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ÐÌà0 b àòòFourth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andÐ u## ÐNorthernIrelandóó€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð8æ$bü#bü# ÐÌÌ€ÌÌÌÌÌß?€'Ú%sdE+Ú%s?ßà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð P%þ!, ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ Ö&„#. Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ ™'G$/ Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ \( %0 Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Ô_ÔPalaisÔ_Ô€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð )Í%1 ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€Committee€atÐ ¥*S'3 Ðthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ h+(4 Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð +,Ù(5 ÐÌÔå.å.“+±-_*ÔGE.95„17691€€(E)Ð  å.“+7 ÐÑÑâ âÑbRÑщ‰Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@û û “àòòThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€3.05€p.m.óóˆÐ É ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE40€OF€THEÐ O† ÐCOVENANT€(agenda€item€4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð I ÐòòÌFourth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andÐ ˜Ï ÐNorthernIrelandóó€(CCPR/C/95/Add.3;€HRI/CORE/1/Add.5/Rev.1;Ð [ ’ ÐM/CCPR/C/54/LST/UK/4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð  U ÐÌ1.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€Committee€to€continue€consideration€of€theÐ ¤ Û  Ðfourth€periodic€report€of€the€UnitedKingdom€of€GreatBritain€andÐ g ž  ÐNorthernIreland€and€to€raise€any€questions€concerning€which€they€still€neededÐ * a  Ðclarification€after€hearing€the€UnitedKingdom€delegation's€replies€to€theÐ í $  Ðwritten€questions€in€sectionI€of€the€list€of€issues€(M/CCPR/C/54/LST/UK/4).Ð °ç  ÐÌ2.à b àòòMr.€KRETZMERóó€said€that€he€would€first€like€to€ask€about€the€proclamationÐ 6m  Ðof€the€state€of€emergency€in€Northern€Ireland€and€the€measures€relatingÐ ù0  Ðthereto.€€The€fourth€periodic€report€of€the€UnitedKingdom€and€the€informationÐ ¼ó  Ðprovided€by€non-governmental€organizations€appeared€to€indicate€that€theÐ ¶  Ðproclamation€of€the€state€of€emergency€and€the€relevant€legislation€wereÐ By Ðthemselves€part€of€the€problem€of€NorthernIreland.€€That€being€the€case,€whyÐ < Ðwas€the€UnitedKingdom€Government€not€considering€dropping€those€measures€inÐ Èÿ Ðthe€framework€of€the€process€currently€taking€place,€which€should€lead€to€aÐ ‹Â Ðpolitical€settlement€in€NorthernIreland?€€His€second€subject€of€concern€wasÐ N… Ðthe€problem€of€equality€and€non-discrimination.€€Some€members€of€the€CommitteeÐ H Ðhad€observed€that€the€report€did€not€have€much€to€say€about€article26€of€theÐ Ô  ÐCovenant.€€However,€the€report's€treatment€of€articles2(paras.18€to€56)Ð —Î Ðand25(paras.441€to€482)€was€very€revealing€on€the€subject.€€While€it€wasÐ Z‘ Ðtrue€that€the€report€contained€some€positive€elements€in€that€respect,€thereÐ T Ðwere€also€some€fairly€disturbing€ones.€€Ð à ÐÌ3.à b àMr.Lallah€had€referred€to€the€problem€of€attitudes€and€perceptions,Ð f Ðwhich€was€particularly€difficult€in€the€law€enforcement€context.€€According€toÐ )`  Ðthe€report,€5.5percent€of€the€inhabitants€of€the€United€Kingdom€appeared€toÐ ì#! Ðbelong€to€ethnic€minorities,€but€in€the€prison€population€that€proportionÐ ¯æ" Ðwas12percent€for€men€and€14percent€for€women.€€On€the€other€hand,€membersÐ r©# Ðof€ethnic€minorities€accounted€for€1.5per€cent€of€police€personnel,€and€theyÐ 5 l$ Ðwere€employed€only€in€middle€and€lower-level€posts.€€He€drew€the€Stateparty'sÐ ø /% Ðattention€to€the€Committee's€general€comment18€(on€non-discrimination),€onÐ »!ò& Ðwhich€Statesparties€were€asked€to€take€measures€to€ensure€equality€of€rightsÐ ~"µ' Ðin€practice.€€According€to€information€available€to€the€members€of€theÐ A#x( ÐCommittee,€members€of€ethnic€minorities€who€had€joined€the€police€forceÐ $;) Ðappeared€to€have€been€the€target€of€racist€attitudes€on€the€part€of€theirÐ Ç$þ* Ðcolleagues€and,€in€May1993,€an€industrial€tribunal€had€awarded€ð ð25,000€inÐ Š%Á + Ðdamages€to€a€police€officer€who€had€been€the€victim€of€42incidents€involvingÐ M&„!, Ðdiscrimination€or€harassment€by€a€total€of€60€of€his€colleagues.€€He€wouldÐ 'G"- Ðlike€to€know€what€measures€were€being€been€taken€to€increase€the€number€ofÐ Ó' #. Ðpolice€officers€belonging€to€ethnic€minorities,€especially€in€middle€andÐ –(Í#/ Ðhigher-level€posts,€and€to€create€conditions€such€that€when€members€of€ethnicÐ Y)$0 Ðminorities€joined€the€police,€they€would€not€be€the€victims€of€racistÐ *S%1 Ðpractices€by€some€of€their€colleagues.Ð ß*&2 Ðâ âÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ð4.à b àòòMr.€ANDOóó€said€he€wished€to€express€satisfaction€at€the€recent€turn€ofÐ É Ðevents€in€NorthernIreland,€to€which€the€UnitedKingdom€delegation€had€madeÐ ŒÃ Ðreference€in€its€preliminary€statement.Ð O† Ðâ âÌ5.à b àHis€remarks€would€relate€to€the€reservations€entered€by€theÐ Õ  ÐUnitedKingdom€when€it€had€ratified€the€Covenant,€which€he€would€be€temptedÐ ˜Ï Ðtodescribe€as€"umbrella€reservations"€or€"framework€reservations".€€ThatÐ [ ’ Ðapplied,€for€example,€to€the€second€reservation€entered€by€the€UnitedKingdomÐ  U Ðupon€ratification€(CCPR/C/2/Rev.4,€p.38),€according€to€which€the€GovernmentÐ á  Ðof€the€United€Kingdom€reserved€the€right€to€apply€to€members€of,€and€personsÐ ¤ Û  Ðserving€with,€the€armed€forces€of€the€Crown€and€to€persons€lawfully€detainedÐ g ž  Ðin€penal€establishments€of€whatever€character€such€laws€and€procedures€as€theyÐ * a  Ðmight€from€time€to€time€deem€to€be€necessary€for€the€preservation€of€serviceÐ í $  Ðand€custodial€discipline.€€That€clause€appeared€to€be€too€broad,€and€itsÐ °ç  Ðconsequences€could€not€really€be€gauged.€€The€same€was€true€of€immigrationÐ sª  Ðprocedures.Ð 6m  ÐÌ6.à b àThe€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdom€had€entered€six€reservationsÐ ¼ó  Ðrelating€to€various€articles€of€the€Covenant.€€With€regard€to€the€reservationÐ ¶  Ðto€article10,€paragraph3,€concerning€prison€conditions,€he€endorsedÐ By ÐMr.Bn's€remarks.€€Regarding€Jersey,€a€reservation€had€been€entered€inÐ < Ðrespect€of€article11,€which€concerned€imprisonment€for€non-fulfilment€of€aÐ Èÿ Ðcontractual€obligation.€€The€reservation€concerning€implementation€ofÐ ‹Â Ðarticle14,€paragraph3(d),€on€the€guarantee€of€free€legal€assistance€toÐ N… Ðeveryone€charged€with€a€criminal€offence,€applied€to€certain€dependentÐ H Ðterritories,€but€it€was€none€the€less€a€reservation.€€And€the€Government€ofÐ Ô  Ðthe€UnitedKingdom€reserved€to€itself€the€right€to€defer€implementation€ofÐ —Î Ðarticle23,€paragraph3,€with€regard€to€a€small€number€of€customary€marriagesÐ Z‘ Ðcelebrated€in€the€Solomon€Islands.€€He€was€well€aware€of€the€difficultiesÐ T Ðinvolved€in€making€the€rights€and€traditions€of€indigenous€peoples€compatibleÐ à Ðwith€international€standards,€but€in€view€of€the€fact€that€it€was€simply€aÐ £Ú Ðquestion€of€"deferring"€the€implementation€of€that€provision€of€the€Covenant,Ð f Ðhe€would€like€to€know€whether€there€had€been€any€change€in€the€situation.€€Ð )`  ÐÌ7.à b àThe€UnitedKingdom€delegation€had€explained€that€the€Government'sÐ ¯æ" Ðposition€on€reservations€was€considerably€different€from€that€of€theÐ r©# ÐCommittee.€€The€Vienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties€laid€down€the€rule€ofÐ 5 l$ Ðcompatibility€of€the€reservation€with€the€goals€and€objectives€of€the€treaty,Ð ø /% Ðwhich€was€for€each€State€party€to€determine.€€However,€that€applied€toÐ »!ò& Ðordinary€treaties,€i.e.€those€governing€relations€between€States,€on€the€basisÐ ~"µ' Ðof€reciprocity.€€Human€rights€treaties€and€conventions,€on€the€other€hand,Ð A#x( Ðwere€commitments€made€by€the€State€party€to€treat€everyone€under€itsÐ $;) Ðjurisdiction€„€nationals€or€foreigners€„€in€conformity€with€certainÐ Ç$þ* Ðinternational€standards,€which€were€in€many€cases€minimum€requirements€ofÐ Š%Á + Ðinternational€society.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€based€itself€on€theÐ M&„!, Ðassumption€that€the€State€party's€commitment€was€not€so€much€towards€otherÐ 'G"- ÐStates€parties€as€towards€its€own€inhabitants.€€On€that€question,€he€awaitedÐ Ó' #. Ðwith€interest€the€written€document€explaining€the€position€of€theÐ –(Í#/ ÐUnitedKingdom€Government€regarding€reservations€to€human€rights€treaties.Ð Y)$0 ÐÌ8.à b àòòMr.€BHAGWATIóó€said€that€he€was€not€fully€convinced€by€the€arguments€putÐ ß*&2 Ðforward€in€the€United€Kingdom€report€in€support€of€the€view€that€theÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðincorporation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€was€notÐ e,œ'4 Ðnecessary€to€ensure€that€the€State€party's€obligations€under€that€instrumentÐ (-_(5 Ðwere€reflected€in€the€deliberations€of€Government€and€of€the€courtsÐ É Ð(CCPR/C/95/Add.3,€para.5).€€In€his€view,€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€CovenantÐ ŒÃ Ðmust€be€included€in€UnitedKingdom€domestic€law€in€order€to€be€implemented€byÐ O† ÐUnitedKingdom€courts€and€invoked€by€individuals€whose€rights€had€beenÐ I Ðviolated.€€In€the€common-law€tradition,€judges€had€used€the€procedure€ofÐ Õ  Ðrecognition€to€develop€a€series€of€new€individual€rights,€while€taking€careÐ ˜Ï Ðnot€to€establish€new€legislation.€€But€the€power€of€the€common-law€system€toÐ [ ’ Ðguarantee€the€various€aspects€of€a€broad€spectrum€of€human€rights€had€itsÐ  U Ðlimits.