ÿWPCÄ š×Áaw^$µÀùS’­5Ĉ/]´Vm/ÒŽªp&fk^ò ˜÷‡8qÊ5~ȵ矀÷\P6…b¢SeÊm¦ž^ó¢{n{l™‚Nþ$&<Ç÷åæV,¤´”¿,C3¤ƒq`yèªe~±>®$'k›Yà²ãÛe˜—YC¼â¯%S˯£ójTU·pÍTÐüERRHœjR§ýG7E‚;7(Ĥ™xpG÷Lðk9²ìÝ…Ò³þ@¦ŸQÞ*ðc0}Hàƒ\«ª¤™8eå6Å%h¸ùÛ±Äiñ¸P$–ݨ{)<ØíÃïM.Rö*¦d3Ì*!eõíØÛY%KeÅb¶êå_|ôf‰ŸwÉQ }ìðÂ7øáçR,“~‘,®µ2ç¼–öºÉwd†qâMMø\‚Ð1M#Ø>Õü’Ø3{}´` $>}Þ;oÜo Ûªe8ØÁÕÑŒùÊ-^ˆúˆ±š¢çe/.€šów'Š;U:Bn­| %)ä/E— 0·¬gc 0·Ê 0% 0%¦Ë 0œÛ Bw#É”(]N…^ ‡w“4—« m­<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpi«<þ6X9`("Courier 12cpiôÂdþ6X@Ƀ8Ç;ô@ô' É 817561 2 ,GE.93-17561 FINAL0grm&.CCPR/C/SR.124715p   Ý ƒN(ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àCCPR/C/SR.1247Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2N$¨¨Ý ƒ ‹!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý ]Ý ƒ N'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓCCPR/C/SR.1247Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2N$§§Ý ƒ ‹!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2= $¤¤Ý ƒ ‹!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€7ÒXòôß?ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Ü!2?À$¥¥Ý ƒ ‹!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€7ÒXòôß?ÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (t‹$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑ d˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!¦€z0— ‘vx0y DocumeœbDÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ‹!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôß?òòôÔÔ€ôß?òòôß?ÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ! ++±“++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥Ñà ± àà “ àDistr.Ð b Ðà ± àà “ àGENERALÐ )Ç ÐÌà ± àà “ àCCPR/C/SR.1247Ð · U Ðà ± àà “ à29€July€1993Ð ~  ÐÌà ± àà “ àOriginal:€€ENGLISHÐ  ª ÐÌÌÌÌÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++±âEÓà@GG)“àHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEˆÐ ¶T  ÐÌà@««*“àForty„eighth€sessionˆÐ Dâ  ÐÌà@‹ ‹ "“àSUMMARY€RECORD€OF€THE€1247th€MEETINGˆÐ Òp  ÐÌà@õ õ !“àHeld€at€the€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva,ˆÐ `þ  Ðà@½ ½ #“àon€Tuesday,€20€July€1993,€at€3€p.m.ˆÐ 'Å ÐÌÌà@ÝÝ+“àòòChairmanóó:€€Mr.ANDOˆÐ | ÐÌÌà@0“àCONTENTSˆÐ Ño ÐÌÌConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article€40€of€theÐ &Ä ÐCovenant€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð í‹ ÐÌà b àSecond€periodic€report€of€Egypt€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð { ÐÌà b àDraft€general€comment€on€article€18€of€the€Covenant€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð  !§! ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€'Ú%sdE+Ú%s?ßà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð A'ß) ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ Ï(m!+ Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ –)4", Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ ]*û"- Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð $+Â#. ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€Committee€atÐ ²,P%0 Ðthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ y-&1 Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð @.Þ&2 ÐÌâ âGE.93„17561€€(E)Ð Î/l(4 ÐÑØbÑѱ‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@û û “àòòThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€3.10€p.m.óóˆÐ Ô ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE40€OF€THEÐ bŽ ÐCOVENANT€(agenda€item4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð )U ÐòòÌSecond€periodic€report€of€Egyptóó€(CCPR/C/51/Add.7;€HRI/CORE/1/Add.19)Ð ·ã Ð(òòcontinuedóó)Ð ~ ª ÐÌ1.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€drew€attention€to€a€statement€made€at€a€symposium€held€inÐ  8 ÐMay1992,€by€the€President€of€the€Egyptian€Organization€for€Human€Rights,€whoÐ Ó ÿ  Ðhad€said€that€what€was€happening€to€the€Baha'is€was€a€striking€instance€of€theÐ š Æ  Ðviolation€of€the€freedom€of€belief€and€a€clear€example€of€Egypt's€peculiarÐ a   Ðperception€of€that€freedom€in€its€thinking€as€well€as€its€legislation€and€theÐ (T  Ðreasoning€of€its€courts.€€He€fully€endorsed€the€comments€of€Mrs.Higgins€andÐ ï  ÐMr.AguilarUrbina€in€that€connection.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ2.à b àMr.Khalil€had€stated€that€Egypt's€legislation,€including€itsÐ Dp  ÐConstitution,€had€now€been€brought€fully€into€line€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ  7  ÐCovenant.€€Noting€that€article46€of€the€Constitution€provided€that€"the€StateÐ Òþ  Ðshall€guarantee€the€freedom€of€belief€and€the€freedom€of€practising€religiousÐ ™Å Ðrites",€he€asked€how€Mr.Khalil€could€justify€his€assertion€in€view€of€theÐ `Œ Ðfact€that€article18€of€the€Covenant€also€set€forth€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ 'S Ðthought€and€conscience,€and€thus€the€right€to€be€a€non-believer„€anÐ î Ðentitlement€that€did€not€appear€to€exist€under€the€Egyptian€Constitution.Ð µá ÐÌ3.à b àòòMr.€NDIAYEóó€asked€whether,€given€that€Islam€was€the€religion€of€theÐ Co ÐState,non-Muslims€were€entitled€to€accede€to€the€presidency.€€He€requestedÐ  6 Ðfurther€clarification€of€the€expression€"disparaging€or€belittling€anyÐ Ñý Ðdivinely-revealed€religion",€contained€in€paragraph62(a)€of€the€report.€€ItÐ ˜Ä Ðwas€still€not€clear€whether€a€Muslim€woman€was€permitted€to€marry€a€non-MuslimÐ _‹ Ðman.€€Lastly,€did€the€Egyptian€delegation's€remarks€concerning€article27€ofÐ &R Ðthe€Covenant€amount€to€a€tardy€reservation,€or€did€they€simply€indicate€aÐ í Ðfailure€to€understand€the€true€content€of€that€article?Ð ´à  ÐÌ4.à b àòòMr.€KHALILóó€(Egypt),€referring€first€to€the€criteria€for€the€issuance€andÐ Bn" Ðwithholding€of€passports,€said€that€every€citizen€had€the€right€to€leave€theÐ  5# Ðcountry€and€to€return€to€it€and€should€not€be€prevented€from€so€doing,€save€asÐ Ð ü$ Ðprovided€for€by€law.€€If€such€a€measure€was€applied€arbitrarily€or€in€abuse€ofÐ —!Ã% Ðpower,€or€was€not€based€on€the€facts,€the€victim€had€the€right€to€request€theÐ ^"Š& Ðadministrative€courts€to€annul€the€decision.€€The€same€applied€to€decisions€toÐ %#Q' Ðdeport€foreigners;€taken€by€the€State€in€application€of€discretionary€powers.€Ð ì#( ÐIn€a€recent€ruling€on€an€appeal€by€citizens€whose€nationality€had€beenÐ ³$ß) Ðwithdrawn,€the€Supreme€Constitutional€Court€had€established€the€importantÐ z%¦ * Ðconstitutional€principle€that,€under€article68€of€the€Constitution,€the€StateÐ A&m!+ Ðwas€obliged€to€enable€every€individual,€whether€a€national€or€a€foreigner,€toÐ '4", Ðhave€ready€access€to€the€courts.€€A€foreigner€subjected€to€a€deportation€orderÐ Ï'û"- Ðthus€had€the€right€to€resort€to€the€courts,€and€to€receive€compensation€whereÐ –(Â#. Ðappropriate.