ÿWPC  }ãìˆÑvÝ¿Š8ù</ð’¹¢¦SZBR£G—‹KÚ£Š£¬^aNã”}‚æÃlA‚ õ[»>h¬QÊýþí­ibzEôù_c¦îº8f©aÓ†H_å³–×i08¨‘/†È¤±LiÝ”Àó…®xê B* ·{ùå†ë{´Üúx,ꈾú<'@ûHÏ\9´O¾Hz bõžˆû7ÃȨ§):Ÿ6GmeÀµM3û¡ÝŽtäÄ ÈcŒá!'4:ö #öŽu¸(ä*³%ÙÏè;…é(æÈ:K&ÕŒG]ÙŠB`L¼¤§Ù?-ð;ê ½ƒRwƯ94#Œjž±Ì¦sQÁʬ¦ja÷´ÿ‹tk 9R® Í_WÊÿ¡5ð/u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!Óà Œ àà P àCCPR/C/SR.1236Ð Ø Ðà Œ àà P àpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2.|$¨¨Ý ƒ b!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý ]Ý ƒ .|'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÝ  ÝÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓCCPR/C/SR.1236Ð Ø Ðpage€Ú  Ú2Ú  ÚÐ ŸÇ Ð(2.|$§§Ý ƒ b!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  Ý(Ü!2 Á$¤¤Ý ƒ b!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€#‚XòôÑïÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/(Ü!2 á$¥¥Ý ƒ b!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÓ3333ÓÔ€#‚XòôÑïÔÒ°+ÒÒ°ÅÒ€€€€òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó/#|d (tb$¡¡ÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑ d˜HP LaserJet 4P,ü,,,,,ü0!~z0— ‘vx0´ŒF ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ b!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÑÑÑ  ÑÑTRWÐ6Â&Xà3Ø' Letter Ï6Á&A4\ÑÔ€ôôôÔÔO€ÿ3Ø'LetterTÑÔ€ôÑïòòôÔÔ€ôÑïòòôÑïÔÓ  ÓÓ33ÓÒ+°ÒÒÅ°ÒÑØ°ÑÑ¥°ÑÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!°œXBÓÑÈÑÑÈÑÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ  ÑÓ! ++ŒP++7!ÓÑbØÑщ¥Ñà Œ àà P àDistr.Ð b Ðà Œ àà P àGENERALÐ )Ç ÐÌà Œ àà P àCCPR/C/SR.1236Ð · U Ðà Œ àà P à16€May€1994Ð ~  ÐÌà Œ àà P àENGLISHÐ  ª Ðà Œ àà P àOriginal:€€FRENCHÐ Ó q ÐÌÌÌÌÌÓE.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++ŒÄEÓà@GG)“àHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEˆÐ }  ÐÌà@««*“àForty„eighth€sessionˆÐ  ©  ÐÌà@‹ ‹ "“àSUMMARY€RECORD€OF€THE€1236th€MEETINGˆÐ ™7  ÐÌà@õ õ !“àHeld€at€the€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva,ˆÐ 'Å Ðà@‹ ‹ "“àon€Tuesday,€13€July€1993,€at€10€a.m.ˆÐ îŒ ÐÌÌà@««*“àòòChairmanóó:€€€Mr.€ANDOˆÐ Cá ÐÌÌà@0“àCONTENTSˆÐ ˜6 ÐÌConsideration€of€reports€submitted€by€States€parties€under€article40€of€theÐ &Ä ÐCovenant€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð í‹ ÐÌà b àIreland€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð { ÐÌOrganizational€and€other€matters€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð  !§! ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€'Ú%sdE+Ú%s?ßà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð z&( ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ (¦ * Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ Ï(m!+ Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ –)4", Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Palais€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð ]*û"- ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€Committee€atÐ ë+‰$/ Ðthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ ²,P%0 Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð y-&1 ÐÌGE.93„17325€€(E)Ð /¥'3 Ðâ âÐ Î/l(4 ÐÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@É É “àòòThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€10.10€a.m.óóˆÐ Ô ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THEÐ bŽ ÐCOVENANT€(agenda€item€4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð )U ÐòòÌIrelandóó€(òòcontinuedóó)€(CCPR/C/68/Add.3;€HRI/CORE/1/Add.15)Ð ·ã ÐÌ1.à b àòòAt€the€invitation€of€the€Chairman,€Mr.€Whelehan,€Mr.€Swift,€Mr.€O'Grady,Ð E q ÐMr.Hamilton,€Mr.€Cole,€Mr.€Nolan,€Mr.€Denham,€Mrs.€Kilcullen€and€Mr.O'FloinnÐ  8 Ð(Ireland)€took€places€at€the€Committee€tableóó.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ2.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€Committee€to€continue€its€consideration€of€theÐ a   Ðinitial€report€of€Ireland€(CCPR/C/68/Add.3).Ð (T  ÐÌ3.à b àòòMr.€AGUILAR€URBINAóó€welcomed€the€presence€of€the€high-level€delegationÐ ¶â  Ðrepresenting€the€State€party.€€He€also€welcomed€the€progress€made€in€IrelandÐ }©  Ðin€applying€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€whose€implementation,€it€should€beÐ Dp  Ðpointed€out,€was€mandatory,€just€like€the€peremptory€rules€of€generalÐ  7  Ðinternational€law.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ4.à b àHe€noted€that€in€its€report€the€Irish€Government€had€devoted€onlyÐ `Œ Ðparagraphs€29-31€to€the€implementation€of€article4€of€the€Covenant,Ð 'S Ðconcerning€states€of€emergency,€and€had€in€substance€referred€only€toÐ î Ðarticle28.3.3€of€the€Constitution.€€In€fact,€it€remained€to€be€seen€whetherÐ µá Ðthe€initial€provisions€of€that€article€were€not€contrary€to€those€of€theÐ |¨ ÐCovenant€as€far€as€the€rights€from€which€no€derogation€could€be€made€in€anyÐ Co Ðcircumstance€were€concerned.€€Furthermore,€it€seemed€that€the€Offences€againstÐ  6 Ðthe€State€Act,€1939,€mentioned€in€paragraph30€of€the€report,€was€still€inÐ Ñý Ðforce€and€that,€as€a€result,€the€state€of€emergency€was€permanent€in€Ireland,Ð ˜Ä Ða€situation€which€might€give€rise€to€serious€abuses.€€Thus€the€Act€could€beÐ _‹ Ðinvoked€to€arrest€political€opponents€and€to€hold€them€in€detention€withoutÐ &R Ðtrial,€or€to€investigate€common-lawòòóó€offences€without€the€guarantee€constitutedÐ í Ðby€the€presumption€of€innocence.€€Arrested€persons€could€also€be€broughtÐ ´à  Ðbefore€special€criminal€courts,€which€were€hardly€of€a€kind€likely€to€ensureÐ {§! Ðthat€justice€was€administered€in€accordance€with€democratic€principles.€€HeÐ Bn" Ðwould€therefore€like€to€have€some€precise€information€as€to€whether€the€stateÐ  5# Ðof€emergency€had€in€fact€been€maintained€since1939.€€If€that€was€the€case,Ð Ð ü$ Ðthere€would€clearly€be€a€violation€of€the€provisions€of€article4€of€theÐ —!