€€His€question€was€therefore€the€following:€€could€it€be€stated€thatÐ á  Ðall€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant€were€already€covered€by€common€law?€Ð ¤ Û  ÐMr.Lallah€had€provided€several€examples€demonstrating€the€contrary,€whichÐ g ž  Ðtended€to€prove€that€it€was€necessary€to€incorporate€certain€rights€intoÐ * a  Ðdomestic€legislation.Ð í $  ÐÌ9.à b àMoreover,€protection€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant€could€not€beÐ sª  Ðdependent€on€the€opinion€of€a€simple€majority€in€Parliament;€it€must€receiveÐ 6m  Ðmore€durable€support,€which€could€only€be€given€by€incorporating€those€rightsÐ ù0  Ðinto€domestic€law.€€The€UnitedKingdom€argued€that€individuals€whose€humanÐ ¼ó  Ðrights€had€been€violated€could€turn€to€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights,€butÐ ¶  Ðthat€was€a€lengthy,€difficult€and€costly€procedure.Ð By ÐÌ10.à b àLike€other€members€of€the€Committee,€he€believed€it€was€important€thatÐ Èÿ Ðthe€periodic€reports€which€the€UnitedKingdom€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ ‹Â Ðshould€be€made€available€to€the€public;€they€should€be€made€available€toÐ N… Ðnon-governmental€organizations€in€particular,€in€order€to€help€for€them€toÐ H Ðcontribute€to€the€dialogue€between€the€Government€and€the€Committee€byÐ Ô  Ðproviding€the€Committee€with€information€in€writing.Ð —Î ÐÌ11.à b àLastly,€he€was€disturbed€at€the€resurgence€of€racially-motivated€crimesÐ T Ðand€assaults€in€recent€years€and€would€like€to€know€what€measures€theÐ à ÐGovernment€had€taken€in€that€connection.€€He€was€surprised€that,€despiteÐ £Ú Ðinquiries€into€certain€murders€and€assassinations€perpetrated€by€armedÐ f Ðsupporters€of€the€"loyalists"€in€NorthernIreland,€no€suspects€had€yet€beenÐ )`  Ðprosecuted.€€That€was€a€problem€which€the€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdomÐ ì#! Ðshould€look€into.Ð ¯æ" ÐÌ12.à b àòòMr.€BRUNI€CELLIóó€noted€a€positive€development€in€paragraph€8€of€the€reportÐ 5 l$ Ð(CCPR/C/95/Add.3),€in€which€the€Government€announced€that€it€intended€to€makeÐ ø /% Ðthe€text€of€the€report€and€the€summary€record€of€the€oral€examination€by€theÐ »!ò& ÐCommittee€widely€available,€and€that€copies€of€both€would€be€placed€in€theÐ ~"µ' ÐLibraries€of€both€Houses€of€Parliament€and€made€freely€available€to€anyone€whoÐ A#x( Ðwished€to€receive€a€copy.Ð $;) ÐÌ13.à b àHe€endorsed€the€remarks€of€other€members€of€the€Committee€concerning€theÐ Š%Á + Ðincorporation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€and€theÐ M&„!, Ðratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€He€wished€to€refer€to€the€issue€of€theÐ 'G"- Ðteaching€of€languages€other€than€English€in€the€United€Kingdom,€which€theÐ Ó' #. Ðreport€dealt€with€under€article27.€€He€noted€with€satisfaction€what€was€beingÐ –(Í#/ Ðdone€in€Wales€in€support€of€the€Welsh€language,€notably€through€televisionÐ Y)$0 Ðprogrammes€in€Welsh,€for€which€the€Government€provided€an€annual€subsidy€ofÐ *S%1 Ðabout€ð ð55million€and€which€accounted€for€an€average€of€104hours€a€week€ofÐ ß*&2 ÐBBC€broadcasting.€€The€promotion€of€the€Gaelic€language€in€Scotland€alsoÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðreceived€subsidies€of€ð ð8.7million€a€year.€€That€being€the€case,€he€wasÐ e,œ'4 Ðsurprised€not€to€find€any€information€about€an€equivalent€policy€of€supportÐ (-_(5 Ðfor€the€Irish€language.€€Was€that€indicative€of€discrimination€connected€withÐ É Ðthe€current€conflict?Ð ŒÃ ÐÌ14.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(United€Kingdom)€said€that€there€was€undeniably€aÐ I Ðfundamental€difference€between€the€position€of€his€Government€on€theÐ Õ  Ðincorporation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€legislation€andÐ ˜Ï Ðthat€of€the€Committee,€which€attached€more€importance€to€the€practicalÐ [ ’ Ðadvantages€of€incorporation.€€The€main€problem€lay€in€the€conception€of€commonÐ  U Ðlaw€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€In€that€connection€he€cited€the€statement€in€whichÐ á  Ða€member€of€the€HouseofLords€had€in€January€1995€expressed€pride€in€theÐ ¤ Û  Ðconception€of€human€rights€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€which€was€different€fromÐ g ž  Ðthat€of€many€other€countries.€€That€difference€related€to€the€fact€thatÐ * a  Ðcitizens€did€not€have€to€identify€any€right€in€order€to€justify€their€conduct;Ð í $  Ðthe€emphasis€was€rather€on€freedom,€citizens€having€complete€freedom€ofÐ °ç  Ðconduct€unless€restrained€by€law.€€It€was€for€an€individual€who€consideredÐ sª  Ðthat€his€rights€had€been€violated€by€someone€else's€behaviour€to€invoke€theÐ 6m  Ðlaw€that€imposed€restrictions€on€that€freedom.€€British€citizens€did€not€needÐ ù0  Ðto€have€their€rights€and€freedoms€listed,€since€they€had€them€in€any€case.Ð ¼ó  ÐÌ15.à b àSome€members€of€the€Committee€had€dwelt€on€the€statistics€relating€toÐ By Ðcases€involving€the€UnitedKingdom€which€had€been€dealt€with€by€theÐ < Ðinstitutions€established€under€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€€InÐ Èÿ Ðorder€to€get€a€clear€idea€of€the€situation,€however,€it€was€not€sufficient€toÐ ‹Â Ðlook€at€the€number€of€cases€dealt€with€and€the€outcome€of€the€proceedings;Ð N… Ðaccount€must€also€be€taken€of€the€number€of€years€that€had€elapsed€since€theÐ H ÐStateparty€had€signed€the€instrument€in€question€and€the€relative€size€of€itsÐ Ô  Ðpopulation.€€If€those€parameters€were€taken€into€account,€the€UnitedKingdom'sÐ —Î Ðrecord€compared€extremely€well€with€other€countries;€it€was€in€fourteenth€orÐ Z‘ Ðfifteenth€place€out€of€30€countries.€€What€was€more,€it€was€interesting€toÐ T Ðnote€that€most€of€the€countries€with€lower€ratings€than€the€UnitedKingdom€hadÐ à Ðin€fact€incorporated€the€European€Convention€into€their€domestic€law.€€In€hisÐ £Ú ÐGovernment's€view,€that€clearly€showed€that€too€much€importance€should€not€beÐ f Ðattached€to€incorporation€as€a€means€of€providing€practical€remedies€toÐ )`  Ðindividuals.Ð ì#! ÐÌ16.à b àReference€had€also€been€made€to€the€length€of€the€procedures.€€HisÐ r©# Ðdelegation€submitted€that€alleged€violations€of€the€European€Convention€wereÐ 5 l$ Ðunlikely€to€be€resolved€more€quickly€through€incorporation.€€That€was€clearlyÐ ø /% Ðindicated€by€the€statistics€on€cases€examined€in€Strasbourg.€€Concluding€hisÐ »!ò& Ðobservations€on€that€question,€he€assured€members€that€the€Government'sÐ ~"µ' Ðposition€on€the€incorporation€of€the€provisions€of€an€international€instrumentÐ A#x( Ðinto€domestic€law€had€been€given€careful€thought€and€was€the€result€of€aÐ $;) Ðdetailed€study;€he€would€make€a€point€of€transmitting€the€Committee's€commentsÐ Ç$þ* Ðto€the€UnitedKingdom€authorities.Ð Š%Á + ÐÌ17.à b àConcerning€the€protection€of€rights€in€NorthernIreland,€he€pointed€outÐ 'G"- Ðthat€the€various€components€of€the€UnitedKingdom€had€different€legal€systemsÐ Ó' #. Ðand€were€free€to€develop€legislation€which€reflected€their€own€needs€andÐ –(Í#/ Ðcircumstances.€€It€would€be€agreed€that€that€was€a€rather€positive€element,Ð Y)$0 Ðreflecting€the€freedom€given€to€those€communities€to€decide€their€own€affairs,Ð *S%1 Ðwithin€the€framework€of€the€general€principles€that€applied€to€theÐ ß*&2 ÐUnitedKingdom€as€a€whole.€€As€to€the€question€whether€there€was€a€timetableÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðfor€extending€safeguards€against€racial€discrimination€in€NorthernIreland,Ð e,œ'4 Ðhis€delegation€had€nothing€to€add€to€what€it€had€already€said,€save€thatÐ (-_(5 Ðintensive€consultations€had€already€taken€place€and€would€continue€on€thatÐ É Ðquestion,€and€that€they€would€lead€to€detailed€proposals€which€would€beÐ ŒÃ Ðannounced€as€soon€as€possible.Ð O† ÐÌ18.à b àQuestions€had€also€been€asked€about€possible€further€safeguards€for€humanÐ Õ  Ðrights€in€general€in€NorthernIreland.€€In€that€connection,€he€referred€to€theÐ ˜Ï Ðdocuments€he€had€already€mentioned€in€his€opening€statement.€€Paragraph12€ofÐ [ ’ Ðthe€document€entitled,€"A€Framework€for€Accountable€Government€inÐ  U ÐNorthernIreland"€set€out€plans€for€reinforcing€the€protection€for€specifiedÐ á  Ðcivil,€social€and€cultural€rights,€especially€in€areas€within€the€competenceÐ ¤ Û  Ðof€the€new€political€institutions€and€on€the€basis€of€principles€to€be€agreedÐ g ž  Ðin€consultations€between€the€parties.€€The€means€of€such€protection€wouldÐ * a  Ðaccord€with€the€constitutional€arrangements€of€the€UnitedKingdom€and€wouldÐ í $  Ðbuild€on€existing€safeguards.Ð °ç  ÐÌ19.à b àParagraph50€of€the€document€entitled€"A€New€Framework€for€Agreement"Ð 6m  Ðstated€that€the€agreement€between€the€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdom€and€theÐ ù0  ÐGovernment€of€the€Republic€of€Ireland€would€include€an€undertaking€to€ensureÐ ¼ó  Ðthe€systematic€and€effective€protection€of€common€specified€rights,€and€thatÐ ¶  Ðthe€two€Governments€would€seek€agreement€with€the€political€parties€ofÐ By ÐNorthernIreland€on€the€rights€to€be€specified€and€how€they€might€best€beÐ < Ðfurther€protected.€€There€was€an€additional€undertaking€to€introduceÐ Èÿ Ðlegislation€to€give€effect€to€whatever€agreement€was€reached.€€Among€theÐ ‹Â Ðadditional€means€of€protection€were€the€appointment€of€commissioners€or€bodiesÐ N… Ðto€oversee€particular€areas€of€possible€concern€and€the€introduction€ofÐ H Ðmachinery€to€ensure€that€draft€legislation€conformed€to€existing€internationalÐ Ô  Ðobligations€or€the€model€of€the€NorthernIreland€Constitution€Act€of€1973,Ð —Î Ðwhich€made€invalid€any€law€attempting€to€discriminate€on€the€grounds€ofÐ Z‘ Ðreligious€belief€or€political€opinion.