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S    P GENERAL p     P _CCPR_/C/SR.1347      P 1August1994  o     P Original:ENGLISH S  E.++b >uQ!++E@GG)HUMANRIGHTSCOMMITTEE  @+Fiftyfirstsession 5 @ "SUMMARYRECORDOFTHE1347thMEETING  @ !Heldatthe_Palais_ԀdesNations,Geneva, Q @ #onFriday,22July1994,at10a.m. n @*Chairman:Mr.ANDO  @0CONTENTS Q  ConsiderationofreportssubmittedbyStatespartiesunderarticle40ofthe " Covenant(continued) P#  b InitialreportofSlovenia(continued) 4% ?'%sdE+%s? b Thisrecordissubjecttocorrection. %%/  b Correctionsshouldbesubmittedinoneoftheworkinglanguages.They '2'1 shouldbesetforthinamemorandumandalsoincorporatedinacopyofthe O('2 record.Theyshouldbesentwithinoneweekofthedateofthisdocumentto )(3 theOfficialRecordsEditingSection,roomE.4108,_Palais_ԀdesNations,Geneva. ))4  b AnycorrectionstotherecordsofthepublicmeetingsoftheCommitteeat k++6 thissessionwillbeconsolidatedinasinglecorrigendum,tobeissued 2,+7 shortlyaftertheendofthesession. ,,8 GE.9417893(E) .1.:   N/.;  bR   b}____B.++b >uQ!++7B@ Themeetingwascalledtoorderat10.10a.m.  CONSIDERATIONOFREPORTSSUBMITTEDBYSTATESPARTIESUNDERARTICLE40OFTHE b COVENANT(agendaitem4)(continued) )U InitialreportofSlovenia(_CCPR_/C/74/Add.1;_HRI_/CORE/1/Add.35)(continued)  1. b TheCHAIRMANinvitedthedelegationofSloveniatoreplytoquestionsput E q bymembersoftheCommittee.  8 2. b Mrs._SELIH_(Slovenia)expressedherdelegation'sappreciationforthe    carefulattentiongiventoitsreport.Shereiteratedherbeliefthatthe a   discussionsintheCommitteewouldbemosthelpfulinconnectionwiththe (T  draftingofhumanrightslegislationinhercountryandwouldbethesubject   ofcriticalappraisal.   3. b Mr._MAHNIb_(Slovenia),referringtoaquestionconcerningthe Dp  constitutionalandlegalframeworkwithinwhichtheCovenantwasimplemented,  7  saidthatunderarticle8oftheConstitution,generallyacceptedprinciples   ofinternationallawandinternationaltreatiestowhichSloveniawasaparty  (includingtheCovenant)couldberegardedaspartofinternallaw.Article8 ` alsoprovidedforthedirectapplicationofratifiedinternationaltreaties. 'S Theremightbeexamplesofprovisionsofinternationaltreatiesthatweretoo  generalorabstracttobeapplieddirectlyorwhoseviolationdidnotentail  sanctions.Insuchcases,adoptionofappropriateinternallegislationwould | benecessaryinordertoimplementaninternationaltreaty.However,subject Co tothatlimitation,thecourtscouldusetheprovisionsoftheinternational  6 treatiesinforce.  4. b Inpractice,therehadbeeninstancesofdirectuseofprovisionsof _ internationaltreatiesbythecompetentauthorities.Hisdelegationhadbeen &R informedthatincertaincasestheConventionontheRightsoftheChildhad  beenusedbythecompetentauthoritiesinmakingarulingconcerningthe   acquisitionofnationalitybyachild.Thathadbeendonebecausethe {! Convention'sprovisionsweremorebeneficialtoachildthantheinternal Bn" legislationinforceatthattime.  5# 5. b Therewasnodoubtthatcontradictionsmightarisebetweenratified !% internationaltreatiesandstatutesorotherinternalregulations.Underthe ^"& ForeignRelationsAct,whensuchacontradictionwasdeterminedtoexist,the %#Q' internationaltreatyapplieduntilthematterwassettled.TheConstitutional #( CourtofSloveniawascompetenttomakeadecisionontheharmonizationof $) statuteswithratifiedinternationaltreaties.However,authoritiescould z% * preventproblemsfromarisinginthecaseofacontradictionbetweenan A&m!+ internationaltreatyandtheConstitution,bymakinguseofarticle160ofthe '4", Constitution,whichgavetheConstitutionalCourtcompetencetomakea '"- determinationontheharmonizationofaninternationaltreatywiththe (#. Constitutionduringtheprocessofitsratification. ])$/ 6. b TheharmonizationofallinternallegislationwiththeConstitution *&1 hadnotyetbeenaccomplished.Whenithadbecomeobviousin1993that +&2 harmonizationwouldrequiremoretime,aproposalhadbeenmadethatthe y,'3 deadlineshouldbeextendedforafurtheryear.However,thatproposal @-l(4 hadfailedtoobtaintherequiredmajorityintheNationalAssembly.  Consequently,thelawswhichhadnotbeenharmonizedwiththeConstitution  couldbecontestedbymakingarequestfortheConstitutionalCourttotest b theconstitutionalityofthelaw. )U 7. b Mrs._SELIH_(Slovenia)saidthatthedisseminationoftheCovenanthad  takenplaceindifferentforms.Itshouldbestressedthattheofficial ~  translationofthatinstrumenthadbeenmadeavailableinSloveniaafterthe E q ratificationoftheCovenantbytheformerYugoslavia.In1988,various  8 documentsonhumanrights,includingtheCovenant,hadbeenpublishedina    collectionofessaysonhumanrights.    8.Withregardtotheeducationalsystem,mentionshouldbemadeofthe (T  existenceofUnitedNationsclubsinmanyschools.   9.Non-governmentalorganizationsinSloveniahadplayedanimportantrolein }  thefieldofhumanrightssincethemid-1980s.Oneofthefirsthadbeenthe Dp  CouncilonProtectionofHumanRightsandFreedoms,setupbetweenMarchand  7  June1988bythethenSocialistAllianceofWorkingPeople.In1990,ithad   beentransformedintoakindofombudsman'sofficeandinthatcapacityitwas  continuingtocarryoutitsmissionpendingthenominationofanofficial ` ombudsman. 'S 10. b Withregardtothequestionwhetherarticle5oftheConstitutionof  Sloveniadidnotplaceundueemphasisontheconceptof"nationState",she | saidthatthatprovisionhadtobeassessedinconjunctionwitharticles1,2 Co and3oftheConstitution,whichdefinedSloveniaveryclearlyasademocratic  6 State,aStateundertheruleoflaw,andaStateofcitizens.Itwasno  accidentthatthosearticleswereatthebeginningoftheConstitution,which  soughttostresstheimportanceoftheconceptofthecitizenState.That _ concepthadbeengivenpracticalexpressionintheliberalprovisionsonthe &R acquisitionofcitizenshipbyeveryonewhohadpermanentresidencein  Slovenia.   11. b Inarticle5oftheConstitution,thespecialconsiderationgivento Bn" differentminoritiesshouldbeviewedinthelightofthegeneralintroductory  5# provisions,establishingprotectionofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms  $ withintheterritoryofSloveniaastheprimaryprinciple.Withregardtothe !