Ã% ÐCovenant€and€it€would€then€be€appropriate€to€amend€article28.3.3€of€theÐ ^"Š& ÐConstitution.€€Ð %#Q' ÐÌ5.à b àHe€would€also€like€to€have€some€information€on€the€situation€of€nomads€inÐ ³$ß) ÐIreland.€€It€seemed€that€they€were€victims€of€discrimination€and,€if€accountÐ z%¦ * Ðwas€taken€of€the€fact€that€the€infant€mortality€rate€among€them€was€twice€asÐ A&m!+ Ðhigh€as€the€average€for€the€rest€of€the€population,€that€their€right€to€lifeÐ '4", Ðwas€threatened.€€Furthermore,€it€was€stated€in€paragraph209€of€the€reportÐ Ï'û"- Ðthat€any€person€who€wished€to€be€included€in€the€register€of€electors€mustÐ –(Â#. Ðhave€been€"ordinarily€resident"€in€a€constituency;€that€apparently€meant€thatÐ ])‰$/ Ðnomads,€because€of€their€lifestyle,€were€deprived€of€the€right€to€vote€andÐ $*P%0 Ðwere€therefore€victims€of€discrimination,€in€violation€of€the€provisions€ofÐ ë*&1 Ðthe€Covenant.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð6.à b àWith€regard€to€rights€and€freedoms,€particularly€in€matters€of€abortionÐ Ô Ðâ âand€respect€for€privacy,€he€noted€in€general€that€exceptions€were€apparentlyÐ ›Ç Ðformulated€in€the€legislation€before€the€right€itself.€€It€also€seemed€to€himÐ bŽ Ðthat€the€legislation€on€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression€was€anachronistic,Ð )U Ðparticularly€in€respect€of€film€censorship,€and€that€regulation€wasÐ ð Ðconsequently€ineffective.€€In€particular,€he€would€like€to€have€someÐ ·ã Ðinformation€on€what€the€Irish€Government€understood€by€"unnatural€vice",Ð ~ ª Ð(para.163€of€the€report)€and€the€"blasphemous"€nature€of€certain€films,Ð E q Ð(para.158).Ð  8 ÐÌ7.à b àFinally,€the€Irish€delegation€should€supply€some€further€information€onÐ š Æ  Ðthe€provisions€relating€to€legal€aid,€which€were€apparently€not€laid€down€byÐ a   Ðlaw€but€were€decided€upon€by€administrative€authorities€with€broadÐ (T  Ðdiscretionary€powers.€€Moreover,€the€sum€granted€seemed€very€small€in€relationÐ ï  Ðto€the€average€income€of€the€population.€€That€question€was€important,€sinceÐ ¶â  Ðit€directly€affected€the€concrete€implementation€of€the€provisions€ofÐ }©  Ðarticle14€of€the€Covenant.€€He€would€therefore€like€to€have€more€details€onÐ Dp  Ðthe€specific€measures€taken€to€remedy€the€shortcomings€in€that€respect.Ð  7  ÐÌ8.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€welcomed€the€Irish€delegation,€whose€oral€statement€hadÐ ™Å Ðusefully€supplemented€the€already€very€detailed€report€submitted€by€the€IrishÐ `Œ ÐGovernment.€€Ð 'S ÐÌ9.à b àCertain€questions,€however,€remained€to€be€clarified.€€In€particular,€heÐ µá Ðwould€like€to€know€whether,€in€Ireland,€citizens€could€invoke€the€provisionsÐ |¨ Ðof€the€Covenant€directly€before€the€courts.€€He€really€doubted€whether€thatÐ Co Ðwas€the€case,€since€the€Covenant€had€not€been€incorporated€into€Irish€domesticÐ  6 Ðlegislation,€but€he€would€like€the€delegation€to€give€some€further€informationÐ Ñý Ðon€the€subject.€€Furthermore,€referring€to€paragraph€5€of€the€reportÐ ˜Ä Ð(CCPR/C/68/Add.3),€he€asked€whether€all€sectors€of€the€population,€and€notÐ _‹ Ðmerely€members€of€the€police€forces,€were€informed€of€the€existence€of€theÐ &R ÐCovenant€and€whether€the€teaching€of€human€rights€included€topics€going€beyondÐ í Ðthose€concerning€only€humanitarian€law.€€In€connection€with€article€40.1€ofÐ ´à  Ðthe€Constitution,€referred€to€in€paragraph€6€of€the€report,€he€would€like€toÐ {§! Ðhave€some€information€on€the€concept€of€"social€function",€on€the€basis€ofÐ Bn" Ðwhich€the€State€apparently€made€a€distinction€among€citizens.Ð  5# ÐÌ10.à b àWith€regard€to€the€position€of€aliens€in€Ireland,€the€delegation€couldÐ —!Ã% Ðperhaps€indicate€the€reasons€why€aliens€were€not€allowed€to€own€land€inÐ ^"Š& ÐIreland,€as€indicated€in€paragraph€13€of€the€report,€and€whether€there€was€notÐ %#Q' Ða€contradiction€in€that€respect€with€the€provisions€of€the€Aliens€Act,€1935,Ð ì#( Ðmentioned€in€paragraph€115,€according€to€which€aliens€had€the€same€rights€asÐ ³$ß) ÐIrish€citizens€with€regard€to€the€acquisition,€holding€and€disposal€of€realÐ z%¦ * Ðand€personal€property.€€Furthermore,€was€an€alien€married€to€an€Irish€womanÐ A&m!+ Ðwho€did€not€register€in€conformity€with€the€Aliens€Order,€1946€(para.28€ofÐ '4", Ðthe€report)€deprived€of€his€rights€and€did€the€1986€Act€providing€for€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðgranting€of€Irish€citizenship€after€marriage€(ibid.)€mean€that€a€person€couldÐ –(Â#. Ðchange€nationality€as€a€result€of€marriage?Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ11.à b àIn€connection€with€the€Emergency€Powers€Act,€1976,€whose€provisions€wereÐ ë*&1 Ðdescribed€in€paragraph€30€of€the€report,€the€delegation€should€state€whetherÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðthe€measures€aimed€at€authorizing€the€arrest€of€any€persons€suspected€of€Ð  y,¥'3 Ð"being€about€to€commit€an€offence€under€the€Offences€against€theÐ Ô ÐStateAct,1939"€were€really€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€theÐ ›Ç ÐCovenant.€€Furthermore,€should€not€the€extension€of€detention€in€policeÐ bŽ Ðcustody€from€48hours€to€5€days€be€ordered€by€a€judge€rather€than€by€a€policeÐ )U Ðofficer,€whatever€his€rank?Ð ð ÐÌ12.à b àMoreover,€referring€to€paragraph€31€of€the€report,€he€asked€whether€theÐ ~ ª Ð1976€Act€was€applied€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€of€article€4€of€theÐ E q ÐCovenant,€bearing€in€mind€that€the€circumstances€which€had€led€to€theÐ  8 Ðdeclaration€of€the€state€of€emergency€no€longer€existed€but€that€the€state€ofÐ Ó ÿ  Ðemergency€itself€was€maintained.Ð š Æ  ÐÌ13.