Ð T ÐÌ20.à b àLastly,€his€Government€believed€that€the€best€interests€of€Scotland€andÐ £Ú ÐWales,€whose€situation€was€in€no€way€comparable€with€that€of€NorthernIreland,Ð f Ðwere€served€by€direct€representation€in€the€central€Government,€while€alsoÐ )`  Ðproviding€them€with€large€measures€of€autonomy€at€the€local€level.€€That€wasÐ ì#! Ðwhy€Scotland€and€Wales€each€had€a€Secretary€of€State€in€the€Cabinet€withÐ ¯æ" Ðsubstantial€responsibilities€for€policy.€€In€addition,€in€response€toÐ r©# Ðconcerns,€especially€Scottish€concerns,€the€Government€had€changed€certainÐ 5 l$ Ðparliamentary€procedures.€€The€development€of€government€in€Scotland€and€WalesÐ ø /% Ðwas€the€subject€of€continuing€political€debate€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€but€hisÐ »!ò& ÐGovernment€would€continue€clearly€to€assert€its€belief€in€the€value€for€theÐ ~"µ' Ðpeople€of€Scotland€and€Wales€of€the€continuation€of€the€Union.Ð A#x( ÐÌ21.à b àòòMrs.€EVANSóó€(UnitedKingdom)€said€that€she€would€like€to€speak€about€theÐ Ç$þ* Ðquestion€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant,€which€the€UnitedKingdomÐ Š%Á + Ðhad€not€ratified.€€The€members€of€the€Committee€had€put€forward€someÐ M&„!, Ðattractive€arguments€in€favour€of€ratification,€the€main€one€being€that€theÐ 'G"- ÐCovenant€and€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€protected€differentÐ Ó' #. Ðrights€and€therefore,€according€to€some€members,€there€might€be€gaps€in€theÐ –(Í#/ Ðprotection€of€rights€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€Obviously€a€comparative€analysisÐ Y)$0 Ðof€the€two€instruments€could€be€made,€but€that€would€not€be€an€entirelyÐ *S%1 Ðprofitable€exercise.€€At€the€risk€of€oversimplification,€it€might€be€said€thatÐ ß*&2 Ðalthough€some€rights€were€not€guaranteed€in€the€European€Convention,€that€didÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðnot€mean€that€an€individual€could€not€bring€a€complaint€for€violation€of€aÐ e,œ'4 Ðright€set€forth€in€the€Covenant€and€not€in€the€Convention€(e.g.in€art.10,Ð (-_(5 Ðart.14,€art.23,€para.1,€art.24€and€art.27€of€the€Covenant)€under€aÐ É Ðsimilar€article€of€the€Convention.€€Other€rights€were€covered€by€bothÐ ŒÃ Ðinstruments,€but€not€in€identical€terms.€€That€was€the€case€with€article2,Ð O† Ðparagraphs2€and€3,€and€article7€of€the€Covenant.€€It€should€be€borne€in€mindÐ I Ðthat€the€Bill€of€Rights€of€1689€outlawed€cruel€and€unusual€punishmentÐ Õ  Ð(corresponding€to€art.10€of€the€Covenant),€and€a€recent€case€concerningÐ ˜Ï Ðprison€conditions€clearly€showed€that€it€was€possible€for€the€courts€of€theÐ [ ’ ÐUnitedKingdom€to€consider,€by€reference€to€the€Bill€of€Rights,€questions€thatÐ  U Ðwere€not€set€forth€in€the€European€Convention.€€In€addition,€the€EuropeanÐ á  ÐConvention€made€provision€for€property€rights,€about€which€the€Covenant€wasÐ ¤ Û  Ðsilent.€€In€any€event,€although€an€individual€might€not€be€able€to€seize€theÐ g ž  ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights€in€Strasbourg€because€the€Convention€didÐ * a  Ðnot€contain€provisions€enabling€him€to€do€so€(whereas€the€Covenant€wouldÐ í $  Ðenable€him€to€seize€the€Human€Rights€Committee),€that€individual€was€notÐ °ç  Ðwithout€a€remedy.€€In€the€case€of€prison€conditions,€for€example,€he€couldÐ sª  Ðaddress€himself€to€the€boards€of€visitors€of€prisons,€the€Secretary€of€StateÐ 6m  Ðor,€since€1994,€the€Prisons€Ombudsman€or€his€counterpart€in€Scotland.Ð ù0  ÐÌ22.à b àAs€to€other€rights,€the€law€provided€comprehensive€protection€forÐ ¶  Ðchildren,€and€the€race€relations€and€sex€discrimination€legislation€alsoÐ By Ðprovided€safeguards.€€There€were€abundant€examples€of€remedies€available€toÐ < Ðindividuals€for€enforcing€their€rights,€but€she€would€focus€on€two€areasÐ Èÿ Ðmentioned€by€one€member€of€the€Committee-immigration€and€privacy.Ð ‹Â ÐÌ23.à b àRegarding€immigration,€it€had€been€asked€how€the€right€to€takeÐ H Ðproceedings€before€a€court,€set€forth€in€article9,€paragraph4,€of€theÐ Ô  ÐCovenant,€was€guaranteed.€€Powers€of€detention€in€relation€to€immigration€wereÐ —Î Ðset€forth€in€the€Immigration€Act€of€1971.€€Detention€in€such€cases€was€notÐ Z‘ Ðsubject€to€a€prior€decision€by€a€court€and€could€be€resorted€to€pendingÐ T Ðcompletion€of€the€investigation€into€whether€the€person€in€question€should€beÐ à Ðgranted€leave€to€enter€the€UnitedKingdom€or€in€connection€with€a€deportationÐ £Ú Ðprovision.€€Continued€detention€was€only€lawful€if€the€particularÐ f Ðcircumstances€fell€within€any€of€those€powers;€the€remedy€of€habeascorpusÐ )`  Ðremained€available€to€challenge€detention€based€on€those€powers.Ð ì#! ÐÌ24.à b àRemedies€were€also€available€to€anyone€who€believed€that€his€right€toÐ r©# Ðprivacy€had€been€violated.€€The€issue€of€press€freedom€and€individual€privacyÐ 5 l$ Ðpresented€a€difficult€balance€to€be€struck.€€Two€reports€had€recently€beenÐ ø /% Ðpublished€in€the€UnitedKingdom€and€considered€by€the€Government:€€one€dealtÐ »!ò& Ðwith€the€question€of€press€self-regulation€and€the€other€with€privacy€andÐ ~"µ' Ðmedia€intrusion.Ð A#x( ÐÌ25.à b àThe€Government€had€just€issued€its€conclusions€after€a€carefulÐ Ç$þ* Ðconsideration€of€the€two€reports.€€It€had€announced€that,€in€its€view,€itÐ Š%Á + Ðwould€not€be€right€to€legislate€in€order€to€control€the€press€and€it€hadÐ M&„!, Ðtherefore€rejected€the€proposals€(made€in€the€reports)€to€set€up€a€statutoryÐ 'G"- Ðpress€complaints€tribunal€or€a€statutory€press€ombudsman.€€It€had€alsoÐ Ó' #. Ðrejected€the€idea€of€establishing€particular€criminal€offences€or€a€new€civil€Ð  –(Í#/ Ðremedy€for€infringement€of€privacy.€€At€the€same€time,€it€had€recommendedÐ É Ðimproving€press€self-regulation€and€further€improvements€in€the€publicÐ ŒÃ Ðinterest.Ð O† ÐÌ26.à b àGenerally€speaking,€her€Government€considered€the€Optional€Protocol€to€beÐ Õ  Ðjust€that:€€optional.€€Regarding€article27€of€the€Covenant,€for€example,€itÐ ˜Ï Ðconsidered€that€the€procedure€set€forth€by€the€Optional€Protocol€was€not€theÐ [ ’ Ðmost€appropriate€way€to€examine€issues€concerning€group€rights,€and€that€theÐ  U Ðarticle€raised€social€and€cultural€issues€which€were€better€dealt€with€in€theÐ á  Ðframework€of€the€periodic€reporting€system.€€Her€country's€position€on€theÐ ¤ Û  ÐOptional€Protocol€must€be€seen€against€the€background€of€the€rights€andÐ g ž  Ðfreedoms€guaranteed€by€the€British€system;€they€could€only€be€removed€orÐ * a  Ðrestricted€by€express€legislative€provisions.€€To€the€extent€that€theÐ í $  ÐUnitedKingdom€considered€that€specific€further€rights€should€be€conferred€onÐ °ç  Ðindividuals,€it€had€taken€the€necessary€measures,€but€it€did€not€consider€theÐ sª  ÐOptional€Protocol€an€appropriate€means€for€securing€any€additional€protectionÐ 6m  Ðof€rights.Ð ù0  ÐÌ27.à b àRegarding€the€reservations€made€by€the€UnitedKingdom€to€certain€articlesÐ ¶  Ðof€the€Covenant,€she€invited€the€Committee€to€await€consideration€of€theÐ By Ðreport€on€the€dependent€territories€before€dealing€with€the€reservations€toÐ < Ðarticle11,€article14,€paragraph3(d),€and€article23,€paragraph4.€€As€toÐ Èÿ Ðthe€other€reservations,€the€UnitedKingdom€had€carefully€reviewed€the€groundsÐ ‹Â Ðfor€the€reservations€to€articles10,€12€and€24€of€the€Covenant,€together€withÐ N… Ðthe€general€reservation€on€military€and€custodial€discipline,€and€hadÐ H Ðconcluded€that€they€should€be€maintained.Ð Ô  ÐÌ28.à b àConcerning€the€reservation€to€article10,€it€should€first€of€all€beÐ Z‘ Ðpointed€out€that€her€Government€supported€the€general€principle,€laid€downÐ T Ðinarticle10,€paragraphs2(b)€and3,€that€detained€juveniles€should€beÐ à Ðseparated€from€adults.€€However,€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€there€was€a€thirdÐ £Ú Ðagegroup,€i.e.young€adults€aged€between18€and20.€€Sentenced€maleÐ f Ðoffenderswere€as€a€rule€held€in€separate€prison€premises,€although€in€someÐ )`  Ðcircumstances€it€was€deemed€necessary€to€depart€from€that€principle,€in€theÐ ì#! Ðinterest€of€the€juveniles€themselves,€for€example€in€order€to€allow€access€toÐ ¯æ" Ðparticular€facilities.€€Accused€15to€17-year-olds€awaiting€trial€and18Ð r©# Ðto20-year-olds€in€the€same€situation€were€regularly€held€together€in€order€toÐ 5 l$ Ðprovide€them€with€a€reasonably€large€social€group.€€Young€people€aged15€to17Ð ø /% Ðcould€only€mix€with€prisoners€aged21€or€over€in€very€limited€circumstancesÐ »!ò& Ðand€under€strict€supervision.Ð ~"µ' ÐÌ29.à b àThe€UnitedKingdom€had€entered€reservations€to€article12,€paragraphs1Ð $;) Ðand€4,€and€continued€to€consider€them€necessary,€as€only€British€citizens€hadÐ Ç$þ* Ðan€absolute€right€of€entry€and€of€abode€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€All€otherÐ Š%Á + Ðpersons€entering€the€UnitedKingdom€were€subject€to€immigration€control.€€AsÐ M&„!, Ðthere€were€no€plans€to€remove€that€control,€the€reservation€remainedÐ 'G"- Ðappropriate.€€The€reservation€to€article12,€paragraph4,€was€based€on€similarÐ Ó' #. Ðgrounds.€€Those€matters€were€of€great€importance€to€the€UnitedKingdom,€whichÐ –(Í#/ Ðwished€to€spell€out€the€limits€on€its€international€obligations€in€order€toÐ Y)$0 Ðdischarge€them€more€effectively.Ð *S%1 ÐÌÐ  ¢+Ù&3 Ð30.