% specialwayinwhichautochthonousSlovenesinneighbouringcountriesaswell ^"& asSloveneemigrantsandmigrantworkersweretreated,itshouldbebornein %#Q' mindthatSloveniahadbeenacountryofemigrationforanextremelylongtime #( and,asasmallcountry,ithadavitalinterestinmaintainingcontactwith $) itsownpeopleoutsideSlovenia.Thespecialconstitutionalprovision z% * concerningrightsandprivilegesrelatingtotheacquisitionofcitizenship A&m!+ andtotherecoveryofpropertytakenawayduringrecentdecadessoughtto '4", redresssomeofthegraveinjusticescommittedbythepreviousregime. '"- 12. b Mrs.SMIT(Slovenia),referringtotheindependenceofthejudiciaryin ])$/ Slovenia,saidthatthenewlawsonadministrativedisputesandadministrative $*P%0 courtswouldsoonbeincorporatedinparliamentaryprocedure.Thoselaws, *&1 particularlythelawonadministrativedisputes,wereconceivedinsuchaway +&2 astoensurethejudicialprotectionofallhumanrightsonthebasisoffull y,'3 jurisdiction,whichthecurrentlegislationguaranteedratherasanexception. @-l(4 Ї13. b ThenoveltyinthenewlawontheConstitutionalCourtwasthe  possibilityforindividualsandfortheombudsmantolodgeaconstitutional  complaintallegingtheviolationofhumanrightsorfundamentalfreedoms. b 14. b Themostimportantaspectoftheconstitutionallyguaranteedindependence  ofajudgewasthepermanenceofhistenure.  15. b Withregardtothequestionwhetheraninternationalinstrumentcouldbe E q invokedbeforethecourtsinSlovenia,sherepliedintheaffirmativeandsaid  8 thattheprovisionsofsuchaninstrumentwhichhadbeenratifiedinSlovenia    couldbeinvokedandusedbeforethecourts.    16. b Ontheinstitutionoftheombudsman,shesaidthatthePresidenthadbeen (T  abletoinitiatetheprocedureforselectingcandidatesonlyinFebruary1994   whenthenewlawontheConstitutionalCourthadbeenadopted.Inviewofthe   factthattheelectionoftheombudsmanhadalsobecomeinmanyrespectsa }  matterofprestigeforthepoliticalparties,thePresidentwasconducting Dp  parliamentaryconsultationsinordertodeterminewhetheroneofthe  7  candidatescouldbeassuredofthenecessarytwo-thirdsmajorityforelection.   17. b AstocoordinationbetweentheombudsmanandtheCouncilofHumanRights ` andFundamentalFreedoms,sherecalledthatarticle58ofthelawonthe 'S ombudsmanprescribedthatonthedaytheombudsmanbegantoperformhis  functions,thelawontheCouncilofHumanRightsandFundamentalFreedoms  wouldceasetoapply.However,thatdidnotmeanthattheCouncilitself | wouldceasetofunction,anditwouldbehighlydesirableforthefurtherance Co ofhumanrightsinSloveniaiftheCouncilassumedtheactivitiesofa  6 nationalinstitutioninthatfield.  18. b Mrs._SELIH_(Slovenia)saidthatcriminaloffenceswerethemostserious _ infractionsandwereinprinciplecontainedintheCriminalCode.Theywere &R alwaysdefinedbyastatuteandcouldonlybeperpetratedbyanaturalperson.  Establishmentofguiltwasnecessaryfortheimpositionofapenalty.Petty   offencesinvolvedviolationsofrulesofcommonlifeandcouldbedefinedby {! statutesandlowerlegalnorms.Perpetratorscouldbeeithernaturalorlegal Bn" persons.Theyweredealtwithbyspecializedcourts.Economicoffenceshad  5# beenintroducedintothelegalsysteminthe1950sinordertoprovideforthe  $ protectionofsocialproperty.InDecember1993,theParliamenthaddecided !% toabolishthatcategory. ^"& 19. b Mr.MAHNIb(Slovenia)saidthatnostateofemergencyhadbeenproclaimed #( inSloveniaduringtheaggressionbytheYugoslavNationalArmyattheendof $) June1991.Therefore,nomeasuresderogatingfromSlovenia'sobligations z% * undertheCovenanthadbeentaken. A&m!+ 20. b Withregardtothequestionofminoritiesandimmigrants,hesaidthat '"- theConstitutionreferredtoautochthonousItalianandHungarianethnic (#. communitiesinSlovenia.Ethnicgroupswhichhadtraditionallyresidedina ])$/ certaingeographicalareaenjoyedtheconstitutionallyguaranteedspecial $*P%0 minorityrights.TheItalianandHungarianethniccommunitiescorrespondedto *&1 thosecriteriaandenjoyedthoserights,whichwereprovidedfornotonlyin +&2 theConstitutionbutalsoinsome30lawsandstatutes. y,'3  @-l(4 21. b TheConstitutiondidnotapplytheterm"autochthonous"totheRomany  (Gypsy)communitybutithadalsobeengrantedspecialstatus.Therewere  about5,300RomaniesinSloveniaandthelawonlocalself-governmenthad b grantedthemdirectrepresentationinthemunicipalcouncils,givingthemfor )U thefirsttimetherighttoparticipatedirectlyindecision-makingatthe  locallevel.  22. b WithregardtotheGerman-speakingminority,accordingtothe1991 E q census,199inhabitantshaddefinedtheirethnicgroupasAustrianand546had  8 claimedtobeethnicGermans.FollowingtheindependenceofSlovenia,an    associationnamed"Most"(Bridge)hadbeenestablishedandadvocatedthatthe    German-speakingethniccommunityshouldberecognizedasanautochthonousone. a   TheGovernmentofAustriahadmadeaninitiativetodiscusstheissueatthe (T  bilaterallevelandtheGovernmentofSloveniahadthereforeestablishedan   expertgrouptostudythematter.   23. b Thedistinctionbetweentheautochthonousethniccommunityandrecent Dp  immigrantgroups(migrantworkersandmembersoftheirfamilies)was  7  internationallyrecognized.Itwasnotbasedonlyonpurelytheoreticalor   historicalgroundsbutalsoonpracticalconsiderations.Whereasprotection  fortheautochthonousethniccommunitieswasprovidedinspecificgeographical ` areaswheretheylived,recentmigrantsweredispersedallovertheterritory 'S ofSlovenia,mostlyatornearindustrialcentres.Thatdistinctionwas  relevantandcontinuedtobemadebothinpracticeandintheoryeventhough  immigrantsmightacquiretheattributesofautochthonousresidents. | 24. b Thedistinctionmeantthattheautochthonousethniccommunitieswere  6 grantedspecialrightsinordertopreservetheiridentity,whilerecent  migrantsenjoyedgeneralrights.Intheory,suchdistinctionwasdescribedas  thedifferencebetween"positiveprotection"(specialrightsinadditionto _ therightsguaranteedtoallcitizens)and"negativeprotection"(prohibition &R ofdiscrimination,recognitionoftherightofmembersofthosegroupstouse  theirlanguage,enjoytheircultureandpractisetheirreligion).   25. b Withregardtoeducation,hesaidthatthechildrenofimmigrantsfrom Bn" otherformerYugoslavRepublicsattendedSloveneschoolsinwhich,inaddition  5# totheregularcurriculum,provisionwasmadeforoptionallessonsintheir  $ mothertongue. !