€before€the€Council€of€State:€€any€individual€who€considered€himselfÐ a   Ðto€have€been€injured€by€an€administrative€decision€could€request€itsÐ (T  Ðmodification€or€annulment€of€that€decision,€or€apply€for€compensation.€€ManyÐ ï  Ðadministrative€decisions€had€indeed€been€annulled€through€rulings€deliveredÐ ¶â  Ðunder€the€Covenant.Ð }©  ÐÌ27.à b àTurning€to€section€IV€(k),€which€concerned€the€existence€and€functioningÐ  7  Ðof€associations€and€trade€unions,€he€said€that€Act€No.€100€of€1992€madeÐ Òþ  Ðprovision,€òòinteraliaóó,€for€the€organization€of€elections€to€the€variousÐ ™Å Ðgoverning€bodies€of€trade€unions€by€means€of€democratic€procedures,€to€enableÐ `Œ Ðall€union€members€to€express€their€views.€€Those€elections€were€supervised€byÐ 'S Ðthe€judicial€authorities€with€a€view€to€ensuring€that€they€were€fair.Ð î ÐÌ28.à b àLastly,€the€final€issue€in€the€section€concerned€article€27€of€theÐ |¨ ÐCovenant,€namely,€the€case€of€States€in€which€there€were€minorities.€€EgyptÐ Co Ðwas€not€familiar€with€the€phenomenon€of€minorities:€€all€Egyptians€were€equalÐ  6 Ðbefore€the€law€and€no€group€could€be€regarded€as€constituting€a€minority.€Ð Ñý ÐEgyptians€were€united€by€virtue€of€belonging€to€one€nation,€irrespectiveÐ ˜Ä Ðoftheir€religious€affiliation€or€any€other€consideration.€€Those€were€theÐ _‹ Ðexplanations€which€his€delegation€had€wished€to€give.Ð &R ÐÌ29.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€members€of€the€Committee€to€put€any€questionsÐ ´à  Ðthey€might€wish€on€section€IV€of€the€list€of€issues€to€be€taken€up€inÐ {§! Ðconnection€with€the€consideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€ofÐ Bn" ÐEgypt(M/CCPR/93/21).Ð  5# ÐÌ30.à b àòòMr.€SADIóó€referred€to€certain€articles€of€the€Covenant€which€were€notÐ —!Ã% Ðcovered€by€the€list€of€issues.€€With€regard€to€article12,€he€noted€thatÐ ^"Š& Ðaccording€to€annex€II€of€the€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7,Ð %#Q' Ðp.61),€"the€Minister€of€the€Interior€may,€for€significant€reasons€that€heÐ ì#( Ðdeems€justifiable,€refuse€to€issue€or€renew€a€passport,€or€withdraw€it€afterÐ ³$ß) Ðit€has€been€delivered€(art.11)".€€He€would€like€to€know€what€were€theÐ z%¦ * Ð"significant€reasons"€which€the€Minister€of€the€Interior€might€deemÐ A&m!+ Ðjustifiable.€€In€addition,€with€regard€to€article€13€of€the€Covenant,€heÐ '4", Ðwished€to€know€if€the€deportation€order€referred€to€in€Act€No.89€of€1960Ð Ï'û"- Ðcould€give€rise€to€an€appeal€by€the€individual€concerned€(p.63€of€theÐ –(Â#. Ðperiodic€report).Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ31.à b àWith€regard€to€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€it€was€interesting€to€noteÐ ë*&1 Ðthat€according€to€the€Egyptian€Civil€Code€legal€personality€began€at€birth€andÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðended€at€death€and€that€a€foetus€also€had€legally€recognized€rights€(p.74€ofÐ y,¥'3 Ðthe€report).€€He€wondered€how€far€those€recognized€rights€influenced€theÐ @-l(4 Ðlegislation€relating€to€abortion.€€With€regard€to€article€19,€he€pointed€outÐ Ô Ðthat€under€the€terms€of€the€Publications€Act€No.20€of€1936,€the€Council€ofÐ ›Ç ÐMinisters€might€prohibit€the€circulation€in€Egypt€of€publications€whichÐ bŽ Ð"excite€passions"€(p.79€of€the€report).€€What€was€meant€by€that?Ð )U ÐÌ32.à b àLastly,€with€regard€to€the€equality€of€spouses€before€the€law,€thereÐ ·ã Ðappeared€to€be€a€distinction€between€men€and€women€in€the€matter€of€theÐ ~ ª Ðtransmission€of€nationality.€€He€hoped€that€future€legislation€would€eliminateÐ E q Ðthat€discrimination.€Ð  8 ÐÌ33.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó,€referring€first€to€article€22€of€the€Covenant€and€the€rightÐ š Æ  Ðto€form€trade€unions,€asked€whether€new€ActNo.100€of€1992€governing€tradeÐ a   Ðunion€elections€amended€former€Act€No.€35€of€1976,€itself€amended€in€1981,Ð (T  Ðwhich€had€established€a€single€trade€union€system;€if€not,€he€wondered€whetherÐ ï  Ðthe€system€was€compatible€with€article€22.€€Concerning€Act€No.€137€of€1981,Ð ¶â  Ðits€stipulation€that€any€provision€of€a€collective€agreement€threatening€theÐ }©  Ðcountry's€interests€was€null€and€void€constituted€a€severe€restriction€of€theÐ Dp  Ðright€to€bargain€collectively.Ð  7  ÐÌ34.à b àArticle€25€of€the€Covenant€concerned€the€right€to€take€part€in€theÐ ™Å Ðconduct€of€public€affairs€and€to€be€represented€by€political€parties.€€In€thatÐ `Œ Ðconnection,€he€would€like€to€know€whether€the€Political€Parties€Act€No.€40Ð 'S Ðof1979€(p.€93€of€the€periodic€report),€which€prohibited€the€creation€ofÐ î Ðpolitical€parties€with€aims€contrary€to€Islam€and€socialism,€was€still€inÐ µá Ðforce€and€how€it€could€be€reconciled€with€the€provisions€of€article€25€of€theÐ |¨ ÐCovenant.€€Furthermore,€by€virtue€of€Presidential€Decision€No.€217,€a€personÐ Co Ðwhose€political€opinions€were€contrary€to€divine€law€could€not€be€employed€inÐ  6 Ðthe€civil€service.€€Was€that€provision€compatible€with€article€25?Ð Ñý ÐÌ35.à b àArticle€26€of€the€Covenant€set€forth€the€principle€of€the€equality€ofÐ _‹ Ðallpersons€before€the€law€and,€when€read€in€conjunction€with€article€6€ofÐ &R ÐtheCovenant,€which€protected€the€right€to€life,€prompted€some€thoughts€aboutÐ í Ðthe€place€of€Islam€in€Egyptian€society.€€€Under€the€Egyptian€Code€of€CriminalÐ ´à  ÐProcedure€(p.€49€of€the€report),€a€death€sentence€could€be€imposed€only€afterÐ {§! Ðseeking€the€opinion€of€the€Mufti€of€the€Republic;€that€provision,€in€his€view,Ð Bn" Ðclearly€illustrated€the€weight€of€Islam€in€Egyptian€society.Ð  5# ÐÌ36.à b àArticle€27€of€the€Covenant,€concerning€minorities,€was€largely€ignoredÐ —!Ã% Ðinthe€periodic€report.€€The€only€reference€to€it€was€in€annex€II€(p.€96),Ð ^"Š& Ðwhich€read:€€"Egypt€has€not€promulgated€any€special€legislation€concerningÐ %#Q' Ðminorities,€which€do€not€exist€in€Egyptian€territory.€€Legal€protection€ofÐ ì#( Ðreligions€is€provided€for€under€the€terms€of€the€Constitution€and€the€law,Ð ³$ß) Ðasalready€indicated.".€€The€Egyptian€delegation€had€just€stated,€moreover,€Ð z%¦ * Ðthat€no€population€group€in€Egypt€constituted€a€minority.€€The€questionhadÐ A&m!+ Ðalready€been€addressed€during€the€consideration€of€Egypt's€initial€reportÐ '4", Ðin1984.€€At€that€time€the€Egyptian€delegation€had€replied€thattheÐ Ï'û"- Ðimplementation€of€article€27€raised€no€problem€in€Egypt,€where€theÐ –(Â#. Ðminoritieswere€an€integral€part€of€society,€and€had€cited€the€example€ofÐ ])‰$/ ÐtheNubians,€a€large€ethnic€minority€in€southern€Egypt€who€spoke€Arabic.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌ37.à b àFor€his€part,€he€thought€that€there€could€well€be€religious€minorities€inÐ ²+Þ&2 ÐEgypt,€as€evidenced€by€the€existence€of€the€Copts,€who€regarded€themselves€asÐ y,¥'3 Ða€religious€and€cultural€minority.