€€Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ5.à b àResponding€to€questions€about€the€media,€he€said€that€the€press€wasÐ ë*&1 Ðindependent€and€free€to€gather€information,€to€obtain€it€from€others€and€toÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðcirculate€news€and€information,€subject€to€the€requirements€of€public€order.€Ð y,¥'3 ÐThe€right€of€the€Council€of€Ministers€to€prohibit€publication€related€toÐ @-l(4 Ðforeign€publications€of€a€salacious€nature,€which€were€also€governed€by€anÐ Ô Ðinternational€convention.€€It€was€in€any€case€possible€to€appeal€against€suchÐ ›Ç Ða€decision.€Ð bŽ ÐÌ6.à b àThe€formation€of€trade€unions€was€subject€to€the€same€controls€as€wereÐ ð Ðprovided€for€in€the€Covenant€with€a€view€to€safeguarding€public€order€andÐ ·ã Ðnational€security.€€Decisions€of€the€competent€authorities€that€were€not€inÐ ~ ª Ðline€with€those€controls€could€be€annulled€„€a€further€instance€of€theÐ E q Ðguarantee€of€the€right€of€litigation.Ð  8 ÐÌ7.à b àThe€setting€up€of€political€parties€on€a€religious,€class€orÐ š Æ  Ðdiscriminatory€basis€was€prohibited.€€That€prohibition€did€not€encroach€onÐ a   Ðtheright€to€hold€political€opinions,€but€was€an€extension€of€the€principleÐ (T  Ðbanning€any€form€of€discrimination.€€The€provisions€organizing€the€settingÐ ï  Ðupof€political€parties€were€administrative€procedures,€and€were€subject€toÐ ¶â  Ðappeal.€€Recently,€a€number€of€decisions€to€refuse€authorization€for€theÐ }©  Ðestablishment€of€political€parties,€taken€pursuant€to€the€legislation€inÐ Dp  Ðforce,€had€been€overturned€by€appeal€courts€that€had€based€their€rulings€onÐ  7  Ðthe€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ8.à b àQuestions€of€nationality€were€decided€on€the€basis€of€the€two€legalÐ `Œ Ðcriteria€of€kinship€and€country€of€birth.€€In€line€with€international€law,Ð 'S ÐEgypt€had€stipulated€that€nationality€could€not€be€imposed€or€withdrawn€as€aÐ î Ðresult€of€marriage.€€The€nationality€of€children€was€determined€on€the€basisÐ µá Ðof€kinship,€or€of€place€of€birth€if€the€father's€nationality€was€unknown,€ifÐ |¨ Ðhe€had€no€nationality,€or€if€the€child's€parentage€was€not€established€(theÐ Co Ðintention€being€to€limit€cases€of€non„nationality€or€dual€nationality).€Ð  6 ÐHowever,€the€People's€Assembly€was€currently€considering€the€domestic€andÐ Ñý Ðbilateral€implications€of€implementing€a€draft€law€that€proposed€conferringÐ ˜Ä Ðthe€nationality€of€the€mother€on€the€children.Ð _‹ ÐÌ9.à b àTurning€to€questions€concerning€inequality€of€men€and€women€where€theÐ í Ðright€of€custody€of€children,€the€right€of€divorce,€and€inherited€traditionsÐ ´à  Ðwere€concerned,€he€said€that,€under€the€provisions€of€the€Constitution,Ð {§! Ðmatters€pertaining€to€personal€status€and€family€status€were€regulated€inÐ Bn" Ðaccordance€with€the€religious€tradition€to€which€the€individuals€in€questionÐ  5# Ðbelonged.€€Treatment€thus€varied€from€family€to€family.€€Women€had€the€rightÐ Ð ü$ Ðof€custody€of€male€children€until€a€certain€age,€and€of€female€children€untilÐ —!Ã% Ðmarriage.Ð ^"Š& ÐÌ10.à b àOn€the€question€of€holding€public€office,€article€14€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ì#( Ðstated€that€citizens€were€entitled€to€public€office;€that€the€State€guaranteedÐ ³$ß) Ðthe€protection€of€public€officers€in€the€performance€of€their€duties;€and€thatÐ z%¦ * Ðthey€could€not€be€dismissed€by€other€than€disciplinary€means€except€in€casesÐ A&m!+ Ðspecified€by€the€law.€€The€right€to€public€office€was€thus€provided€for€allÐ '4", ÐEgyptian€citizens€without€discrimination,€as€stipulated€in€article€40€of€theÐ Ï'û"- ÐConstitution.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ11.à b àRegarding€capital€punishment,€the€role€of€the€Mufti€was€advisory,€andÐ $*P%0 Ðcompliance€with€his€opinion€was€not€mandatory.€€It€constituted€a€further€means€Ð ë*&1 Ðof€ensuring€that€no€obstacle€to€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€had€beenÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðoverlooked,€as€well€as€an€additional€guarantee€of€the€right€to€life,€availableÐ y,¥'3 Ðto€Muslims€and€non„Muslims€alike.Ð @-l(4 Ї12.à b àWomen€enjoyed€equal€rights€with€regard€to€election€and€nomination€toÐ Ô Ðpublic€office,€and€occupied€prominent€posts€in€the€various€assemblies.€€TheyÐ ›Ç Ðwere€eligible€to€hold€any€office€not€contrary€to€the€nature€of€women.€€LabourÐ bŽ Ðlegislation€was€designed€to€secure€their€protection€during€pregnancy€andÐ )U Ðbreast-feeding,€and€in€no€way€violated€their€rights€to€equal€treatment€at€workÐ ð Ðand€equal€remuneration.Ð ·ã ÐÌ13.à b àFreedom€of€religion€and€freedom€of€belief€were€guaranteed€by€theÐ E q ÐConstitution.€€It€was€not€a€criminal€offence€to€change€one's€religion,Ð  8 Ðprovided€that€there€was€no€conflict€with€the€provisions€of€the€Penal€CodeÐ Ó ÿ  Ðdesigned€to€protect€divinely„revealed€religions€and€their€practices.€€FreedomÐ š Æ  Ðexisted€to€the€extent€that€it€did€not€encroach€on€other€religions€and€faiths.€Ð a   ÐIn€cases€of€personal€status€and€family€status,€the€traditions€of€the€religionÐ (T  Ðin€question€would€apply.Ð ï  ÐÌ14.à b àWithin€the€meaning€of€the€relevant€international€provisions€and€criteria,Ð }©  Ðthere€were€no€minorities€in€Egypt.€€All€elements€of€the€population€coexistedÐ Dp  Ðin€tolerance,€harmony€and€understanding;€no€one€was€a€stranger€in€hisÐ  7  Ðownland.€€All€legislation€was€applied€equally€to€all€citizens€withoutÐ Òþ  Ðdiscrimination,€except€in€cases€involving€personal€status€and€family€status,Ð ™Å Ðwhere€out€of€respect€for€other€religions,€the€legislature€took€account€of€theÐ `Œ Ðvalues€of€the€different€religions€involved.Ð 'S ÐÌ15.€à b àòòMrs.€HIGGINSóó,€supported€by€òòMr.€MAVROMMATISóó,€pointed€out€that€the€EgyptianÐ µá Ðdelegation€shared€a€commonly€held€misapprehension€regarding€the€question€ofÐ |¨ Ðminorities.€€It€was€not€correct€to€say€that,€if€all€a€country's€citizens€wereÐ Co Ðtreated€well€and€without€discrimination,€it€therefore€had€no€minorities.€€TheÐ  6 Ðexistence€of€minorities€„€such€as€adherents€of€a€religion€other€than€thatÐ Ñý Ðprofessed€by€the€majority,€or€speakers€of€a€language€other€than€that€spokenÐ ˜Ä Ðbythe€majority€„€was€an€objective€factor.€€To€deny€the€existence€of€theÐ _‹ Ðminorities€referred€to€in€article€27,€on€the€grounds€that€such€persons€enjoyedÐ &R Ðall€the€rights€to€which€they€were€entitled,€was€to€confuse€two€entirelyÐ í Ðseparate€issues.Ð ´à  ÐÌ16.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€members€of€the€Committee€to€make€their€individualÐ Bn" Ðconcluding€observations€on€the€State€party's€report.Ð  5# ÐÌ17.à b àòòMr.