% 26. b ThemostimportantrightsaccordedtotheItalianandHungarian %#Q' minoritiesweretheresultofrecentdevelopments,althoughthemajorityof #( theirrightshadbeenprovidedforasearlyas1974whenSloveniahadbeena $) federalunitoftheformerYugoslavia.Ifmembersoftheethniccommunities z% * hadbeenthevictimsofinjustice,theywereentitledtoaremedyaswere A&m!+ othercitizensofSlovenia.TheItalianandHungarianminoritieswere '4", organizedinself-governingethniccommunitieswhichrepresentedtheir '"- interestsandtookpartindecision-makingconcerningallissuesrelatedto (#. thepositionoftheethniccommunity.AttheStatelevel,theywere ])$/ representedintheNationalAssemblybytheirdeputies,whohadbeenelected $*P%0 onspeciallists.MembersoftheItalianandHungarianethniccommunities *&1 thereforeparticipatedbothingeneralelectionsandintheelectionoftheir +&2 owndeputies. y,'3  @-l(4 27. b Mrs.SMIT(Slovenia),replyingtoquestionsonequalityofwomen,said  thatalthoughwomen'srighttoabortionhadbeenthemostcontroversialissue  inthedebateontheConstitution,ithadneverthelessbeenupheld.Thelaw b legalizingabortiondatedfrom1977,andwasstillinforce.Itallowed )U abortionforsocialaswellasmedicalreasons,providedthatthewoman's  circumstancesweresuchastojustifyit.Contraceptionwasprovidedfreeof  chargeatgynaecologyclinics:itwaslessfrequentlyusedinSloveniathan ~  incountriesofwesternEurope,butnostatisticsonthematterwereyet E q available.Allschoolswereco-educational.  8 28. b Accordingto1992statistics,womenrepresented47percentofthetotal    workforce,83percentofthoseemployedinthehealthcareandsocialwelfare a   sectors,and66percentofthoseemployedineducation.Seventypercentof (T  allmagistratesincourtsoffirstinstancewerewomen:thoughthatmightbe   theresultofthefactthatwomenhadaspecialconcernforjustice,amore   likelycausewasthattheprofessionwasnotaverywellpaidone.Inthe }  higherechelonsofthejudiciarywomenrepresentedonly25percent. Dp  29. b Moreattentionwasnowbeingpaidtotheproblemofviolenceagainst   women.Althoughdomesticviolenceaccountedonlyforsome10percentofall  crime,itwasconsideredasanimportantproblem.Increasedpublicawareness ` oftheissuewasreflectedinthesettingupofhelplinesforbatteredwomen, 'S andwomen'srefugeswerecurrentlybeingadvocated.  30. b Mrs._SELIH_Ԁ(Slovenia),referringtofamilylifeandchildren'srights, | saidthatthe1989lawonmarriageandfamilyrelationsprovidedthatcouples Co cohabitingoutsidemarriagehadthesamelegalobligationsasmarriedcouples.  6 Inprinciple,bothparentssharedequallyinobligationstowardstheir  children:itwastheirjointdutytoensuretheirhealthyphysicaland  personaldevelopment,andtoprovidethemwithaneducationthatwouldfoster _ theirabilitiesandinterests.Shouldacouplebeindisputeoverparental &R authority,responsibilityinthematterwouldbetakenoverbytheDepartment  ofSocialWelfare.Inthecaseofaseparation,parentalauthoritywouldbe   assumedbytheparentwithwhomthechildwasliving:likewise,incaseof {! divorce,theparentwhohadbeenawardedcustodywouldassumeparental Bn" authority.Itshouldbenotedthatthecourtwouldonlydecideonthematter  5# ofcustodywherethecouplethemselveshadfailedtoagree.TheSlovene  $ systemdidnotprovideforjointcustody. !% 31. b Childrenweregiventhefamilynameofoneorotherparent,unlessthe %#Q' parentsdecidedtogivethemadifferentfamilyname.Iftheparentscould #( notreachagreement,theDepartmentofSocialWelfarewoulddecidethematter, $) althoughprovisionwasmadeforjudicialreviewaftertheadministrative z% * decreeconcernedhadbecomebinding.Shepointedoutthattheregulations A&m!+ governingthewelfareofchildreninneedofspecialcareandprotectionwere '4", currentlyunderreview. '"- 32. b Theconceptofchildren'srightsunderSlovenelegislationdiffered ])$/ fromthatoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChildinthatitwasmore $*P%0 protectiveandpaternalistic,andlegislationinthatareatoowouldneedto *&1  bereviewed.Itwouldbetheoreticallypossibleforchildrenwhosowishedto +&2 setupajournal.Therewerenorestrictionsondemonstrationsbychildren  under18yearsofage,sinceitwasofficiallyacceptedthatchildrenaswell  asadultshadtherightofpeacefulassembly. b  33. b Mr._MAHNIb_(Slovenia),referringtofreedomofconscience,saidthat  hithertoreligiousteachinghadbeenprovidedbyparentsandbytheChurch,  althoughaspecialcommissiononrelationsbetweenChurchandStatewas ~  currentlydiscussinghowtheissueshouldberegulatedinthefuture. E q 34. b Therighttoconscientiousobjectionwasguaranteedunderarticle46of    theConstitution.Underalawof1991,conscriptswereentitledtochoose    eitherunarmedmilitaryserviceorciviliandutiesasanalternativetonormal a   militaryservice. (T  35. b Mrs._SELIH_(Slovenia),addressingthequestionoftherightofdoctors   torefusetoperformabortions,saidtherewasnolegislationgoverningthe }  matter,buttheMedicalCodeofConductprovidedthatadoctorwhoobjectedto Dp  aparticularmedicalinterventionhadtherighttorequestasubstituteto  7  performitforhim.   36. b Onthequestionofcitizenship,thelawoncitizenshipof1991provided ` thatcitizensofrepublicsoftheformerYugoslaviawhohadbeenresidingin 'S Sloveniaon23December1990couldacquireSlovenecitizenshipbyfilinga  requestwiththecommunalauthoritieswithinsixmonthsofthelaw'sentry  intoforce.Some180,000personshadtakenadvantageofthelawtoacquire | dualcitizenship. Co 37. b Sinceithadnotbeenpossibletoprovideformeansofacquiring  citizenshiprecognizedunderinternationallaw(suchasacquisitionex_lege_),  differentsolutionshad_had_Ԁtobefoundtotheproblem,takingintoaccount _ thefactthatevenwithintheformerYugoslavia,Sloveniahadbeenacountry &R ofimmigration.Some80percentoftheimmigrantswhohadacquired  citizenshipinthatwaywereunskilledworkers,andtheaverageperiodof   theirresidenceinSloveniahadbeeneightyears.Some46percenthadbeen {! fromBosniaandHerzegovina,34percentfromCroatia,13percentfromSerbia Bn" and5percentfromtheformerYugoslavRepublicofMacedoniaandfrom  5# Montenegro.  $ 38. b Childrenofupto18yearsofageautomaticallyacquiredthecitizenship ^"& oftheirparents,thoughafter14yearsofagetheconsentofthechildwas %#Q' required.Undera1994amendmenttothelawoncitizenship,achildwhohad #( beenlivinginSloveniasincebirthcouldbenaturalizedattherequestofhis $) orherguardian.Inthecaseofmixedmarriages,anonSlovenecitizencould z% * acquirecitizenshipbynaturalizationifheorshehadbeenmarriedtoa A&m!