à b àWith€regard€to€the€question€of€abortion€and€the€conclusions€formulated€inÐ (T  Ðparagraph€42€of€the€report,€it€seemed€that€Irish€legislation€was€excessivelyÐ ï  Ðstrict,€especially€if€it€was€considered€that€the€mere€fact€of€supplyingÐ ¶â  Ðinformation€on€abortion€was€an€offence€punished€by€law;€that€constituted€aÐ }©  Ðviolation€of€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€Moreover,€it€seemed€that€theÐ Dp  Ðessential€question€of€women's€health€was€not€duly€taken€into€account€in€theÐ  7  Ðlegislation.€€The€Irish€delegation€might€wish€to€supply€some€explanations€onÐ Òþ  Ðthat€subject.Ð ™Å ÐÌ14.à b àIn€connection€with€what€was€stated€in€paragraph€48€of€the€report,€heÐ 'S Ðwould€like€to€know€whether€cases€of€torture€had€occurred€in€Ireland€and,€ifÐ î Ðso,€whether€inquiries€had€been€conducted€and€what€the€results€had€been.€€OnÐ µá Ðthe€subject€of€forced€labour€(para.53€of€the€report),€he€asked€what€was€theÐ |¨ Ðnature€of€the€"community€service"€required€of€prisoners€in€certain€cases.€Ð Co ÐAlso,€referring€to€paragraph€62€of€the€report,€he€would€like€to€have€someÐ  6 Ðfurther€information€on€the€"most€extraordinary€circumstances"€in€which€aÐ Ñý Ðperson€could€be€punished€in€respect€of€a€matter€for€which€he€had€not€beenÐ ˜Ä Ðconvicted.€€Ð _‹ ÐÌ15.à b àWith€regard€to€the€legislation€relating€to€the€removal€of€an€alien€fromÐ í Ðthe€territory€of€the€State,€(para.117€of€the€report),€he€asked€what€remediesÐ ´à  Ðwere€available€to€an€individual€to€challenge€a€deportation€order€that€had€beenÐ {§! Ðmade€arbitrarily€and€whether€there€was€a€judicial€authority€offeringÐ Bn" Ðsufficient€guarantees€of€impartiality€that€was€responsible€for€deciding€on€theÐ  5# Ðsubject.€€The€same€question€arose€in€connection€with€the€arbitraryÐ Ð ü$ Ðinterception€of€telecommunications€messages€(para.€135€of€the€report).Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ16.à b àIt€was€indicated€in€paragraph€140€of€the€report€that€denominationalÐ %#Q' Ðschools€received€State€aid.€€He€wondered€whether€there€were€also,€in€Ireland,Ð ì#( Ðlay€schools€which€could€be€subsidized€with€the€aid€of€public€funds€and€whetherÐ ³$ß) Ðteachers€of€religious€instruction€were€funded€by€the€State,€as€was€indicatedÐ z%¦ * Ðin€paragraph142€of€the€report,€regardless€of€the€religion€which€they€taught.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ17.à b àIrish€legislation€on€censorship€appeared€to€be€extremely€restrictive,€andÐ Ï'û"- Ðthe€Irish€delegation€would€no€doubt€be€able€to€state€how€far€the€powers€of€theÐ –(Â#. ÐCensorship€of€Publications€Board,€mentioned€in€paragraph154€of€the€report,Ð ])‰$/ Ðmatched€the€provisions€of€article19€of€the€Covenant.Ð $*P%0 ÐÌÐ  ²+Þ&2 Ð18.à b àFinally,€referring€to€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€he€wondered€whether€theÐ Ô Ðexistence€of€special€criminal€courts€was€still€justified,€whether€there€was€aÐ ›Ç Ðsystem€of€legal€aid€in€civil€matters,€and€what€the€authorities€understood€byÐ bŽ Ðthe€"minor€offences"€mentioned€in€the€reservation€made€by€Ireland€in€respectÐ )U Ðof€article14€when€it€had€ratified€the€Covenant€(para.119€of€the€report).Ð ð ÐÌ19.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€announced€that€the€Irish€delegation€would€respond€at€a€laterÐ ~ ª Ðmeeting€to€the€questions€asked€and€observations€made€by€members€of€theÐ E q ÐCommittee€in€connection€with€the€consideration€of€Ireland's€initial€report.Ð  8 ÐÌà@áá“àòòThe€meeting€was€suspended€at€10.55€a.m.€and€resumed€at€11.05€a.m.óóˆÐ š Æ  ÐÌORGANIZATIONAL€AND€OTHER€MATTERS€(agenda€item€2)€(òòcontinuedóó)€(CCPR/C/48/CRP.2)Ð (T  ÐÌ20.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€members€of€the€Committee€to€consider€the€draftÐ ¶â  Ðgeneral€comment€on€article18€of€the€Covenant€(CCPR/C/48/CRP.2),Ð }©  Ðparagraphs1-8€of€which€had€been€provisionally€adopted€by€the€Committee€andÐ Dp  Ðparagraphs9-11€of€which€had€been€revised€by€the€Working€Group€underÐ  7  ÐArticle40€at€the€request€of€the€Committee.Ð Òþ  ÐÌ21.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€(Chairman/Rapporteur€of€the€Working€Group€underÐ `Œ ÐArticle40)€said€that€the€text€of€paragraphs9-11€had€been€redrafted€in€theÐ 'S Ðlight€of€the€opinions€and€comments€formulated€by€members€of€the€CommitteeÐ î Ðduring€previous€discussions,€so€as€to€obtain€a€logical€text€that€fitted€wellÐ µá Ðinto€the€general€comment€as€a€whole.€€The€revised€version€of€the€last€threeÐ |¨ Ðparagraphs€had€been€prepared€by€Mr.Dimitrijevic,€and€members€of€the€WorkingÐ Co ÐGroup€had€merely€made€a€few€formal€amendments€to€it.Ð  6 ÐÌ22.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€indicated€that€paragraph€9€dealt€more€especially€withÐ ˜Ä Ðquestions€connected€with€discrimination€arising€from€the€existence€of€aÐ _‹ Ðdominant€or€traditional€religion,€or€a€religion€recognized€as€the€StateÐ &R Ðreligion€or€the€existence€of€a€religion€whose€followers€represented€theÐ í Ðmajority€of€the€population;€paragraph10€dealt€with€restrictions€or€forms€ofÐ ´à  Ðdiscrimination€connected€with€the€existence€of€an€official€ideology,€andÐ {§! Ðparagraph11€with€conscientious€objection.€€Originally,€the€text€of€theÐ Bn" Ðgeneral€comment€dealing€with€those€three€questions,€which€was€potentiallyÐ  5# Ðcontroversial,€had€been€left€in€square€brackets.€€After€some€hesitation,€theÐ Ð ü$ ÐCommittee€had€finally€decided€not€to€ignore€such€controversial€issues€and€toÐ —!Ã% Ðrespond€to€the€expectations€of€the€public€and€of€States€parties,€which€wantedÐ ^"Š& Ðclarifications€as€to€the€meaning€and€scope€of€the€articles€of€the€Covenant.Ð %#Q' ÐÌ23.