à b àThe€UnitedKingdom€could€not€accept€without€reservation€article24,Ð É Ðparagraph3,€as€the€1981€Nationality€Act€did€not€provide€for€BritishÐ ŒÃ Ðcitizenship€to€be€acquired€as€of€right€by€birth€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€ToÐ O† Ðacquire€British€citizenship€automatically,€children€must€be€born€to€BritishÐ I Ðcitizens€or€to€parents€who€were€settled€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€The€Act€gaveÐ Õ  Ðcitizenship€to€children€born€stateless€provided€they€had€a€connection€with€theÐ ˜Ï ÐUnitedKingdom€through€residence€or€parentage.Ð [ ’ ÐÌ31.à b àWith€regard€to€the€general€reservation€concerning€the€preservation€ofÐ á  Ðservice€and€custodial€discipline,€her€Government€believed€that€if€any€measureÐ ¤ Û  Ðadopted€with€the€aim€of€preserving€discipline€was€in€conflict€with€theÐ g ž  ÐCovenant,€procedures€authorized€by€UnitedKingdom€law€should€prevail.€€ThatÐ * a  Ðgeneral€reservation€was€justified€by€the€need€to€authorize€measures€that€wereÐ í $  Ðindispensable€to€ensure€the€effectiveness€of€the€armed€forces€and€necessarilyÐ °ç  Ðentailed€restrictions€on€individual€freedom.€€Similarly,€custodial€disciplineÐ sª  Ðwas€considered€to€be€of€the€highest€importance,€in€particular€when€it€wasÐ 6m  Ðnecessary€to€prevent€the€spread€of€insubordination.Ð ù0  ÐÌ32.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(UnitedKingdom),€concluding€his€delegation's€observationsÐ ¶  Ðon€the€question€of€reservations,€requested€the€Committee€to€bear€in€mind€thatÐ By Ðhis€Government€had€not€adopted€an€unthinking€attitude€but€had€given€seriousÐ < Ðthought€to€all€the€implications€of€withdrawing€its€reservations€beforeÐ Èÿ Ðdeciding€to€maintain€them.Ð ‹Â ÐÌ33.à b àIn€the€case€of€article26€of€the€Covenant,€his€Government's€approach€wasÐ H Ðcertainly€different€from€that€of€the€Committee,€which€had€a€differentÐ Ô  Ðinterpretation€of€the€ambit€of€the€article.€€In€the€view€of€British€jurists,Ð —Î Ðthe€article€was€essentially€about€the€rule€of€law.€€Notwithstanding€thatÐ Z‘ Ðdivergence€of€views,€the€UnitedKingdom€delegations€which€had€participated€inÐ T Ðthe€consideration€of€the€successive€periodic€reports€had€always€tried€to€beÐ à Ðforthcoming€about€the€question€of€equality€and€non-discrimination,€even€ifÐ £Ú Ðthey€had€done€so€not€under€article26,€but€under€articles2€and€25.€€TheÐ f Ðauthors€of€the€fourth€periodic€report€could€certainly€have€given€greaterÐ )`  Ðattention€to€the€numerous€measures€adopted€to€combat€discrimination€than€theyÐ ì#! Ðhad€actually€done,€and€his€delegation€would€certainly€think€further€about€howÐ ¯æ" Ðthe€Committee€could€in€the€next€report€be€fully€informed€of€the€action€takenÐ r©# Ðin€that€sphere.Ð 5 l$ ÐÌ34.à b àIn€the€UnitedKingdom,€all€non-governmental€organizations€that€wished€toÐ »!ò& Ðdo€so€took€part€in€public€life.€€It€was€true€that€they€had€not€been€directlyÐ ~"µ' Ðinvolved€in€preparing€the€fourth€periodic€report,€nor€had€its€preparation€beenÐ A#x( Ðthe€subject€of€any€parliamentary€procedure.€€However,€copies€of€the€report€hadÐ $;) Ðbeen€placed€in€the€libraries€of€the€Houses€of€Parliament,€the€British€LibraryÐ Ç$þ* Ðand€other€deposit€libraries€on€the€day€of€its€submission€to€theÐ Š%Á + ÐUnitedNations.€€Once€it€had€been€written,€the€report€had€been€the€subject€ofÐ M&„!, Ða€parliamentary€debate,€and€any€citizen€who€wished€to€do€so€could€acquaintÐ 'G"- Ðhimself€with€it.€€Copies€had€also€been€sent€as€a€matter€of€course€to€the€mainÐ Ó' #. ÐBritish€non-governmental€organizations€and€to€any€others€that€had€expressed€anÐ –(Í#/ Ðinterest,€and,€on€request€and€free€of€charge,€to€any€interested€members€of€theÐ Y)$0 Ðpublic.€€There€were€plans€to€make€the€report€available€on€the€Internet.€€TheÐ *S%1 Ðsummary€records€of€the€meetings€devoted€to€consideration€of€the€fourthÐ ß*&2 Ðperiodic€report€would€also€be€made€widely€available.Ð ¢+Ù&3 Ðâ âÐ e,œ'4 Ð35.à b àOne€member€of€the€Committee€had€inquired€why€no€report€on€theÐ É Ðâ âinvestigation€carried€out€by€Mr.Stalker€in€NorthernIreland€had€beenÐ ŒÃ Ðpublished.€€The€investigation€had€been€a€criminal€one,€and€it€was€quite€clearÐ O† Ðthat€if€its€findings€had€been€made€public,€persons€who€had€been€prepared€toÐ I Ðtestify€in€connection€with€the€investigation€would€no€longer€have€beenÐ Õ  Ðprepared€to€do€so€and€would€even€have€been€in€grave€danger.€€However,€it€wasÐ ˜Ï Ðas€a€result€of€prosecutions€of€police€officers€following€a€number€of€deathsÐ [ ’ Ðin1982€that€Mr.Stalker€had€been€given€the€task€of€carrying€out€hisÐ  U Ðinvestigation.€€It€was€the€independent€Director€of€Public€Prosecutions€forÐ á  ÐNorthern€Ireland€who€had€decided€that€no€further€prosecutions€should€beÐ ¤ Û  Ðbrought,€in€the€public€interest.€€The€matter€had€been€the€subject€of€a€fullÐ g ž  Ðdebate€in€Parliament,€and€it€had€emerged€that€considerations€of€nationalÐ * a  Ðsecurity€had€justified€the€decision€not€to€bring€prosecutions,€as€lives€hadÐ í $  Ðbeen€at€risk€and€the€efforts€of€the€police€to€prevent€terrorist€activitiesÐ °ç  Ðmight€have€been€frustrated.Ð sª  ÐÌ36.à b àRegarding€the€release€on€licence€of€Private€Clegg,€it€should€be€madeÐ ù0  Ðquite€clear€that€he€had€been€convicted€of€murder€and€not€manslaughter,€aÐ ¼ó  Ðconviction€which€had€been€upheld€on€appeal€in€Northern€Ireland€and€by€theÐ ¶  ÐHouse€of€Lords.€€However,€the€trial€had€raised€concerns€about€the€state€of€aÐ By Ðlaw€which€had€effectively€required€a€conviction€for€murder€and€therefore€theÐ < Ðimposition€of€a€life€sentence.€€In€its€judgement,€the€Court€of€Appeal€hadÐ Èÿ Ðemphasized€that€Private€Clegg€had€not€intended€to€kill€or€wound€anyone€when€onÐ ‹Â Ðpatrol,€but€merely€to€perform€his€duty€to€maintain€law€and€order.€€The€CourtÐ N… Ðhad€added€that€he€had€rightly€been€convicted€because€he€had€used€his€firearmÐ H Ðunlawfully,€but€it€had€taken€the€view€that€the€law€would€have€been€much€fairerÐ Ô  Ðif€the€trial€judge€had€been€able€to€convict€Private€Clegg€of€manslaughterÐ —Î Ðrather€than€murder.€€A€review€of€the€law€was€under€way€regarding€criminalÐ Z‘ Ðoffences€of€that€nature.Ð T ÐÌ37.à b àThe€death€of€Joy€Gardner€was€indeed€a€tragic€case,€and€the€Government€hadÐ £Ú Ðexpressed€its€great€regret.€€Three€officers€had€been€charged€and€thenÐ f Ðacquitted,€and€the€disciplinary€proceedings€against€them€had€not€resulted€inÐ )`  Ðany€disciplinary€action.€€He€could€only€point€out€that€all€the€appropriateÐ ì#! Ðprocedures€had€been€followed.€€In€addition,€the€expulsion€procedure€which€hadÐ ¯æ" Ðled€to€the€victim's€decease€had€been€thoroughly€reviewed€by€the€authorities,Ð r©# Ðand€he€would€return€to€the€outcome€of€that€review€when€replying€to€theÐ 5 l$ Ðquestion€on€the€deportations€and€removals€of€illegal€entrants€(sectionIII€(e)Ð ø /% Ðof€the€list€of€issues€(M/CCPR/C/54/LST/UK/4)).Ð »!ò& ÐÌ38.à b àIt€was€well€known€that€there€was€no€prescribed€religion€in€theÐ A#x( ÐUnitedKingdom,€and€any€unjustified€interference€with€the€right€of€everyone€toÐ $;) Ðpractise€his€religion€freely€could€constitute€a€punishable€offence.€€ReligiousÐ Ç$þ* Ðorganizations€were€free€to€own€property,€to€run€schools€and€to€promote€theirÐ Š%Á + Ðbeliefs€in€speech€or€writing.€€A€voluntary€body€of€any€religious€persuasionÐ M&„!, Ðcould€submit€to€the€Secretary€of€State€for€Education€an€application€forÐ 'G"- Ðpermission€to€establish€a€school.€€All€applications€were€considered€case€byÐ Ó' #. Ðcase,€regardless€of€the€denomination€or€faith,€although€on€the€basis€ofÐ –(Í#/ Ðcertain€common€criteria.€€There€were€no€public„funded€Muslim€schools€and€noÐ Y)$0 Ðapplications€to€establish€grant„maintained€schools€had€been€made.€€However,Ð *S%1 Ðthree€applications€to€set€up€voluntary„aided€schools€had€been€filed.€€One€hadÐ ß*&2 Ðbeen€withdrawn€as€the€body€had€not€obtained€the€necessary€planning€permission,Ð ¢+Ù&3 Ðanother€had€been€rejected€because€there€had€been€surplus€education€capacity€inÐ e,œ'4 Ðthe€area€concerned,€and€the€third€had€also€been€rejected€because€the€proposedÐ (-_(5 Ðaccommodation€had€been€judged€less€than€adequate.€€In€the€latter€case,€thereÐ É Ðwas€nothing€to€prevent€the€application€from€being€submitted€again.Ð ŒÃ ÐÌ39.à b àWhere€Northern€Ireland€was€concerned,€the€Government€was€committedÐ I Ðtoensuring€full€equality€of€opportunity€and€the€elimination€of€all€formsÐ Õ  Ðofdiscrimination.€€In€one€respect,€Northern€Ireland's€labour€legislationÐ ˜Ï Ðwasprobably€the€strongest€in€Europe.€€Over€4,000€organizations€wereÐ [ ’ Ðregistered€and€they€monitored€the€Catholic€and€Protestant€share€of€theÐ  U Ðworkforce€annually.€€The€Catholic€share€was€increasing€at€an€annual€rateÐ á  Ðof0.5percent,€and€they€currently€accounted€for€37.3€per€cent€of€theÐ ¤ Û  Ðlabourforce.€€Since€1990,€the€number€of€Catholic€professionals€hadÐ g ž  Ðincreasedby€5.4per€cent.€€During€the€passage€of€the€Fair€Employment€inÐ * a  ÐNorthern€Ireland€Bill€through€Parliament,€the€Government€had€undertaken€toÐ í $  Ðcarry€out€a€review€of€the€legislation€after€five€years,€and€the€IndependentÐ °ç  ÐStanding€Advisory€Commission€for€Human€Rights,€which€had€been€entrusted€withÐ sª  Ðthat€task,€would€submit€its€report€in€1996.€€It€was€the€Commission's€role€toÐ 6m  Ðmonitor€observance€of€the€law€as€a€whole.Ð ù0  ÐÌ40.à b àIn€the€case€of€the€murder€of€Mr.€Finucane,€the€Department€of€PublicÐ ¶  ÐProsecutions€had€not€found€sufficient€evidence€to€mount€a€criminalÐ By Ðprosecution,€although€the€victim's€widow€had€brought€a€civil€action,€which€wasÐ < Ðfollowing€its€course.€€The€Committee€would€understand€that€he€was€unable€toÐ Èÿ Ðcomment€any€further.Ð ‹Â ÐÌ41.