+ SlovenecitizenforatleasttwoyearsandhadbeenlivinginSloveniaforat '4", leastoneyear. '"- 39. b Thelawonaliensregulatedentry,movement,residenceandprotectionfor ])$/ aliensintheterritoryofSlovenia.Itprovidedthatanalienwhohadleft $*P%0 hiscountryoforiginandbecomeastatelesspersoninordertoavoidbeing *&1 persecutedforreasonsofrace,religion,nationalityorpoliticalopinionwas +&2 entitledtorefugeestatus.Exceptionstorefugeestatuswereinlinewith y,'3 theprovisionsoftheGenevaConvention,1951:thus,refugeestatuscouldnot @-l(4 _begrantedtoalienswhohadcommittedcrimesagainsthumanity,actscontrary  tointernationallaw,oractscontrarytothepurposesandprinciplesofthe  UnitedNations. b 40. b Seventytwoapplicationsforrefugeestatushadbeensubmitted  between1991and1994.ThemajorityoftheapplicantshadbeenSerbcitizens  ofAlbaniannationalityfromKosovo,andcitizensofBosniaandHerzegovina, ~  while11outof17applicationsin1994hadbeensubmittedbyIraqiKurds. E q Mosthadenteredthecountryillegally,withoutvalidpapers.  8 41. b Norefugeeshadbeenforciblyreturnedtoacountrywheretheirlives    couldbeindangerasaresultoftheirreligion,nationalityorpolitical a   views.Shepointedoutthattherelativelysmallnumberofapplicationsfor (T  refugeestatusunderthetermsoftheGenevaConventiondidnotreflectthe   actualsituationinSlovenia.Asmanyas31,000personshadrecentlybeen   grantedthestatusof"temporaryrefugee".Inordertodealwiththemasses }  ofrefugeesfleeingwarandethniccleansinginCroatiaandBosniaand Dp  Herzegovina,adraftbillontemporaryrefugeeshadbeendrawnupandwas  7  currentlybeforeparliament.   42. b Theonlyrestrictionsontherightsofalienswerethoseprovidedfor ` underarticle12,paragraph3,andarticle13oftheCovenant.Although 'S theydidnotenjoytherighttovoteinparliamentaryelections,aliens  couldvoteforandbeelectedtothegoverningbodiesofenterprisesand  publicinstitutions.Althoughtheywerenotentitledtoformpolitical | organizations,theyhadtherighttoestablishaliens'associations,to Co assemblefreely,andtoparticipateinpublicevents.Theydidnothavethe  6 righttoownland,butwouldbeabletoacquirepropertyunderabill  currentlybeforeparliament.  43. b ItshouldbenotedthatSlovenelegislationonalienshadbeen &R developedunderveryspecialcircumstances.Afterindependencein1991,  some220,000personswhohadnotoriginallybeencitizensoftheformer   YugoslavRepublicofSloveniahadstayedinthecountry,andofthose {! some170,000hadnowacquiredSlovenecitizenship.Some35,000hadremained Bn" inthecountryasaliens,witheitherpermanentortemporaryrightof  5# residence.  $ 44. b Thequestionoftherighttoafairtrialwasaddressedbythedraftlaw ^"& oncriminalprocedure,althoughmostexistinglegislationhadbeenupdated %#Q' in1990tobringitintolinewiththeCovenantandotherinternational #( instrumentsinthatrespect.Thebillprovidedthatanypersondeprivedof $) hislibertyshouldhavetherighttobeinformedinhismothertongueabout z% * thechargeagainsthim,toremainsilent,tohavetheservicesofcounsel,and A&m!+ tohavehisfamilyinformedofhisdetention.Suspectscouldbeheldfora '4", maximumof48hours,andthedraftlawrequiredthattheyshouldbenotified '"- oftheirrights.Allotherformsofdeprivationoflibertyhadtobeordered (#. bythejudicialauthorities. ])$/ 45. b Preventivedetentioncouldonlybeimposedbycourtorder.Itwas *&1 appliediftherewasreasonablesuspicionthatapersonguiltyofacriminal +&2  offencewasinhiding,ormightescape,destroyevidence,influencewitnesses,_ y,'3 orrepeattheoffence.Whilesheagreedthataperiodofsixmonthswas   relativelylong,itwasgenerallydeemedinaccordancewiththeprincipleof  presumptionofinnocence. b 46. b Althoughthelawpermitteddetentionofjuvenilestogetherwithadults,  inpracticethatoccurredonlyveryrarely.Onaverage,onlyeightjuveniles  peryearhadbeendetainedoverthepastfiveyears. ~  47. b Policewereentitledtoenterdwellingswithoutacourtorderonlyfor  8 thepurposeofpreventingcriminaloffences,offencesagainstpersonsand    property,orsuicides,incasesofdangeroffloodorfire,orinvestigating    casesofdeathsormissingpersons.Wiretappingcouldonlybeauthorized a   wherecriminaloffenceswereinvolved,andforaperiodofonemonth:the (T  periodcouldnotbeextendedformorethansixmonths.Thelawprovidedthat   courtscouldnotbasetheirdecisionsonevidenceacquiredbyviolatinghuman   rightsandfreedomsguaranteedundertheConstitution,orbyinfringing }  provisionsofthelaw.Inaddition,unauthorizedentrytodwellingsand Dp  unauthorizedwiretappingwerecriminaloffences.  7  48. b Allpersonssuspectedofhavingcommittedacriminaloffencehadthe  righttochoiceofcounsel,andcounselwasprovidedexofficioforminors, ` thedeaforothersunabletodefendthemselves.Thosenotinapositionto 'S payhadthecostsofcounselpaidbytheState.  Ѐ  49. b Onthetreatmentofoffenders,shesaidthatSlovenia'soveralldetention | rate(preventiveandpunitive)of30personsper100,000inhabitantshad,for Co thepastfourorfiveyearsandforreasonswhichshecouldnotpersonally  6 explain,beenoneofthelowestinEurope.Theprincipalpenalinstitutions  weregenerallyoperatingwellwithintheircapacity.Sentencesofuptosix  monthswereservedinregionalprisons,whichalsohousedinseparate _ quarterspersonsinpreventivecustody.Someconvictedprisonerswereheld &R closetotheirhomes;incertainareas,forexampleinLjubljana,theywent  outtoworkduringtheday,returningtoprisonforthenight.   50. b Livingstandardsinpenalinstitutionswereadequate.Convicted Bn" prisonershadtherighttocorrespondence,toreceivevisits,toexitsat  5# weekendsandholidaysoutsidetheprison,andtoreligiousservices.They  $ werealsoallowedtoweartheirownclothes. !% 51. b Solitaryconfinementwaslimitedto30days. %#Q' 52. b Rehabilitativetrainingwasavailableonanoptionalbasis;workwas $) notcompulsory.Sincethemid1970s,anyeducational,medical,psychological z% * orsimilarmeasureswhichmightconstituteaninvasionoftheinmate's A&m!