à b àWith€regard€to€paragraph9,€the€new€text€merely€recorded,€in€its€firstÐ ³$ß) Ðsentence,€factual€situations€which€were€not€in€themselves€contrary€to€theÐ z%¦ * ÐCovenant-€namely,€that€a€religion€was€official€or€recognized,€or€was€theÐ A&m!+ Ðproclaimed€religion€of€the€State.€€The€same€applied€to€official€ideologyÐ '4", Ð(para.10),€which€was€a€reality€in€many€States€but€was€not€in€itself€aÐ Ï'û"- Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€pointed€out€that€article18€was€notÐ –(Â#. Ðexclusively€concerned€with€freedom€of€religion,€but€also€with€freedom€ofÐ ])‰$/ Ðthought,€conscience€and€other€beliefs€and€that,€consequently,€the€rightsÐ $*P%0 Ðprotected€in€that€article€were€also€protected€with€regard€to€any€limitationÐ ë*&1 Ðconnected€with€the€existence€of€an€official€ideology.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð24.à b àAs€far€as€conscientious€objection,€dealt€with€in€paragraph11,€wasÐ Ô Ðâ âconcerned,€the€Working€Group€had€had€instructions€to€consult€the€Committee'sÐ ›Ç Ðjurisprudence€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€€However,€it€had€not€found€anyÐ bŽ Ðmention€there€of€the€right€to€conscientious€objection€as€such,€or€any€argumentÐ )U Ðbased€on€article18€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee,€while€recognizing€thatÐ ð Ðthe€Covenant€did€not€explicitly€mention€a€right€to€conscientious€objection,Ð ·ã Ðconsidered€that€such€a€right€could€be€derived€from€article18,€and€itÐ ~ ª Ðexplained€its€position€in€the€third€sentence€of€the€paragraph.€€The€text€hadÐ E q Ðbeen€drafted€carefully,€in€the€light€of€what€was€now€generally€understood€byÐ  8 Ð"conscientious€objection".€€Finally,€in€order€to€take€into€account€certainÐ Ó ÿ  Ðdifferentiations€that€were€made€between€a€person€who€was€a€conscientiousÐ š Æ  Ðobjector€for€religious€reasons€and€a€person€who€was€a€conscientious€objectorÐ a   Ðas€an€atheist,€for€example,€and€who€would€have€more€difficulty€in€obtainingÐ (T  Ðconscientious€objector€status,€it€was€clearly€indicated€that€no€distinctionÐ ï  Ðshould€be€made€when€the€right€in€question€was€recognized€by€law€or€practice.Ð ¶â  Ѐ€Ð }©  Ð25.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€members€of€the€Committee€to€make€observations€onÐ Dp  Ðparagraphs9,€10€and€11€of€the€draft€general€comment€in€turn.Ð  7  ÐÌòòParagraph€9óóÐ ™Å ÐÌ26.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó,€pointing€out€that€paragraph9€dealt€with€cases€where€thereÐ 'S Ðwas€an€official€or€State€religion,€said€that€the€intention€of€the€CommitteeÐ î Ðwas€to€specify€that€in€such€cases€the€followers€of€other€religions€orÐ µá Ðnon-believers€must€not€be€subject€to€any€discrimination€or€suffer€anyÐ |¨ Ðimpairment€whatsoever€of€their€freedom€of€belief€or€religion.€€She€would€likeÐ Co Ðthe€text€to€place€more€emphasis€on€the€protection€afforded€to€freedom€ofÐ  6 Ðreligion€in€a€State€where€there€was€a€dominant€religion,€and€she€thereforeÐ Ñý Ðproposed€that€the€following€words€should€be€added€at€the€end€of€the€firstÐ ˜Ä Ðsentence:€€"or€any€other€impairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€recognizedÐ _‹ Ðin€the€Covenant,€including€rights€under€article18".€€Furthermore,€she€pointedÐ &R Ðout€that€an€official€religion€or€belief€must€be€subject€to€the€sameÐ í Ðrestrictions€as€those€mentioned€in€paragraph10€in€connection€with€ideologiesÐ ´à  Ðand€she€expressed€surprise€that€an€equivalent€formula€was€not€included€inÐ {§! Ðparagraph9.Ð Bn" Ѐ€Ð  5# Ð27.à b àòòMr.€SADIóó€said€that€he€was€not€sure€what€was€covered€by€the€termÐ Ð ü$ Ð"discrimination"€in€the€context€of€the€first€sentence€of€paragraph9.€€WhatÐ —!Ã% Ðsprang€to€mind,€for€instance,€was€the€practice€in€certain€Islamic€StatesÐ ^"Š& Ðwhereby€institutions€of€higher€learning€teaching€Islamic€law€(Shariah)€wereÐ %#Q' Ðopen€only€to€Muslims;€the€same€remark€also€applied€to€Jewish€institutions.€Ð ì#( ÐWas€that€discrimination€or€an€admissible€form€of€differentiation€orÐ ³$ß) Ðdistinction?€€Moreover,€the€first€sentence€of€paragraph9€distinguishedÐ z%¦ * Ðbetween€three€categories€of€religion-€a€dominant€or€traditional€religion,€aÐ A&m!+ Ðreligion€established€as€the€official,€recognized€or€State€religion,€and€aÐ '4", Ðreligion€whose€followers€comprised€the€majority€of€the€population.€€However,Ð Ï'û"- Ðin€the€second€sentence€no€further€mention€was€made€of€an€established€orÐ –(Â#. Ðrecognized€religion.€€Why€was€that?€€Finally,€he€would€like€to€know€what€wasÐ ])‰$/ Ðunderstood€by€"economic€privileges"€given€to€members€of€the€established€orÐ $*P%0 Ðrecognized€religion,€as€mentioned€in€the€second€sentence€of€paragraph9.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌÐ  y,¥'3 Ð28.à b àòòMr.€NDIAYEóó€said€that€he€did€not€see€what€the€word€"dominant"€added€to€theÐ Ô Ðword€"traditional"€in€paragraph€9,€since€there€often€existed,€within€the€sameÐ ›Ç Ðcountry,€several€traditional€and€rival€religions;€it€was€not€uncommon,€forÐ bŽ Ðexample,€to€find€all€the€revealed€religions€within€the€same€State.€€However,Ð )U Ðhe€had€no€other€wording€to€propose€to€render€the€idea€that€needed€to€beÐ ð Ðexpressed.€€He€also€pointed€out€that€the€fourth€sentence€of€paragraph€9,€whichÐ ·ã Ðdealt€with€the€protection€of€the€practice€of€all€religions€or€beliefs€againstÐ ~ ª Ðany€"impermissible€infringement",€suggested€that€there€were€infringements€onÐ E q Ðthe€practice€of€a€religion€which€were€permissible.€€It€might€be€better€toÐ  8 Ðrefer€to€"serious"€or€"unjustified"€restriction.Ð Ó ÿ  ÐÌ29.à b àòòMr.€EL€SHAFEIóó€expressed€the€view€that€the€adjective€"traditional"€shouldÐ a   Ðbe€deleted.Ð (T  ÐÌ30.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó€supported€that€view€and€proposed€that€the€reference€to€aÐ ¶â  Ð"dominant"€religion€should€also€be€deleted,€leaving€only€two€categories€„€anÐ }©  Ðofficial,€recognized€or€State€religion€and€a€religion€whose€followersÐ Dp  Ðcomprised€the€majority€of€the€population.