à b àThose€members€of€the€Committee€who€had€expressed€concern€about€the€fateÐ H Ðof€Gypsies€or€travellers€had€probably€had€in€mind€the€new€Criminal€Justice€andÐ Ô  ÐPublic€Order€Act,€adopted€in€1994,€which,€it€was€true,€gave€stronger€powers€toÐ —Î Ðthe€police€over€trespassers€en€masse.€€The€aim€of€the€Act€was€in€no€way€toÐ Z‘ Ðprevent€law-abiding€travellers€from€pursuing€their€chosen€lifestyle.€€TheÐ T Ðstronger€provisions€introduced€by€the€Act€were€designed€to€protect€citizensÐ à Ðand€only€concerned€disorderly€behaviour€or€public€nuisance.Ð £Ú ÐÌ42.à b àWhere€domestic€violence€was€concerned,€he€explained€that€the€question€hadÐ )`  Ðbeen€debated€at€length€in€Parliament.€€The€Government's€view€was€that€domesticÐ ì#! Ðviolence€should€be€treated€as€a€crime.€€In€particular,€the€perpetrators€ofÐ ¯æ" Ðdomestic€violence€should€be€brought€before€the€courts€and€the€victims€givenÐ r©# Ðassistance.€€Furthermore,€the€authorities€were€endeavouring€to€developÐ 5 l$ Ðpolicies€to€prevent€domestic€violence.€€A€ministerial€body€had€been€appointedÐ ø /% Ðto€coordinate€national€and€local€measures€to€address€that€problem.€€TheÐ »!ò& ÐGovernment€recognized€that,€in€order€to€take€effective€measures,€it€wasÐ ~"µ' Ðessential€to€obtain€the€involvement€of€local€authorities€and€bodies,€whichÐ A#x( Ðshould€be€fully€involved€in€developing€preventive€strategies€and€supportingÐ $;) Ðvictims.€€The€Government€was€currently€drawing€up€relevant€guidelines.€Ð Ç$þ* ÐFurthermore,€a€national€campaign€to€develop€public€awareness€had€recently€beenÐ Š%Á + Ðorganized.€€As€to€the€punishment€of€offences,€United€Kingdom€legislation€laidÐ M&„!, Ðdown€substantial€penalties.€€The€Government€spent€some€ð ð10€million€annually€onÐ 'G"- Ðvictim€support.€€Civil€law€had€also€been€reformed€and€now€provided€moreÐ Ó' #. Ðextensive€grounds€for€bringing€cases€before€the€competent€courts.€€InÐ –(Í#/ Ðaddition,€the€courts€would€henceforth€be€able€to€issue€a€power€of€arrest€withÐ Y)$0 Ðtheir€orders.€€Where€the€victims€were€concerned,€the€Government€believed€that€Ð  *S%1 Ðlocal€authorities€and€bodies€were€in€the€best€position€to€take€the€necessaryÐ É Ðmeasures€to€assist€them.€€The€nature€and€extent€of€refuge€provision€forÐ ŒÃ Ðvictims€of€violence€were€currently€being€reviewed.Ð O† ÐÌ43.à b àStatistics€on€cases€of€violence€should€be€treated€with€caution.€€WhileÐ Õ  Ðofficial€figures€for€reported€cases€of€domestic€violence€showed€an€increase,Ð ˜Ï Ðthat€was€mainly€because€people€had€greater€confidence€in€their€country'sÐ [ ’ Ðcourts€and€lodged€complaints€more€frequently€than€in€the€past€when€they€wereÐ  U Ðattacked.€€As€a€result,€current€statistics€shed€light€on€a€part€of€theÐ á  Ðphenomenon€that€had€previously€been€hidden.Ð ¤ Û  ÐÌ44.à b àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€the€mandatory€life€sentence€for€murder,€he€saidÐ * a  Ðthat€an€appeal€could€be€made€against€any€such€sentence€and€the€courts€could,Ð í $  Ðon€appeal,€decide€to€change€the€classification€of€the€offence€and€thus€toÐ °ç  Ðcommute€the€sentence.€€The€authorities€nevertheless€believed€that€it€wasÐ sª  Ðimportant€to€maintain€the€life€sentence€for€murder,€on€account€of€the€uniqueÐ 6m  Ðheinousness€of€that€crime.Ð ù0  ÐÌ45.à b àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€crime€among€ethnic€minorities€in€London€and€Ð ¶  Ðthe€response€of€the€police,€he€said€that€the€measures€currently€beingÐ By Ðdeveloped€by€the€police€authorities€were€designed€to€counter€crime€and€toÐ < Ðrespond€to€public€concern€at€the€rise€in€the€number€of€crimes.€€Some€measuresÐ Èÿ Ðhad€met€with€success,€in€particular€those€to€prevent€burglaries€and€toÐ ‹Â Ðprosecute€housebreakers.€€As€a€whole,€a€number€of€surveys€had€shown€that€inÐ N… Ðareas€with€a€large€ethnic€minority€population,€both€victims€and€offendersÐ H Ðfrequently€came€from€the€same€minorities.€€Consequently,€the€police€wereÐ Ô  Ðseeking€to€involve€local€ethnic€minorities€in€tackling€crime.€€In€thatÐ —Î Ðconnection,€letters€had€been€sent€out€requesting€the€various€communities€toÐ Z‘ Ðcooperate€with€the€authorities.€€The€reaction€to€the€letters€showed€thatÐ T Ðpeople€generally€believed€that€problems€were€settled€better€by€tackling€themÐ à Ðhead€on€rather€than€leaving€them€unaddressed.€€The€Government€had€supportedÐ £Ú Ðthe€police's€efforts€to€resolve€the€difficulties€with€the€backing€of€theÐ f Ðvarious€communities€in€London.Ð )`  ÐÌ46.à b àIn€reply€to€a€question€about€racial€discrimination€within€the€police€andÐ ¯æ" Ðprison€service,€he€said€that€the€Government€did€not€deny€that€there€were€someÐ r©# Ðproblems€in€that€area.€€He€recognized€that€much€remained€to€be€done,€inÐ 5 l$ Ðparticular€in€the€recruitment€and€promotion€of€members€of€ethnic€minorities€inÐ ø /% Ðthe€police.€€In€1993€the€Government€had€adopted€a€number€of€measuresÐ »!ò& Ðapplicable€to€the€police.€€In€particular,€the€police€had€been€instructed€toÐ ~"µ' Ðgather€information€on€the€number€of€ethnic€minority€officers€in€the€forceÐ A#x( Ðcompared€to€the€size€of€the€force€and€to€the€local€ethnic€minority€population.Ð $;) ÐÌ47.à b àThe€police€had€also€been€asked€to€spell€out€the€measures€they€intended€toÐ Š%Á + Ðtake€to€increase€the€proportion€of€officers€from€ethnic€minorities.€€It€hadÐ M&„!, Ðalso€been€decided€to€study€the€retention€and€wastage€of€officers€from€ethnicÐ 'G"- Ðminorities.€€Certainly,€the€shortcomings€and€imperfections€identified€in€theÐ Ó' #. Ðpast€would€be€duly€taken€into€account€in€order€to€improve€the€relevantÐ –(Í#/ Ðpolicies€and€practices.€€In€that€connection,€it€should€be€mentioned€that€theÐ Y)$0 Ðpolice€recruitment€test€had€been€revised€in€1992,€in€order€to€ensure€a€fairÐ *S%1 Ðand€efficient€selection€of€applicants.€€The€new€procedure€had€previously€beenÐ ß*&2 Ðstudied€by€independent€consultants.€€Generally€speaking,€a€lot€of€progress€had€Ð  ¢+Ù&3 Ðbeen€made€in€equal€opportunity€policies€and€strategies.€€However,€the€longestÐ É Ðand€most€arduous€task€was€to€transform€those€polices€and€strategies€into€realÐ ŒÃ Ðchange€on€the€ground,€in€attitudes€and€in€individual€behaviour.Ð O† ÐÌ48.à b àOn€the€question€of€the€Prison€Service,€prison€governors€had€been€askedÐ Õ  Ðtomake€a€particular€effort€to€attract€applications€from€members€ofÐ ˜Ï Ðethnicminorities.€€Between€autumn1992€and€autumn1993,€7.5percent€ofÐ [ ’ Ðprison€officer€candidates€had€been€from€ethnic€minorities€(the€figure€hadÐ  U Ðbeen37.8percent€in€London);€2.3percent€of€candidates€had€been€successful.€Ð á  ÐThe€authorities€realized€that€the€failure€rate€was€high€among€ethnicÐ ¤ Û  Ðminorities€and€that€the€nature€of€the€tests€would€have€to€be€revisedÐ g ž  Ðaccordingly.€€However,€there€was€a€more€encouraging€figure:€€betweenÐ * a  ÐJanuary1990€and€October1993,€180prison€officers€from€ethnic€minorities€hadÐ í $  Ðbeen€appointed.Ð °ç  ÐÌ49.à b àRegarding€the€alleged€discrimination€against€the€black€minority€inÐ 6m  Ðprisons,€he€said€that€studies€carried€out€so€far€had€not€provided€clearÐ ù0  Ðevidence€of€the€existence€of€widespread€discrimination€within€the€criminalÐ ¼ó  Ðjustice€system.€€However,€the€authorities€attached€particular€importance€toÐ ¶  Ðobserving€the€rule€of€non-discrimination.€€The€Criminal€Justice€Actof€1991Ð By Ðrequired€the€Government€to€provide€prison€employees€with€any€information€thatÐ < Ðmight€help€them€in€the€performance€of€their€duties,€in€particular€to€preventÐ Èÿ Ðany€form€of€discrimination.€€In€the€same€connection,€the€Judicial€StudiesÐ ‹Â ÐBoard,€which€supervised€the€training€of€judges,€had€set€up€an€advisoryÐ N… Ðcommittee€on€ethnic€minorities€some€years€before;€one€of€its€responsibilitiesÐ H Ðwas€training€on€issues€concerning€those€minorities.Ð Ô  ÐÌ50.à b àIn€reply€to€a€question€on€radio€and€television€broadcasts€in€the€IrishÐ Z‘ Ðlanguage,€he€said€that€broadcasts€in€NorthernIreland€came€under€theÐ T Ðresponsibility€of€the€British€Broadcasting€Corporation€and€independentÐ à Ðcompanies.€€The€Government€of€Ireland€had€asked€the€British€Government€whetherÐ £Ú Ðit€intended€to€establish€an€Irish-language€television€station€and,€if€so,Ð f Ðwhether€it€wouldoperate€on€an€all-Ireland€basis.€€That€was€a€complex€issue,Ð )`  Ðwhich€wouldfirst€have€to€be€discussed€from€the€technical€standpoint.€€ThereÐ ì#! Ðwere€some€5,000Irish€speakers€in€NorthernIreland,€and€so€the€situation€wasÐ ¯æ" Ðrather€different€from€that€in€Scotland€and€Wales.€€In€that€as€in€otherÐ r©# Ðspheres,€the€Government€was€endeavouring€to€develop€responses€that€were€gearedÐ 5 l$ Ðto€local€circumstances€and€needs.Ð ø /% ÐÌ51.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€delegation€of€the€UnitedKingdom€to€reply€to€theÐ ~"µ' Ðquestions€in€sectionII€of€the€list€of€issues€(M/CCPR/C/54/LST/UK/4):Ð A#x( ÐÌà b à"II.à0 ™ àòòState€of€emergency;€right€to€life,€liberty€and€security€of€theóóÐ Ç$þ* Ðòòperson,€treatment€of€prisoners€and€other€detainees,€and€rightóó€ÐŠ%Á +™ ü#™ ü# Ðà0 b àà0™ bü#bü#àòòto€a€fair€trialóó€(arts.€4,€6,€7,€9,€10€and€14)ÐM&„!,™ ü#™ ü# ÐÌà0 b à(a)à ™ àIn€view€of€current€developments€in€the€situation€in€NorthernÐ Ó' #. ÐIreland€and€the€lapse€of€time€since€the€notification€of€derogation€fromÐ –(Í#/ Ðthe€obligations€under€certain€provisions€of€article9€(12December1989),Ð Y)$0 Ðdoes€the€UnitedKingdom€intend€to€reconsider€the€necessity€of€suchÐ *S%1 Ðderogation€and€amend€the€rules€governing€extended€detention€in€order€toÐ ß*&2 Ðintroduce€some€form€of€judicial€supervision€(see€paras.77€to€80€of€theÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðreport)?Ðe,œ'4bü#bü# ÐÐ (-_(5 Ðà0 b à(b)à ™ àPlease€provide€information€on€conclusions€reached€pursuant€to€theÐ É Ðlatest€annual€parliamentary€review€of€the€Northern€Ireland€(EmergencyÐ ŒÃ ÐProvisions)€Act€1991€(see€para.181€of€the€report).ÐO†bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(c)à ™ àPlease€further€comment€on€the€specific€rules€and€regulationsÐ Õ  Ðgoverning€the€use€of€weapons€by€the€police€and€security€forces€underÐ ˜Ï Ðanti-terrorism€laws€in€Northern€Ireland.€€In€particular,€comment€on€theÐ [ ’ Ðuse€of€the€new€plastic€bullets€and€consequences€thereof€and€describe€theÐ  U Ðrole€and€powers€of€the€independent€Director€of€Public€Prosecutions€in€soÐ á  Ðfar€as€investigation€of€incidents€involving€members€of€the€securityÐ ¤ Û  Ðforces€is€concerned€(see€paras.95€to€101€of€the€report).Ðg ž bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(d)à ™ àIn€the€light€of€the€discussion€during€the€consideration€of€theÐ í $  Ðthird€periodic€report,€please€clarify€whether€the€planned€review€ofÐ °ç  Ðprison€rules€and€standing€orders€in€Northern€Ireland€has€been€completedÐ sª  Ðand,€if€so,€whether€any€of€the€changes€adopted€in€the€rest€of€theÐ 6m  ÐUnitedKingdom€has€been€incorporated€in€such€rules.Ðù0 bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(e)à ™ àIn€view€of€the€prohibition€of€inhuman€or€degrading€punishment€underÐ ¶  Ðthe€Education€Act€1993,€please€clarify€the€type€of€corporal€punishmentÐ By Ðwhich€can€still€be€administered€in€independent€schools€(see€para.169€ofÐ < Ðthe€report).ÐÈÿbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(f)à ™ àAre€guarantees€for€the€protection€of€the€rights€of€convictedÐ N… Ðpersons€held€in€prisons€ensured€to€persons€detained€in€prison€cells€underÐ H ÐSection6€of€the€Imprisonment€(Temporary€Provisions)€Act€1980€(seeÐ Ô  Ðparas.257€to€259€of€the€report)?ЗÎbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(g)à ™ àHas€the€necessary€legislation€for€the€setting-up€of€the€independentÐ T ÐCriminal€Cases€Review€Authority€been€adopted€and,€if€so,€has€theÐ à ÐCommission€initiated€its€work€(see€para.316€of€the€report)?УÚbü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(h)à ™ àPlease€further€comment€on€the€institution€of€the€Prisons€Ombudsman.Ð )`  ÐHave€his€activities€had€any€impact€on€the€situation€of€detainees'€rightsÐ ì#! Ðsince€his€appointment€in€April1994€(see€para.126€of€the€report)?Яæ"bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(i)à ™ àPlease€provide€information€on€prisons€contracted€out€to€the€privateÐ 5 l$ Ðsector.€€Are€those€prisons€under€permanent€control€of€the€State€and€howÐ ø /% Ðis€the€application€of€the€law€and€of€the€rights€of€prisoners€guaranteedÐ »!ò& Ðtherein?Ð~"µ'bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(j)à ™ àWhat€have€been€the€results€of€the€experiment€concerning€theÐ $;) Ðtape-recording€of€all€police€interviews€with€terrorist€suspects€inÐ Ç$þ* ÐEngland€and€Wales?€€Will€the€law€be€amended€to€make€the€practiceÐ Š%Á + Ðpermanent€(see€para.174€of€the€report)?ÐM&„!,bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b à(k)à ™ àHas€Parliament€already€passed€the€law€allowing€courts€in€EnglandÐ Ó' #. Ðand€Wales€'to€draw€what€inferences€appear€proper€from€the€fact€an€accusedÐ –(Í#/ Ðperson€has€remained€silent'€as€is€currently€the€case€under€the€legalÐ Y)$0 Ðrules€applicable€in€Northern€Ireland€(see€paras.320-328€of€the€report)?"Ð*S%1bü#bü# ÐÌÐ  ¢+Ù&3 Ð52.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(United€Kingdom),€replying€to€question(a),€said€that€theÐ É ÐHome€Secretary€had€informed€Parliament€on€8March€that€the€Government€had€keptÐ ŒÃ Ðunder€review€the€need€for€the€derogation€in€question€and€had€decided€that€itÐ O† Ðwould€be€premature€to€withdraw€it.€€The€main€terrorist€paramilitary€groups€hadÐ I Ðproclaimed€a€cessation€of€hostilities,€which€had€enabled€the€Government€toÐ Õ  Ðenter€exploratory€dialogue€with€political€representatives€and€to€reduce€someÐ ˜Ï Ðsecurity€measures.€€However,€it€should€be€borne€in€mind€that€the€terroristÐ [ ’ Ðgroups€remained€fully€capable€of€carrying€out€violent€attacks,€either€inÐ  U ÐGreatBritain€or€NorthernIreland.€€In€those€circumstances,€there€was€everyÐ á  Ðjustification€for€authorizing€the€detention€without€charge,€for€up€toÐ ¤ Û  Ðsevendays,€of€persons€suspected€of€terrorist€acts.Ð g ž  ÐÌ53.à b àMore€generally,€the€issues€raised€under€question(a)€had€been€studied€inÐ í $  Ða€report€prepared€by€an€independent€reviewer€appointed€to€examine€emergencyÐ °ç  Ðlegislation.€€According€to€the€reviewer,€it€was€not€advisable€to€create€aÐ sª  Ðsystem€of€"judicial€supervision",€for€a€number€of€reasons.€€First,€decisionsÐ 6m  Ðresulting€in€prolonged€custody€in€NorthernIreland€were€invariably€based€onÐ ù0  Ðinformation€that€could€not€be€adduced€in€court€without€jeopardizingÐ ¼ó  Ðindividuals,€in€particular€police€informants.€€Secondly,€some€details€couldÐ ¶  Ðnot€be€revealed€to€the€detainee.€€Thirdly,€the€judge€would€not€be€able€to€giveÐ By Ðreasons€for€his€decision€and€thus€there€would€be€no€real€possibility€of€appealÐ < Ðagainst€it.€€The€authorities€believed€that€the€provisions€governing€detentionÐ Èÿ Ðas€referred€to€in€question€(a)€did€not€constitute€a€judicial€procedure,€butÐ ‹Â Ðinvolved€an€executive€decision.€€Lastly,€the€Government€considered€that€theÐ N… Ðadoption€of€a€system€of€"judicial€supervision"€would€undermine€publicÐ H Ðconfidence€in€the€judicial€system.Ð Ô  ÐÌ54.à b àWith€regard€to€question(b),€he€said€that€the€NorthernIreland€(EmergencyÐ Z‘ ÐProvisions)€Act€of€1991€had€been€the€subject€of€an€independent€review€andÐ T Ðrenewed€by€Parliament€on€15June1995€for€a€further€year.€€The€independentÐ à Ðreviewer€had€concluded€that€the€Act€should€be€maintained€but€that€it€should€beÐ £Ú Ðkept€under€review.€€Parliament€and€the€Government€had€fully€endorsed€thatÐ f Ðview.€€The€Act€would€therefore€expire€in€1996,€and€it€would€be€possible€toÐ )`  Ðsuspend€individual€provisions€in€the€meantime.€€The€Government€had€in€factÐ ì#! Ðstated€that€it€would€not€hesitate€to€do€so,€after€consulting€the€securityÐ ¯æ" Ðforces.€€Ð r©# ÐÌ55.à b àThe€authorities€looked€forward€to€the€day€when€the€emergency€legislationÐ ø /% Ðwould€be€repealed,€as€soon€as€the€situation€permitted.€€Although€the€worstÐ »!ò& Ðforms€of€violence€in€NorthernIreland€had€ceased€one€year€earlier,€that€periodÐ ~"µ' Ðwas€not€sufficient€to€enable€the€Government€to€state€with€certainty€thatÐ A#x( Ðpermanent€peace€had€been€established.€€Paramilitary€groups€on€both€sides€wereÐ $;) Ðrefraining€from€using€violence€for€political€ends,€but€the€organizations€andÐ Ç$þ* Ðstructures€had€not€been€disbanded€and€the€weapons€had€not€been€decommissioned.€Ð Š%Á + ÐThe€IRA€and€loyalist€paramilitary€groups€were€continuing€all€their€activitiesÐ M&„!, Ðshort€of€acts€of€violence€that€would€breach€the€cease-fire.€€They€wereÐ 'G"- Ðcontinuing€to€store€and€hide€weapons€and€to€take€action€designed€to€intimidateÐ Ó' #. Ðthe€population;€although€they€were€not€using€firearms,€they€were€stillÐ –(Í#/ Ðcarrying€out€assaults.€€Ð Y)$0 ÐÌ56.à b àFor€all€those€reasons,€his€Government€believed€that€it€would€be€wrongÐ ß*&2 Ðtoremove€the€protection€afforded€by€the€anti-terrorist€legislation.€Ð ¢+Ù&3 ÐNevertheless,€that€legislation€had€been€used€less€often€since€the€proclamationÐ e,œ'4 Ðof€the€cease-fire.€€The€number€of€people€suspected€of€terrorist€offencesÐ (-_(5 Ðwhohad€been€arrested€under€the€Prevention€of€Terrorism€Act€had€decreased€byÐ É Ðtwo€thirds.€€Since€October1994,€only€12people€had€been€detained€forÐ ŒÃ Ðover48hours.€€During€the€first€quarter€of€1994,€there€had€been€1,379houseÐ O† Ðsearches;€for€the€same€period€in€1995€that€figure€had€fallen€to€164.€€Ð I ÐÌ57.à b àThe€Government€remained€committed€to€the€principle€that€the€powersÐ ˜Ï Ðcontained€in€the€Act€should€be€available€for€no€longer€than€necessary.€€DuringÐ [ ’ Ðthe€parliamentary€debate€of€12June1995,€the€Secretary€of€State€for€NorthernÐ  U ÐIreland€had€announced€that,€provided€peace€continued€in€NorthernIreland,€theÐ á  Ðauthorities€would€hold€an€independent€review€of€the€continuing€need€forÐ ¤ Û  Ðcounter-terrorist€legislation.€€The€timing€of€that€review€had€not€yet€beenÐ g ž  Ðdecided;€pending€that€review,€it€might€be€necessary€to€seek€new€legislationÐ * a  Ðbefore€the€Act€expired€in€1996.€€Any€new€provisions€would€be€only€temporary,Ð í $  Ðhowever,€and€the€implementation€of€many€of€them€might€be€suspended€from€theÐ °ç  Ðoutset.€€Ð sª  ÐÌ58.à b àRegarding€question€(c),€he€said€that€the€law€on€the€use€of€weapons€inÐ ù0  ÐNorthernIreland€was€based€on€common-law€rules€of€self-defence€and€on€theÐ ¼ó  Ðprovisions€of€the€Criminal€Law€Act€(NorthernIreland)€of€1967.€€Under€thoseÐ ¶  Ðprovisions,€members€of€the€security€forces€could€only€use€such€force€as€wasÐ By Ðreasonable€in€the€circumstances€for€the€prevention€of€crime€or€in€effecting,Ð < Ðor€assisting€in,€the€lawful€arrest€of€offenders€or€suspected€terrorists.€€TheÐ Èÿ Ðlegislation€applicable€to€GreatBritain€and€Wales€contained€similarÐ ‹Â Ðprovisions.€€Members€of€the€security€forces€enjoyed€no€immunity€and€wereÐ N… Ðresponsible€for€their€acts€under€the€law.€€Any€incident€involving€members€ofÐ H Ðthe€security€forces€which€resulted€in€death€or€injury€was€thoroughlyÐ Ô  Ðinvestigated€by€the€police.€€An€independent€commission€was€responsible€forÐ —Î Ðexamining€complaints€against€the€police€in€Northern€Ireland.€€If€the€RoyalÐ Z‘ ÐUlster€Constabulary€was€involved,€the€case€was€supervised€by€the€commission.€Ð T ÐThe€results€of€those€investigations€were€passed€to€the€independent€Director€ofÐ à ÐPublic€Prosecutions€for€NorthernIreland€(see€report,€para.99),€who€decidedÐ £Ú Ðwhether€a€prosecution€should€be€brought;€he€could€also€order€furtherÐ f Ðinquiries.€€He€added€that€no€one€had€been€killed€by€the€security€forces€inÐ )`  Ðterrorist-related€circumstances€since€November1992.€€The€British€authoritiesÐ ì#! Ðhoped€that€the€current€developments€in€NorthernIreland€would€continue.Ð ¯æ" ÐÌ59.à b àIn€reply€to€the€question€on€the€use€of€new€plastic€bullets,€he€saidÐ 5 l$ Ðthatthe€army€and€the€Royal€Ulster€Constabulary€had€been€using€a€new€weaponÐ ø /% Ðsince€3June1994.€€That€weapon,€which€had€replaced€one€that€had€becomeÐ »!ò& Ðobsolete,€had€only€been€adopted€after€a€series€of€trials,€and€appropriateÐ ~"µ' Ðtraining€was€given€to€people€using€it.€€The€adoption€of€the€new€weapon€hadÐ A#x( Ðmade€it€possible€further€to€reduce€the€already€low€risk€connected€with€theÐ $;) Ðprevious€weapon.€€A€new€baton€round€had€also€been€introduced,€the€onlyÐ Ç$þ* Ðdifference€between€it€and€the€old€one€being€that€it€was€made€from€a€differentÐ Š%Á + Ðmaterial€(the€material€used€for€the€old€baton€round€was€no€longer€available).Ð M&„!, ÐÌ60.à b àOn€question€(d),€he€said€that€the€new€prison€rules€and€young€offenders'Ð Ó' #. Ðcentre€rules€had€entered€into€force€in€Northern€Ireland€on€1€March€1995.€€TheÐ –(Í#/ Ðtexts€of€the€rules€had€been€adopted€after€consultations€with€several€competentÐ Y)$0 Ðgroups.€€The€standing€advisory€commission€on€human€rights€had€said€that€theÐ *S%1 Ðdraft€rules€represented€a€significant€step€towards€providing€a€regime€capableÐ ß*&2 Ðof€more€effectively€safeguarding€prisoners'€rights.€€The€new€rules€took€dueÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðaccount€of€the€comments€made€during€the€consultations.€€In€addition,€theÐ e,œ'4 ÐNorthern€Ireland€Prison€Service€had€adopted€a€series€of€rules€that€reflectedÐ (-_(5 Ðits€own€particular€needs.€€The€new€rules€were€based€on€a€number€of€principles,Ð É Ðincluding€improvement€of€living€conditions,€respect€for€the€individual,€equalÐ ŒÃ Ðtreatment,€reasons€for€decisions,€family€links€and€information€to€prisoners.€Ð O† ÐIn€addition,€for€the€first€time€specific€provisions€had€been€introduced€onÐ I Ðconditions€of€imprisonment€and€on€complaints€and€requests.Ð Õ  ÐÌ61.à b àIn€the€Government's€opinion,€the€question€could€not€be€dealt€withÐ [ ’ Ðuniformly€throughout€the€United€Kingdom;€particular€circumstances€and€needsÐ  U Ðmust€be€taken€into€account.€€Not€all€the€changes€made€in€the€rest€of€theÐ á  ÐUnitedKingdom€had€necessarily€been€replicated€in€Northern€Ireland.Ð ¤ Û  ÐÌ62.à b àWith€reference€to€question€(e),€he€said€that€it€was€for€head€teachers€ofÐ * a  Ðprivate€schools€to€decide€what€type€of€corporal€punishment€was€appropriate€inÐ í $  Ðtheir€establishments.€€That€having€been€said,€article€47€of€the€EducationÐ °ç  ÐAct(No.€2)€of€1986,€as€amended€by€the€Education€Act€of€1993,€laid€downÐ sª  Ðprecise€criteria€for€determining€whether€punishment€was€inhuman€or€degrading.€Ð 6m  ÐThat€legislation€was€also€in€keeping€with€the€Convention€on€the€Rights€of€theÐ ù0  ÐChild,€which€stipulated€that€disciplinary€measures€must€respect€the€child'sÐ ¼ó  Ðdignity.€€Only€a€very€small€number€of€private€schools€still€administeredÐ ¶  Ðcorporal€punishment.Ð By ÐÌ63.à b àRegarding€question€(f)€on€persons€detained€in€police€cells,€he€explainedÐ Èÿ Ðthat€everyone€in€that€situation,€whether€or€not€they€had€been€sentenced,€wasÐ ‹Â Ðdetained€under€the€Imprisonment€(Temporary€Provisions)€Act€of€1980€(seeÐ N… Ðreport,€para.258).€€Those€detainees€were€held€in€police€custody:€€the€PrisonÐ H ÐRules€of€1964€(amended)€were€not€applicable.€€The€Prison€Service,€for€itsÐ Ô  Ðpart,€ensured€that€persons€held€in€police€cells€were€properly€treated.€€ToÐ —Î Ðthat€end,€officials€had€been€designated€to€help€the€police€take€steps€toÐ Z‘ Ðenforce€certain€minimum€rules,€in€particular€regarding€the€cells€themselves,Ð T Ðclothing,€medical€care,€family€visits,€correspondence,€food,€visits€by€"layÐ à Ðvisitors"€(see€report,€para.€152)€and€how€to€give€effect€to€detainees'Ð £Ú Ðcomplaints.Ð f ÐÌ64.à b àThat€having€been€said,€both€the€Government€and€the€Prison€Service€madeÐ ì#! Ðevery€effort€to€avoid€holding€in€police€custody€people€who€in€fact€should€beÐ ¯æ" Ðin€prison.€€In€all€cases,€police€cells€were€only€used€as€a€last€resort,€andÐ r©# Ðfor€the€briefest€possible€periods.€€Efforts€were€also€being€made€to€increaseÐ 5 l$ Ðprison€capacity.€€Some€people€had€been€held€in€police€cells€in€1994€andÐ ø /% Ðearly1995€because€of€a€sudden€and€unexpected€increase€in€the€prisonÐ »!ò& Ðpopulation.€€He€was€pleased,€however,€to€inform€the€Committee€that€thatÐ ~"µ' Ðpractice€had€been€dropped€as€of€15€June€1995.€€The€authorities€would€see€to€itÐ A#x( Ðthat€the€previous€situation€did€not€recur.Ð $;) ÐÌ65.à b àReplying€to€question€(g),€he€said€that€the€Criminal€Appeal€Bill€had€beenÐ Š%Á + Ðconsidered€by€Parliament€very€recently.€€The€Government€would€like€theÐ M&„!, Ðcriminal€cases€review€authority€to€begin€its€work€as€soon€as€practicable.€Ð 'G"- ÐHowever,€setting€it€up€would€undoubtedly€take€several€months,€and€it€wouldÐ Ó' #. Ðprobably€not€be€operational€until€early€1996.€€In€the€meantime,€the€HomeÐ –(Í#/ ÐSecretary€and€the€Secretary€of€State€for€Northern€Ireland€would€continue€toÐ Y)$0 Ðconsider€carefully€all€cases€brought€to€their€attention,€and€would€takeÐ *S%1 Ðappropriate€action€in€each€case.Ð ß*&2 ÐÌ66.à b àOn€question€(h),€he€said€that€the€role€of€the€Prisons€Ombudsman€was€toÐ e,œ'4 Ðinvestigate€individual€complaints€by€prisoners€and€to€make€recommendations€toÐ (-_(5 Ðthe€Prison€Service.€€The€Ombudsman€had€only€begun€to€receive€and€considerÐ É Ðgrievances€in€October€1994,€and€it€was€therefore€too€soon€to€make€anyÐ ŒÃ Ðgeneralizations€about€his€activities.€€That€having€been€said,€the€OmbudsmanÐ O† Ðhad€received€319€complaints€within€his€jurisdiction€as€of€late€May€1995.€Ð I ÐInvestigations€had€been€completed€in€188€cases,€and€81€complaints€had€beenÐ Õ  Ðupheld;€61€of€the€Ombudsman's€recommendations€had€been€accepted€by€theÐ ˜Ï ÐDirector-General€of€the€Prison€Service,€2€had€been€partly€accepted,€11€hadÐ [ ’ Ðbeen€rejected€and€18€were€still€under€consideration.€€The€Prisons€OmbudsmanÐ  U Ðwould€submit€an€annual€report€to€the€Home€Secretary;€that€report€wouldÐ á  Ðprimarily€deal€with€specific€aspects€of€the€treatment€of€prisoners.Ð ¤ Û  ÐÌ67.à b àWith€regard€to€question€(i),€he€said€that€contracted„out€prisons€wereÐ * a  Ðcontrolled€by€the€Criminal€Justice€Act€of€1991€and€contracts€concluded€betweenÐ í $  Ðthe€Secretary€of€State€and€the€contractor.€€Contractors€were€required€toÐ °ç  Ðprovide€a€high„quality€regime€that€included€education€and€work€programmes,€andÐ sª  Ðto€allow€prisoners€substantial€time€outside€their€cells€and€visits.€€ThereÐ 6m  Ðwere€currently€four€such€prisons;€six€more€would€be€built€and€financed€by€theÐ ù0  Ðprivate€sector.€€The€contracts€provided€for€financial€penalties€in€the€eventÐ ¼ó  Ðof€failure€to€deliver€the€required€services€or€non„fulfilment€of€the€targetsÐ ¶  Ðset.€€The€contract€was€monitored€at€each€prison€by€two€on„site€Prison€ServiceÐ By Ðcontrollers,€who€were€also€responsible€for€adjudication€of€disciplinaryÐ < Ðmatters.€€All€prisons€were€open€to€inspection€by€the€Chief€Inspector€ofÐ Èÿ ÐPrisons€and€by€an€independent€board€of€visitors.€€The€staff€in€aÐ ‹Â Ðcontracted-out€prison€underwent€approved€training€and€were€vetted€by€theÐ N… ÐPrisonService€acting€on€behalf€of€the€Secretary€of€State.Ð H ÐÌ68.à b àReplying€to€the€questions€under€(j),€he€said€that€the€results€of€theÐ —Î Ðtrial€tape„recording€of€police€interviews€with€terrorist€suspects€wereÐ Z‘ Ðcurrently€being€evaluated€and€would€shortly€be€submitted€to€the€HomeÐ T ÐSecretary,€who€would€draw€his€conclusions€and€decide€whether€the€practiceÐ à Ðshould€become€permanent.€€Until€then,€the€police€would€continue€to€tape„recordÐ £Ú Ðsuch€interviews.Ð f ÐÌ69.à b àRegarding€question€(k),€he€said€that€the€Criminal€Justice€and€PublicÐ ì#! ÐOrder€Act,€which€contained€provisions€allowing€courts€to€draw€what€inferencesÐ ¯æ" Ðappeared€proper€from€the€fact€that€an€accused€person€had€remained€silent,€hadÐ r©# Ðbeen€adopted€on€3€November€1994;€the€provisions€concerning€the€right€of€theÐ 5 l$ Ðaccused€to€remain€silent€had€entered€into€force€on€10€April€1995.€€Under€thoseÐ ø /% Ðprovisions€(see€report,€para.€323),€a€court€or€jury€could€draw€such€inferencesÐ »!ò& Ðas€might€appear€proper€from:€€(a)€a€suspect's€failure€to€mention€a€fact€whenÐ ~"µ' Ðquestioned€under€caution€or€charged,€if€he€subsequently€relied€on€that€fact€inÐ A#x( Ðhis€defence€and€if€he€could€reasonably€have€been€expected€to€mention€the€factÐ $;) Ðwhen€so€questioned€or€charged;€(b)€the€failure€of€the€accused€to€give€evidenceÐ Ç$þ* Ðat€trial€on€his€own€behalf;€the€court€must€satisfy€itself€that€the€accused€wasÐ Š%Á + Ðaware€that€he€had€the€opportunity€to€give€evidence€and€that€the€court€or€juryÐ M&„!, Ðmight€draw€inferences€from€a€failure€to€do€so;€the€defendant€was€not,€however,Ð 'G"- Ðunder€any€compulsion€to€give€evidence€(that€provision€did€not€apply€toÐ Ó' #. Ðchildren€or€to€defendants€whose€physical€or€mental€condition€made€itÐ –(Í#/ Ðundesirable€for€them€to€give€evidence);€(c)€the€failure€or€refusal€of€theÐ Y)$0 Ðaccused€to€account€for€objects,€substances€or€marks€found€on€or€about€his€Ð  *S%1 Ðperson€or€at€the€place€where€he€had€been€arrested;€(d)€the€failure€or€refusalÐ É Ðof€the€accused€to€account€for€his€presence€at€a€particular€place€at€the€timeÐ ŒÃ Ðof€arrest.Ð O† ÐÌ70.à b àIt€should€be€emphasized€that€none€of€those€provisions€compelled€a€suspectÐ Õ  Ðor€defendant€to€say€anything€if€he€did€not€wish€to€do€so,€that€the€principleÐ ˜Ï Ðof€the€presumption€of€innocence€was€respected€and€that€it€was€still€for€theÐ [ ’ Ðprosecution€to€prove€the€case€against€the€accused€beyond€reasonable€doubtÐ  U Ð(report,€para.€324).€€According€to€the€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€ActÐ á  Ðof1984,€the€interviewing€police€officer€must€inform€the€suspect,€in€ordinaryÐ ¤ Û  Ðlanguage,€of€the€offences€he€was€investigating,€the€facts€he€was€asking€theÐ g ž  Ðsuspect€to€account€for,€the€consequences€for€the€suspect€of€participation€inÐ * a  Ðthe€offence€in€question€and€the€fact€that€the€court€might€draw€inferences€fromÐ í $  Ðthe€suspect's€failure€to€give€explanations.€€He€must€also€tell€the€suspectÐ °ç  Ðwhether€his€testimony€was€being€tape„recorded€and€might€be€given€in€evidence.€Ð sª  ÐThose€safeguards€were€in€addition€to€the€ones€mentioned€earlier,€namely,€theÐ 6m  Ðtape-recording€of€police€interviews€and€suspects'€access€to€legal€advice.Ð ù0  ÐÌ71.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€said€that€the€United€Kingdom€delegation€had€completed€itsÐ ¶  Ðreplies€to€the€questions€in€section€II€of€the€list€and€invited€members€of€theÐ By ÐCommittee€to€ask€additional€questions€if€they€so€wished.Ð < ÐÌ72.à b àòòMr.€BHAGWATIóó€asked€whether€the€provisions€concerning€the€tape-recordingÐ ‹Â Ðof€police€interviews€were€in€force€in€England€and€Wales€only€and€not€inÐ N… ÐNorthern€Ireland;€if€they€were€not€in€force€in€Northern€Ireland,€thatÐ H Ðsafeguard€was€not€being€fully€respected€throughout€the€country.€€In€addition,Ð Ô  Ðif€a€lawyer's€presence€could€be€postponed€for€48€hours,€suspects€could€beÐ —Î Ðinterviewed€for€that€entire€period€without€a€lawyer,€which€also€underminedÐ Z‘ Ðdefence€rights.€€He€wondered€whether€a€suspect€who€had€been€informed€that€heÐ T Ðwas€entitled€to€remain€silent€but€that€his€decision€might€be€held€against€himÐ à Ðwas€not€being€indirectly€pressured,€to€the€detriment€of€the€right€to€beÐ £Ú Ðpresumed€innocent€and€the€right€not€to€be€compelled€to€confess€guilt.€€ThoseÐ f Ðtwo€rights€were€clearly€set€forth€in€article€14,€paragraphs€2€and€3€(g),€ofÐ )`  Ðthe€Covenant.Ð ì#! ÐÌ73.à b àIn€connection€with€article€14€of€the€Prevention€of€Terrorism€(TemporaryÐ r©# ÐProvisions)€Act€of€1989,€under€which€the€police€could€arrest€anyone€on€aÐ 5 l$ Ðreasonable€suspicion€that€he€had€been€concerned€in€the€commission€orÐ ø /% Ðpreparation€of€acts€of€terrorism,€he€asked€whether€that€did€not€constitute€anÐ »!ò& Ðabuse€of€authority€by€the€police€with€respect€to€people€who€had€not€even€beenÐ ~"µ' Ðinformed€of€the€reason€for€their€arrest.€€Lastly,€he€would€like€to€knowÐ A#x( Ðwhether€it€was€true€that€people€detained€under€the€emergency€legislation€couldÐ $;) Ðbe€deprived€for€48€hours€of€their€right€to€inform€their€family€of€their€arrestÐ Ç$þ* Ðand€their€right€to€contact€a€lawyer.Ð Š%Á + ÐÌ74.à b àòòMr.€LALLAHóó,€speaking€also€on€behalf€of€Mr.€Mavrommatis,€asked€to€whatÐ 'G"- Ðextent€the€provisions€concerning€a€suspect's€right€to€silence€were€compatibleÐ Ó' #. Ðwith€those€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€€He€would€like€to€know€in€particularÐ –(Í#/ Ðwhether,€while€being€subjected€to€considerable€pressure€by€the€police,€aÐ Y)$0 Ðsuspect€had€the€right€to€legal€advice€when€deciding€whether€or€not€to€remainÐ *S%1 Ðsilent.€€It€seemed€that€the€accused€was€not€necessarily€in€a€position€to€Ð  ß*&2 Ðdetermine,€without€the€help€of€a€lawyer,€what€inferences€a€court€or€jury€mightÐ É Ðdraw€from€his€decision€and€that€he€would€thus€be€deprived€of€an€important€partÐ ŒÃ Ðof€his€defence€rights.Ð O† ÐÌ75.à b àòòMr.€BUERGENTHALóó,€returning€to€the€question€of€the€statements€made€by€theÐ Õ  ÐChief€of€Police,€asked€whether€the€Government€was€aware€of€the€possibleÐ ˜Ï Ðimplications€of€those€statements€for€police€officers€and€senior€lawÐ [ ’ Ðenforcement€personnel€in€general,€and€whether€the€statements€might€not€beÐ  U Ðmisinterpreted€in€a€multiracial€society€where€certain€minority€groups€wouldÐ á  Ðautomatically€be€assumed€to€be€suspects.€€Concerning€a€suspect's€right€toÐ ¤ Û  Ðsilence,€there€was€no€doubt€that€the€jury€would€make€certain€assumptions€onÐ g ž  Ðthe€basis€of€a€suspect's€decision€to€remain€silent€after€being€told€that€heÐ * a  Ðhad€the€right€to€make€or€not€make€a€statement.€€In€his€opinion,€thoseÐ í $  Ðprovisions€raised€serious€issues€under€article€14€of€the€Covenant.Ð °ç  ÐÌ76.à b àReferring€to€paragraph€251€of€the€report,€he€asked€whether€theÐ 6m  ÐInspectorate€of€Prisons€was€authorized€to€take€decisions€regarding€theÐ ù0  Ðpractice€of€a€particular€religion.€€On€the€matter€of€bail,€he€asked€whetherÐ ¼ó  Ðbail€was€in€fact€fixed€by€the€police,€as€indicated€in€paragraphs€185€and€187Ð ¶  Ðof€the€report,€and,€in€connection€with€the€Asylum€and€Immigration€Appeals€ActÐ By Ðmentioned€in€paragraph€190€of€the€report,€on€what€legal€basis€courts€receivedÐ < Ðapplications€for€habeas€corpus€under€the€Act.Ð Èÿ ÐÌ77.à b àIn€connection€with€paragraphs€219€and€220€of€the€report,€he€asked€whetherÐ N… Ðthere€were€remedies€that€could€be€filed€in€respect€of€a€"discretionary€lifeÐ H Ðsentence",€how€the€members€of€the€Discretionary€Lifer€Panels€of€the€ParoleÐ Ô  ÐBoard€were€appointed€and€what€their€qualifications€were.€€Finally,€he€wouldÐ —Î Ðlike€to€know€for€what€reasons€the€Home€Secretary€might€not€accept€aÐ Z‘ Ðrecommendation€for€release€or€the€judicial€view€on€tariff€(para.€225).Ð T ÐÌ78.à b àòòMs.€CHANETóó€said€that,€as€she€understood€it,€the€emergency€laws€had€beenÐ £Ú Ð"applied€less€often"€since€the€improvement€of€the€situation€in€NorthernÐ f ÐIreland.€€Did€that€mean€that€those€laws€were€still€in€force€but€were€appliedÐ )`  Ðdifferently,€or€that€fewer€acts€punishable€under€those€laws€were€committed?€Ð ì#! ÐIn€connection€with€paragraph€328€of€the€report,€she€wondered€why€theÐ ¯æ" ÐGovernment€had€disregarded€the€opinion€of€the€majority€of€the€members€of€theÐ r©# ÐRoyal€Commission€on€Criminal€Justice,€which€had€recommended€that€the€barÐ 5 l$ Ðagainst€adverse€inferences€from€silence€should€be€maintained.€€She€consideredÐ ø /% Ðthat€certain€aspects€of€the€new€Criminal€Justice€and€Public€Order€Act€might€beÐ »!ò& Ðcontrary€to€the€provisions€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),€of€the€CovenantÐ ~"µ' Ðand,€what€was€more€certain,€that€the€Act€undermined€the€principle€of€equality.€Ð A#x( ÐDrawing€inferences€detrimental€to€the€accused,€who€already€had€considerablyÐ $;) Ðreduced€means€available€to€him€and€simply€failed€to€furnish€certainÐ Ç$þ* Ðexplanations,€introduced€a€further€degree€of€imbalance€between€him€and€theÐ Š%Á + Ðprosecution.Ð M&„!, ÐÌ79.à b àAlso€in€connection€with€the€Criminal€Justice€and€Public€Order€Act,€sheÐ Ó' #. Ðasked€what€were€the€types€of€press€articles€and€information€on€terrorismÐ –(Í#/ Ðwhosepossession€might€constitute€a€criminal€offence.€€And€why€had€thereÐ Y)$0 Ðbeena€considerable€increase€in€the€number€of€suicides€in€prisons€over€theÐ *S%1 Ðpast€10years?€€Finally,€she€asked€for€an€explanation€of€the€case€of€theÐ ß*&2 Ðnephew€of€Patrice€Lumumba,€reported€by€Amnesty€International,€who€hadÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðallegedly€been€ill-treated€and€died€in€detention€after€applying€for€asylum.Ð e,œ'4 ÐÐ (-_(5 Ð80.à b àòòMr.€KRETZMERóó€noted€that€the€more€open€and€democratic€the€society€of€aÐ É Ðparticular€country€was,€the€more€numerous€and€varied€were€information€sources,Ð ŒÃ Ðsuch€as€NGOs.€€He€wished€to€stress,€however,€that€in€no€circumstances€did€heÐ O† Ðblindly€accept€the€information€thus€available€to€him.€€That€having€been€said,Ð I Ða€number€of€NGOs€had€cast€doubt€on€the€credibility€of€the€system€in€theÐ Õ  ÐUnitedKingdom€for€criminal€investigations€of€complaints€against€members€ofÐ ˜Ï Ðthe€police€and€the€army.€€The€United€Kingdom€delegation€might€perhaps€furnishÐ [ ’ Ðsome€clarification,€especially€in€view€of€what€was€stated€in€the€firstÐ  U Ðsentence€of€paragraph€99€of€the€report.€€Also€in€that€connection,€seriousÐ á  Ðallegations€had€been€made€regarding€cases€of€collusion€between€"loyalists"Ð ¤ Û  Ðandmembers€of€the€security€forces€in€Northern€Ireland.€€An€incident€relatedÐ g ž  Ðto€that€practice€had€allegedly€been€at€the€origin€of€the€murder€of€a€CatholicÐ * a  Ðsolicitor,€Patrick€Finucane,€a€crime€that€had€gone€virtually€uninvestigatedÐ í $  Ðbythe€police.€€In€view€of€those€allegations,€and€those€contained€inÐ °ç  Ðthe1994Amnesty€International€report,€what€mechanisms€that€were€credible€inÐ sª  Ðthe€eyes€of€all€the€Communities€of€Northern€Ireland,€and€indeed€England,Ð 6m  ÐScotland€and€Wales,€had€been€set€up€to€ensure€that€the€necessaryÐ ù0  Ðinvestigations€were€carried€out?Ð ¼ó  ÐÌ81.à b àLastly,€concerning€corporal€punishment€in€schools,€the€delegation€hadÐ By Ðstated€that€inhuman€or€degrading€punishment€had€been€banned,€but€it€shouldÐ < Ðmake€it€clear€what€types€of€punishment€were€still€allowed.Ð Èÿ ÐÌÌà@éé&“àòòThe€meeting€rose€at€6.05€p.m.óóˆÐ H Ѐ€€€€€