+ personalityhadbeensubjecttotheconsentofthepersonconcerned. '4", 53. b Somedifficultiesarosefromthefactthatappealsagainstadministrative (#. decisionsinprisonwerecurrentlydealtwithbyhigherauthority,i.e.the ])$/ MinistryofJustice.Proposalsforthetransferofsuchappealstothe $*P%0 courts,inordertoensureproperjudicialprotection,werebeingconsidered. *&1 54. b Torturewasprohibitedandacriminaloffence. y,'3  @-l(4 55. b Mrs.SMIT(Slovenia)saidthatthefreedomofthemediawascoveredby  newlyadoptedlawsonthemassmediaandonthenationalradioandtelevision  service(_RTV_);shespeltoutitsbasicprinciplesofthoselawsindetail. b Governmentbodies,localself-governmentbodiesorotherpublicauthorities, )U aswellasindividualsinpublicoffice,publicinstitutionsandpublic  enterprisesconstitutingsourcesofinformationwerelegallyboundtoensure  theaccuracy,totalityandtruthofsuchinformation.Journalistscouldonly ~  bedeniedaccesstoinformationlawfullydeterminedtobeconfidential.The E q lawonmediastipulatedinparticulartheconditionsofexerciseoftheright  8 tocorrectionandtherightofreply;lawsuitscouldbefiledwiththe    competentcourtagainsteditors-in-chief.    56. b Thepluralityanddiversityofradioandtelevisionwereguaranteedin (T  Sloveniabya25-membergoverningbody,whichwasclosedtotheleadersof   politicalparties,aswellastopresentorpastemployeesofthe_RTV_.   57. b Slovenia'sradioandtelevisionservicecomprisedtwonational Dp  televisionprogrammes,threenationalradioprogrammes,oneradioand  7  televisionprogrammeforeachnationalminority,andradioandtelevision   programmesforSloveneminoritiesinneighbouringandotherforeigncountries.  Thebroadcastingofreligiousorpoliticalpropagandawasnotpermitted. ` Therewerealsofourprivatetelevisionstationsandseveralprivateradio 'S stationsinSlovenia.  58. b TherewasnoprovisionforcensorshipinthelegislationofSloveniaand | therehadbeennoreportsofcensorshipinrecentyears.Theexistenceor Co otherwiseofself-censorship,asreferredtobyamemberoftheCommittee,was  6 difficulttoestablish.  59. b Therightofpeacefulassemblywasdefinedinarticle42ofthe _ Constitutionandregulatedbythelawonpublicgatherings,whichdated &R from1973andwasnotaltogethercompatiblewiththeConstitutionandthe  Covenant.Inconsequence,theHomeAffairsDepartment,whichwasempoweredto   grantrequeststoassembleinpublic,ignoredtheincompatibleprovisionsof {! thatlawandtookitsdecisionsonthebasisoftheConstitutionand Bn" article21oftheCovenant.Anewlawonthesubjectwascurrentlygoing  5# throughParliament.Duringthepastthreeyearsallrequestsforpermission  $ toorganizepublicgatheringshadbeenapproved. !% 60. b With12,830registeredassociationsasofDecember1993,Sloveniawasone %#Q' oftheleadingEuropeancountriesintermsofthenumberofassociationsin #( relationtothesizeofpopulation.Thelawonassociationswasalsoobsolete $) andincompatiblewiththeprovisionsoftheConstitutionandtheCovenant;the z% * competentgovernmentalbodyreferreddirectlytotheprovisionsofthosetwo A&m!+ instruments.Anewlawonassociations,foundedontheprinciplesoffreedom, '4", independence,non-profit-makingandpublictransparency,wasalsogoing '"- throughtheparliamentaryprocess;butpriorityhadbeengivenbythe (#. legislaturetoratificationoftheEuropeanConventionontheRecognitionof ])$/ theLegalPersonalityofInternationalNonGovernmentalOrganizations. $*P%0 61. b Inaccordancewitharticle76oftheConstitution,theestablishmentand +&2 activityoftradeunionsandmembershipofthemwereunrestricted.Article77 y,'3 definedtherighttostrike.TheConstitutionprovidedforrestrictionof @-l(4 thatrightongroundsofpublicinterest,i.e.onthebasisofcriteriathat  includedthenatureofthepublicfunction.Thus,therighttostrikeof  membersofthearmedforcesandthepolicewaslimitedbythelawsonthe b policeandondefence,butinamannerthatwasnotincompatiblewith )U article22oftheCovenant.Thesamelawsplacedrestrictionsonthe  membershipofpolicemenandsoldiersinpoliticalparties.  62. b Mrs._SELIH_(Slovenia),takinguphercolleague'sfinalpoint,saidthat E q theconstitutionalrestrictionsonmembershipofpoliticalpartiesbymembers  8 ofthepoliceandarmedforcesnodoubtreflectedthefactthatthoseState    institutionshad,inthepast,lackedneutralityandhadindeedenjoyed    specialpoliticalpower. a   63. b Concerningthefreedomofthemedia,shestressedthatthegoverning   bodyofthe_RTV_Ԁwasdeliberatelycomposedofrepresentativesofdifferent   institutionsincivilsocietyinordertoprecludeallpossibilityof }  politicaldomination. Dp  64. b ConcludingtherepliesofthedelegationofSloveniatothequestions   bymembersoftheCommittee,shehandedtheChairmancopiesoftheannual  reportontheactivitiesoftheCouncilfortheprotectionofhumanrightsin ` Slovenia,andofthelawontheHumanRightsOmbudsman.Herdelegationhad 'S welcomedtheopportunityofpresentingitsviewsindetailedfashion.  65. b TheCHAIRMANthankedthedelegationofSloveniaforitscomprehensive | replies,andinvitedmembersoftheCommitteetomaketheirconcluding Co observations.  6 66. b Mr._POCAR_welcomedtheauspiciousbeginningsofthedialogue,which  hadbeenmostinformativeonalargenumberoftopics.Obviously,the _ harmonizationofSlovenia'slawswiththeprovisionsoftheCovenantwasnot &R yetcomplete,butthatwasonlynaturalinsuchayoungRepublic.  67. b Hehadtwoconcludingobservationsofsubstance.Firstly,thelegal {! issuesrelatedtotheprocessesofcontinuity,transitionandsuccessionfrom Bn" thepreviousregimeseemedtohavebeencorrectlyaddressedasfaras  5# obligationsundertheCovenantwereconcerned.Ithadbeenencouragingto  $ learnthatindividualswouldbeentitledtoremediesforviolationsofhuman !% rightscommittedbythepreviousGovernment,andthatlawstothateffectwere ^"& underdiscussion.Thetreatmentofminoritieshadbeenspecificallymentioned %#Q' inthatregard;buthetrustedthattheannouncedmeasurewouldbefully #( comprehensive. $) 68. b Secondly,whileitwasnowcleartohimthattheCovenantcouldbe A&m!