Ð  7  ÐÌ31.à b àSecondly,€he€would€like€to€see€article27€of€the€Covenant€referred€toÐ ™Å Ðalong€with€articles20€and€26€in€the€body€of€paragraph9,€and€not€only€at€theÐ `Œ Ðend,€since€religious€minorities€were€expressly€mentioned€in€article27,€which€Ð 'S Ðrecognized€their€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€and€to€profess€andÐ î Ðpractise€their€own€religion.€€The€protection€afforded€by€article27€thereforeÐ µá Ðdeserved€to€be€mentioned€alongside€the€protection€set€forth€in€articles20Ð |¨ Ðand26€of€the€Covenant.Ð Co Ѐ€Ð  6 Ð32.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó,€responding€to€the€various€observations€and€suggestionsÐ Ñý Ðwhich€had€just€been€made€by€members€of€the€Committee,€said,€first€of€all,€thatÐ ˜Ä Ðthe€term€"traditional"€used€in€the€first€sentence€of€paragraph9€was€one€thatÐ _‹ Ðwas€sometimes€employed€in€certain€constitutions€to€designate€an€establishedÐ &R Ðreligion€in€a€country,€as€was€the€case€with€the€Orthodox€religion€in€Bulgaria.€Ð í ÐThe€fact€that€a€religion€was€mentioned€as€a€traditional€religion€in€theÐ ´à  ÐConstitution€gave€it€a€certain€precedence€which€it€might€not€have€in€actualÐ {§! Ðfact.€€Furthermore,€it€was€known€that€in€Latin€America€the€predominance€of€aÐ Bn" Ðreligion€was€not€always€linked€to€the€number€of€its€followers€but€to€the€factÐ  5# Ðthat€it€was€the€religion€of€the€lite.€€Finally,€a€religion€could€be€dominantÐ Ð ü$ Ðwithout€being€practised€by€the€majority€of€the€population;€for€example,€inÐ —!Ã% ÐRussia,€according€to€recent€statistics,€only€40percent€of€the€inhabitantsÐ ^"Š& Ðwere€believers,€and€the€majority€therefore€consisted€of€non„believers.€Ð %#Q' ÐHowever,€in€the€text€which€it€was€proposing,€the€Working€Group€had€endeavouredÐ ì#( Ðto€take€account€of€factual€situations€without€going€into€other€considerations.€Ð ³$ß) ÐIn€his€opinion,€the€reference€to€dominant€or€traditional€religion€should€beÐ z%¦ * Ðretained.Ð A&m!+ ÐÌ33.à b àSecondly,€he€was€not€opposed€to€Mrs.€Evatt's€proposal€regarding€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðaddition€of€the€words€"or€any€other€impairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€the€rightsÐ –(Â#. Ðrecognized€in€the€Covenant,€including€rights€under€article18".€Ð ])‰$/ ЀÌ34.à b àThirdly,€Mr.€Sadi€had€asked€a€question€to€which€he€himself€had€replied€byÐ ë*&1 Ðusing€the€term€"differentiation":€€when€the€term€"discrimination"€was€used,€itÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðwas€clearly€no€longer€a€matter€of€differentiation€or€permissible€distinction.€Ð y,¥'3 ÐThe€kind€of€distinction€mentioned€by€Mr.€Sadi€could€exist€in€any€country,€andÐ @-l(4 Ðnot€only€when€there€was€a€religion€recognized€as€the€State€religion€or€as€theÐ Ô Ðdominant€religion.€€Mr.€Sadi€had€also€pointed€out€that€the€second€sentence€ofÐ ›Ç Ðparagraph9€did€not€reproduce€the€three€categories€of€religion€mentioned€inÐ bŽ Ðthe€first€sentence:€€the€reason€was€that€the€second€sentence€served€merely€toÐ )U Ðgive€some€examples.Ð ð ÐÌ35.à b àFourthly,€Mrs.€Evatt€had€pointed€out€that€paragraph9€did€not€include€theÐ ~ ª Ðprinciple,€set€forth€in€paragraph10,€that€the€content€of€an€official€ideologyÐ E q Ðmust€be€subject€to€the€same€restrictions€as€the€expression€of€private€beliefs.€Ð  8 ÐHowever,€that€concern€had€been€taken€into€account€by€a€reference€toÐ Ó ÿ  Ðarticle20,€paragraph2,€of€the€Covenant,€concerning€incitement€toÐ š Æ  Ðdiscrimination,€or€to€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred.€€It€had€seemed€toÐ a   Ðthe€Working€Group€that,€in€the€context€of€paragraph9,€it€was€sufficient€toÐ (T  Ðpoint€out€the€limitations€or€restrictions€deriving€from€articles18€and€20€ofÐ ï  Ðthe€Covenant.Ð ¶â  ÐÌ36.à b àAccount€could€be€taken€of€Mr.Herndl's€proposal€that€article27€of€theÐ Dp  ÐCovenant€should€be€mentioned€in€the€context€of€the€definition€of€rights€andÐ  7  Ðnot€only€at€the€end€of€paragraph9€by€drafting€the€third€sentence€to€read:€Ð Òþ  Ð"The€measures€contemplated€by€article€20,€paragraph2,€of€the€Covenant...€toÐ ™Å Ðexercise€the€rights€guaranteed€by€articles18€and€27...".€€The€CommitteeÐ `Œ Ðcould€also€refer€to€article27€at€the€end€of€the€second€sentence€("...€and€theÐ 'S Ðguarantee€of€equal€protection€under€articles26€òòandóó€27").€€Both€possibilitiesÐ î Ðwere€admissible.€€However,€if€the€Committee€referred€to€article27€at€the€veryÐ µá Ðbeginning€of€the€paragraph,€it€might€be€preferable€to€delete€the€fifthÐ |¨ Ðsentence€("Similarly,€information...")€completely.Ð Co ÐÌ37.à b àFinally,€he€agreed€with€Mr.€Ndiaye€that€it€was€necessary€to€avoid€givingÐ Ñý Ðthe€impression€that€there€might€be€a€"permissible"€infringement€and€proposedÐ ˜Ä Ðthat€the€adjective€"impermissible"€should€simply€be€deleted.Ð _‹ ÐÌ38.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó,€after€endorsing€Mr.€Herndl's€remark€concerning€the€place€atÐ í Ðwhich€the€reference€to€article27€of€the€Covenant€should€be€made,€said€that,Ð ´à  Ðin€order€to€allow€for€it,€it€would€be€sufficient€to€expand€the€amendment€whichÐ {§! Ðshe€herself€had€proposed€to€the€first€sentence.€€Her€amendment€would€thenÐ Bn" Ðread:€€"...€shall€not€result...€or€non-believers,€or€any€other€impairment€ofÐ  5# Ðfreedom€of€religion€or€belief€or€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€recognized€by€theÐ Ð ü$ ÐCovenant,€including€rights€under€articles18,€26€and€27".Ð —!Ã% ÐÌ39.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€noted€that€in€paragraph€9€alone€six€adjectives€wereÐ %#Q' Ðused€to€describe€religion;€that€might€be€a€source€of€confusion.€€It€seemed€toÐ ì#( Ðhim€that€if€a€religion€was€"dominant",€it€was€probably€so€because€it€wasÐ ³$ß) Ð"traditional"€in€the€country€concerned€and€therefore€would€be€the€"StateÐ z%¦ * Ðreligion";€as€such,€it€was€naturally€"established"€and€consequentlyÐ A&m!+ Ð"recognized".€€He€drew€the€Committee's€attention€to€that€stream€of€adjectives,Ð '4", Ðwhich€might€impair€the€understanding€of€the€general€comment.€€In€any€case,€theÐ Ï'û"- Ðadjective€"dominant"€should€be€deleted.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ40.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€replied€that,€although€it€was€possible€to€delete€someÐ $*P%0 Ðadjectives,€the€idea€of€predominance€must€still€be€retained.€€In€the€firstÐ ë*&1 Ðsentence€of€paragraph9,€the€number€of€adjectives€could€be€reduced€by€usingÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðthe€words:€€"The€fact€that€a€religion€is€predominant€for€traditional€or€otherÐ y,¥'3 Ðreasons...".Ð @-l(4 Ð41.à b àòòMr.€FODORóó€supported€the€idea€of€making€a€reference€to€article27€at€theÐ Ô Ðend€of€the€second€sentence€and€in€the€third€sentence€of€paragraph9.€€He€wouldÐ ›Ç Ðnevertheless€like€the€fifth€sentence€("Similarly,€information...")€to€beÐ bŽ Ðretained,€since€it€seemed€to€him€to€be€important€and€necessary€in€view€ofÐ )U ÐStates€parties'€tendency€to€fail€to€include€in€their€reports€information€onÐ ð Ðrespect€for€the€rights€of€religious€minorities.Ð ·ã ÐÌ42.à b àòòMr.€EL€SHAFEIóó€said€that€he,€too,€was€in€favour€of€Mrs.Evatt's€proposal.€Ð E q ÐAs€far€as€the€adjectives€were€concerned,€it€did€not€seem€to€him€that€thereÐ  8 Ðwere€too€many,€but€he€would€like€to€have€further€information€concerning€twoÐ Ó ÿ  Ðconcepts€which€he€was€not€sure€were€really€distinct.€€Was€an€"established"€orÐ š Æ  Ð"recognized"€religion€identical€to€a€"State€religion"?€€Perhaps€the€CommitteeÐ a   Ðshould€make€a€choice.Ð (T  ÐÌ43.à b àAt€the€beginning€of€the€second€sentence€of€paragraph€9,€he€would€like€theÐ ¶â  Ðphrase€"measures€affecting€the€latter"€to€be€replaced€by€"measuresÐ }©  Ðdiscriminating€against€the€latter",€which€was€more€precise.€€In€the€sameÐ Dp  Ðsentence,€examples€were€given€of€discriminatory€measures,€and€the€exampleÐ  7  Ðconcerning€economic€privileges€posed€a€problem,€since,€as€the€sentence€wasÐ Òþ  Ðdrafted,€it€would€appear€that€such€economic€privileges€were€linked€to€theÐ ™Å Ðexercise€of€a€function€in€the€service€of€the€State,€and€that€was€probably€notÐ `Œ Ðwhat€the€Committee€wanted€to€indicate.€€It€would€be€more€appropriate€either€toÐ 'S Ðdelete€the€phrase€"giving€economic€privileges€to€them"€„€since€it€served€onlyÐ î Ðas€an€example€„€or,€better€still,€to€join€the€second€example€to€the€first€by€aÐ µá Ðconjunction,€in€the€following€way:€€"such€as,€measures€restricting€eligibilityÐ |¨ Ðfor€government€service€to€members€of€the€established€or€recognized€religionÐ Co Ðòòorgiving€economic€privilegesto€themóó€...".Ð  6 ÐÌ44.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó€said€that,€unlike€those€who€thought€that€the€adjectivesÐ ˜Ä Ð"dominant"€or€"traditional"€should€be€deleted,€he€considered€that€the€idea€ofÐ _‹ Ðpredominance€should€be€retained;€he€therefore€supported€Mr.€Wennergren'sÐ &R Ðproposal.€€Ð í ÐÌ45.à b àHe€agreed€with€the€substance€of€the€amendment€proposed€by€Mrs.€Evatt,€butÐ {§! Ðit€should€be€slightly€recast€so€as€not€to€break€the€logical€sequence€of€theÐ Bn" Ðfirst€two€sentences€in€paragraph€9,€which,€it€should€be€borne€in€mind,€wereÐ  5# Ðconcerned€with€discrimination€on€the€ground€of€religion€and€not€with€the€rightÐ Ð ü$ Ðto€profess€a€religion.€€He€therefore€proposed€that€Mrs.€Evatt's€amendmentÐ —!Ã% Ðshould€be€modified€so€that€the€end€of€the€first€sentence€would€read:€Ð ^"Š& Ð"...shall€not€result€in€any€impairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€any€of€the€rightsÐ %#Q' Ðrecognized€in€the€Covenant,€including€articles€18€and€27,€nor€discriminationÐ ì#( Ðagainst€adherents€of€other€religions€or€non„believers".€€In€the€secondÐ ³$ß) Ðsentence,€Mr.€El€Shafei's€proposal€that€the€verb€"affecting"€should€beÐ z%¦ * Ðreplaced€by€a€more€precise€expression€was€acceptable.€€The€second€sentenceÐ A&m!+ Ðwould€therefore€read:€€"In€particular,€certain€measures€discriminating€againstÐ '4", Ðthe€latter,€such€as€measures€restricting€eligibility€for€government€service€toÐ Ï'û"- Ðmembers€of€the€òòpredominantóó€or€recognized€religion€...".€€Since€the€principleÐ –(Â#. Ðof€non„discrimination€would€thus€be€highlighted€in€the€paragraph,€the€fifthÐ ])‰$/ Ðsentence,€which€aimed€at€requesting€information€on€respect€for€the€rights€ofÐ $*P%0 Ðreligious€minorities,€could€be€retained.Ð ë*&1 ÐÌÐ  y,¥'3 Ð46.à b àòòMr.€NDIAYEóó€said€that€he€understood€Mr.€Prado€Vallejo's€criticismÐ Ô Ðregarding€what€he€considered€to€be€a€plethora€of€adjectives.€€Nevertheless,Ð ›Ç Ðsome€of€those€adjectives€were€justified.€€For€example,€"official€religion"€wasÐ bŽ Ðnot€synonymousòòóó€with€"State€religion".€€The€first€term€related€to€a€mereÐ )U Ðdeclaration€by€the€authorities,€which€recognized€that€religion,€whereas€theÐ ð Ðsecond€meant€that€the€State€as€such€was€involved€in€the€functioning€ofÐ ·ã Ðreligious€institutions.€€On€the€other€hand,€there€was€no€difference€between€aÐ ~ ª Ð"recognized"€and€an€"official"€religion,€the€second€term€being€preferable.€Ð E q ÐDespite€Mr.€Dimitrijevic's€explanations,€he€still€considered€that€theÐ  8 Ðadjective€"traditional"€was€unnecessary€beside€"dominant",€but€he€would€notÐ Ó ÿ  Ðoppose€its€retention€if€that€was€the€wish€of€other€members€of€the€Committee.€Ð š Æ  ÐOn€the€other€hand,€the€adjective€"established"€added€nothing,€and€it€would€beÐ a   Ðsimpler€to€use€the€term€"official€religion".Ð (T  ÐÌ47.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€endorsed€the€amendment€proposed€by€Mrs.€Evatt,€as€recastÐ ¶â  Ðby€Mr.€Herndl.€Ð }©  ÐÌ48.à b àWhile€he€understood€those€members€of€the€Committee€who€considered€thatÐ  7  Ðtoo€many€adjectives€were€used,€he€could€not€accept€the€expression€"predominantÐ Òþ  Ðfor€traditional€reasons"€proposed€by€Mr.€Wennergren,€since€care€had€to€beÐ ™Å Ðtaken€to€avoid€attributing€the€reasons€for€which€a€religion€was€established€inÐ `Œ Ða€country€to€a€sociological€or€other€kind€of€cause.€€In€fact,€the€CommitteeÐ 'S Ðhad€in€view€two€very€simple€situations:€€that€in€which€an€official€text€„€theÐ î ÐConstitution,€as€in€the€case€of€Bulgaria,€or€another€official€text€„€providedÐ µá Ðthat€a€particular€religion€was€an€official€or€State€religion,€and€that€inÐ |¨ Ðwhich€the€majority€of€the€population€professed€a€certain€religion.€€TheÐ Co ÐCommittee€should€therefore€restrict€itself€to€those€two€situations€and€notÐ  6 Ðinstigate€a€more€complicated€analysis€falling€within€other€spheres.€€The€bestÐ Ñý Ðsolution€would€be€not€to€mention€predominance€in€the€first€sentence€and€toÐ ˜Ä Ðstate,€for€example:€€"The€fact€that€a€religion€is€recognized€as€a€StateÐ _‹ Ðreligion€or€is€established€as€official€or€traditional€or€that€its€followersÐ &R Ðcomprise€the€majority€of€the€population€...".€€On€the€other€hand,€the€idea€ofÐ í Ðpredominance€could€be€introduced€in€the€second€sentence,€where€a€religionÐ ´à  Ðcould€be€described€as€"predominant",€it€being€readily€understandable€to€theÐ {§! Ðreader€that€the€adjective€referred€to€the€cases€indicated€in€the€firstÐ Bn" Ðsentence.Ð  5# ÐÌ49.à b àMr.€El€Shafei's€proposal€that€in€the€second€sentence€the€words€"affectingÐ —!Ã% Ðthe€latter"€should€be€replaced€by€the€words€"discriminating€against€theÐ ^"Š& Ðlatter"€„€would€improve€the€text.€€Mr.€El€Shafei€had€also€referred€to€economicÐ %#Q' Ðprivileges€as€an€example€of€discriminatory€measures€and€had€proposed€a€minorÐ ì#( Ðamendment€so€that€the€reader€would€not€think€that€the€granting€of€economicÐ ³$ß) Ðprivileges€was€connected€with€the€eligibility€for€government€service€ofÐ z%¦ * Ðmembers€of€the€established€religion.€€That€had€not€been€what€the€members€ofÐ A&m!+ Ðthe€Working€Group€had€understood,€since€they€had€had€in€mind,€for€instance,Ð '4", Ðcases€where€the€right€to€own€real€estate€could€be€enjoyed€only€by€followers€ofÐ Ï'û"- Ðthe€State€religion.€€Consequently,€the€use€of€the€conjunction€"or"€effectivelyÐ –(Â#. Ðmade€the€text€clear,€and€he€would€accept€that€formulation.Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ50.à b àFinally,€he€understood€Mr.€Fodor's€reasons€and€agreed€that€the€fifthÐ ë*&1 Ðsentence€should€be€retained.Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðâ âÐ y,¥'3 Ð51.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€thanked€Mr.€Dimitrijevic€for€his€efforts€to€take€intoÐ Ô Ðâ âaccount€all€the€objections€and€proposals€put€forward€by€members€and,€notingÐ ›Ç Ðthat€no€member€contested€the€new€wording,€read€out€the€first€four€sentences€ofÐ bŽ Ðparagraph9,€as€orally€amended.€€The€rest€of€the€paragraph€remained€unchanged:€Ð )U ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à"The€fact€that€a€religion€is€recognized€as€a€State€religion€òòor€isÐ ·ã Ðestablished€as€official€or€traditional€religionóó€or€that€its€followersÐ ~ ª Ðcomprise€the€majority€of€the€population,€shall€not€result€in€òòanyÐ E q Ðimpairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€the€rights€contained€in€the€Covenant,Ð  8 Ðincluding€articles18€and€27,€noróó€discrimination€against€adherents€ofÐ Ó ÿ  Ðother€religions€or€non„believers.€€In€particular,€certain€measuresÐ š Æ  Ðòòdiscriminating€againstóó€the€latter,€such€as€measures€restrictingÐ a   Ðeligibility€for€government€service€to€members€of€the€òòpredominantóó€religionÐ (T  Ðòòoróó€giving€economic€privileges€to€them€or€imposing€special€restrictions€onÐ ï  Ðthe€practice€of€other€faiths€...€under€article26.€€The€measuresÐ ¶â  Ðcontemplated€...€to€exercise€the€rights€guaranteed€by€articles18€òòand€27óó,Ð }©  Ðand€against€acts€of€violence€or€persecution€directed€towards€thoseÐ Dp  Ðgroups.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€be€informed€...€from€òòinfringementóó€and€toÐ  7  Ðprotect€their€followers€from€discrimination."ÐÒþ bü#bü# ÐÌ52.à b àòòParagraph€9,€as€orally€amended,€was€adoptedóó.€€Ð `Œ ÐÌòòParagraph€10óóÐ î ÐÌ53.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€drew€attention€to€wording€which€could€lead€to€confusionÐ |¨ Ðin€the€second€sentence€of€paragraph€10.€€The€expression€"to€restrict€theÐ Co Ðfreedom,€under€article€18,€of€persons€not€subscribing€..."€could€induce€peopleÐ  6 Ðto€think€that€the€restriction€would€be€in€conformity€with€the€provisions€ofÐ Ñý Ðarticle€18€of€the€Covenant.€€The€second€sentence€must€be€worded€in€such€a€wayÐ ˜Ä Ðas€to€indicate€clearly€that€what€was€involved€was€the€freedom€referred€to€inÐ _‹ Ðarticle€18;€moreover,€it€would€be€more€accurate€to€refer€to€freedoms,€in€theÐ &R Ðplural.€€Ð í ÐÌ54.à b àòòMr.€SADIóó€pointed€out€that€in€the€first€sentence€the€separation€of€theÐ {§! Ðauxiliary€from€its€verb€made€the€sentence€rather€incomprehensible€from€theÐ Bn" Ðoutset.€€Furthermore,€the€whole€paragraph€would€gain€in€coherence€if€the€lastÐ  5# Ðpart€of€the€sentence€„€namely,€the€words€"its€content€shall€be€subject€to€theÐ Ð ü$ Ðsame€restrictions€as€the€expression€of€private€beliefs"€„€were€deleted.€€TheÐ —!Ã% Ðfirst€sentence€could€thus€be€joined€to€the€second€to€read:€€"If€a€set€ofÐ ^"Š& Ðbeliefs€is€treated€as€official€ideology€in€constitutions,€statutes,Ð %#Q' Ðproclamations€of€the€ruling€parties,€etc.,€it€cannot€serve€as€a€justificationÐ ì#( Ðto€restrict€the€freedoms€...".