€LALLAHóó€said€that,€although€it€had€been€useful€to€have€anÐ —!Ã% Ðarticle-by-article€analysis€of€the€Egyptian€legislation€in€relation€to€theÐ ^"Š& ÐCovenant,€it€would€be€easier€if€in€future€reports€could€be€prepared€so€as€toÐ %#Q' Ðcomply€with€the€Committee's€recommended€layout.Ð ì#( ÐÌ18.à b àIn€general,€little€factual€information€had€been€provided€on€theÐ z%¦ * Ðadministration€of€the€law€in€Egypt€as€opposed€to€the€legislation€itself:€€forÐ A&m!+ Ðexample,€no€indication€had€been€given€of€the€number€of€cases€in€which€theÐ '4", Ðdeath€penalty€had€been€imposed.€€The€delegation's€claim€that€failure€to€reportÐ Ï'û"- Ðthe€declaration€of€a€state€of€emergency€to€the€Secretary„General€did€notÐ –(Â#. Ðconstitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€could€not€be€accepted.€€The€CommitteeÐ ])‰$/ Ðrequired€an€indication€of€which€human€rights€were€affected€by€the€state€ofÐ $*P%0 Ðemergency€and€the€extent€to€which€they€had€been€affected.€€To€speak€ofÐ ë*&1 Ð"anti-terrorist"€legislation€was€in€his€view€to€use€a€rather€propagandistÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðterm.€€What€in€fact€were€the€legal€elements€justifying€the€separate€treatmentÐ y,¥'3 Ðof€terrorist€acts€from€other€crimes?€€Although€very€full€information€had€beenÐ @-l(4 Ðgiven€in€paragraph€93€of€the€report€on€the€admissible€periods€of€detention€andÐ Ô Ðthe€authorities€responsible€for€authorizing€them,€the€actual€periods€spent€byÐ ›Ç Ðdetainees€in€prison€had€not€been€covered€and€were€a€matter€of€considerableÐ bŽ Ðconcern.€€It€was€also€evident€that€the€principle€of€the€presumption€ofÐ )U Ðinnocence€was€not€respected.€€He€fully€associated€himself€with€the€views€ofÐ ð ÐMrs.Higgins€in€regard€to€the€existence€of€minorities€and€the€consequent€needÐ ·ã Ðfor€compliance€with€article€27€of€the€Covenant.Ð ~ ª ÐÌ19.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó€said€that€there€were€three€issues€of€general€concern€in€regardÐ  8 Ðto€the€second€periodic€report.€€It€would€certainly€be€helpful€in€the€future€toÐ Ó ÿ  Ðadopt€the€Committee's€recommended€layout,€incorporating€an€in-depth€analysisÐ š Æ  Ðof€compliance€with€the€Covenant€on€an€article„by„article€basis.€€Secondly,€theÐ a   Ðemergency€situation€„€serious€as€it€was€„€should€not€be€allowed€to€exert€anÐ (T  Ðadverse€effect€on€individual€human€rights€and€could€not€justify€disregard€forÐ ï  Ðinternational€obligations.€€In€the€third€place,€he€fully€endorsed€whatÐ ¶â  ÐMrs.Higgins€had€said€in€regard€to€minorities.€€Almost€all€countries€hadÐ }©  Ðethnic,€religious,€linguistic€and€other€minorities,€which€could€enrich€theÐ Dp  Ðlife€of€the€host€country€and€accordingly€deserved€specific€treatment€separateÐ  7  Ðfrom€the€general€population.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ20.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó€said€that,€although€the€juxtaposition€of€the€articles€ofÐ `Œ ÐtheCovenant€with€the€articles€of€the€Egyptian€Constitution€and€otherÐ 'S Ðlegislation€had€been€helpful,€it€would€have€been€better€to€follow€theÐ î ÐCommittee's€recommended€layout.€€Neither€in€the€report€nor€in€the€dialogueÐ µá Ðwith€the€Committee€had€reference€been€made€to€the€core€of€the€matter,€namelyÐ |¨ Ðthe€state€of€emergency,€which€had€not,€moreover,€been€reported€to€theÐ Co ÐSecretary-General€as€required€by€the€Covenant.€€The€Government's€policyÐ  6 Ðhadapparently€been€to€impose€tighter€and€tighter€controls,€leading€to€aÐ Ñý Ðpolarization€of€society„€which€had€not€in€any€case€achieved€its€desired€aim.€Ð ˜Ä ÐThere€had€been€a€notable€absence€of€concrete€information€on€the€number€ofÐ _‹ Ðdeath€sentences€imposed,€on€the€investigation€of€allegations€of€tortureÐ &R Ðandonthe€status€and€participation€of€women€in€politics€and€in€domesticÐ í Ðlife.€What€she€hoped€to€see€in€the€future€would€be€a€more€open€dialogue€withÐ ´à  Ðnon„governmental€organizations€(NGOs)€and€greater€emphasis€on€the€educationÐ {§! Ðand€training€of€law-enforcement€officers.Ð Bn" ÐÌ21.à b àòòMiss€CHANETóó€said€that€effective€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€theÐ Ð ü$ ÐEgyptian€delegation€had€been€hampered€by€a€fundamental€misunderstanding€onÐ —!Ã% Ðthepart€of€the€delegation,€which€apparently€believed€that€the€EgyptianÐ ^"Š& ÐConstitution€was€already€in€complete€conformity€with€the€Covenant,€whenÐ %#Q' Ðinfact€the€content€of€the€Covenant€had€been€incorporated€incompletely.€Ð ì#( ÐArticle40€of€the€Constitution,€for€example,€reproduced€only€a€small€part€ofÐ ³$ß) Ðarticle14€of€the€Covenant,€which€was€an€exceptionally€important€provision,Ð z%¦ * Ðand€there€were€also€many€outright€omissions.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ22.à b àThe€explanations€given€in€connection€with€article€6€of€the€Covenant,Ð Ï'û"- Ðcovering€the€right€to€life€and€in€consequence€the€death€penalty,€suggestedÐ –(Â#. Ðthat€the€full€scope€of€article€6€had€been€misunderstood.€€The€statement€thatÐ ])‰$/ Ðthe€current€practice€was€for€the€courts€to€supplement€the€legislation€in€thatÐ $*P%0 Ðconnection€did€not€provide€an€acceptable€solution.€€The€claim€that€the€deathÐ ë*&1 Ðpenalty€was€only€imposed€for€very€serious€crimes€was€at€variance€with€itsÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðapparent€imposition€for€such€offences€as€damage€to€property€or€theÐ y,¥'3 Ðenvironment,€under€cover€of€the€vague€term€"terrorism".Ð @-l(4 Ї23.à b àShe€noted€that€44€agents€of€the€security€services€had€been€charged€beforeÐ Ô Ðthe€courts€with€offences€involving€torture.€€How€many€had€been€convicted?€€HadÐ ›Ç Ðthey€been€disciplined?€€Had€they€retained€their€posts?€€Article€9€relatingÐ bŽ Ðtosocial€security€had€not€been€fully€complied€with.€€The€multiplicity€ofÐ )U Ðcourts,€to€which€many€members€had€referred,€was€not€in€itself€contrary€to€theÐ ð ÐCovenant,€but€the€detailed€provisions€of€article€14€had€not€been€observed.€Ð ·ã ÐThe€aim€in€the€future€should€be€to€educate€and€train€law„enforcement€officersÐ ~ ª Ðin€respect€for€the€provisions€of€article€14,€to€take€steps€to€guarantee€theÐ E q Ðrule€of€impartiality€and€to€guarantee€the€right€of€appeal.Ð  8 ÐÌ24.à b àThere€were€many€instances€of€discrimination€against€women,€contrary€toÐ š Æ  Ðarticle€3€of€the€Covenant,€for€example€in€regard€to€divorce€and€the€need€forÐ a   Ðamarried€woman€to€obtain€her€husband's€permission€to€travel€abroad.€Ð (T  ÐQuestions€raised€under€article€18€of€the€Covenant€concerning€the€problemsÐ ï  Ðexperienced€by€the€Baha'is€had€regrettably€elicited€no€reply€from€theÐ ¶â  Ðdelegation.€€Articles19€and€20€also€appeared€to€have€been€contravened€by€lawsÐ }©  Ðwhich€imposed€severe€penalties€for€apparently€minor€offences€such€as€theÐ Dp  Ðspreading€of€rumours.Ð  7  ÐÌ25.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€said€that€regrettably€the€report€gave€little€factualÐ ™Å Ðinformation€on€the€human€rights€situation€in€Egypt,€and€his€hopes€that€theÐ `Œ ÐCommittee's€dialogue€with€the€delegation€might€prove€more€enlightening€hadÐ 'S Ðbeen€dashed.€€The€lack€of€candour€was€indeed€very€disappointing.€€MissChanetÐ î Ðhad€referred€to€the€absence€of€any€reply€on€the€Baha'is.€€He€could€not€himselfÐ µá Ðrecall€a€specific€response€to€any€of€the€Committee's€questions;€there€had€beenÐ |¨ Ðno€information€on€NGOs€or€on€the€reasons€for€the€lack€of€cooperation€withÐ Co Ðthem,€or€on€freedom€of€belief€and€religion€and€guarantees€for€detainees.€€TheÐ  6 ÐCommittee€had€been€given€very€full€details€on€Egyptian€legislation€and€on€theÐ Ñý Ðstructure€of€the€judiciary,€but€the€lack€of€information€on€the€actual€humanÐ ˜Ä Ðrights€situation€in€Egypt€made€it€extremely€difficult€for€the€Committee€toÐ _‹ Ðarrive€at€a€fair€assessment€of€the€really€important€issues.€€It€had€beenÐ &R Ðstated,€for€example,€that€44€officers€of€the€security€services€had€beenÐ í Ðindicted€on€charges€of€inflicting€torture€in€1988,€but€nothing€had€beenÐ ´à  Ðdivulged€on€the€outcome€of€their€trials,€nor€had€anything€been€said€about€theÐ {§! Ðperiod€after€1988,€during€which€there€must€surely€have€been€other€cases€ofÐ Bn" Ðtorture€being€inflicted€on€prisoners.Ð  5# ÐÌ26.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€said€that€dialogue€between€the€Committee€and€StatesÐ —!Ã% Ðparties€was€always€useful,€but€in€the€present€case€many€important€questionsÐ ^"Š& Ðhad€been€left€unanswered.€€It€was€to€be€hoped€that€some€of€the€answers€toÐ %#Q' Ðmembers'€questions€would€be€supplied€in€the€third€periodic€report.€€TheÐ ì#( Ðdialogue€had€demonstrated€the€wide€gap€between€the€legislation€and€the€actualÐ ³$ß) Ðhuman€rights€situation€in€Egypt,€which€was€rooted€in€the€lack€of€harmonizationÐ z%¦ * Ðbetween€the€legislation€and€the€Covenant.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ27.à b àThe€situation€had€been€complicated€by€the€state€of€emergency€legislation,Ð Ï'û"- Ðwhich€allowed€acts€to€be€committed€contrary€to€the€guarantees€required€byÐ –(Â#. ÐtheCovenant€and€at€the€same€time€exerted€a€pernicious€influence€on€theÐ ])‰$/ Ðindependence€of€the€judiciary.€€In€addition,€the€police€had€been€grantedÐ $*P%0 Ðpowers€which€enabled€them€to€block€implementation€of€Supreme€Court€decisions.€Ð ë*&1 ÐFull€enjoyment€of€human€rights€was€impossible€while€detention€without€trialÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðwas€permitted,€the€infliction€of€torture€went€unpunished€and€the€victims€wereÐ y,¥'3 Ðdenied€compensation.Ð @-l(4 Ї28.à b àThere€was€also€a€doubt€as€to€whether€the€non-Muslim€population€enjoyedÐ Ô Ðfreedom€of€religion€and€belief.€€Only€if€children€of€non„Muslim€parents€wereÐ ›Ç Ðguaranteed€full€rights€to€education€in€their€own€faith€could€the€provisions€ofÐ bŽ Ðthe€Covenant€be€said€to€have€been€complied€with.Ð )U ЀÌ29.à b àòòMr.€MAVROMMATISóó€said€that€for€his€part€he€had€found€the€dialogue€usefulÐ ·ã Ðin€that€the€Egyptian€delegation€had€obviously€listened€attentively€to€theÐ ~ ª ÐCommittee's€views€on€what€was€a€most€dangerous€situation€which€„€if€allowed€toÐ E q Ðgo€unchecked€„€would€undoubtedly€result€in€even€more€serious€violations€ofÐ  8 Ðhuman€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms.€€He€requested€the€delegation,€on€itsÐ Ó ÿ  Ðreturn€to€Egypt,€to€consult€the€summary€records€of€the€relevant€meetings€withÐ š Æ  Ða€view€to€providing€replies€to€questions€that€had€not€been€answered€at€theÐ a   Ðtime.Ð (T  ÐÌ30.à b àThe€Committee's€principal€concerns€had€centred€on€the€worsening€ofÐ ¶â  Ðsocialviolence,€and€of€counter„violence€by€the€authorities,€during€theÐ }©  Ðpast12months.€€The€Egyptian€Government€must€be€urged€to€confine€its€actionsÐ Dp  Ðunder€emergency€legislation€to€what€was€permissible€under€article€4€of€theÐ  7  ÐCovenant€and,€as€soon€as€possible,€to€alleviate€the€severe€measures€currentlyÐ Òþ  Ðbeing€applied.Ð ™Å ÐÌ31.à b àMore€specifically,€he€called€for€a€review€of€the€entire€situation€of€theÐ 'S ÐBaha'is€not€only€under€the€circumstances€of€the€emergency,€but€under€theÐ î Ðprovisions€of€ordinary€law.€Ð µá ÐÌ32.à b àòòMr.€FODORóó,€after€expressing€the€hope€that€in€the€third€periodic€reportÐ Co ÐofEgypt,€which€was€still€inexplicably€delayed,€greater€attention€would€beÐ  6 Ðpaid€to€the€Committee's€guidelines,€said€that€from€its€consideration€of€theÐ Ñý Ðsecond€periodic€report,€supplemented€by€the€oral€replies€to€questions,€theÐ ˜Ä ÐCommittee€must€conclude€that€domestic€legislation€in€Egypt€was€not€fully€inÐ _‹ Ðconformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€and€that€certain€laws€or€partsÐ &R Ðthereof€„€notably€in€legislation€of€more€recent€date€„€clearly€ran€counterÐ í Ðtothose€provisions.€€Notwithstanding€its€promulgation€by€presidentialÐ ´à  Ðdecree,the€Covenant€was€weakened€by€the€fact€that€the€extent€of€applicableÐ {§! Ðlimitations€and€restrictions€was€determined€by€other€laws€and€not€by€theÐ Bn" ÐConstitution,€and€that€the€principle€of€òòlex€posterior€derogat€priorióóÐ  5# Ðprevailed.€Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ33.à b àOne€major€difficulty€was€the€persistence€of€emergency€laws,€which€grantedÐ ^"Š& Ðextensive€powers€to€the€executive€and€led€to€a€steep€increase€in€cases€ofÐ %#Q' Ðadministrative€or€arbitrary€detention,€disregard€for€the€rights€of€detaineesÐ ì#( Ðand€increased€use€of€torture€by€the€police,€and€which€undermined€the€Ð ³$ß) Ðindependence€of€the€judiciary.€€Of€course,€terrorist€activities€called€for€aÐ z%¦ * Ðfirm€response,€but€retaliation€must€be€within€the€framework€of€the€law€andÐ A&m!+ Ðconditioned€by€respect€for€all€the€guarantees€provided€under€the€Covenant.Ð '4", ÐÌ34.à b àNot€all€of€the€Committee's€concerns,€however,€stemmed€from€measuresÐ –(Â#. Ðtakenunder€the€Emergency€Act.€€He€referred€to€the€disturbingly€wide€range€ofÐ ])‰$/ Ðcapital€crimes,€and€to€discrimination€of€different€kinds,€for€example€againstÐ $*P%0 Ðwomen€and€persons€of€certain€Christian€or€other€religious€denominations.€€HeÐ ë*&1 Ðfully€agreed€with€the€remarks€by€Mr.€Lallah€concerning€the€special€StateÐ ²+Þ&2 ÐSecurity€Courts€and€by€Mrs.€Higgins€with€regard€to€the€issue€of€minorities.Ð y,¥'3 ÐÐ @-l(4 Ð35.à b àNotwithstanding€those€remarks,€he€wished€to€thank€the€Egyptian€delegationÐ Ô Ðfor€its€cooperative€attitude€during€the€dialogue.€Ð ›Ç ÐÌ36.à b àòòMrs.