+ invokeddirectlybeforethecourtsinSloveniaandthatitprevailedover '4", domesticlaw,therelationshipbetweentheCovenantandtheConstitution '"- remainedsomewhatobscure.Itwashisunderstandingthatanyconflictbetween (#. aninternationaltreatyandtheConstitutionshouldberesolvedbythe ])$/ ConstitutionalCourtpriortoratificationoftheinstrumentinquestion. $*P%0 ButthatwasobviouslyimpossibleasfarastheCovenantwasconcerned, *&1 SloveniabeinginthatrespectasuccessorState.How,then,wouldconflicts +&2 arisingafterratificationberesolved?Hefurtherinquiredastowhether, y,'3 forthepurposesoftestingtheconstitutionalityoflawsandregulations, @-l(4 theCovenantmightplayarole.WastheConstitutionalCourtabletoverify  thecompatibilityoflawsandregulationswiththeCovenant,andcouldit  considercomplaintsaboutviolationsofhumanrightsthroughindividualacts b contrarytotheCovenant?WastheCovenantplacedonthesamelevelasthe )U Constitution,asmightbeinferredfromarticle153ofthelatter,orwasit  atanotherlevelinthesystem?Itwashisownimpressionthattheanswersto  thosequestionsmightnotforthemomentbealtogetherclearandthatthe ~  ConstitutionalCourtofSloveniamightbecalledupontogivearuling.Like E q othermembersoftheCommittee,hehopedthatinsucharuling,theCovenant  8 wouldbeaccordedtheplacetheybelievedittodeserve.    69. b Mr._SADI_saidthatthedialoguehadmadeacommendablycandidand a   constructivestart. (T  70. b TheharmonizationofnationallawswiththeConstitutionwasobviouslya   matterofcrucialimportance,andhadbeenaddressedadmirably.Butcould }  thatexercisenotbecarriedoutwiththeCovenantinmindaswell? Dp  71. b Henotedthatthereseemedtobe"major"and"minor"minoritygroupsin   Slovenia,withtheformerbeingaccordedspecialtreatmentandthelatter  enjoyinggeneralprotection.Thatstateofaffairswashardtoreconcilewith ` theCovenant,andhehopedthatitwouldbereviewed.Despitehisquestionon 'S thesubject,hehadnotbeenenlightenedastowhetherMuslimsinSlovenia  weretreatedasareligiousorasanethnicminority;hehopedthattheformer  wasthecase. | 72. b Lastly,henowunderstoodthattheCovenantformedpartofSlovenia's  6 nationallawandthatitcouldbeinvokedbeforethecourts;buthadthatin  facteverhappened?Itwouldbeusefulandinformativetolearnofatest  caseinthatrespect. _ 73. b Mr._WENNERGREN_saidhehadbeenimpressedbytheexcellentanswersto  members'questions;thediscussionhadbeenfruitful.Ifattentionhadbeen   _focused_Ԁmainlyonthelegalframework-andontheimportanttransformations {! takingplacethereinthatwasonlynaturalwhenaninitialreportwasbeing Bn" considered.Sloveniawasobviouslybuildingupafinehumanrightsrecord;it  5# wastobehopedthatalllegislativeprojectsthatremainedtobecompleted  $ wouldbecarriedthroughinthesamespiritandasexpeditiously. !% 74. b Hehaddiscernedinthediscussionontherightsofthechildwhathe %#Q' calleda"philosophicalcomplication"forSlovenia,acountrywherethe #( prevailingpresumptionwasthatofthechildasanobject,whereasthe $) CovenantitselfandtherelevantConventionestablishedthechildasareal z% * subjectinthematterofrights.HehopedthatSlovenia'spositioninthat A&m!+ respectwouldbereviewed. '4", 75. b Thewordingofarticle46oftheConstitution,("Conscientiousobjection (#. isallowedincaseswhicharedeterminedbylaw...")mightimplythatifthe ])$/ lawwassilent,therewasnobasisforsuchobjection.Stepsshouldperhaps $*P%0 betakentoextendtheprotectionofthelawtoallinstanceswhere *&1 conscientiousobjectionwasfound. +&2   y,'3 _76. b Hehadlearnedwithsatisfactionofthecreationofaverycomprehensive   systemofadministrativejustice,andlookedforwardtoanaccountofits  functioninginthenextperiodicreport. b 77. b Mrs.EVATTsaidthatthedialogueandthesupplementaryinformation  providedbythedelegationofSloveniahadcompensatedingreatmeasurefor  theratherdisappointinglysliminitialreport.Itwasclearthattherewasa ~  verystrongawarenessinSloveniaoftheneedforappropriatelawsandforthe E q progressiveenjoymentofhumanrights.Harmonizationwaswellinhand;and  8 newlaws,suchasthatontheOmbudsman,wereofparticularinteresttothe    Committee.    78. b Aspointedout,Sloveniahadaparticularlylowrateofdetentionin (T  prisons,aswellasahighproportionofwomenjudges;shesuggestedthat   theremightbeacorrelationbetweenthosetwophenomena.Shewasgenerally   satisfiedbytheinformationprovidedontherightsofwomenandchildrenand }  onquestionsofequalityinmarriage. Dp  79. b Somequestionsremainedinhermind,however,withregardtominorities   inSlovenia,acountrywhichhadbeencopingadmirablywithaverylarge  influxofrefugeesandothermigrants.Shedrewthedelegation'sattentionto ` theimportanceofarticles25and26oftheCovenant,aswellasarticle27, 'S inthatconnection,stressingthatanyexceptionstoequalityoftreatment  mustbejustifiedonpropergrounds.  80. b Onthesubjectofreligiouseducation,shecommendedtothedelegation's Co considerationtheCommittee'sgeneralcommentonarticle18oftheCovenant.  6 81. b Notingthatnewlawsonrefugeesandalienswerebeingbroughtforwardin  Slovenia,sheunderlinedtheimportanceofensuringthattheywerefullyin _ compliancewiththeCovenant,andthattheyembodiednounreasonable &R discrimination.  82.Toconclude,shehopedtolearnmoreinthenextreportaboutthe {! progressiveenjoymentofhumanrightsandaboutthechangesanddevelopments Bn" currentlyunderway.WhattheCommitteesoughtaboveallwasanexplanation  5# ofthemannerinwhichtherightsenshrinedintheCovenantwereactually  $ enjoyed,byreferencetodecisionsofcourtsorofgovernmentagenciesorto !% theimplementationinpracticeofthelawsaboutwhichsomuchhadbeensaid. ^"& 83. b Mr.BRUNICELLIremarkedthatthedelegationofSloveniahadrespondedto #( almostalltheconcernsvoicedbymembersoftheCommitteeandthatother $) speakershadalreadymademanyofwhatwouldhavebeenhisowngeneral z% * observations.Heagreedthatthedialoguehadcommencedinsatisfactory A&m!