Ð ³$ß) ÐÌ55.à b àòòMr.€EL€SHAFEIóó€said€that€he€welcomed€the€general€purport€of€the€paragraph,Ð A&m!+ Ðexcept€for€the€last€sentence.€€Nobody€today€could€be€unaware€that€theÐ '4", Ðprotection€of€persons€who€opposed€official€ideology€called€for€measures€thatÐ Ï'û"- Ðwent€well€beyond€the€mere€guarantee€against€any€form€of€discrimination.€€TheÐ –(Â#. Ðlast€sentence€should€therefore€be€filled€out€and€strengthened.Ð ])‰$/ ÐÌ56.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€agreed€with€Mr.€Dimitrijevic€that€the€reference€should€beÐ ë*&1 Ðto€freedoms,€in€the€plural.€€The€last€sentence€was,€in€his€opinion,€a€truism,Ð ²+Þ&2 Ðsince€under€the€Covenant€no€one€could€be€the€victim€of€discrimination,Ð y,¥'3 Ðwhatever€the€motive.€€It€was€also€for€that€reason€that€he€had€suggested€usingÐ @-l(4 Ð"differentiation€of€a€discriminatory€nature"€rather€than€"discrimination"€inÐ Ô Ðthe€first€sentence€of€paragraph€9.€€Whatever€wording€was€adopted,€the€lastÐ ›Ç Ðsentence€of€paragraph€10€should€not€remain€as€it€stood.Ð bŽ Ѐ€Ð )U Ð57.à b àIn€general,€it€would€be€desirable€to€follow€the€formulation€adopted€forÐ ð Ðthe€first€sentence€of€paragraph€9€by€stating,€for€example,€that€a€set€ofÐ ·ã Ðbeliefs€must€not€result€in€any€impairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€the€rightsÐ ~ ª Ðrecognized€in€the€Covenant€and€by€mentioning,€òòinteraliaóó,€protection€againstÐ E q Ðany€form€of€discrimination.Ð  8 ÐÌ58.à b àòòMrs.€EVATTóó€agreed€with€what€Mr.€Wennergren€had€said€concerning€the€lastÐ š Æ  Ðsentence.€€Also,€for€the€sake€of€clarity,€she€proposed€that€in€the€penultimateÐ a   Ðsentence,€the€words€"not€subscribing€to€the€official€ideology"€should€beÐ (T  Ðreplaced€by€the€words€"not€accepting€the€official€ideology".Ð ï  ÐÌ59.à b àòòMr.€NDIAYEóó€proposed€that€the€last€sentence,€which€in€his€opinion€addedÐ }©  Ðnothing€to€the€content€of€the€paragraph,€should€simply€be€deleted.Ð Dp  ÐÌ60.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€agreed€with€Mrs.€Evatt's€suggestion€that€the€wordingÐ Òþ  Ð"persons€not€accepting€the€official€ideology"€should€be€used,€since€it€wasÐ ™Å Ðless€ambiguous€than€the€formulation€proposed€by€the€Working€Group.€€Also,€inÐ `Œ Ðthe€second€sentence,€it€seemed€to€him€advisable€to€make€clear€what€was€meantÐ 'S Ðby€the€word€"freedoms"€by€recapitulating€the€terms€of€article€18€of€theÐ î ÐCovenant,€in€order€to€avoid€misunderstandings.Ð µá ÐÌ61.à b àòòMr.€HERNDLóó€said€that€he€wished€to€reconsider€the€meaning€to€be€given€toÐ Co Ðparagraph€10€and€its€linkage€with€the€preceding€paragraph.€€In€his€opinion,Ð  6 Ðthe€Committee€should€indicate€very€clearly€that€what€was€stated€in€paragraph9Ð Ñý Ðregarding€predominant€religions€was€also€valid€for€official€ideologies.€€SuchÐ ˜Ä Ða€parallel€could€not€be€established€immediately€from€paragraph€10€as€it€stood,Ð _‹ Ðand€the€Committee€was€therefore€failing€to€achieve€its€objective.€Ð &R ÐParagraph10€should€be€reworded€accordingly;€in€particular,€the€reader€couldÐ í Ðbe€referred€back€to€what€was€stated€in€the€preceding€paragraph.Ð ´à  ÐÌ62.à b àFinally,€in€the€first€sentence,€the€parallel€drawn€between€the€"content"Ð Bn" Ðof€an€ideology€and€the€"expression"€of€private€beliefs€was€ill-advised.€€HeÐ  5# Ðwas€therefore€in€favour€of€replacing€"its€content"€by€"it".Ð Ð ü$ ÐÌ63.à b àòòMr.€WENNERGRENóó€said€that,€in€the€second€sentence,€it€was€sufficient€toÐ ^"Š& Ðput€the€word€"freedom"€into€the€plural,€without€adding€anything€else,€so€asÐ %#Q' Ðnot€to€make€the€sentence€unnecessarily€heavy.€€Ð ì#( ÐÌ64.à b àòòMr.€SADIóó€agreed€with€Mr.€Herndl€regarding€the€meaning€to€be€given€toÐ z%¦ * Ðparagraph10.€€In€fact,€the€idea€contained€in€it€was€the€same€as€that€setÐ A&m!+ Ðforth€in€paragraph€9;€thus€the€Committee€could€perhaps€be€content€withÐ '4", Ðincorporating€in€paragraph€9€a€reference€to€the€question€of€official€ideologyÐ Ï'û"- Ðand€delete€paragraph€10€as€such.Ð –(Â#. ÐÌ65.à b àòòMr.€DIMITRIJEVICóó€said€that€he€was€fully€convinced€by€Mr.€Herndl'sÐ $*P%0 Ðargument.€€Nevertheless,€to€incorporate€paragraph€10€into€paragraph€9,€asÐ ë*&1 Ðsuggested€by€Mr.€Sadi,€might€be€going€too€far,€since€certain€aspectsÐ ²+Þ&2 Ðassociated€with€official€ideology€differed€from€purely€religious€questions.€Ð y,¥'3 ÐFor€example,€the€reference€to€article€27€of€the€Covenant€which€appeared€inÐ @-l(4 Ðparagraph€9€would€have€little€meaning€within€the€framework€of€the€problemsÐ Ô Ðdealt€with€in€paragraph€10,€since€that€article€was€not€concerned€with€theÐ ›Ç Ðprotection€of€political€minorities.€€Nevertheless,€it€was€important€thatÐ bŽ Ðparagraph€10€should€be€based€as€far€as€possible€on€what€was€stated€inÐ )U Ðparagraph€9.€€Ð ð ÐÌ66.à b àIn€order€to€meet€the€concerns€and€wishes€of€all€those€members€who€hadÐ ~ ª Ðspoken€on€paragraph€10,€he€submitted€to€the€Committee's€consideration€a€newÐ E q Ðtext€which€would€read:€€"If€a€set€of€beliefs€is€treated€as€official€ideologyÐ  8 Ðin€constitutions,€statutes,€proclamations€of€the€ruling€parties,€etc.,€thisÐ Ó ÿ  Ðshall€not€result€in€any€impairment€of€the€freedom€of€religion€or€belief€or€anyÐ š Æ  Ðother€right€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€nor€in€discrimination€against€personsÐ a   Ðwho€do€not€accept€the€official€ideology€or€who€oppose€it".Ð (T  ÐÌ67.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€thanked€Mr.€Dimitrijevic€for€his€proposal€and€invitedÐ ¶â  Ðmembers€of€the€Committee€to€study€it€with€a€view€to€finalizing€the€text€ofÐ }©  Ðparagraph€10€at€a€forthcoming€meeting.Ð Dp  ÐÌÌà@'“àòòThe€meeting€rose€at€1€p.m.óóˆÐ ™Å Ѐ€€