€€He€would€like€to€know€whether€steps€hadÐ @-l(4 Ðbeen€taken€to€prevent€discrimination€against€the€Copts,€who€did€not€appearÐ Ô Ðtobe€adequately€protected€by€the€State€against€acts€of€violence€by€MuslimÐ ›Ç Ðfundamentalists,€who€at€times€had€gone€so€far€as€to€kill€Christians.€€ImplicitÐ bŽ Ðin€article27€was€the€idea€that€measures€could€be€taken€to€protect€minorities,Ð )U Ðtheir€cultural€life€and€even€their€survival.€€It€was€in€the€interest€ofÐ ð Ðsocieties€where€there€were€different€population€groups€to€take€steps€to€helpÐ ·ã Ðthem,€as€the€Committee€had€explained€on€a€number€of€occasions€to€StatesÐ ~ ª Ðparties€which€denied€the€existence€of€minorities€in€their€territory.Ð E q ÐÌ38.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó€observed€that€article€40€of€the€Egyptian€Constitution€didÐ Ó ÿ  Ðnotrefer€to€a€number€of€the€grounds€for€discrimination€prohibited€underÐ š Æ  Ðarticle26€of€the€Covenant,€especially€race,€colour€and€political€opinion.€Ð a   ÐHow,€in€those€circumstances,€was€the€right€to€equality€and€non„discriminationÐ (T  Ðguaranteed€for€all€citizens?€€In€particular,€it€would€seem€that€the€Baha'isÐ ï  Ðcontinued€to€be€subjected€to€discriminatory€measures:€€non„recognition€ofÐ ¶â  Ðtheir€marriages,€dissolution€of€their€organizations€and€prohibition€of€theirÐ }©  Ðpublications.€€What€steps€had€the€Egyptian€authorities€taken€to€ensure€thatÐ Dp  Ðthe€right€of€the€Baha'is€to€equality€was€protected?Ð  7  ÐÌ39.à b àThe€question€of€the€equality€of€women€in€Egyptian€society€had€alreadyÐ ™Å Ðbeen€raised€by€other€members€of€the€Committee€and€she€merely€wished€to€pointÐ `Œ Ðout€that€equal€rights€did€not€appear€to€be€guaranteed€by€the€law€in€a€numberÐ 'S Ðof€fields.€€Egypt€had,€furthermore,€entered€a€number€of€reservations€whenÐ î Ðacceding€to€the€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€DiscriminationÐ µá Ðagainst€Women.€€Specifically,€women's€right€to€divorce€appeared€to€be€moreÐ |¨ Ðlimited€than€that€of€men;€women€could€not€obtain€a€passport€without€theÐ Co Ðagreement€of€their€spouse,€or€of€their€father€if€they€were€under€21€years€ofÐ  6 Ðage,€and€female€adultery€was€punished€more€severely€than€male€adultery.€€SheÐ Ñý Ðwas€pleased,€however,€to€learn€that€laws€were€being€considered€to€enable€womenÐ ˜Ä Ðto€transmit€their€nationality€to€their€children.€€She€wondered,€in€addition,Ð _‹ Ðwhether€genital€mutilation€of€women€was€still€practised€and€what€stepsÐ &R Ðhadbeen€taken€by€the€authorities€in€that€regard.€€Concerning€women'sÐ í Ðparticipation€in€public€affairs,€she€would€like€to€know€to€what€extent€womenÐ ´à  Ðtook€part€in€the€country's€political€life,€and€in€particular€how€they€wereÐ {§! Ðrepresented€in€Parliament.€€Could€they€exercise€judicial€functions?€€Lastly,Ð Bn" Ðwere€the€national€authorities€encouraging€studies€of€the€Shariah€so€as€toÐ  5# Ðidentify€areas€in€which€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€were€not€beingÐ Ð ü$ Ðrespected€and€to€remedy€that€situation?Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ40.à b àThe€right€to€freedom€of€association,€recognized€in€article€22€of€theÐ %#Q' ÐCovenant,€was€covered€by€several€provisions€of€the€Egyptian€Constitution.€Ð ì#( ÐHowever,€the€report€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)€did€not€mention€Act€No.€32€of€1964,Ð ³$ß) Ðwhich€governed€the€formation€of€associations€and€gave€the€Ministry€for€SocialÐ z%¦ * ÐAffairs€the€power€to€supervise€the€formation€and€registration€of€associations.€Ð A&m!+ ÐThat€Ministry€could€apparently€appoint€the€director€of€an€association€andÐ '4", Ðreject€any€candidature.€€Such€a€provision€would€be€contrary€to€the€right€toÐ Ï'û"- Ðfreedom€of€association€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant.€€In€general,€freedom€ofÐ –(Â#. Ðassociation€and€opinion€were€essential€for€democracy,€and€the€possibility€ofÐ ])‰$/ Ðexpressing€and€exchanging€unpopular€opinions€was€essential€for€respectingÐ $*P%0 Ðdemocracy.€€In€that€regard,€several€non„governmental€human€rightsÐ ë*&1 Ðorganizations€appeared€to€have€been€denied€the€necessary€authorization€byÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âtheGovernment€and€therefore€were€not€legally€recognized.€€In€particular,€Ð y,¥'3 ÐtheArab€Women€Solidarity€Association€had€reportedly€been€dissolved€in€1991,Ð Ô Ðâ âafter€publishing€articles€on€various€political€and€religious€issues,€and€itsÐ ›Ç Ðproperty€confiscated.€€She€would€like€to€know€in€what€way€that€association'sÐ bŽ Ðactivities€could€have€presented€a€danger€to€public€order.Ð )U ÐÌ41.à b àIn€addition,€a€new€law€passed€in€December€1992€made€it€an€offence€toÐ ·ã Ðformassociations€whose€purpose€was€to€change€the€Constitution€or€legislation.€Ð ~ ª ÐWould€the€mere€fact€of€suggesting€amendments€to€make€legislation€compatibleÐ E q Ðwith€the€Covenant€constitute€a€violation€of€the€law€in€question?€€How€was€thatÐ  8 Ðlaw€compatible€with€the€Covenant?€€Equally€worrying€was€the€existence€of€otherÐ Ó ÿ  Ðlaws€that€deprived€certain€people€of€the€enjoyment€of€their€political€rights.€Ð š Æ  ÐSome€of€those€laws€had€already€been€declared€unconstitutional,€as€indicatedÐ a   Ðinparagraphs€24,€25€and€30€of€the€report€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7),€and€that€wasÐ (T  Ðcertainly€another€sign€of€the€integrity€and€independence€of€the€judiciary€inÐ ï  ÐEgypt.€€However,€the€question€remained€as€to€how€the€laws€restricting€theÐ ¶â  Ðenjoyment€of€political€rights€which€had€not€been€declared€unconstitutionalÐ }©  Ðwere€compatible€with€article€19€and€the€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð Dp  ÐÌ42.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€said€that€the€Penal€Code€appeared€to€prohibit€religiousÐ Òþ  Ðpropaganda€aimed€at€attacking€the€foundations€of€society.€€He€would€welcomeÐ ™Å Ðconfirmation€of€that€by€the€Egyptian€delegation€and€would€like€to€know€whatÐ `Œ Ðwas€meant€by€"foundations€of€society".Ð 'S ÐÌ43.à b àConcerning€the€civil€registration€of€marriages,€it€would€seem€thatÐ µá Ðmarriages€between€persons€whose€religion€was€neither€Islam,€Christianity€norÐ |¨ ÐJudaism€could€not€be€formally€registered€in€Egypt.€€The€question€was€whetherÐ Co Ðthat€did€not€constitute€discrimination€on€religious€grounds.€€He€was€concernedÐ  6 Ðabout€what€happened€to€marriages€between€persons€not€belonging€to€one€of€theÐ Ñý Ðthree€religions€recognized€by€the€State.€€In€particular,€it€seemed€that€Baha'iÐ ˜Ä Ðmarriages€were€not€recognized,€and€he€would€like€to€know€for€what€reason.€Ð _‹ ÐConcerning€the€registration€of€births,€it€seemed€that€only€children€born€of€aÐ &R Ðlegitimate€marriage€could€be€included€in€the€register.€€What€exactly€was€meantÐ í Ðby€legitimate€marriage?€€Did€it€mean€that€children€born€of€parents€who€wereÐ ´à  Ðnot€Muslims€could€not€be€included€in€the€civil€register?€€The€Juveniles€Act,Ð {§! Ðreferred€to€in€paragraph141€of€the€report€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7),€did€not€permitÐ Bn" Ðany€distinction€or€discrimination€among€juveniles€on€the€ground€of€religion.€Ð  5# ÐHowever,€a€number€of€questions€remained,€in€particular€regarding€Baha'iÐ Ð ü$ Ðchildren.€€To€what€extent€was€the€law€and€practice€in€that€area€compatibleÐ —!Ã% Ðwith€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant?Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ44.à b àWith€regard€to€the€issuance€of€travel€documents,€the€Ministry€of€theÐ ì#( ÐInterior€could€apparently€refuse€to€provide€a€citizen€with€a€passport€forÐ ³$ß) Ðmajor€reasons.€€What€exactly€did€that€mean€and€what€forms€of€recourse€wereÐ z%¦ * Ðavailable€in€the€event€of€refusal€for€such€reasons?Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ45.à b àAct€No.430€of€1955€permitted€censorship€of€artistic€works€in€order€toÐ Ï'û"- Ðprotect€public€order€and€security.€€In€his€view,€works€of€art€should€not€beÐ –(Â#. Ðsubjected€to€censorship€of€any€kind,€and€he€was€therefore€concerned€by€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðexistence€of€such€a€law.€€How€could€a€work€of€art€endanger€public€order€andÐ $*P%0 Ðsafety?€€And€in€what€way€was€Act€No.430€compatible€with€the€provisions€ofÐ ë*&1 ÐtheCovenant?€€He€would€appreciate€some€clarification€on€all€those€points.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð46.à b àA€law€of€1978€enabled€the€authorities€to€prohibit€certain€personsÐ Ô Ðâ âfromjoining€a€political€party,€supposedly€to€ensure€social€harmony.€€InÐ ›Ç Ðparticular,€persons€accused€-€but€not€necessarily€convicted€-€of€an€offenceÐ bŽ Ðcould€thus€be€barred€from€joining€a€political€party.€€How€should€thatÐ )U Ðprovision€be€interpreted€and€what€was€its€scope?€€The€question€was€anÐ ð Ðimportant€one€and€he€would€appreciate€some€explanations€from€the€EgyptianÐ ·ã Ðdelegation€in€that€regard.€€Ð ~ ª ÐÌ47.à b àòòMr.€MAVROMMATISóó,€associating€himself€with€the€questions€raised€byÐ  8 ÐMrs.Evatt,€said€it€was€very€important€to€bear€in€mind€that€the€ConstitutionÐ Ó ÿ  Ðand€legislation€of€States€parties€must€include€provisions€unambiguouslyÐ š Æ  Ðprohibiting€all€forms€of€discrimination.€€Article40€of€the€EgyptianÐ a   ÐConstitution,€however,€failed€to€mention€a€number€of€the€grounds€forÐ (T  Ðdiscrimination€referred€to€in€article26€of€the€Covenant.€€He€found€noÐ ï  Ðtraceof€them€in€the€national€legislation,€either,€and€would€therefore€likeÐ ¶â  Ðtoknow€whether€there€were€judicial€decisions€or€other€measures€taken€by€theÐ }©  Ðauthorities€referring€specifically€to€those€grounds€and€giving€them€equalÐ Dp  Ðstatus€with€the€others€prohibited€by€the€Constitution€and€the€law.€Ð  7  ÐÌ48.à b àFurthermore,€it€was€stated€in€the€report€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)€that€underÐ ™Å Ðarticle40€of€the€Constitution€all€citizens€were€equal€before€the€law€and€inÐ `Œ Ðregard€to€their€public€rights€and€duties€(see€para.16(a)).€€What€was€theÐ 'S Ðsituation€regarding€private€rights,€and€why€had€such€a€distinction€been€made?€Ð î ÐLastly,€how€had€that€distinction€been€interpreted€by€the€courts?Ð µá ÐÌ49.à b àWith€regard€to€religious€matters,€Egypt€distinguished€between€monotheistÐ Co Ðand€other€religions.€€There€also€appeared€to€be€a€distinction€betweenÐ  6 Ðbelieving€and€practising€a€religion.€€The€freedom€to€have€a€religion€wasÐ Ñý Ðguaranteed,€but€not€the€freedom€to€manifest€it.€€The€Committee€had€clearlyÐ ˜Ä Ðreaffirmed€that€a€State€party€could€not€distinguish€between€religions,€whetherÐ _‹ Ðminority,€newly€established€or€other€religions;€furthermore,€the€right€toÐ &R Ðòòpractiseóó€the€religion€of€one's€choice€was€an€integral€part€of€the€freedom€ofÐ í Ðreligion.€€The€Committee's€new€general€comment€on€article18€of€the€CovenantÐ ´à  Ðwould€undoubtedly€be€of€great€value€for€the€Egyptian€authorities€and€helpÐ {§! Ðthemto€conform€better€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð Bn" ÐÌ50.à b àConcerning€article€22€of€the€Covenant,€he€was€not€satisfied€with€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðexplanations€provided€by€the€Egyptian€delegation,€which€had€said€that€the€newÐ —!Ã% Ðprovisions€regarding€the€election€of€trade€unionists€had€been€introduced€toÐ ^"Š& Ðdemocratize€the€process.€€Indeed,€a€number€of€professional€associations,€suchÐ %#Q' Ðas€those€representing€lawyers,€doctors,€engineers€and€journalists,€hadÐ ì#( Ðorganized€strikes€to€protest€against€the€provisions€in€question,€and€itÐ ³$ß) Ðwasdifficult€to€imagine€those€organizations€opposing€efforts€towardsÐ z%¦ * Ðdemocratization.€€He€would€therefore€be€grateful€for€further€informationÐ A&m!+ Ðinthat€regard.Ð '4", ÐÌ51.à b àConcerning€the€implementation€of€article€11€of€the€Covenant,€he€felt€thatÐ –(Â#. Ðthe€information€in€the€report€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)€was€insufficient,€and€wouldÐ ])‰$/ Ðappreciate€more€details€on€that€point.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌ52.à b àLastly,€regarding€article27€of€the€Covenant,€he€associated€himself€withÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðthe€questions€raised€by€other€members€of€the€Committee.Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ð53.à b àòòMrs.€HIGGINSóó€said€that€she€shared€the€concerns€of€Mr.PradoVallejo€andÐ Ô ÐMr.Mavrommatis€regarding€freedom€of€religion.€€Egypt€was€certainly€well€knownÐ ›Ç Ðfor€its€religious€tolerance,€and€Islam,€Christianity€and€Judaism€had€alwaysÐ bŽ Ðenjoyed€the€protection€of€the€Egyptian€authorities.€€Nevertheless,€freedom€ofÐ )U Ðreligion€also€meant€that€all€individuals€had€the€right€to€choose€their€ownÐ ð Ðreligion.€€Was€that€right€fully€guaranteed€in€Egypt?€€Furthermore,€it€was€notÐ ·ã Ðfor€States€to€define€religions.€€In€that€regard,€the€Buddhists,€Baha'is€andÐ ~ ª Ðmembers€of€sects€of€more€recent€origin€had€the€right€to€protection€underÐ E q Ðarticle18€of€the€Covenant.€€That€same€article€recognized€the€freedom€toÐ  8 Ðmanifest€one's€religion.€€However,€as€already€indicated,€it€would€seem€thatÐ Ó ÿ  Ðfreedom€of€belief€was€guaranteed€by€the€Egyptian€Constitution,€but€not€freedomÐ š Æ  Ðto€manifest€one's€religion.€€The€Supreme€Court€had,€in€addition,€rendered€aÐ a   Ðdecision€along€those€lines€which€had€been€applied€to€members€of€the€Baha'iÐ (T  Ðcommunity.€€The€freedom€to€adopt€the€religion€of€one's€choice€also€impliedÐ ï  Ðthefreedom€to€change€one's€religion.€€Some€denominations,€particularly€theÐ ¶â  ÐBaha'is,€were€apparently€being€discriminated€against€in€that€regard.€€TheÐ }©  ÐSupreme€Court€had€reportedly€declared€that€the€Baha'i€faith€constituted€aÐ Dp  Ðdeviation€from€Islam,€or€a€kind€of€apostasy,€and€its€followers€could€thereforeÐ  7  Ðbe€deprived€of€the€protection€to€which€they€were€entitled.€€Such€a€measure€wasÐ Òþ  Ðincompatible€with€the€provisions€of€article18€of€the€Covenant.€€Furthermore,Ð ™Å Ðapostasy€appeared€to€be€regarded€as€a€threat€to€public€order€and€thereforeÐ `Œ Ðsubject€to€the€limitations€allowed€by€article18,€paragraph3,€of€theÐ 'S ÐCovenant.€€However,€for€those€limitations€to€be€applicable,€the€religion€inÐ î Ðquestion€had€to€constitute€an€objective€threat€to€public€order,€which€was€notÐ µá Ðthe€case€with€the€Baha'is,€who€were€not€engaging€in€violent€activities€orÐ |¨ Ðorganizing€large€and€disorderly€gatherings€and€did€not€advocate€violence.€Ð Co ÐIngeneral,€it€would€be€particularly€dangerous€for€a€State€to€affirm€that€anÐ  6 Ðindividual€disagreeing€with€the€authorities€constituted€a€threat€to€publicÐ Ñý Ðorder€and€that€his€rights€could€therefore€be€restricted.€€The€Baha'iÐ ˜Ä Ðcommunity,€furthermore,€appeared€to€be€subjected€to€other€forms€ofÐ _‹ Ðdiscrimination,€particularly€in€so€far€as€the€registration€of€marriagesÐ &R Ðwasconcerned.Ð í ÐÌ54.à b àIn€conclusion,€she€would€like€to€know€whether€the€Egyptian€authoritiesÐ {§! Ðplanned€to€change€the€legislation€concerning€the€various€aspects€of€freedomÐ Bn" Ðofreligion€which€had€been€mentioned.€€She€would€like€account€to€be€taken,€inÐ  5# Ðthat€regard,€of€the€Committee's€questions€and€observations€and€also€of€the€newÐ Ð ü$ Ðgeneral€comment€on€article18€of€the€Covenant,€which€was€now€being€finalizedÐ —!Ã% Ðby€the€Committee,€and€she€hoped€that€the€Egyptian€authorities€would€see€to€itÐ ^"Š& Ðthat€law€and€practice€were€in€conformity€with€that€article.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ55.à b àòòMr.€FODORóó€associated€himself€with€the€questions€raised€by€Mrs.Evatt€andÐ ³$ß) ÐMr.Mavrommatis.€€In€particular,€he€would€like€to€know€why€both€article40€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðthe€Constitution€and€the€Penal€Code€omitted€a€number€of€the€grounds€ofÐ A&m!+ Ðdiscrimination€prohibited€by€the€Covenant.€€Ð '4", ÐÌ56.à b àFurthermore,€the€Juveniles€Act€No.31€of€1974€provided€that€when€an€orderÐ –(Â#. Ðwas€issued€for€a€juvenile€to€be€placed€in€the€custody€of€a€person€or€a€body,Ð ])‰$/ Ðanyone€other€than€the€said€juvenile's€parents,€grandparents€or€spouse€whoÐ $*P%0 Ðconcealed€him,€encouraged€him€to€abscond€or€helped€him€to€do€so€was€punishableÐ ë*&1 Ðby€imprisonment.€€Why€were€adoptive€parents€and€legal€guardians€not€among€theÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðpersons€exempted?Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ð57.à b àConcerning€the€right€to€privacy,€it€was€stated€in€paragraph84(d)€ofÐ Ô Ðthereport€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)€that€violation€of€the€privacy€of€citizens€byÐ ›Ç Ðeavesdropping€or€the€employment€of€any€photographic€device€without€theÐ bŽ Ðconsentof€the€person€concerned€and€any€use€or€threat€to€use€or€divulgeÐ )U Ðtheinformation€acquired€in€that€manner€without€the€consent€of€the€personÐ ð Ðconcerned€were€designated€as€punishable€offences€under€the€Penal€Code.€Ð ·ã ÐThoseprovisions€were€said€to€be€consistent€with€article1€of€the€ConventionÐ ~ ª Ðon€the€Non-Applicability€of€Statutory€Limitations€to€War€Crimes€and€CrimesÐ E q Ðagainst€Humanity.€€He€would€like€some€clarification€as€to€the€meaning€ofÐ  8 Ðparagraph84(d);€in€particular,€he€could€not€see€any€obvious€relationshipÐ Ó ÿ  Ðbetween€eavesdropping€and€war€crimes.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ58.à b àUnder€article€206€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€it€was€not€permittedÐ (T  Ðto€seize€letters€or€telegrams,€tap€telephones€or€record€meetings€unless€thatÐ ï  Ðwould€help€to€uncover€the€truth€and€solely€in€cases€involving€offencesÐ ¶â  Ðpunishable€by€more€than€three€months'€imprisonment.€€Those€restrictionsÐ }©  Ðclearly€applied€to€any€suspect€and€to€any€offence.€€The€length€of€theÐ Dp  Ðpunishment€incurred€(three€months€at€least)€to€his€mind€constituted€anÐ  7  Ðextremely€low€threshold.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ59.à b àWith€regard€to€freedom€of€religion,€what€measures€had€been€taken€byÐ `Œ ÐtheGovernment€to€prevent€further€violence€against€Christians,€strengthen€theÐ 'S Ðprotection€of€the€Copts€and€in€general€put€an€end€to€discriminatory€practicesÐ î Ðin€that€regard?€€Lastly,€he€would€like€to€know€the€exact€status€ofÐ µá Ðnon-revealed€religions€in€Egypt,€especially€the€Baha'i€faith.Ð |¨ ÐÌ60.à b àòòMr.€AGUILAR€URBINAóó€associated€himself€with€the€concerns€of€Mrs.Higgins,Ð  6 Ðespecially€regarding€the€Baha'is.€€A€1992€law€provided€that,€if€public€orderÐ Ñý Ðwas€threatened,€the€religious€authorities€could€be€prevented€from€exercisingÐ ˜Ä Ðtheir€activities.€€What€was€the€exact€meaning€of€that€provision€and,€inÐ _‹ Ðparticular,€what€consequences€might€it€have€for€the€Baha'is€given€that€aÐ &R Ðperson€could€be€treated€as€a€terrorist€simply€for€belonging€to€the€Baha'iÐ í Ðcommunity,€and€was€thus€liable€to€punishment€on€that€account?Ð ´à  ÐÌ61.à b àA€number€of€acts€enumerated€in€paragraph62€of€the€reportÐ Bn" Ð(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)€were€punishable€by€terms€of€imprisonment,€in€violationÐ  5# Ðofthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€In€particular,€it€was€stated€in€thatÐ Ð ü$ Ðparagraph€that€the€printing€or€publication€of€scriptures€revered€by€members€ofÐ —!Ã% Ða€religious€community€in€such€a€way€as€to€distort€and€alter€the€meaning€of€theÐ ^"Š& Ðtext€of€those€scriptures€was€punishable€under€the€terms€of€several€articles€ofÐ %#Q' Ðthe€Egyptian€Penal€Code.€€What€was€to€be€understood€by€the€phrase€"the€meaningÐ ì#( Ðof€the€text"?€€Could€members€of€the€Baha'i€community,€who€were€apparentlyÐ ³$ß) Ðregarded€as€apostates,€be€accused€of€altering€or€distorting€the€meaning€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðreligious€scriptures,€and€what€exactly€were€the€scriptures€to€which€referenceÐ A&m!+ Ðwas€made?Ð '4", ÐÌ62.à b àHe€would€also€appreciate€some€clarification€regarding€the€deathÐ –(Â#. Ðpenaltyin€Egypt.€€The€Egyptian€delegation€had€stated€that€the€mufti€wasÐ ])‰$/ Ðsometimes€called€upon€to€decide€whether€or€not€the€penalty€should€be€applied.€Ð $*P%0 ÐHowever,€a€mufti€was€a€religious€authority,€belonging€to€one€particular€Ð ë*&1 ÐÌâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ðreligion,€Islam.€€How,€in€those€conditions,€was€the€prohibition€of€all€formsÐ Ô Ðâ âof€discrimination€guaranteed€when€the€person€convicted€was€not€a€Muslim?€€AndÐ ›Ç Ðingeneral,€what€protection€was€enjoyed€in€that€respect€by€the€followers€ofÐ bŽ Ðnon-revealed€religions?Ð )U ÐÌ63.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€members€of€the€Committee€to€continue€theÐ ·ã Ðconsideration€of€the€second€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7)Ð ~ ª Ðatalater€meeting.Ð E q ÐÌ64.à b àòòThe€delegation€of€Egypt€withdrewóó.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌÌà@'“àòòThe€meeting€rose€at€1€p.m.óó