+ fashion,andhopedthatitmarkedthebeginningofclosecooperationbetween '4", theCommitteeandtheStateparty. '"- 84. b Oneofhismajorpreoccupationshad,however,notyetbeensettorest ])$/ namelythequestionofminoritiesinSloveniaandmoreespeciallyoftheir $*P%0 politicalrepresentation.Referringtothecoredocument(HRI/CORE/1/Add.35), *&1 heaskedhowitcouldbethatsome8,000Hungariansandsome3,000Italians +&2 haddelegatesintheNationalAssemblywhileifhisconversionofthe y,'3 percentagefigureswasaccuratesome54,000Croatsandsome48,000Serbsdid @-l(4 not.Andhowcoulditbethatsome36,000MuslimsinSlovenia(thefigure  giveninresponsetoaquestionbyMr.Dimitrijevic)werenotrepresented  either?Surelythatsuggestedsomeincompatibilitywitharticle25,andno b doubtwithotherarticlesoftheCovenantrelatingtoequalityoftreatment. )U HeinvitedtheStatepartytoconsidertheCommittee'sveryextensivegeneral  commentonarticle27.Helookedforwardtoreceivingfurtherinformationon  thosemattersinduecourse. ~  85. b Mr.LALLAHobservedthatthedelegationofSloveniahadresponded  8 competentlyandsystematicallytoagreatnumberofquestions.If,ashad    beensaid,thereportandrepliesweresomewhatshortonexamplesofthelaw    andhumanrightsinpractice,thatwasunderstandable:Sloveniahadsubmitted a   itsinitialreportatatimeofhistoricalchangeandadmirablyintense (T  legislativeactivitydesignedtoharmonizedomesticlawwiththeConstitution   andwiththeprovisionsofinternationalinstruments.Whatshouldbenoted,   moreover,wasthataninternalmechanismwasinplacetotesthumanrights }  standardsandtheirapplication,notonlyinregardtoordinarylawsbutalso Dp  withrespecttoanyconflictbetweentheConstitutionandinternationalnorms.  7  86. b Ifhehad,inhisearlierstatement,remarkedonanapparent  Eurocentrism,hisconcernsinthatregardhadnowbeenfullyallayed. ` 87. b Agreatdealoftimehadbeenspentonthequestionofarticle27ofthe  CovenantandthespecialsituationinSlovenia,whichwasofconcerntomany  membersoftheCommittee.Heinvitedthedelegationtoconsiderarticle27 | notinisolation,butinconjunctionwitharticles2,3,25and26.He Co submittedthatwhenevertheStatedecidedtoaccordspecialtreatment,it  6 shouldproceedwithcaution;itmightbeusefultoconsulttheCommittee's  jurisprudenceinthematter:wherearightthatwasnotguaranteedbythe  Covenantwasneverthelessprovidedforbylegislation,thenitwasthedutyof _ theStatetoensurethatbyitslegislativeandadministrativebehaviourit &R didnotprovideunequaltreatmentoradvantages.Thatbeingsaid,some  differencesoftreatmentmightbeperfectlyacceptable,andjustifiedby   reasonablecriteria. {! 88. b Hehadalsobeeninterestedbythedelegation'sremarksregarding  5# religiouseducation.TheStatemustensureequaltreatmentandopportunities  $ forpersonsofalldifferentreligionsaswellasrespectforthosewho !% professednoparticularreligiousbeliefs. ^"& 89. b Astothequestionofequalitybetweenmenandwomen,Mrs.Evatthad #( drawnattentiontothehighnumberofwomenjudgesinthecountry.Since $) womengenerallyprovidedthesecondincomeinafamily,hewonderedwhether z% * thesalariesofjudgesinSloveniawereparticularlylow.Thatwasimportant A&m!+ sinceoneaspectofthesecurityoftenureofjudgeswastheirappropriate '4", andguaranteedremuneration.Lastly,hedidnotsharetheconcernsvoiced '"- regardingrestrictionsontherightsofthemilitaryandthepolicein (#. Slovenia.Itslegislationinthatregardseemedtobeinkeepingwith ])$/ article22,paragraph2,andarticle25oftheCovenant. $*P%0 90. b Mr.AGUILARURBINAthankedthedelegationofSloveniafortheadditional +&2 informationrequiredtocomplementitsverybriefreport.Moreinformation y,'3 couldhavebeenprovided,however,onthestatusofwomeninthecountry. @-l(4 Whilehewelcomedthefactthatwomenwerewellrepresentedonthedelegation  andconstituted47percentoftheworkforce,itwasclearthattheyremained  intraditionallyfemaleprofessionsthatwerenotparticularlywellpaid: b forinstancethesalariesofmagistratesandteachersinSloveniawereamong )U thelowestintheworld.Thesameappliedtothemanywomenjudgesinthe  country,whichgaverisetoconcernsregardingtheproperfunctioningofthe  courtsingeneral.Moreover,inthepast,membersofthemagistraturein ~  easternEuropeancountrieshadgenerallynotbeenheldinhighesteem;perhaps E q therewasstillsomestigmaattachedtotheprofessionavestigeofthe  8 formerregime.Littleinformationhadbeengivenontherolewomenplayedin    politicsandhowmanyhadbeenelectedtopoliticaloffice.    91. b Hewasparticularlyconcerned,however,bythedelegation'sremarks (T  totheeffectthatspecialrightswereaccordedtocertainminoritiesfor   practicalreasons.Surelyitwouldbebettertograntequaltreatmenttoall   theminoritygroups,includingthesmalleronesnotspecificallyreferredto }  intheConstitution.Thereseemedtobesomereluctanceonthepartofthe Dp  Statetorecognizetherightsofsuchminorities,especiallythosefromthe  7  RepublicsoftheformerYugoslavia.Inthatconnection,heassociatedhimself   withtheremarksmadebyMr.DimitrijevicandMr.BruniCelli.  92. b Mr.BANsaidthatthedetailedrepliesgivenbythedelegationof 'S Sloveniahadmadeforabetterunderstandingoftheoverallsituationinthe  countryandreflectedtheGovernment'sfirmcommitmenttothecauseofhuman  rights.However,threemainareasofconcernremained.First,hewasnot | entirelysatisfiedwiththeclarificationsprovidedregardingthestatusof Co theCovenant,whichimpliedapossibleconflictbetweentheConstitutionof  6 Sloveniaanditsinternationaltreatyobligations.Second,everyeffort  mustbemadetospeeduptheprocessofratifyingbillsandenactingnew  legislationgiventhenumberofobsoletelawsthatwereinflagrant _ contradictionwiththeprovisionsoftheCovenant,includingthelegislation &R onmandatoryarrest.HesharedtheconcernexpressedbyMr.Lallahandothers  regardingcertaindistinctionsinSlovenelegislationthatcouldleadto   discrimination.HethereforerecommendedathoroughanalysisbytheSlovene {! delegationnotonlyoftheCovenantbutalsooftheCommittee'sgeneral Bn" commentsonspecificarticlesaswellasitsjurisprudenceundertheOptional  5# Protocolsoastoensurethecorrectinterpretationandapplicationofits  $ provisionsinfuture.HehopedthatSlovenia'ssecondperiodicreportwould !% containmoredetailedinformationonthepracticalimplementationofthe ^"& Covenantandtheremediesavailabletopersonswhoserightswereviolated. %#Q' 93. b Mr.PRADOVALLEJOsaidthattheconstructivedialogueheldwiththe $) Slovenedelegationhadhighlightedthegreateffortsmadebythecountryto z% * moveswiftlytowardsdemocracywithbroadranginglegislativereformsand A&m!