€HIGGINSóó€remarked€that€the€exchange€with€what€was€obviously€a€highlyÐ )U Ðprofessional€delegation€had€been€interesting€and€useful,€and€had€taken€placeÐ ð Ðin€a€pleasant€atmosphere.€€It€was€clear€that€Egypt's€special€problems€hadÐ ·ã Ðresulted€in€difficulties€with€regard€to€the€application€of€articles€6,€7€and€9Ð ~ ª Ðof€the€Covenant€in€particular;€but€although€the€Committee€could€not€deny€theÐ E q Ðneed€to€combat€terrorism€strenuously,€its€task€was€to€ensure€that€the€measuresÐ  8 Ðtaken€were€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ37.à b àThat€being€said,€the€realization€had€dawned€on€her,€in€the€course€of€theÐ a   Ðdialogue,€that€there€were€problems€in€Egypt€with€regard€to€almost€every€areaÐ (T  Ðof€the€Covenant;€she€noted€that€questions€with€a€bearing€on€other€articles,Ð ï  Ðarticles€17€and€18,€for€example,€had€either€met€with€no€reply€or€had€receivedÐ ¶â  Ðsomewhat€disconcerting€answers.€€It€was€distressing€to€her€that€a€countryÐ }©  Ðwhich€had€contributed€so€much€to€world€civilization€and€culture€had€come€toÐ Dp  Ðsuch€a€pass.€€She€hoped€that€the€Egyptian€delegation,€upon€its€return,€would,Ð  7  Ðin€the€light€of€all€the€comments€by€the€Committee,€conduct€a€thorough€reviewÐ Òþ  Ðof€all€domestic€legislation,€and€not€just€the€emergency€provisions,€andÐ ™Å Ðexamine€ways€and€means€of€achieving€progress€in€the€defence€and€promotion€ofÐ `Œ Ðrespect€for€human€rights.€Ð 'S ÐÌ38.à b àòòMr.€SADIóó,€thanking€the€Egyptian€delegation€for€its€contribution€to€theÐ µá Ðdialogue,€said€it€should€be€remembered€that€the€Committee€had€been€examiningÐ |¨ Ðwhat€was€only€Egypt's€second€periodic€report,€and€that€too€much€was€sometimesÐ Co Ðexpected€of€countries€doing€their€best€to€comply€with€established€reportingÐ  6 Ðprocedures.€€He€was€sure€that€the€third€periodic€report€would€correspond€muchÐ Ñý Ðmore€closely€to€the€Committee's€requirements.Ð ˜Ä ÐÌ39.à b àThe€fact€that€the€Covenant€indeed€had€some€significant€legal€statusÐ &R ÐinEgypt€should€be€noted€as€positive,€and€indeed€as€a€foundation€stone€onÐ í Ðwhich€to€build€in€the€endeavour€to€rectify€perceived€shortcomings.€€Moreover,Ð ´à  Ðthe€true€test€of€the€effectiveness€of€the€dialogue€would€be€the€extent€toÐ {§! Ðwhich€it€had€improved€the€Committee's€familiarity€with€the€situation€in€EgyptÐ Bn" Ðand€„€even€more€importantly-€enhanced€the€delegation's€awareness€of,€andÐ  5# Ðdetermination€to€take€action€on,€the€Committee's€anxieties€and€concerns.€€TheÐ Ð ü$ Ðlatter€focused€on€the€conditions€prevailing€under€the€emergency€regime,Ð —!Ã% Ðtheconditions€under€which€death€sentences€were€handed€down,€and€the€actualÐ ^"Š& Ðdefinition,€for€the€purposes€of€Egyptian€law,€of€"terrorism".€€He€had€studiedÐ %#Q' Ðthe€Arabic€text€of€the€official€definition€and€personally€believed€that€itÐ ì#( Ðcould€be€tightened€up.€€Another€matter€concerning€which€the€Committee€wouldÐ ³$ß) Ðhave€welcomed€additional€information€was€the€social,€economic€and€politicalÐ z%¦ * Ðsituation€of€the€Copts.€€Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ40.à b àOn€balance,€he€considered€the€exchange€to€have€been€a€useful€one,€whichÐ Ï'û"- Ðhad€given€him€a€clearer€picture€of€the€situation€in€Egypt.€€What€mattered€nowÐ –(Â#. Ðwas€the€follow„up€to€the€Committee's€comments€on€that€situation.€€Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ41.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€said€that€he€shared€all€the€concerns€expressed€byÐ ë*&1 Ðpreceding€speakers,€whose€remarks€would€have€left€the€Egyptian€delegation€inÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðno€doubt€as€to€the€Committee's€misgivings€with€regard€to€what€was€happeningÐ y,¥'3 Ðinthat€country,€both€in€the€domain€of€theoretical€law€and€its€practicalÐ @-l(4 Ðapplication.€€He€noted€with€regret,€but€with€no€feeling,òòóó€that€the€initialÐ Ô Ðomissions€had€been€voluntary,€that€much€time€had€been€taken€in€providing€theÐ ›Ç ÐCommittee€orally€with€information€which€should€more€properly€have€been€in€theÐ bŽ Ðprinted€report.€€It€was€to€be€hoped€that€in€future€Egyptian€reports€wouldÐ )U Ðreflect€greater€familiarity€not€only€with€the€Committee's€guidelines€onÐ ð Ðreporting,€but€also€with€its€responsibilities€under€the€Covenant€and€with€itsÐ ·ã Ðworking€practices.€€Reports€that€merely€provided€a€digest€of€valid€positiveÐ ~ ª Ðlaws€and€neglected€to€describe€their€application€were€most€unsatisfactory.€€Ð E q ÐÌ42.à b àHe€considered€that€the€essence€of€the€Egyptian€dilemma€could€be€discernedÐ Ó ÿ  Ðin€the€first€provisions€of€the€Constitution.€€Article1€stated€that€the€ArabÐ š Æ  ÐRepublic€of€Egypt€was€a€socialist€democratic€State,€article4€cited€a€numberÐ a   Ðof€typically€socialist€goals,€while€the€preamble€contained€similar€language.€Ð (T  ÐArticle2,€on€the€other€hand,€proclaimed€that€Islam€was€the€religion€of€theÐ ï  ÐState€and€that€the€principal€source€of€legislation€was€Islamic€jurisprudenceÐ ¶â  Ð(the€Shariah).€€A€particularly€notable€paradox€was€that€it€was€the€SocialistÐ }©  ÐPublic€Prosecutor€who€was€responsible€for€ensuring€respect€for€the€revealedÐ Dp  Ðreligions.€€That€dilemma,€or€paradox,€was€at€present€compounded€by€theÐ  7  Ðconjunction€of€an€energetic€struggle€against€terrorists€who€were€IslamicÐ Òþ  Ðfundamentalists€with€attempts€to€appease€those€terrorists€by€reverting€toÐ ™Å Ðpractices€that€had€long€been€abandoned€in€Egypt.€€It€was,€of€course,€easy€toÐ `Œ Ðgive€advice€from€a€distance,€but€he€would€nevertheless€urge€that€a€clear€standÐ 'S Ðshould€be€taken€on€values€that€were€enshrined€in€the€Covenant€and€not€derivedÐ î Ðfrom€any€particular€geopolitical€or€cultural€source.€€Terrorism,€he€pointedÐ µá Ðout,€had€never€been€conquered€by€reciprocal€brutality.€€And€although€the€angerÐ |¨ Ðof€the€police€force€as€the€principal€target€and€victim€of€terrorist€acts€wasÐ Co Ðunderstandable,€that€anger€must€be€controlled€in€order€to€preserve€the€valuesÐ  6 Ðto€which€he€had€alluded.€€Ð Ñý ÐÌ43.à b àThe€Committee€would€have€welcomed€a€more€candid€account€of€theÐ _‹ Ðdifficulties€experienced€in€applying€the€Covenant.€€Such€an€account€wouldÐ &R Ðhavecarried€with€it€no€shame,€especially€when€it€was€remembered€that€theÐ í Ðimplementation€of€human€rights€could€not€be€assured€by€the€will€of€GovernmentsÐ ´à  Ðalone;€society€at€large,€outside€the€domain€of€governance,€contained€manyÐ {§! Ðpotential€violators€of€those€rights€who€must€be€restrained,€controlled€orÐ Bn" Ðpersuaded€to€mend€their€ways.Ð  5# ÐÌ44.à b àReiterating€his€view€that€the€omissions€in€the€Egyptian€delegation'sÐ —!Ã% Ðreplies€reflected€the€sheer€volume€of€the€Committee's€questions€rather€thanÐ ^"Š& Ðdeliberate€prevarication,€and€submitting€that€the€scope€of€the€Committee'sÐ %#Q' Ðinquiry€in€turn€reflected€the€keen€interest€with€which€it€was€followingÐ ì#( Ðtheevolution€of€the€situation€in€Egypt,€he€expressed€the€hope€that€theÐ ³$ß) Ðconsideration€of€the€third€periodic€report€would€provide€an€opportunity€for€aÐ z%¦ * Ðmore€meaningful€and€effective€exchange€of€views.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ45.à b àòòMr.€AGUILAR€URBINAóó€said€that€he,€too,€considered€the€dialogue€to€haveÐ Ï'û"- Ðbeen€fruitful.€€The€Committee's€concerns€had€been€clearly€voiced;€and€theÐ –(Â#. Ðdelegation€had€put€forward€its€own€views,€describing€the€situation,€clarifyingÐ ])‰$/ Ðthe€legal€framework€and€indicating€the€potential€that€existed€in€Egypt€forÐ $*P%0 Ðenjoyment€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌ46.à b àIn€his€concluding€observations,€he€would€merely€revert€to€two€majorÐ y,¥'3 Ðconcerns€which€he€had€already€addressed€in€some€detail.€€The€first€was€withÐ @-l(4 Ðthe€provisions€of€article86€of€ActNo.97€of€1992,€which€he€had€been€able€toÐ Ô Ðstudy€in€translation€and€which€he€believed€to€violate€various€articles€of€theÐ ›Ç ÐCovenant,€notably€articles15€and€6:€€the€failure€to€criminalize€acts€ofÐ bŽ Ðterrorism€could€permit€the€handing€down€of€arbitrary€death€sentences€andÐ )U Ðviolation€of€the€principle€of€òònullum€crimen€sine€legeóó.€€His€second€majorÐ ð Ðconcern€was€that,€despite€assurances€to€the€contrary,€it€was€clear€that€theÐ ·ã Ðfunctioning€of€the€military€courts,€before€which€civilians€could€be€brought€toÐ ~ ª Ðtrial,€reflected€the€imposition€of€an€emergency€regime.Ð E q ÐÌ47.à b àòòMr.€BRUNI€CELLIóó€noted€that€a€broad-ranging€dialogue€had€taken€place,€inÐ Ó ÿ  Ðthe€course€of€which€some€of€the€points€raised€had€been€passed€over,€or€notÐ š Æ  Ðfully€answered.€€That,€however,€was€not€a€matter€of€major€concern€to€him,Ð a   Ðbecause€he€believed€that€the€difficulties€of€the€Egyptian€delegation€inÐ (T  Ðproducing€specific€replies€were€due€at€least€in€part€to€the€state€of€flux€in€aÐ ï  Ðsociety€in€the€throes€of€transformation€in€so€many€areas.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ48.à b àHe€was€far€more€exercised€by€the€rapidly€growing€phenomenon€of€terrorismÐ Dp  Ðand€the€corresponding€increase€in€countermeasures.€€Experience€worldwide€hadÐ  7  Ðshown€that€arbitrary€action€against€terrorism€generally€resulted€in€anÐ Òþ  Ðescalation€of€associated€violence€to€unmanageable€levels.€€He€wished€toÐ ™Å Ðimpress€on€the€Egyptian€authorities€the€conviction€that€only€through€the€ruleÐ `Œ Ðof€law,€duly€adapted€to€the€principles€set€forth€in€the€Covenant,€could€thatÐ 'S Ðscourge€be€overcome.Ð î ÐÌ49.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó,€noting€that€there€were€no€further€comments€by€individualÐ |¨ Ðmembers,€thanked€the€Egyptian€delegation€for€its€efforts€to€respond€to€theÐ Co Ðmany€difficult€questions€which€had€been€put.€€It€had€often€been€remarked€inÐ  6 Ðthe€Committee€that€no€human€rights€paradise€existed€on€the€planet,€and€theÐ Ñý Ðstate€of€affairs€in€Egypt€did€not€contradict€that€view.€€Everything€possibleÐ ˜Ä Ðmust€be€done€there€to€pinpoint€all€the€difficulties€in€applying€human€rightsÐ _‹ Ðand€to€seek€ways€and€means€of€resolving€them.€€For€its€part,€as€it€addressedÐ &R Ðthe€human€rights€situation€in€different€countries,€the€Committee€took€theÐ í Ðstand€neither€of€prosecutor€nor€of€defender;€it€placed€its€experience€at€thoseÐ ´à  Ðcountries'€disposal,€and€sought€nothing€more€than€to€work€together€with€themÐ {§! Ðin€promoting€and€encouraging€respect€for€those€rights.€€That€had€been€theÐ Bn" Ðpurpose€of€the€dialogue€with€the€Egyptian€delegation;€it€was€essential€thatÐ  5# Ðthe€dialogue€should€be€continued.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ50.à b àòòMr.€ZAHRANóó€(Egypt)€assured€the€members€of€the€Committee€that€the€EgyptianÐ ^"Š& Ðdelegation€had€endeavoured€to€answer€all€their€questions€and€respond€to€allÐ %#Q' Ðtheir€observations€in€good€faith,€clearly€and€with€all€the€means€at€itsÐ ì#( Ðdisposal;€there€had€been€no€attempt€whatsoever€to€conceal€or€gloss€overÐ ³$ß) Ðdifficulties.€€For€its€part,€the€delegation€had€found€the€dialogue€to€beÐ z%¦ * Ðobjective,€fruitful,€useful€and€of€very€high€standard.€€Due€note€had€been€Ð A&m!+ Ðtaken€of€the€Committee's€remarks,€which€would€be€studied€in€detail€in€order€toÐ '4", Ðdraw€lessons€for€the€future€in€furthering€the€interests€of€what€wasÐ Ï'û"- Ðessentially€an€evolving€society€with€great€aspirations.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ51.à b àStressing€that,€as€was€clearly€set€out€in€article2€of€the€Constitution,Ð $*P%0 Ðthe€principal€source€of€legislation€in€Egypt€was€Islamic€jurisprudence€(theÐ ë*&1 ÐShariah),€he€said€that€at€the€time€of€Egypt's€ratification€of€the€Covenant,Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðin1982,€the€reservation€had€been€made€that€compliance€with€its€provisions€wasÐ y,¥'3 Ðsubject€to€their€conformity€with€Islamic€law.€€It€was€on€that€understanding,Ð @-l(4 Ðmoreover,€that€Egypt€had€subscribed€to€the€Cairo€Declaration€on€Human€RightsÐ Ô Ðin€Islam,€an€event€that€should€have€been€mentioned€in€paragraph168€of€theÐ ›Ç Ðreport€before€the€Committee.€€He€added€that€it€had,€perhaps,€not€been€madeÐ bŽ Ðsufficiently€clear€that€difficulties€concerning€the€Baha'is€stemmed€in€greatÐ )U Ðmeasure€from€the€fact€that€they€transgressed€the€Islamic€Shariah.Ð ð ÐÌ52.à b àHe€wished€to€make€it€clear€that€the€Egyptian€Emergency€Act€hadÐ ~ ª Ðbeenadopted€in€good€faith€and€in€full€awareness€of€the€provisions€ofÐ E q Ðarticle4(2),€of€the€Covenant.€€If€the€Secretary„General€of€theÐ  8 ÐUnitedNations€had€not€been€notified€of€the€Emergency€Act,€that€wasÐ Ó ÿ  Ðundoubtedly€because€of€oversight€or€negligence.€€At€all€events,€he€couldÐ š Æ  Ðassure€the€Committee€that€there€was€nothing€secret€about€the€workings€of€theÐ a   ÐAct,€which€had€been€duly€promulgated€and€publicized€both€in€Egypt€and€abroad.Ð (T  ÐÌòòóó53.à b àWith€regard€to€Egypt's€failure€to€respect€the€Committee's€guidelines€forÐ ¶â  Ðdrafting€periodic€reports,€he€welcomed€the€comments€to€the€effect€that€theÐ }©  Ðsecond€periodic€report€was€a€significant€improvement€on€the€initial€reportÐ Dp  Ðsubmitted€in€1984.€€None€the€less,€due€note€had€been€taken€of€all€the€remarksÐ  7  Ðmade€in€that€connection€and€every€effort€would€be€made€to€ensure€that€the€nextÐ Òþ  Ðreport€made€specific€reference€to€the€practical€application€of€the€provisionsÐ ™Å Ðof€the€Covenant€as€requested.€€A€more€comprehensive€study€of€the€implicationsÐ `Œ Ðof€certain€provisions€of€the€Covenant€was€clearly€required.Ð 'S ÐÌ54.à b àHe€rejected€allegations€that€the€activities€of€NGOs€were€restricted€inÐ µá ÐEgypt.€€In€fact,€there€were€many€international€and€Egyptian€NGOs€active€in€theÐ |¨ Ðcountry.€€The€reason€the€request€of€the€Egyptian€Organization€for€Human€RightsÐ Co Ðhad€been€refused€was€that€there€were€already€similar€NGOs€operating€in€CairoÐ  6 Ðand€Alexandria.€€In€any€case,€the€decision€had€been€appealed€against€beforeÐ Ñý Ðthe€courts.€€He€had€access€to€the€relevant€correspondence€on€the€case€betweenÐ ˜Ä Ðthe€Department€of€Public€Prosecutions€and€the€NGO€concerned€and€would€keep€theÐ _‹ ÐCommittee€informed€of€any€developments€in€that€connection.€€However,€heÐ &R Ðwelcomed€the€fact€that€the€question€of€the€role€of€NGOs€in€Egypt€had€beenÐ í Ðraised€by€the€Committee€and€assured€members€that€the€allegations€of€humanÐ ´à  Ðrights€violations€made€by€those€organizations€would€be€followed€up.Ð {§! ÐÌ55.à b àAs€for€terrorist€groups€in€the€country,€he€said€that€organized€terrorismÐ  5# Ðconstituted€a€violation€of€human€rights.€€It€was€inappropriate€to€use€the€termÐ Ð ü$ Ð"fundamentalist"€in€connection€with€the€groups€in€question,€for€devout€MuslimsÐ —!Ã% Ðdid€not€resort€to€terrorism.€€The€Government€had€to€tackle€the€problems€causedÐ ^"Š& Ðby€the€extremists€as€best€it€could,€and€regrettably€violence€could€sometimesÐ %#Q' Ðonly€be€responded€to€in€kind.€€It€should€be€borne€in€mind€that€the€terroristÐ ì#( Ðgroups€were€not€only€violating€the€rights€of€individuals€but€threatening€theÐ ³$ß) Ðright€to€life€of€a€whole€nation,€which€required€adequate€protection.Ð z%¦ * ÐÌ56.à b àRegarding€comments€relating€to€the€lack€of€statistics€in€the€report,€heÐ '4", Ðsaid€that€the€Committee€would€be€provided€with€statistics€on€the€applicationÐ Ï'û"- Ðof€the€death€penalty€in€due€course.€€Responding€to€Miss€Chanet's€remarks,€heÐ –(Â#. Ðpointed€out€that€the€44€cases€of€torture€involving€police€officers€in€1988€hadÐ ])‰$/ Ðmerely€been€given€as€an€example.€€He€could€provide€more€detailed€statistics€onÐ $*P%0 Ðcases€involving€torture€referred€to€the€court€between€1987€and€1992.€€ForÐ ë*&1 Ðinstance,€in€1987€there€had€been€six€convictions,€and€one€acquittal.€€In€1988Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðthere€had€been€two€convictions,€47€acquittals€and€one€case€left€pending.€€InÐ y,¥'3 Ð1989€there€had€been€three€convictions,€five€acquittals€and€two€cases€leftÐ @-l(4 Ðpending.€€In€1990€there€had€been€only€one€conviction,€three€acquittals€andÐ Ô Ðfive€cases€left€pending.€€In€1991€there€had€been€one€conviction;€four€casesÐ ›Ç Ðhad€been€left€pending€since€1992.Ð bŽ ÐÌ57.à b àReplying€to€some€of€the€additional€questions€raised,€he€stressed€that€theÐ ð Ðspecial€courts€set€up€under€the€Emergency€Act€came€under€the€competence€of€theÐ ·ã Ðjudiciary€and€thus€there€was€no€violation€of€judicial€guarantees.Ð ~ ª ÐÌ58.à b àThere€was€absolutely€no€discrimination€against€the€Copts.€€All€EgyptianÐ  8 Ðcitizens,€whether€Christians€or€Muslims,€were€equal€before€the€law.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ59.à b àIn€conclusion,€he€said€that€the€Egyptian€delegation€had€enjoyed€itsÐ a   Ðconstructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€It€had€taken€due€note€of€theÐ (T  Ðcomments€made€and€would€look€more€closely€at€certain€issues€as€requested.Ð ï  ÐÌ60.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€said€that€later€in€the€session€the€Committee€would€adoptÐ }©  Ðwritten€comments€on€Egypt's€report€which€would€be€forwarded€to€the€EgyptianÐ Dp  ÐMission€in€due€course.€€Notwithstanding€the€Egyptian€delegation's€statementÐ  7  Ðtothat€effect,€he€understood€that€no€reservation€had€been€entered€by€EgyptÐ Òþ  Ðatthe€time€of€the€ratification€of€the€Covenant.€€Since€the€deadline€forÐ ™Å Ðsubmission€of€the€third€periodic€report€had€already€expired,€a€suitable€dateÐ `Œ Ðwould€have€to€be€set€in€consultation€with€the€Secretariat€and€communicated€toÐ 'S Ðthe€Egyptian€delegation€subsequently.Ð î ÐÌ61.à b àòòMr.€Khalil€and€Mr.€Zahran€(Egypt)€withdrewóó.Ð |¨ ÐÌòòDraft€general€comment€on€article€18€of€the€Covenantóó€(CCPR/C/48/CRP.2/Rev.1)€Ð  6 Ð(òòcontinuedóó)Ð Ñý ÐÌ62.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€drew€attention€to€the€revised€version€of€the€draft€generalÐ _‹ Ðcomment€on€article€18€provisionally€adopted€by€the€Committee€at€firstÐ &R Ðreading(CCPR/C/48/CRP.2/Rev.1).€€In€view€of€the€limited€time€available€for€Ð í Ðconsideration€of€the€draft€comment,€he€urged€members€to€keep€their€suggestedÐ ´à  Ðamendments€to€the€minimum.€€He€then€invited€Mr.€Dimitrijevic€to€introduce€theÐ {§! Ðrevised€document.Ð Bn" ÐÌ63.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€said€that€the€draft€general€comment€dealt€with€a€numberÐ Ð ü$ Ðof€complex€and€very€sensitive€issues€to€which€the€Committee€had€given€dueÐ —!Ã% Ðconsideration€in€the€course€of€its€deliberations€while€drafting€the€text.€Ð ^"Š& ÐMoreover,€the€Committee€had€taken€several€important€decisions€concerning€itsÐ %#Q' Ðgeneral€approach€to€phenomena€relating€to€freedom€of€conscience€and€religion.€Ð ì#( ÐWith€regard€to€the€freedoms€listed€under€article18,€it€had€taken€the€viewÐ ³$ß) Ðthat€due€attention€should€be€accorded€to€beliefs€that€were€not€religious€inÐ z%¦ * Ðnature€but€equally€protected€or€restricted€by€article18€in€particular€and€theÐ A&m!+ ÐCovenant€in€general.€€The€revised€version,€although€somewhat€clumsy€in€style,Ð '4", Ðreflected€the€delicate€consensus€reached€on€those€important€questions,€andÐ Ï'û"- Ðhetherefore€cautioned€against€introducing€any€more€amendments€than€wasÐ –(Â#. Ðabsolutely€necessary.€€The€Committee€would,€however,€have€to€decide€on€whetherÐ ])‰$/ Ðto€delete€the€parts€of€the€draft€general€comment€placed€between€squareÐ $*P%0 Ðbrackets;€furthermore,€a€number€of€editorial€changes€would€be€required.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌ64.à b àReferring€to€paragraph1,€he€suggested€that€the€text€placed€betweenÐ y,¥'3 Ðsquare€brackets€should€be€retained,€since€the€Committee€wished€to€make€itÐ @-l(4 Ðquite€clear€that€the€freedom€to€hold€beliefs€was€also€protected€underÐ Ô Ðarticle18.Ð ›Ç ÐÌ65.à b àUnder€paragraph€3,€he€suggested€the€insertion€of€the€words€"or€adopt"€inÐ )U Ðthe€second€sentence,€before€the€words€"a€religion€or€belief€of€one's€choice".Ð ð ÐÌ66.à b àHe€also€suggested€the€deletion€of€the€last€sentence€of€paragraph4,€whichÐ ~ ª Ðhad€been€placed€between€square€brackets.€€It€was€no€longer€necessary,€sinceÐ E q Ðsubsequent€paragraphs€had€been€revised€to€cover€the€idea€of€limitationsÐ  8 Ðpermissible€and€inherent€under€article18.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐòòÌóó67.à b àIn€the€first€sentence€of€paragraph€5,€he€suggested€that€the€phrase€"one'sÐ a   Ðcurrent€belief"€should€read€"one's€current€religion€or€belief"€for€the€sake€ofÐ (T  Ðconsistency€with€other€references€to€"religion€or€belief"€elsewhere.Ð ï  ÐÌ68.à b àWith€regard€to€paragraph€11,€he€suggested€the€deletion€in€the€thirdÐ }©  Ðsentence€of€the€words€"and€express",€as€being€superfluous€and€inconsistentÐ Dp  Ðwith€the€wording€used€in€the€Covenant,€which€referred€only€to€manifestingÐ  7  Ðbeliefs.€€He€drew€particular€attention€to€the€third€sentence€of€the€paragraphÐ Òþ  Ðin€which€the€Committee€firmly€stated€its€view€that€the€right€of€conscientiousÐ ™Å Ðobjection€could€be€derived€from€article18,€which€in€some€respects€was€atÐ `Œ Ðvariance€with€its€jurisprudence.Ð 'S ÐÌ69.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó€expressed€her€approval€of€the€revised€version€as€amended€byÐ µá ÐMr.Dimitrijevic,€thanking€him€for€all€the€work€he€had€done€in€thatÐ |¨ Ðconnection.Ð Co ÐÌ70.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó€endorsed€the€amendments€proposed€by€Mr.Dimitrijevic.€Ð Ñý ÐHowever,€in€the€light€of€Mr.€Dimitrijevic's€comments€in€connection€withÐ ˜Ä Ðparagraph5,€it€was€desirable€that,€for€the€sake€of€consistency,€theÐ _‹ Ðphrase"religion€or€belief"€should€be€used€wherever€possible€in€the€draftÐ &R Ðcomment.€€That€would€entail€a€number€of€editorial€amendments,€òòinter€aliaóó,€toÐ í Ðparagraphs1,€2,€5€and€11.€€Furthermore,€he€questioned€the€choice€of€the€wordÐ ´à  Ð"recant",€in€paragraph€5€and€suggested€"abandon"€or€"give€up"€in€its€place.Ð {§! ÐÌ71.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€endorsed€the€additional€amendments€proposed€byÐ  5# ÐMr.Dimitrijevic,€which€should€command€a€consensus€among€members.€€However,Ð Ð ü$ Ðone€drafting€change€would€be€necessary€to€paragraph11€of€the€Spanish€version,€Ð —!Ã% Ðwhere€"òòno€habróó"€should€be€replaced€by€"òòno€debe€haberóó"€in€order€to€align€itÐ ^"Š& Ðwith€the€English€text.Ð %#Q' ÐÌÌÌ72.à b àòòMr.€NDIAYEóó€commended€Mr.Dimitrijevic€on€the€revised€version€of€theÐ A&m!+ Ðdraftgeneral€comment.€€However,€he€had€some€difficulty€with€the€reference€in€Ð '4", Ðparagraph4€to€the€building€of€places€of€worship,€which€did€not€seem€to€fit€inÐ Ï'û"- Ðwith€the€remainder€of€the€paragraph,€although€he€would€not€insist€on€itsÐ –(Â#. Ðdeletion.Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ73.à b àòòMrs.€HIGGINSóó,€referring€to€paragraph6,€said€that€it€made€more€senseÐ ë*&1 Ðtomake€the€general€point€concerning€religious€and€ethical€instruction€atÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âthebeginning€of€the€paragraph€and€refer€to€specific€problems€involved€Ð y,¥'3 Ðsubsequently,€instead€of€at€the€end€of€the€paragraph.€€She€therefore€suggestedÐ Ô Ðâ âthat€the€last€sentence€should€be€placed€at€the€beginning€of€the€paragraph,Ð ›Ç Ðsubject€to€the€deletion€of€the€word€"However".Ð bŽ ÐÌ74.à b àShe€regretted€that€she€had€been€unable€to€participate€in€the€discussionÐ ð Ðon€paragraph11.€€As€currently€worded€the€paragraph€did€not€seem€to€provideÐ ·ã Ðclear€guidelines€for€States€parties€on€their€obligation€to€grant€the€right€ofÐ ~ ª Ðconscientious€objection€under€article€18,€but€merely€indicated€that€it€wasÐ E q Ðpossible€to€derive€such€a€right€from€that€article€and€invited€States€partiesÐ  8 Ðwhich€did€so€to€inform€the€Committee€accordingly.€€However,€she€would€notÐ Ó ÿ  Ðstand€in€the€way€of€a€consensus€on€the€matter.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ75.à b àShe€concluded€by€expressing€thanks€to€Mr.€Dimitrijevic€for€his€work€inÐ (T  Ðredrafting€the€text.Ð ï  ÐÌ76.à b àòòMiss€CHANETóó€joined€previous€speakers€in€commending€Mr.Dimitrijevic€whoÐ }©  Ðhad€produced€a€more€acceptable€version€of€the€text€which€met€the€concerns€sheÐ Dp  Ðfor€one€had€expressed€in€connection€with€the€cross€references€to€article15Ð  7  Ðthat€had€now€been€deleted.€€Referring€to€the€last€sentence€of€paragraph11,Ð Òþ  Ðshe€suggested€that€the€words€"and€length"€should€be€inserted€beforeÐ ™Å Ð"alternative€national€service"€in€order€to€bring€the€text€into€line€with€theÐ `Œ ÐCommittee's€earlier€decision€in€the€Jarvinen€case.Ð 'S ÐÌ77.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó,€recapitulating€the€additional€amendments€suggested,Ð µá Ðsaid€the€text€placed€between€square€brackets€in€paragraph1€should€beÐ |¨ Ðretained.€€He€endorsed€Mr.Herndl's€suggestion€for€the€use€of€"religion€orÐ Co Ðbelief"€wherever€possible,€which€would€entail€a€number€of€editorial€amendmentsÐ  6 Ðto€paragraphs1€and2.Ð Ñý ÐÌ78.à b àHe€noted€that€there€was€agreement€regarding€the€proposed€inclusion€of€theÐ _‹ Ðwords€"or€adopt"€in€paragraph3.€Ð &R ÐÌ79.à b àAs€to€paragraph4,€notwithstanding€Mr.Ndiaye's€observations,€he€urgedÐ ´à  Ðthe€Committee€to€retain€the€reference€to€the€building€of€places€of€worship,Ð {§! Ðsince€many€NGOs€had€expressed€concern€regarding€the€difficulties€encounteredÐ Bn" Ðby€believers€in€that€connection.€€The€last€sentence€of€the€paragraph€betweenÐ  5# Ðsquare€brackets€should€be€deleted.Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ80.à b àIn€paragraph5,€"religion€or€belief"€should€be€used€where€appropriate.€Ð ^"Š& ÐMoreover,€he€believed€that€"recant"€was€a€good€term€and€it€should€be€retained.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ81.à b àMrs.Higgins'€proposal€in€connection€with€paragraph6€was€acceptable.€Ð ³$ß) ÐParagraphs7€to10€should€remain€unchanged.Ð z%¦ * ÐÌ82.à b àWith€regard€to€paragraph11,€Mr.Herndl's€suggestion€that€"religiousÐ '4", Ðor[and]€other€beliefs"€should€be€replaced€by€"a€religion€or€belief"€wasÐ Ï'û"- Ðnotappropriate€since€the€issue€at€question€was€that€there€should€be€noÐ –(Â#. Ðdistinction€between€exemption€from€compulsory€military€service€on€account€ofÐ ])‰$/ Ðbeliefs€that€were€not€religious€in€nature.€€In€the€third€sentence€the€wordsÐ $*P%0 Ð"and€express"€should€be€deleted€as€he€had€suggested.€€The€amendments€suggestedÐ ë*&1 Ðby€Mr.PradoVallejo€and€MissChanet€were€also€acceptable.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð83.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó,€noting€that€there€was€a€quorum,€said€he€took€it€that€theÐ Ô Ðâ âCommittee€wished€to€adopt€the€revised€version€of€the€draft€general€commentÐ ›Ç Ðwith€the€amendments€recapitulated€by€Mr.Dimitrijevic.Ð bŽ ÐÌ84.à b àòòIt€was€so€decidedóó.Ð ð ÐÌÌà@éé&“àòòThe€meeting€rose€at€6.10€p.m.óóˆÐ E q Ѐ€€€Ð  8 Ðà b à€Ð Ó ÿ  Ð