+ duerespectforhumanrights.Theinitialreportwasnonethelessunduly '4", succinctandhewouldwelcomemoredetailedinformationonthepractical '"- implementationofthenewlegislationinthecountry'ssecondperiodicreport. (#. Whilehewassatisfiedwiththeclarificationsprovidedregardingthestatus ])$/ oftheCovenant,whichtookprecedenceoverdomesticlaw,stepsshouldbe $*P%0 takentocreategreaterawarenessamongthepopulationoftherightsit *&1 enshrined.Hewasparticularlyconcernedbythelegislationthatenabledthe +&2 internalaffairsauthoritiestodetaincitizenswithoutawarrantfortheir y,'3 arrest.Anyindividualdeprivedofhislibertymustbeguaranteeddue @-l(4 protectionandbroughtbeforetheappropriatejudicialauthorities.Although  paragraph25ofthereportindicatedthattheprovisionsconcernedwereno  longerappliedinpractice,inordertoavoidsuchsituationsoccurringin b future,herecommendedthatthelawshouldberepealed.Afurthercauseof )U concernwasthefactthatundercurrentlegislationtheperiodofpreventive  detentioncouldbeextendedbeyondthesixmonthtimelimitoncethejudicial  proceedingswereunderway.Thatseemedtobeatvariancewiththeprinciple ~  ofpresumptionofinnocence.Moreover,thelegislationthatallowedforthe E q detentionofjuvenilesinthesamequartersasadultsmustalsobeamended  8 tobringitintolinewiththeprovisionsofarticle10,paragraph2ofthe    Covenant.Lastly,thescopeofcurrentlegislationrelatingtoeconomic    offenceswastoobroadandmustberedefined,andmoreremediesshouldbemade a   availabletopersonschargedwithsuchoffences. (T  94. b Mr.DIMITRIJEVICsaidthattheoverallpictureofSloveniathathad   emergedfromthedialoguewiththedelegationwasofacountrythat,despite }  itsdifficulties,affordedcitizensadequateprotectionofbasichumanrights. Dp  Hismainconcern,whichprobablyneitherthedelegationnortheGovernment  7  couldaddress,wasthenationalistbiasintheConstitution,aphenomenon   apparentinmanyformercommunistcountries.Althoughlessmarkedin  thecaseofSlovenia,therewasacleardifferentiationintheSlovene ` Constitutionbetweenpersonsofthepredominantnationalityandotherethnic 'S groups.Thedelegation'sreplytoconcernsvoicedinthatconnectionwasthat  article5oftheConstitutionmustbereadinconjunctionwitharticles1,2  and3.If,accordingtoarticle3,SloveniawasindeedaStateofallits | citizens,thenwhydiditprotectonlyautochthonousSloveneethnicminorities Co inneighbouringStates,Sloveneemigrantsandmigrantworkers(art.5)instead  6 ofallitsnationalsresidingabroad?Article5alsostipulatedthatSlovenes  withoutSlovenecitizenshipenjoyedspecialrightsandbenefits;moreover,  fromarticle13hededucedthatpersonsotherthanSlovenescouldnotexercise _ fullpoliticalrights.Inresponsetoqueriesonthenewnationalitylaw,the &R delegationhadindicatedthatSloveneswhohadimmigratedthreegenerations  previouslyhadcertainprivilegesregardingtheacquisitionofSlovene   nationality.WhatofethnicGermansorHungarians,nottomentionMuslimsand {! Croats,whomighthaveleftSloveniaatthattimeforeconomicorpolitical Bn" reasons?Itwasverydifficulttodeterminewhoexactlyweremembersofthe  5# autochthonousSloveneethnicminoritywithoutenteringintodangerouswaters  $ suchasbloodtestingandeugenics.Apersonborninthe1900sunderthe !% Austro-HungarianEmpirewasnotaSloveneinanylegalsense.Sohowcould ^"& theethnicgroupofhisdescendantsbedetermined?Inhisview,the %#Q' nationalistbiasintheConstitutionandlegislationmightbetantamountto #( incipientdiscrimination. $) 95. b Heassociatedhimselfwiththeconcernsexpressedregardingthesituation A&m!+ ofminoritiesandcitedfromparagraph5.2oftheCommittee'sgeneralcomment '4", onarticle27oftheCovenantinthatconnection.Theinformationprovided '"- inthereportinconnectionwitharticle27impliedthatSloveniadidnot (#. recognizeanyminoritygroupsotherthanautochthonousminoritiesa ])$/ distinctionwhichwasnotdrawnintheCovenant.Furthermore,theadditional $*P%0 clarificationsprovidedbythedelegationsuggestedthatthesettlementof *&1 newminoritiescouldbeattributedtopoliticaldevelopments.Hewasmore +&2  inclinedtobelievethatsuchcommunitieshadmovedtothecountryfor_ y,'3 economicreasons.Hewasconfidentthateveryeffortwouldbemadein   Sloveniatoeliminatesuchformsofdiscrimination;inthemeantime,however,  suchaspectsgaverisetograveconcern. b 96. b Mr.EL_SHAFEI_saidthat,despitethelaudableeffortsmadebySlovenia  inthefewyearssinceitsindependencetobasenationallegislationon  constitutionalprinciplesandbringitintolinewithinternationaltreaty ~  obligations,manylawsinforcewereincompatiblewiththeCovenant.Given E q thedelaysintheratificationofcertaindraftlaws,particularlythose  8 relatingtotradeunionsandtherightofassembly,heexpressedsurprisethat    morecomplaintshadnotbeenaddressedtotheConstitutionalCourt.Hehoped    thattheSlovenedelegationwouldconveytheCommittee'sconcernsregarding a   suchmatterstothecompetentauthorities. (T  97. b Hisinitialmisgivingsregardingarticle5oftheConstitutionhadnot   beendispelledbythedelegation'ssubsequentremarkstotheeffectthatthere }  hadbeengraveviolationsagainst_Slovenes_Ԁundertheformerregimewhichthe Dp  newStatefeltobligedtoredress.Heexpressedconcernregardingthe  7  provisioninthatarticlewhichread:"Itlooksaftertheautochthonous   SloveneethnicminoritiesinneighbouringStates,Sloveneemigrantsand  migrantworkers,...";foritmightbeunderstoodasapplyingtoautochthonous ` _Slovenes_Ԁworldwideortomembersofautonomousminoritieswithintheterritory 'S ofotherStates.HewonderedexactlyhowtheStateintendedtoprotectthe  rightsofthosepersons,pointingtothepracticaldifficultiesinvolved,not  tomentiontheimplicationsforinternationalrelations.Furthermore,he | sharedtheconcernexpressedbyMr._Pocar_Ԁregardingpossiblediscrepancies Co betweentheCovenantandtheConstitution.Heunderstood,however,thatsuch  6 problemsstemmedfromtherecentindependenceoftheStateandexpressedthe  hopethattheywouldberesolvedinthenearfuture.Heendorsedmembers'  commentsregardingtheapparentdiscriminationintheSlovenelegislation _ againstcertainminoritygroups.Astothelargenumberoftemporaryrefugees &R inthecountry,apartfromaddressingtheirpracticalproblems,theState  mightwishtolookintothepossibilityofgrantingthemcertainrightsinthe   longerterm. {! 98. b Mr.FRANCISthankedthedelegationfortheadditionalclarifications  5# provided.OnthebasisoftherelevantarticlesoftheConstitution,hewas  $ satisfiedthatinternationaltreatiestookprecedenceoverdomesticlawsin !% Slovenia.HewelcomedthefactthatSloveniahadnotdelayedinratifying ^"& manyhumanrightstreaties,includingtheConventionontheEliminationof %#Q' AllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen