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ÐNorthern€Ireland€(òòcontinuedóó)Ðu##bü#bü# ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌß?€'Ú%sdE+Ú%s?ßà b àThis€record€is€subject€to€correction.Ð &Á"- ÐÌà b àCorrections€should€be€submitted€in€one€of€the€working€languages.€€TheyÐ ™'G$/ Ðshould€be€set€forth€in€a€memorandum€and€also€incorporated€in€a€copy€of€theÐ \( %0 Ðrecord.€€They€should€be€sent€òòwithin€one€week€of€the€date€of€this€documentóó€toÐ )Í%1 Ðthe€Official€Records€Editing€Section,€room€E.4108,€Ô_ÔPalaisÔ_Ô€des€Nations,€Geneva.Ð â)&2 ÐÌà b àAny€corrections€to€the€records€of€the€public€meetings€of€the€Committee€atÐ h+(4 Ðthis€session€will€be€consolidated€in€a€single€corrigendum,€to€be€issuedÐ +,Ù(5 Ðshortly€after€the€end€of€the€session.Ð î,œ)6 ÐÌÌâ âGE.95„17696€€(E)Ð 7/å+9 ÐÑÑâ âÑbRÑщ‰Ñâ âÑ  ÑÔ_ÔÑØbÑÑ}‰ÑÖ€ÿÿÖÓB.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7BÓà@É É “àòòThe€meeting€was€called€to€order€at€10.05€a.m.óóˆÐ É ÐÌCONSIDERATION€OF€REPORTS€SUBMITTED€BY€STATES€PARTIES€UNDER€ARTICLE€40€OF€THEÐ O† ÐCOVENANT€(agenda€item€4)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð I ÐòòÌFourth€periodic€report€of€the€United€Kingdom€of€Great€Britain€andÐ ˜Ï ÐNorthernIrelandóó€(CCPR/C/95/Add.3;€HRI/CORE/1/Add.5/Rev.1)€(òòcontinuedóó)Ð [ ’ ÐÌ1.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€members€of€the€Committee€to€put€further€questionsÐ á  Ðrelated€to€section€II€of€the€list€of€issues.Ð ¤ Û  ÐÌ2.à b àòòMs.€MEDINA€QUIROGAóó€said€she€understood€from€the€fourth€periodic€reportÐ * a  Ð(CCPR/C/95/Add.3)€that€the€introduction€of€tape€recordings€of€interviews€wasÐ í $  Ðintended€as€a€further€safeguard€for€those€being€interrogated€by€the€police.€Ð °ç  ÐYet€paragraph€175€stated€that€the€recording€of€interviews€with€terroristÐ sª  Ðsuspects€in€Northern€Ireland€"would€not€be€in€the€overall€interests€ofÐ 6m  Ðjustice"€because€it€would€"inhibit€the€chances€of€lawfully€obtainingÐ ù0  Ðinformation€that€would€lead€to€the€conviction€of€terrorists€or€to€the€savingÐ ¼ó  Ðof€other€people's€lives".€€In€that€connection,€she€remarked€that€the€absenceÐ ¶  Ðof€tape€recordings€significantly€enhanced€the€possibility€of€putting€pressureÐ By Ðon€persons€who€were€being€interrogated.€€Human€rights€provisions€had€beenÐ < Ðsimilarly€obtrusive€in€the€case€of€the€"five€techniques",€the€use€of€which€hadÐ Èÿ Ðbeen€halted€following€criticism€by€experts€and€a€decision€by€the€EuropeanÐ ‹Â ÐCourt€of€Human€Rights€that€they€constituted€a€violation€of€article€3€of€theÐ N… ÐEuropean€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€€She€inquired€about€the€reasons€for€theÐ H Ðdifferent€interrogation€procedures€used€for€suspects€and€detainees€inÐ Ô  ÐNorthernIreland.Ð —Î ÐÌ3.à b àShe€shared€Mr.€Kretzmer's€concern€regarding€investigations€of€allegedÐ T Ðmilitary,€paramilitary€and€police€offences.€€For€years€she€had€been€hearingÐ à Ðreports€from€the€families€of€victims€of€such€offences€in€Northern€Ireland,Ð £Ú Ðreports€that€conveyed€a€sense€of€desperation€in€the€face€of€their€inability€toÐ f Ðascertain€the€full€facts€of€the€case€concerned.€€In€connection€with€"shoot€toÐ )`  Ðkill"€allegations,€she€had€heard€that€those€responsible€for€shootings€were€notÐ ì#! Ðrequired€to€attend€inquests€and€were€not€questioned.€€Public€interest€immunityÐ ¯æ" Ðcertificates€were€allegedly€issued.€€Inquests€did€not€reach€a€verdictÐ r©# Ðregarding€the€lawfulness€of€the€acts€investigated€and€there€was€reportedly€noÐ 5 l$ Ðlegal€aid€to€allow€families€to€be€represented.€€A€system€had€to€inspireÐ ø /% Ðconfidence€in€order€to€fulfil€the€requirements€of€due€process.€€She€urged€theÐ »!ò& ÐGovernment€of€the€United€Kingdom€to€set€up€and€enforce€a€credible€mechanism€toÐ ~"µ' Ðlook€into€such€cases.Ð A#x( ÐÌ4.à b àIf€adverse€inferences€could€be€drawn€from€a€defendant's€decision€toÐ Ç$þ* Ðremain€silent,€no€right€of€silence€existed.€€Moreover,€that€provision€appliedÐ Š%Á + Ðfrom€the€time€of€arrest€to€the€time€of€trial.€€A€person€deprived€of€a€lawyerÐ M&„!, Ðfor€48€hours€might€not€even€be€aware€of€what€information€was€relevant€to€theÐ 'G"- Ðinterrogation.€€In€the€case€of€Dermot€Quinn,€who€had€been€sentenced€toÐ Ó' #. Ð25years'€imprisonment€for€attempted€murder€and€possession€of€firearms,€theÐ –(Í#/ Ðfacts€of€the€case€had€not€been€clear„cut€but€the€adverse€inference€drawn€fromÐ Y)$0 Ðhis€silence€had€been€decisive€in€his€conviction.€€She€asked€the€delegationÐ *S%1 Ðwhether€the€United€Kingdom€would€consider€a€review€of€the€legislation€in€theÐ ß*&2 Ðlight€of€the€findings€not€only€of€the€Royal€Commission€on€Criminal€Justice€butÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðalso€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð e,œ'4 ÐÐ (-_(5 ÐÖ€ÿÿÖ5.à b àòòMr.€KLEINóó€said€that€in€spite€of€all€the€safeguards€described€by€theÐ É Ðdelegation€he€had€serious€doubts€about€the€compatibility€of€the€CriminalÐ ŒÃ ÐJustice€and€Public€Order€Act€1994,€which€allowed€inferences€to€be€drawn€fromÐ O† Ðthe€silence€of€suspects,€with€article€14€of€the€Convention.€€He€wasÐ I Ðparticularly€concerned€by€the€phrase€"if€the€suspect€reasonably€could€haveÐ Õ  Ðbeen€expected€to€speak".€€Suspects€might€feel€that€they€were€under€pressure€toÐ ˜Ï Ðspeak€or€even€confess€because€they€were€unable€to€assess€the€consequences€ofÐ [ ’ Ðremaining€silent.€€Adequate€legal€advice€would€not€always€be€available€andÐ  U Ðvulnerable€suspects€could€easily€be€intimidated.€€The€Bar€Council,€the€LawÐ á  ÐSociety€and€a€majority€within€the€Royal€Commission€on€Criminal€Justice€hadÐ ¤ Û  Ðwarned€against€the€new€legislation.€€The€rule€had€apparently€been€enacted€toÐ g ž  Ðdeal€with€the€special€situation€in€Northern€Ireland,€which€was€certainly€notÐ * a  Ðthe€appropriate€place€for€the€development€of€legal€rules€that€were€conduciveÐ í $  Ðto€the€enjoyment€of€human€rights.€€The€law€was€at€the€very€least€creating€anÐ °ç  Ðatmosphere€of€suspicion€that€might€be€detrimental€to€legal€credibility.€€HeÐ sª  Ðasked€the€delegation€to€explain€how€a€fair€trial€and€credible€investigationÐ 6m  Ðprocedures€could€be€ensured€under€those€circumstances.€Ð ù0  ÐÌ6.à b àIn€recent€years€there€had€been€a€tendency,€not€only€in€theÐ ¶  ÐUnitedKingdom,€to€contract€out€core€State€functions€to€the€private€sector.€Ð By ÐHe€felt€that€the€State€was€renouncing€part€of€its€legitimacy€when,€inÐ < Ðparticular,€it€contracted€out€functions€involving€the€use€of€force€in€theÐ Èÿ Ðpublic€interest.Ð ‹Â ÐÌ7.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€said€that€the€Criminal€Justice€and€Public€Order€ActÐ H Ðcreated€a€number€of€offences€related€to€public€order€which€led€to€restrictionsÐ Ô  Ðon,€for€example,€public€demonstrations.€€The€police€had€special€powers€toÐ —Î Ðdissolve€and€prohibit€public€meetings,€to€restrict€freedom€of€movement€and€toÐ Z‘ Ðencroach€on€the€privacy€of€individuals.€€Ð T ÐÌ8.à b àThe€Prevention€of€Terrorism€Act€empowered€the€police€to€arrest€people€inÐ £Ú Ðthe€street,€to€conduct€investigations€and€even€to€enter€people's€homes€withoutÐ f Ða€court€order.€€There€were€reports€of€a€wave€of€suicides€in€the€prisons€ofÐ )`  ÐNorthern€Ireland,€allegedly€connected€with€ill„treatment€and€poor€conditionsÐ ì#! Ðof€detention.€€The€emergency€legislation€allowed€a€prisoner€to€be€heldÐ ¯æ" Ðincommunicado€for€up€to€seven€days,€creating€an€unacceptable€situation€forÐ r©# Ðimmigrants€in€particular,€who€were€sometimes€held€under€inhuman€conditions.€€Ð 5 l$ ÐÌ9.à b àThe€Emergency€Provisions€Act€1991€permitted€detention€without€trial€andÐ »!ò& Ðthe€Prevention€of€Terrorism€Act€allowed€the€Home€Secretary€to€issue€exclusionÐ ~"µ' Ðorders€involving€internal€exile€without€judicial€proceedings.€€Ð A#x( ÐÌ10.à b àUnder€the€Security€Service€Act€1989,€investigations€of€charges€againstÐ Ç$þ* Ðthe€police€were€carried€out€by€the€police€force€itself,€which€was€thereforeÐ Š%Á + Ðboth€judge€and€party.Ð M&„!, ÐÌ11.à b àòòMr.€FRANCISóó€asked€whether€the€Brixton€prison€authorities€had€takenÐ Ó' #. Ðanysteps€to€discipline€the€perpetrators€of€the€offence€of€beatingÐ –(Í#/ ÐMr.ClaudJohnson,€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant.€Ð Y)$0 ÐÌÌÌ12.à b àWith€regard€to€Mrs.€Joy€Gardner,€no€infringement€of€the€immigration€lawÐ e,œ'4 Ðcould€justify€the€manner€of€her€arrest,€which€had€been€of€such€ferocity€as€toÐ (-_(5 Ðlead€to€her€death€by€asphyxiation.€€He€wished€to€know€what€steps€had€beenÐ É Ðtaken€to€prevent€the€recurrence€of€such€excesses.Ð ŒÃ ÐÌ13.à b àHe€joined€other€members€in€criticizing€the€attack€on€the€right€toÐ I Ðsilence,€which€undermined€one€of€the€foundations€of€criminal€justice€in€theÐ Õ  ÐUnited€Kingdom.Ð ˜Ï ÐÌ14.à b àHe€had€information€from€the€Britain€and€Northern€Ireland€Human€RightsÐ  U ÐCentre€to€the€effect€that€over€500€prisoners€were€being€held€inÐ á  ÐNorthernIreland€under€very€adverse€conditions.€€Moreover,€the€fact€thatÐ ¤ Û  Ðsome38prisoners€being€held€outside€Northern€Ireland€was€a€source€of€grief€toÐ g ž  Ðtheir€relatives,€who€had€to€travel€long€distances€to€visit€them.€€AnotherÐ * a  Ðnon-governmental€organization€(NGO)€alleged€that€in€the€Castlereagh€holdingÐ í $  Ðcentre€there€was€very€little€light€for€the€prisoners.Ð °ç  ÐÌ15.à b àLastly,€he€understood€that€there€was€no€law€on€racial€discrimination€inÐ 6m  ÐNorthern€Ireland.Ð ù0  ÐÌ16.à b àòòMs.€EVATTóó,€referring€to€Ms.€Medina€Quiroga's€question€regarding€inquests,Ð ¶  Ðasked€whether€the€repeal€of€the€emergency€legislation€would€lead€to€theÐ By Ðremoval€of€restrictions€on€the€availability€of€certain€evidence€to€familiesÐ < Ðand€coroners.Ð Èÿ ÐÌ17.à b àShe€asked€whether€certain€recommendations€of€the€Blom„Cooper€report€onÐ N… Ðholding€centres€were€to€be€implemented,€such€as€the€closure€of€Castlereagh,Ð H Ðthe€audio„visual€recording€of€interrogations€and€prompt€access€to€legal€aid.Ð Ô  ÐÌ18.à b àThe€establishment€of€a€Criminal€Cases€Review€Commission€was€a€welcomeÐ Z‘ Ðdevelopment,€but€she€asked€whether€there€would€be€an€independent€agency€toÐ T Ðcarry€out€reviews€where€police€action€was€involved.€€The€inherently€unsafeÐ à Ðnature€of€confessions€had€been€revealed€in€some€of€the€cases€concerned.€€WasÐ £Ú Ðthere€any€intention€to€introduce€statutory€safeguards€such€as€a€judicialÐ f Ðwarning€in€regard€to€confessions?Ð )`  ÐÌ19.à b àAmnesty€International€had€reported€on€strip€searching,€especially€ofÐ ¯æ" Ðwomen,€before€and€after€closed€visits€in€maximum€security€prisons.€€What€wereÐ r©# Ðthe€regulations€governing€strip€searches?€€Did€they€serve€any€real€securityÐ 5 l$ Ðpurpose€and€could€prisoners€appeal€to€prevent€them?Ð ø /% ÐÌ20.à b àShe€asked€whether€the€new€rules€allowing€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€theÐ ~"µ' Ðsilence€of€a€defendant€would€be€extended€to€Scotland,€where€the€legalÐ A#x( Ðprofession€was€reportedly€opposed€to€the€change.Ð $;) ÐÌ21.à b àThere€was€no€reference€in€the€report€to€recent€allegations€byÐ Š%Á + ÐAnti-Slavery€International€concerning€abuse€of€Filipino€domestic€workers€inÐ M&„!, Ðthe€United€Kingdom.€€Had€the€Government€given€any€consideration€to€the€matterÐ 'G"- Ðand€did€it€intend€to€introduce€any€additional€legal€protection€for€domesticÐ Ó' #. Ðworkers?Ð –(Í#/ ÐÌ22.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(United€Kingdom)€said€that€tape€recordings€of€policeÐ *S%1 Ðinterviews€were€routinely€made€in€Northern€Ireland€except€in€terrorist€cases.Ð ß*&2 ÐÌ23.à b àUnder€the€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act,€people€arrested€and€held€inÐ e,œ'4 Ðcustody€were€entitled€to€consult€a€solicitor€privately€at€any€time.€€VeryÐ (-_(5 Ðstrict€conditions€applied€to€cases€where€access€to€certain€persons€could€beÐ É Ðrefused€during€the€first€36€hours.€€The€officer€in€the€case€had€to€haveÐ ŒÃ Ðreasonable€grounds€for€believing€that€access€to€legal€advice€would€lead€toÐ O† Ðinterference€with€or€harm€to€evidence€connected€with€a€serious€arrestableÐ I Ðoffence,€interference€with€or€personal€injury€to€other€persons,€the€alertingÐ Õ  Ðof€suspects€still€at€large,€or€hindrance€of€the€recovery€of€property€obtainedÐ ˜Ï Ðas€a€result€of€a€serious€arrestable€offence.€€In€cases€involving€terrorism,Ð [ ’ Ðthe€period€of€36€hours€could€be€extended€to€48€and€there€were€additionalÐ  U Ðgrounds€for€refusal€of€access.€€Under€the€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act,Ð á  Ðthe€police€were€told€that€access€to€a€solicitor€could€not€be€delayed€on€theÐ ¤ Û  Ðground€that€the€solicitor€might€advise€the€person€not€to€answer€any€question.€Ð g ž  ÐThe€caution€given€to€arrested€persons€was€very€clear€on€the€right€to€remainÐ * a  Ðsilent.€€However,€they€were€also€warned€that€"it€may€harm€your€defence".€€ItÐ í $  Ðwas€for€a€court€or€a€jury€to€decide€if€any€inference€might€properly€be€drawnÐ °ç  Ðfrom€a€person's€decision€at€that€stage€to€remain€silent€until€legal€adviceÐ sª  Ðbecame€available,€which€would€in€any€case€be€within€36€or€at€the€most48Ð 6m  Ðhours.€€If€a€suspect€during€that€initial€period€spoke€after€the€application€ofÐ ù0  Ðimproper€pressure,€any€evidence€so€obtained€would€be€liable€to€be€declaredÐ ¼ó  Ðinadmissible€under€section€78€of€the€Police€and€Criminal€Evidence€Act.Ð ¶  ÐÌ24.à b àThere€was€no€question€of€compelling€suspects€to€testify€againstÐ < Ðthemselves€or€to€confess€their€guilt€and€there€was€hence€no€violation€ofÐ Èÿ Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€3(g),€of€the€Covenant.€€As€to€the€presumption€ofÐ ‹Â Ðinnocence,€the€prosecution€had€to€produce€prima€facie€evidence€and€it€was€theÐ N… Ðcombination€of€that€evidence€with€any€inferences€properly€drawn€that€might€layÐ H Ðthe€basis€for€a€conviction.€€Ð Ô  ÐÌ25.à b àThere€had,€of€course,€been€a€very€vigorous€debate€in€the€United€KingdomÐ Z‘ Ðabout€the€recent€changes€in€the€law.€€The€Criminal€Law€Revision€Committee,€aÐ T Ðdistinguished€body€of€lawyers,€had€recommended€their€introduction€some€timeÐ à Ðpreviously.€€The€Government,€however,€mindful€of€the€issues€and€concernsÐ £Ú Ðinvolved,€had€been€keen€to€learn€from€experience€in€the€application€of€theÐ f Ðprovisions€in€Northern€Ireland€and€had€also€taken€into€account€the€views€ofÐ )`  Ðthe€Royal€Commission€on€Criminal€Justice,€a€majority€of€whose€members€had€beenÐ ì#! Ðopposed€to€their€introduction.€€After€lengthy€consideration,€it€had€eventuallyÐ ¯æ" Ðtaken€the€view€that€the€provisions€for€the€protection€of€innocent€suspects€andÐ r©# Ðdefendants€were€perfectly€adequate€and€that€it€was€necessary€to€correct€theÐ 5 l$ Ðbalance€to€ensure€that€the€guilty€were€properly€convicted.Ð ø /% ÐÌ26.à b àHis€Government€did€not€accept€that€persons€arrested€under€section€14€ofÐ ~"µ' Ðthe€Prevention€of€Terrorism€Act€were€detained€for€intelligence„gatheringÐ A#x( Ðpurposes.€€They€were€detained€with€a€view€to€instituting€criminal€proceedingsÐ $;) Ðif€sufficient€evidence€became€available.€€They€were€told€that€they€had€beenÐ Ç$þ* Ðarrested€because€the€officer€concerned€had€reasonable€grounds€for€suspectingÐ Š%Á + Ðthem€to€be€concerned€in€the€preparation€or€instigation€of€acts€of€terrorism.Ð M&„!, ÐÌ27.à b àThe€Government€wholly€understood€the€sensitivities€that€existed€in€theÐ Ó' #. Ðcase€of€ethnic€minorities.€€However,€those€sensitivities€should€not€preventÐ –(Í#/ Ðnecessary€action€to€bring€criminals€to€justice.Ð Y)$0 ÐÌ28.à b àWith€regard€to€the€entitlement€of€prisoners€to€practise€their€religion,Ð ß*&2 Ðwhich€was€reaffirmed€in€the€current€Prison€Operating€Standards,€the€role€ofÐ ¢+Ù&3 ÐHer€Majesty's€Inspector€was€a€positive€one,€namely€to€ensure€that€theÐ e,œ'4 Ðentitlement€was€properly€provided€for.Ð (-_(5 Ї29.à b àThe€incidence€of€suicide€was€a€matter€of€great€concern.€€The€prisonÐ É Ðservice€strategy€for€preventing€suicide€was€an€impressive€document€and€hadÐ ŒÃ Ðbeen€included€as€annex€C€to€the€fourth€periodic€report.€€The€1994€figures€hadÐ O† Ðadmittedly€been€unusually€high,€but€such€figures€tended€to€fluctuateÐ I Ðunpredictably.€€Suicide€rates€in€the€community€at€large€had€also€increased.€€AÐ Õ  Ðkey€part€of€the€prison€service€strategy€had€been€to€develop€partnerships€withÐ ˜Ï Ðvoluntary€organizations€such€as€the€Samaritans,€whose€members€had€been€broughtÐ [ ’ Ðinto€prisons€to€offer€advice€to€the€staff€and€to€befriend€prisonersÐ  U Ðthemselves.Ð á  ÐÌ30.à b àThe€issue€of€establishing€a€separate,€independent€force€to€deal€withÐ g ž  Ðserious€allegations€against€the€police€had€recently€been€considered€by€theÐ * a  ÐGovernment€in€connection€with€investigations€that€might€be€required€by€the€newÐ í $  ÐCriminal€Cases€Review€Authority.€€It€had€taken€the€view€that€the€mostÐ °ç  Ðeffective€arrangements€consisted€of€a€powerful€police€investigative€processÐ sª  Ðand€a€supervisory€authority€that€would€be€responsible€for€approving€the€powersÐ 6m  Ðof€the€investigating€officer,€indicating€whether€an€investigation€had€beenÐ ù0  Ðconducted€satisfactorily,€directing€that€a€case€should€be€referred€to€theÐ ¼ó  ÐDirector€of€Public€Prosecutions€and€recommending€disciplinary€charges.€€HeÐ ¶  Ðpointed€out€that€some€of€those€convicted€of€terrorist€crimes€in€England€andÐ By ÐWales€had€had€their€convictions€quashed€as€a€result€of€evidence€revealed€byÐ < Ðpolice€investigations.Ð Èÿ ÐÌ31.à b àSince€1983,€71€civilians€had€died€as€a€result€of€shooting€by€the€securityÐ N… Ðforces€in€Northern€Ireland€(out€of€a€total€of€904€deaths€during€the€sameÐ H Ðperiod€as€a€consequence€of€the€terrorist€campaign).€€In€54€of€those€cases,Ð Ô  Ðpossession€by€the€victim€of€illegally€held€or€imitation€weapons€had€apparentlyÐ —Î Ðbeen€involved€and€had€been€the€main€reason€why€charges€had€not€been€preferred.€Ð Z‘ ÐIn€the€remaining€17€cases,€where€the€security€forces€had€shot€dead€individualsÐ T Ðwho€had€subsequently€proved€to€be€unarmed,€7soldiers€and€police€officers€hadÐ à Ðso€far€been€charged€with€murder,€1€with€manslaughter€and€2€with€attemptedÐ £Ú Ðmurder.€€Four€convictions€for€murder€and€one€for€attempted€murder€had€ensued;Ð f Ðone€charge€of€murder,€one€of€manslaughter€and€one€of€attempted€murder€hadÐ )`  Ðresulted€in€acquittals.Ð ì#! ÐÌ32.à b àAllegations€of€collusion€in€Northern€Ireland€between€the€forces€of€lawÐ r©# Ðand€order€and€the€population€had€been€investigated€in€1989€by€a€senior€policeÐ 5 l$ Ðofficer€from€England,€who€had€concluded€that€some€collusion€had€indeedÐ ø /% Ðoccurred,€but€neither€on€a€widespread€nor€on€an€institutionalized€basis.€Ð »!ò& ÐForty-five€prosecutions€and€convictions€had€followed€that€inquiry,Ð ~"µ' Ðoneinvolving€a€sentence€of€10€years'€imprisonment€for€conspiracy€to€murder.Ð A#x( ÐÌ33.à b àRoman€Catholic€representation€in€the€Royal€Ulster€Constabulary€wasÐ Ç$þ* Ðactively€promoted€by€a€variety€of€means;€one€encouraging€development€was€thatÐ Š%Á + Ðsince€the€cease-fires€20percent€of€applicants€to€the€RUC€had€been€members€ofÐ M&„!, Ðthe€Roman€Catholic€community.Ð 'G"- ÐÌ34.à b àOn€the€question€of€whether€the€police€were€authorized€to€grant€bail€inÐ –(Í#/ ÐEngland€and€Wales,€as€an€alternative€to€custody,€the€answer€was€in€theÐ Y)$0 Ðaffirmative,€subject€to€certain€conditions.€Ð *S%1 ÐÌ35.à b àThe€release€of€discretionary€life-sentence€prisoners€was€subject€toÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðâ âdetailed€consideration€by€a€panel€that€formed€part€of€the€Parole€Board;€theÐ e,œ'4 Ðpanel€normally€comprised€a€judicial€member,€a€psychiatric€member€and€a€layÐ É Ðmember.Ð ŒÃ Ðâ âÌ36.à b àThe€nature€of€corporal€punishment€in€schools€was€a€matter€for€theÐ I Ðdiscretion€of€the€head€teacher;€such€punishment€must€not€constitute€inhuman€orÐ Õ  Ðdegrading€treatment;€in€determining€whether€that€condition€was€observed,Ð ˜Ï Ðregard€must€be€had€to€all€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€including€the€reasonsÐ [ ’ Ðfor€the€punishment,€how€soon€after€the€offence€it€had€been€administered,€itsÐ  U Ðnature,€the€manner€and€circumstances€in€which€it€was€administered,€the€personsÐ á  Ðinvolved€and€the€mental€and€physical€effects€on€the€pupil€concerned.€€WhatÐ ¤ Û  Ðconstituted€lawful€corporal€punishment€was€a€matter€for€the€courts€toÐ g ž  Ðdetermine.Ð * a  ÐÌ37.à b àThe€possession€of€items€(such€as€materials€for€making€bombs)€and€theÐ °ç  Ðcollection€of€information€(such€as€details€of€potential€targets)€likely€to€beÐ sª  Ðuseful€for€terrorist€purposes€were€designated€as€offences€under€the€EmergencyÐ 6m  ÐProvisions€Act1991,€and€had€been€extended€to€England€and€Wales€by€theÐ ù0  ÐCriminal€Justice€and€Public€Order€Act1994€in€response€to€a€clear€operationalÐ ¼ó  Ðneed.€€Under€the€provisions€of€those€Acts,€the€police€had€been€able€toÐ ¶  Ðfrustrate€a€number€of€terrorist€attacks.Ð By ÐÌ38.à b àOn€the€question€of€the€recording€of€interviews€in€Northern€Ireland,€theÐ Èÿ Ðintroduction€of€an€electronic€recording€scheme€in€holding€centres€had€beenÐ ‹Â Ðannounced€as€part€of€the€forthcoming€Emergency€Provisions€Bill€should€theÐ N… Ðcontinuing€security€situation€make€that€necessary.Ð H ÐÌ39.à b àNotwithstanding€variations€in€traditions€and€approaches€in€the€differentÐ —Î Ðparts€of€the€UnitedKingdom,€inquests€were€essentially€fact-finding€inquiriesÐ Z‘ Ðand€in€no€sense€criminal€investigations€or€hearings.€€It€was€not€the€businessÐ T Ðof€the€coroner€to€determine€whether€a€killing€had€been€lawful€or€otherwise€orÐ à Ðwhether€civil€or€criminal€responsibility€was€involved.€€It€was€unlikely€thatÐ £Ú Ðthe€granting€of€claims€for€public€interest€immunity€certificates€would€hamperÐ f Ðproceedings€in€a€coroner's€court,€the€aim€of€which€was€merely€to€establish€theÐ )`  Ðidentity€of€the€deceased€and€the€circumstances€of€the€death.Ð ì#! ÐÌ40.à b àAdding€to€his€earlier€remarks€on€the€subject€of€private€prisons,€he€saidÐ r©# Ðthat€the€State€established€standards€and€monitored€their€observance;Ð 5 l$ Ðnon-compliance€with€those€standards€was€sanctioned.€€His€experience€as€aÐ ø /% Ðpublic€servant€was€that€the€discipline€of€a€purchaser-provider€contract€andÐ »!ò& Ðthe€introduction€of€competitiveness€could€improve€supervision€and€management.Ð ~"µ' ÐÌ41.à b àThe€powers€of€the€police€in€relation€to€assemblies€were€strictlyÐ $;) Ðdelimited€by€the€1994€Act€and€the€Public€Order€Act€1986.Ð Ç$þ* ÐÌ42.à b àStop-and-search€powers€in€NorthernIreland,€found€relatively€effective€in€Ð M&„!, Ðdiscouraging€the€transport€of€arms€and€explosives,€had€been€extended€to€Ð 'G"- ÐEngland€and€Wales€through€section60€of€the€Criminal€Justice€and€Public€OrderÐ Ó' #. ÐAct€1994.€€As€a€consequence€of€the€cease-fires,€however,€those€powers€were€notÐ –(Í#/ Ðat€present€resorted€to€regularly€in€either€jurisdiction.Ð Y)$0 ÐÌ43.à b àThe€transfer€of€prisoners€from€England€and€Wales€to€NorthernIreland,Ð ß*&2 Ðbased€on€consideration€of€the€individual€merits,€had€been€taking€place€forÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðmany€years.€€In€1992,€new€arrangements€for€the€permanent€and€temporaryÐ e,œ'4 Ðtransfer€of€prisoners€had€come€into€force;€since€then,€eight€prisonersÐ (-_(5 Ðconvicted€of€terrorist-related€offences€had€been€temporarily,€and€threeÐ É Ðpermanently€transferred.€€The€Home€Secretary€had€authorized€a€furtherÐ ŒÃ Ðthreepermanent€transfers.Ð O† ÐÌ44.à b àThe€Royal€Commission€recommendations€in€regard€to€confession€evidenceÐ Õ  Ðwere€still€under€consideration.Ð ˜Ï ÐÌ45.à b àConditions€at€the€Castlereagh€holding€centre€were€admittedly€less€thanÐ  U Ðsatisfactory.€€The€relocation€of€the€centre€had€been€envisaged,€but€mightÐ á  Ðprove€unnecessary,€since€use€of€Castlereagh€had€fallen€drastically€since€theÐ ¤ Û  Ðcease-fires.Ð g ž  ÐÌ46.à b àThe€matter€of€the€treatment€of€domestic€servants€from€overseas€had€beenÐ í $  Ðaddressed€by€the€Government€in€an€attempt€to€minimize€any€possible€scope€forÐ °ç  Ðabuse.€€Migrant€workers€were€required€to€apply€abroad€for€entry€clearance;Ð sª  Ðinterviews€in€that€connection€made€it€possible€to€check€the€bonafides€of€theÐ 6m  Ðparties,€and€to€verify€that€adequate€arrangements€had€been€made€forÐ ù0  Ðmaintenance€and€accommodation€in€the€United€Kingdom.€€Migrant€workers€receivedÐ ¼ó  Ða€leaflet€outlining€their€rights€and€remedies€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€which€wasÐ ¶  Ðalso€given€to€their€employers.Ð By ÐÌ47.à b àThe€question€of€extending€the€mandate€of€the€Criminal€Cases€ReviewÐ Èÿ ÐCommission€to€Scotland€had€been€the€subject€of€broad€consultation€in€thatÐ ‹Â Ðcountry€in€1994.€€The€exercise€had€revealed€no€widespread€dissatisfaction€withÐ N… Ðexisting€arrangements€in€Scotland€for€handling€alleged€miscarriages€of€justiceÐ H Ðand€the€related€issue€of€appeals€criteria,€and€no€consensus€on€the€need€forÐ Ô  Ðchange.€€An€independent€committee,€headed€by€the€Principal€of€EdinburghÐ —Î ÐUniversity,€had€been€appointed€to€advise€on€those€matters€and€to€report€byÐ Z‘ ÐJuly€1996€at€the€latest.€€Ð T ÐÌ48.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€the€UnitedKingdom€delegation€to€respond€to€theÐ £Ú Ðquestions€in€sectionIII€of€the€list€of€issues,€which€read:Ð f ÐÌÓE1++b™ ? Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++7EÓà0 b à"III.à0? bü#bü#àòòFreedom€of€movement€and€expulsion€of€aliens,€protection€of€theÐ ì#! Ðfamily€and€children,€and€right€to€participate€in€the€conductÐ ¯æ" Ðofpublic€affairsóó€(arts.€12,€13,€24€and€25)Ðr©#? ü#? ü# ÐÌÓK.++b™ Ð >u¬ãQˆ¿ö!++‚7? Ð Š7KÓà0 b àà ™ à(a)à Ð àPlease€provide€further€information€on€the€functions,€powersÐ ø /% Ðand€activities€to€date€of€the€Immigration€Appeal€Tribunal€establishedÐ »!ò& Ðunder€the€Asylum€and€Immigration€Appeals€Act€1993€as€well€as€of€theÐ ~"µ' ÐRefugee€Legal€Centre€and€the€Immigration€Advisory€Service€(seeÐ A#x( Ðparas.189to€190€and€294€to€302€of€the€report).Ð$;)bü#bü# ÐÌÌà0 b àà ™ à(b)à Ð àPlease€provide€further€information€on€cases€where€theÐ M&„!, ÐSecretary€of€State€has€certified€the€claims€of€asylum-seekers€to€beÐ 'G"- Ð'without€foundation'€and€about€the€consequent€accelerated€appealÐ Ó' #. Ðprocedure€(see€para.296€of€the€report).Ж(Í#/bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(c)à Ð àPlease€clarify€whether€in€cases€where€the€Asylum€andÐ *S%1 ÐImmigration€Appeals€Act€1993€withdraws€appeal€rights€(e.g.€from€visitorsÐ ß*&2 Ðand€short-term€students)€the€persons€concerned€are€still€entitled€toÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðsubmit€their€cases€to€judicial€review€(see€para.299€of€the€report).Ðe,œ'4bü#bü# ÐÐ (-_(5 Ðà0 b àà ™ à(d)à Ð àPlease€describe€the€impact€of€the€principle€of€family€unityÐ É Ðreferred€to€in€paragraph403€of€the€report€on€the€policy€of€exclusion,Ð ŒÃ Ðdeportation€and€removal€of€aliens€(see€paras.285€and€289€of€the€report).ÐO†bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(e)à Ð àPlease€explain€how€the€deportations€and€removals€of€illegalÐ Õ  Ðentrants,€refused€asylum-seekers€or€of€other€persons€are€carried€out€inÐ ˜Ï Ðpractice.€€What€kind€of€force€may€be€applied€against€those€persons?€€IsÐ [ ’ Ðthere€any€judicial€protection€against€the€enforcement€of€such€measures?€Ð  U ÐWhat€is€the€role€of€private€security€firms€in€the€expulsion€process?Ðá bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(f)à Ð àPlease€elaborate€on€the€legal€situation€of€and€on€remediesÐ g ž  Ðavailable€to€persons€who€have€been€excluded€under€the€Prevention€ofÐ * a  ÐTerrorism€(Temporary€Provisions)€Act€1989.€€Has€the€Court€of€AppealÐ í $  Ðpassed€a€judgement€in€the€cases€òòR.v.€Secretary€of€State€ex€parteÐ °ç  ÐGallagheróó€and€òòR.€v.€Secretary€of€State€ex€parte€Adamsóó€referred€to€inÐ sª  Ðparagraph286€of€the€report?Ð6m bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(g)à Ð àPlease€describe€the€actual€circumstances€under€which€a€childÐ ¼ó  Ðmay€be€placed€in€secure€accommodation€under€section25€of€the€ChildrenÐ ¶  ÐAct€1989€as€well€as€the€conditions€of€deprivation€of€liberty€therein€(seeÐ By Ðpara.€270€of€the€report).Ð<bü#bü# ÐÌà0 b àà ™ à(h)à Ð àWhat€has€been€the€result€of€the€review€of€the€Government'sÐ ‹Â Ðposition€whereby€convicted,€sentenced€prisoners€are€not€eligible€to€vote,Ð N… Ðin€the€light€of€the€Committee's€comments€during€the€consideration€of€theÐ H Ðthird€periodic€report€(see€para.481€of€the€report)?"ÐÔ bü#bü# ÐÌ49.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(United€Kingdom),€responding€to€question(a),€said€that€theÐ Z‘ ÐAsylum€and€Immigration€Appeals€Act1993,€which€extended€the€powers€of€theÐ T Ðappellate€authorities€in€respect€of€asylum-seekers,€provided€a€right€of€appealÐ à Ðagainst€refusal€of€leave€to€enter€on€the€grounds€that€consequent€removal€wouldÐ £Ú Ðbe€contrary€to€the€obligations€of€the€United€Kingdom€under€the€UnitedNationsÐ f ÐConvention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees.€€Those€obligations€could€alsoÐ )`  Ðbe€evoked€in€an€appeal€against€a€decision€to€issue€or€refusal€to€revoke€aÐ ì#! Ðdeportation€order.€€The€Act€conferred€a€specific€right€of€appeal€on€a€personÐ ¯æ" Ðseeking€such€leave€on€the€basis€of€asylum.€€It€made€provision€for€theÐ r©# Ðappointment€of€Special€Adjudicators€to€hear€asylum€appeals.€€Except€inÐ 5 l$ Ð"without€foundation"€cases,€further€appeal€was€possible€to€the€ImmigrationÐ ø /% ÐAppeal€Tribunal.€€If€either€the€Adjudicator€or€the€Tribunal€allowed€theÐ »!ò& Ðappeal,€the€decision€and€any€directives€related€thereto€were€binding€on€theÐ ~"µ' ÐGovernment.€€Ð A#x( ÐÌÑ}Ñ50.à b àThe€Immigration€Advisory€Service,€an€independent€body€establishedÐ Ç$þ* Ðin1993,€provided€advice€and€assistance€in€the€matter€of€immigration€right€ofÐ Š%Á + Ðappeal;€it€had€helped€5,800people€in€1993-1994;€its€budget€from€theÐ M&„!, ÐHomeOffice€for€1995-1996€amounted€to€ð ð2.6million.€€The€Refugee€LegalÐ 'G"- ÐCentre,also€created€in1993€and€an€independent€body,€had€counselledÐ Ó' #. Ð15,850asylum-seekers€with€rights€of€appeal;€it€was€funded€for€1995-1996€withÐ –(Í#/ Ða€grant€of€ð ð3.6million.€€Habeas€corpus€in€relation€to€detention€underÐ Y)$0 Ðthe1993Act€was€available€exactly€as€it€was€in€relation€to€the€exercise€ofÐ *S%1 Ðany€other€power€of€detention,€subject€to€the€satisfaction€of€certainÐ ß*&2 Ðconditions,€namely€determination€that€leave€had€been€curtailed€on€a€rejectedÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðasylum€claim€and€that€the€individual€concerned€was€in€detention€pending€theÐ e,œ'4 Ðissuance€of€a€deportation€order.€€Ð (-_(5 Ðâ âÐ ë-")6 Ð51.à b àIn€relation€to€paragraph(b)€of€the€list€of€issues,€he€said€that€theÐ É Ðâ âAsylum€and€Immigration€Appeals€Act1993€introduced€a€special€appeals€procedureÐ ŒÃ Ðfor€"without€foundation"€asylum€claims,€in€other€words€claims€which€in€theÐ O† Ðopinion€of€the€Secretary€of€State€did€not€raise€any€issue€as€to€theÐ I ÐUnitedKingdom's€obligations€under€the€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€ofÐ Õ  ÐRefugees€„€either€because€the€applicant€could€be€returned€to€a€"safe€thirdÐ ˜Ï Ðcountry",€i.e.€one€in€which€the€life€or€the€freedom€under€the€Convention€ofÐ [ ’ Ðthe€applicant€would€not€be€threatened€and€whose€Government€would€not€send€theÐ  U Ðapplicant€elsewhere€in€a€manner€contrary€to€the€principles€of€theConvention,Ð á  Ðor€because€the€claim€was€otherwise€frivolous€or€vexatious.€€Such€cases€wereÐ ¤ Û  Ðconsidered€on€their€merits.€€All€persons€denied€asylum,€including€those€whoseÐ g ž  Ðclaims€had€been€certified€as€without€foundation,€had€a€right€of€appeal,€beforeÐ * a  Ðremoval,€to€an€Independent€Adjudicator.€€An€accelerated€procedure€came€intoÐ í $  Ðplay€once€such€an€appeal€was€received€by€the€authorities,€statutoryÐ °ç  Ðtime-limits€being€established€for€the€hearing€and€determination€of€thoseÐ sª  Ðappeals,€as€set€out€in€the€Asylum€Appeals€(Procedure)€Rules1993.€€If€the€caseÐ 6m  Ðwas€without€foundation,€the€Special€Adjudicator€had€seven€days€in€which€toÐ ù0  Ðdetermine€the€appeal.€€In€cases€not€certified€as€without€foundation,€theÐ ¼ó  Ðtime-limit€was€42days.€€Adjudicators€had€complete€discretion€regarding€theÐ ¶  Ðamount€of€time€devoted€to€an€appeal€and€whether€to€grant€adjournments,€andÐ By Ðcould€also€extend€the€statutory€time-limits€if€necessary.€€All€asylumÐ < Ðapplicants€had€access€to€free€advice€and€representation€on€appeal€from€theÐ Èÿ ÐRefugee€Legal€Centre.€€They€could€also€apply€for€legal€aid,€although€that€wasÐ ‹Â Ðnot€available€for€representational€purposes.€€If€the€Adjudicator€agreed€thatÐ N… Ðthe€claim€was€without€foundation,€there€was€no€further€right€to€approach€theÐ H ÐTribunal;€but€the€applicant€could€apply€to€the€courts€for€judicial€review€ofÐ Ô  Ðthe€decision.Ð —Î ÐÌ52.à b àThe€answer€to€the€question€posed€in€paragraph(c)€of€the€list€of€issuesÐ T Ðwas€in€the€affirmative,€subject€to€obtaining€leave€of€the€High€Court€„€aÐ à Ðcondition€of€all€judicial€review€applications€in€England€and€Wales.€€€€€€€Ð £Ú ÐÌ53.à b àConcerning€question(d),€he€said€that€while€the€Immigration€Rules€made€itÐ )`  Ðclear€that€deportation€would€be€the€normal€course€of€action€where€a€person€hadÐ ì#! Ðbreached€the€immigration€law,€a€decision€to€enforce€removal€was€taken€onlyÐ ¯æ" Ðafter€all€the€relevant€facts€had€been€considered.€€In€considering€theÐ r©# Ðdeportation€or€removal€of€an€illegal€entrant€with€close€family€ties,€theÐ 5 l$ Ðeffect€of€such€action€on€other€family€members€was€also€taken€into€account.€Ð ø /% ÐWhere€it€was€decided€that€the€presence€of€close€family€ties€did€not€outweighÐ »!ò& Ðthe€public€interest€in€proceeding€with€removal,€family€members€would€be€givenÐ ~"µ' Ðthe€opportunity€of€accompanying€the€principal€family€member,€at€public€expenseÐ A#x( Ðif€necessary.€€Cases€where€there€were€known€to€be€close€family€ties€wereÐ $;) Ðexcluded€from€the€delegation€arrangements€for€the€removal€of€illegal€entrantsÐ Ç$þ* Ðalluded€to€in€paragraphs290€and291€of€the€report€(CCPR/C/95/Add.3).€€In€theÐ Š%Á + Ðmatter€of€exclusion,€the€Secretary€of€State€was€bound€by€law,€before€making€anÐ M&„!, Ðexclusion€order,€to€consider€whether€the€person's€connection€with€any€countryÐ 'G"- Ðother€than€that€from€which€he€was€to€be€excluded€made€such€an€orderÐ Ó' #. Ðappropriate.€€A€British€citizen€might€not€be€excluded€from€that€part€of€theÐ –(Í#/ ÐUnited€Kingdom€where€he€was€ordinarily€resident€and€had€so€been€for€theÐ Y)$0 Ðprevious€three€years.€€A€British€citizen€could€not€be€excluded€from€theÐ *S%1 ÐUnitedKingdom.€€The€purpose€of€exclusion€was€not€to€ban€people€from€their€ownÐ ß*&2 Ðhome€territory,€which€would€not€be€lawful,€but€to€hinder€those€who€wouldÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðtravel€to€an€area€in€order€to€carry€out€an€attack€and€then€return€home.€€SuchÐ e,œ'4 Ðpowers€of€exclusion€were€quite€different€from€those€under€the€FootballÐ (-_(5 ÐSpectators€Act€referred€to€in€paragraphs287€and288€of€the€report:€€ordersÐ ë-")6 Ðunder€that€Act€were€made€following€conviction€for€a€football-related€offenceÐ ®.å)7 Ðand€were€designed€to€do€no€more€than€prevent€a€person€from€attendingÐ É Ðsubsequent€football€matches€for€the€duration€of€the€order.€€€€Ð ŒÃ ÐÌ54.à b àTurning€to€paragraph(e)€of€the€list€of€issues,€he€said€that€a€person€toÐ I Ðbe€deported€or€removed€as€an€illegal€entrant€would€be€served€with€a€noticeÐ Õ  Ðnotifying€him€of€the€decision.€€There€were€no€separate€arrangements€for€theÐ ˜Ï Ðremoval€of€refused€asylum-seekers.€€If€they€failed€to€leave€voluntarily,€theyÐ [ ’ Ðwere€either€removed€under€deportation€powers€or€as€illegal€entrants.€€At€theÐ  U Ðtime€the€notice€was€served€they€would€be€notified€of€any€appeal€rights.€€OnceÐ á  Ðthe€appeal€had€been€determined€or€where€no€further€appeal€right€existed,Ð ¤ Û  Ðarrangements€would€be€made€for€removal.€€The€subject€of€the€notice€wouldÐ g ž  Ðnormally€be€given€an€opportunity€to€present€himself€voluntarily€at€the€port€ofÐ * a  Ðdeparture.€€However,€if€the€person€was€likely€to€abscond€or€was€detained,€heÐ í $  Ðwould€be€taken€to€the€port€of€departure€and€held€there€in€secure€conditionsÐ °ç  Ðuntil€boarding€the€aircraft.€€Restraints€were€not€the€norm,€but€were€used€onlyÐ sª  Ðwhen€justified€by€the€circumstances.€€In€considering€the€need€for€restraints,Ð 6m  Ðthe€safety€and€security€of€the€detainee€and€the€safety€of€the€escort€and€theÐ ù0  Ðpublic€were€foremost€considerations.€€Once€the€person€was€on€board€anÐ ¼ó  Ðaircraft,€any€restraint€must€be€approved€by€the€captain.€€The€independentÐ ¶  Ðreview€following€upon€the€tragic€case€to€which€Mr.Francis€had€referred€hadÐ By Ðled€to€the€recommendation€that€when€a€person€being€removed€behaved€violentlyÐ < Ðor€disruptively,€handcuffs€should€be€available€for€use€in€accordance€withÐ Èÿ Ðordinary€police€practice;€in€addition,€the€use€of€arm€and€leg€restraints€underÐ ‹Â Ðstrictly€controlled€conditions€could€be€justified€when€the€detainee€could€notÐ N… Ðadequately€be€restrained€with€handcuffs.€€A€third€recommendation€was€that€theÐ H Ðrecourse€to€mouth€restraints,€which€had€clearly€been€linked€with€the€outcomeÐ Ô  Ðin€the€case€referred€to,€and€which€had€been€immediately€suspended€at€the€time,Ð —Î Ðshould€not€be€resumed.€€All€those€recommendations€were€now€in€effect,€andÐ Z‘ Ðthere€was€no€question€of€the€mouth€restraints€being€used€again.€€Ð T Ðà b àÌ55.à b àIn€most€cases,€once€the€individual€had€been€taken€into€custody,€escortÐ £Ú Ðduties€would€be€performed€by€private-sector€security€companies€under€contractÐ f Ðto€the€Immigration€Service.€€In€a€few€cases€where,€for€instance,€pastÐ )`  Ðbehaviour€indicated€that€determined€or€violent€resistance€was€likely,€anÐ ì#! Ðin-flight€escort€by€appropriately€skilled€police€officers€would€be€necessary€Ð ¯æ" Ðin€order€to€effect€safe€removal.€€Escorts€were€reminded€of€theirÐ r©# Ðresponsibilities€and€liability€in€respect€of€sectionIII€of€the€CriminalÐ 5 l$ ÐLawAct1967.€€Ð ø /% ÐÌ56.à b àConcerning€paragraph(f)€of€the€list€of€issues,€he€said€that€personsÐ ~"µ' Ðexcluded€under€the€Prevention€of€Terrorism€Actcould,€if€they€objected€to€theÐ A#x( Ðorder,€make€representations€in€writing€to€the€Secretary€of€State,€setting€outÐ $;) Ðthe€grounds€for€objection€and€including€in€those€representations€a€request€forÐ Ç$þ* Ða€personal€interview€with€a€person€or€persons€nominated€by€the€Secretary€ofÐ Š%Á + ÐState.€€Such€representations€must€be€made€within€seven€days€of€the€service€ofÐ M&„!, Ðthe€notice€or€the€making€of€the€order€unless€the€person€concerned€consented€toÐ 'G"- Ðremoval€before€the€end€of€that€period€or€was€already€abroad;€in€the€latterÐ Ó' #. Ðcase€14€days€were€allowed€in€which€to€submit€representations.€€Under€the€sameÐ –(Í#/ Ðschedule€of€the€Act,€the€representations€must€be€referred€for€advice€to€one€orÐ Y)$0 Ðmore€persons€nominated€by€the€Secretary€of€State.€€Three€such€persons€had€atÐ *S%1 Ðpresent€been€nominated.€€Their€names€were€not€published€but€they€were€personsÐ ß*&2 Ðof€standing,€and€two€of€them€were€Queen's€Counsels;€their€independence€couldÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðnot€be€doubted.Ð e,œ'4 ÐÌ57.à b àA€person€who€submitted€representations€must€be€granted€a€personalÐ ë-")6 Ðinterview.€€In€the€case€of€a€person€who€had€left€the€country,€and€if€itÐ ®.å)7 Ðappeared€to€the€Secretary€of€State€to€be€reasonably€practicable€to€do€so,€suchÐ É Ðan€interview€might€be€granted€in€an€appropriate€country€or€territory€within€aÐ ŒÃ Ðreasonable€period€from€the€date€on€which€the€representations€were€made.€€HisÐ O† Ðdelegation€was€not€aware€of€any€case€in€which€a€request€for€interview€had€beenÐ I Ðturned€down€on€grounds€of€impracticability.€€The€Secretary€of€State€wasÐ Õ  Ðrequired€to€reconsider€the€exclusion€order€as€soon€as€reasonably€practicableÐ ˜Ï Ðafter€receiving€the€representations€and€any€report€of€an€interview€with€theÐ [ ’ Ðadviser.€€In€reconsidering€the€order€the€Secretary€of€State,€underÐ  U Ðparagraph42€of€the€Act,€was€required€to€take€into€account€everything€whichÐ á  Ðappeared€to€him€to€be€relevant.Ð ¤ Û  Ѐ€Ð g ž  Ð58.à b àIt€was€reliably€reported€that€the€Secretary€of€State€had€invariablyÐ * a  Ðaccepted€the€advice€of€his€independent€advisers€in€recent€years.€€He€wasÐ í $  Ðrequired,€if€reasonably€practicable,€to€give€notice€in€writing€to€the€personsÐ °ç  Ðagainst€whom€the€exclusion€order€had€been€made€of€any€decision€as€to€whetherÐ sª  Ðor€not€to€revoke€the€order.€€An€exclusion€order€expired€after€three€yearsÐ 6m  Ðunless€it€was€revoked€earlier.€€The€Secretary€of€State€could€revoke€an€orderÐ ù0  Ðat€any€time.€€Ð ¼ó  ÐÌ59.à b àConcerning€òòR.v.Secretary€of€State€exparte€Gallagheróó,€the€questionsÐ By Ðreferred€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€awaited€a€ruling€by€the€European€Court€ofÐ < ÐJustice.€€The€oral€hearing€had€only€recently€taken€place.Ð Èÿ ÐÌ60.à b àFollowing€the€announcement€of€a€cease-fire€on€31August1994€by€the€IrishÐ N… ÐRepublican€Army€(IRA),€the€Secretary€of€State€had€reviewed€all€exclusionÐ H Ðorders€then€in€force.€€On€21November1994€he€had€decided€to€revoke€theÐ Ô  Ðexclusion€order€against€Mr.Adams.€€In€those€circumstances€the€Secretary€ofÐ —Î ÐState€had€taken€the€view€that€any€further€consideration€of€Mr.Adams'Ð Z‘ Ðapplication€for€judicial€review€and€the€article177€reference€to€the€EuropeanÐ T ÐCourt€of€Justice€had€become€academic.€€The€High€Court€had€accepted€thatÐ à Ðargument.Ð £Ú ÐÌ61.à b àWith€regard€to€paragraph(g),€he€said€that€certain€criteria€must€be€metÐ )`  Ðbefore€a€child€could€have€his€liberty€restricted€under€section25€of€theÐ ì#! ÐChildren€Act1989.€€Firstly,€the€child€must€have€a€history€of€absconding€andÐ ¯æ" Ðbe€considered€likely€to€abscond€from€any€accommodation€other€than€secure.€Ð r©# ÐSecondly,€there€must€be€grounds€for€believing€that€in€absconding€he€was€likelyÐ 5 l$ Ðto€suffer€significant€harm€("harm"€being€defined€as€ill„treatment€or€theÐ ø /% Ðimpairment€of€health€or€development).€€A€further€criterion€required€that€ifÐ »!ò& Ðthe€child€involved€was€kept€in€other€than€secure€accommodation€he€must€beÐ ~"µ' Ðlikely€to€injure€himself€or€others.€€Restriction€of€the€liberty€of€childrenÐ A#x( Ðwas€a€serious€step€and€must€therefore€only€be€taken€when€there€was€no€possibleÐ $;) Ðalternative;€the€law€made€it€clear€that€placement€in€secure€accommodation€mustÐ Ç$þ* Ðbe€a€last€resort.Ð Š%Á + ÐÌ62.à b àSubject€to€certain€conditions€applying€to€remanded€and€detained€children,Ð 'G"- Ðit€was€unlawful€for€the€liberty€of€a€child€to€be€restricted€unless€one€of€theÐ Ó' #. Ðcriteria€he€had€mentioned€was€met,€no€matter€how€short€the€time€in€security.€Ð –(Í#/ ÐOnce€the€criteria€ceased€to€apply,€even€if€there€was€a€current€court€orderÐ Y)$0 Ðauthorizing€restriction€of€liberty,€it€must€be€lifted.€€Interpretation€of€theÐ *S%1 Ðterm€"restriction€of€liberty"€was€a€matter€for€the€courts,€but€any€practice€orÐ ß*&2 Ðmeasure€which€prevented€children€from€leaving€a€room€or€building€of€their€ownÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðfree€will€was€to€be€deemed€restriction€of€liberty.€€He€listed€a€number€ofÐ e,œ'4 Ðother€safeguards€in€that€connection.€€Ð (-_(5 Ðâ âÐ ë-")6 Ð63.à b àConcerning€paragraph(h),€and€the€question€of€prisoners'€eligibility€toÐ É Ðâ âvote,€he€saw€that€the€Government€had€carefully€reviewed€the€position€andÐ ŒÃ Ðremained€of€the€opinion€that€the€exclusion€should€not€be€lifted.€€It€did€notÐ O† Ðappear€to€the€UnitedKingdom€that€article25€of€the€Covenant€conferred€anÐ I Ðabsolute€right€to€vote;€the€view€that€those€convicted€of€crimes€serious€enoughÐ Õ  Ðto€justify€imprisonment€had€lost€the€moral€authority€to€vote€for€the€period€inÐ ˜Ï Ðquestion€thus€seemed€permissible.Ð [ ’ ÐÌ64.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€Committee€members€to€pose€additional€questions€inÐ á  Ðrelation€to€sectionIII€of€the€list€of€issues.€€Ð ¤ Û  ÐÌ65.à b àòòMr.€BRUNI€CELLIóó€said€that€the€scant€reference€in€sectionIII€of€the€listÐ * a  Ðof€issues€to€article25€of€the€Covenant€was€not€indicative€of€a€lack€ofÐ í $  Ðinterest€in€its€application€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€Referring€to€paragraph31Ð °ç  Ðof€the€core€document€(HRI/CORE/1/Add.5/Rev.1),€he€noted€that€"people€sentencedÐ sª  Ðto€more€than€one€year's€imprisonment"€were€among€the€many€categories€ofÐ 6m  Ðpersons€disqualified€or€precluded€from€election,€and€asked€whether€the€natureÐ ù0  Ðof€the€offence€was€immaterial€and€whether€the€disqualification€was€permanent.€Ð ¼ó  ÐDid€persons€awaiting€trial€have€the€right€to€vote?€€Why€were€clergy€of€theÐ ¶  Ðdifferent€Churches€disqualified€from€election?€€Remarking€that€a€large€numberÐ By Ðof€public€officials€were€also€precluded,€he€submitted€that€all€thoseÐ < Ðlimitations€appeared€to€call€the€principles€of€article25€of€the€Covenant€inÐ Èÿ Ðquestion.€€Ð ‹Â ÐÌ66.à b àHe€inquired€whether€any€legislation€was€proposed€with€the€aim€ofÐ H Ðincreasing€the€participation€of€ethnic€minorities€in€public€life.€€How€couldÐ Ô  Ðthe€first€sentence€of€paragraph31€of€the€core€document,€according€to€which,Ð —Î Ðsubject€to€the€same€conditions,€"any€man€or€woman"€might€stand€as€a€candidateÐ Z‘ Ðat€a€parliamentary€election,€be€reconciled€with€the€fact€that€lessÐ T Ðthan10percent€of€British€MPs€were€women?€€And€how€could€the€principle€ofÐ à Ðpopular€representation€as€set€forth€in€article25€of€the€Covenant€beÐ £Ú Ðreconciled€with€the€institution€of€the€House€of€Lords?.€€Finally,€he€notedÐ f Ðthat€for€a€person€to€be€eligible€in€a€particular€constituency,€his€or€her€nameÐ )`  Ðmust€be€placed€on€the€current€electoral€roll,€and€asked€whether€members€of€theÐ ì#! Ðpublic€were€fully€informed€of€that€prerequisite.€€It€seemed€to€him€that€suchÐ ¯æ" Ð"positive€registration"€might€indirectly€amount€to€a€restriction€of€theÐ r©# Ðexercise€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€article25.€€Ð 5 l$ ÐÌÑ€Ñ67.à b àòòMs.€EVATTóó€said€that€for€her,€the€state€of€human€rights€in€a€given€countryÐ »!ò& Ðcould€be€roughly€gauged€by€comparing€the€numbers€of€people€seeking€to€leaveÐ ~"µ' Ðwith€the€numbers€of€those€seeking€to€enter.€€By€that€yardstick,€theÐ A#x( ÐUnitedKingdom€showed€a€healthy€balance.€€Nevertheless,€she€had€certainÐ $;) Ðconcerns€on€issues€of€citizenship,€immigration€and€the€granting€of€asylum.€Ð Ç$þ* ÐShe€welcomed€the€institution€of€an€in-country€right€of€appeal;€but€was€moreÐ Š%Á + Ðdoubtful€with€regard€to€the€"safe€third€country"€provision:€€could€suchÐ M&„!, Ðcountries€be€relied€upon€under€all€circumstances€to€deal€with€anÐ 'G"- Ðasylum-seeker's€claims?€€The€introduction€of€visa€requirements€for€nationalsÐ Ó' #. Ðof€countries€where€circumstances€produced€many€asylum-seekers€might€have€aÐ –(Í#/ Ðrestrictive€effect.€€Ð Y)$0 ÐÌ68.à b àShe€was€further€concerned€about€the€growing€number€of€persons€held€inÐ ß*&2 Ðdetention€for€more€than€three€months€with€no€means€of€challenging€the€merits,Ð ¢+Ù&3 Ðas€opposed€to€the€legality,€of€their€detention,€and€would€welcome€informationÐ e,œ'4 Ðconcerning€the€proposed€new€legislation€in€that€connection.€€Alluding€to€aÐ (-_(5 Ðcase€mentioned€in€documentation€from€the€NGO€Democratic€Audit,€she€inquiredÐ ë-")6 Ðwhether€consideration€would€be€given€to€providing€protection€againstÐ ®.å)7 ÐÑÑâ âÑØØÑÑbÑâ âÑ  Ñdiscrimination€in€public€service€employment,€including€military€service,€onÐ É Ðgrounds€of€sexual€preference.€€Ð ŒÃ ÐÌ69.à b àòòMr.€KRETZMERóó,€referring€to€the€decision€in€òòR.v.Secretary€of€StateÐ I Ðexparte€Cheblakóó€at€the€time€of€the€Gulf€crisis,€asked€whether€any€mechanismÐ Õ  Ðexisted€to€review€any€security€conditions€invoked€to€justify€the€deportationÐ ˜Ï Ðof€a€resident€non-citizen€from€the€UnitedKingdom.€€Ð [ ’ ÐÌ70.à b àReferring€to€paragraph289€of€the€UnitedKingdom€report€and€the€tableÐ á  Ðshowing€numbers€of€persons€deported€under€the€Immigration€Acts1971€and€1988,Ð ¤ Û  Ðhe€asked€whether,€once€a€deportation€order€had€gone€through€the€entire€appealsÐ g ž  Ðprocedure,€the€person€about€to€be€deported€was€still€kept€in€detention;€andÐ * a  Ðwhether€such€persons€could€be€held€in€detention€indefinitely€until€a€countryÐ í $  Ðwas€found€that€would€accept€them.Ð °ç  ÐÌ71.à b àòòMr.€KLEINóó€asked€what€was€the€legal€basis€for€the€exercise€of€forceÐ 6m  Ðagainst€illegal€immigrants€and€refused€asylum„seekers,€and€for€the€delegationÐ ù0  Ðof€the€right€to€use€force€to€private€security€firms.Ð ¼ó  ÐÌ72.à b àòòMr.€ANDOóó€asked€who€initiated€the€procedures€under€which€a€child€might€beÐ By Ðplaced€in€secure€accommodation€under€section€25€of€the€Children€Act€1989,€andÐ < Ðwhether€such€accommodation€was€regarded€as€part€of€the€social€welfare€systemÐ Èÿ Ðor€of€the€prison€system;€he€also€inquired€whether€a€medical€doctor€wasÐ ‹Â Ðinvolved€at€any€stage.Ð N… ÐÌ73.à b àòòMr.€LALLAHóó,€referring€to€paragraph482€of€the€report,€asked€who€it€wasÐ Ô  Ðwho€declared€an€election€to€be€invalid€because€the€elected€candidate€hadÐ —Î Ðexceeded€the€specified€limit€of€his€campaign€expenditure.€€Article25€(a)€ofÐ Z‘ Ðthe€Covenant€conferred€on€every€citizen€the€right€and€the€opportunity€to€takeÐ T Ðpart€in€the€conduct€of€public€affairs€directly€or€through€freely€chosenÐ à Ðrepresentatives,€and€he€wondered,€in€view€of€recent€cases€of€MPs€taking€cashÐ £Ú Ðfor€asking€questions€in€the€House€of€Commons,€to€what€extent€the€GovernmentÐ f Ðofthe€UnitedKingdom€protected€the€right€of€citizens€to€be€properlyÐ )`  Ðrepresented,€and€not€represented€by€people€who€were€really€trying€to€representÐ ì#! Ðthemselves.€€He€realized€that€the€matter€was€under€discussion€by€the€NolanÐ ¯æ" ÐCommittee,€but€he€wondered€if€any€consideration€was€being€given€to€providingÐ r©# ÐMPs€with€a€reasonable€level€of€pay€so€that€becoming€an€elected€representativeÐ 5 l$ Ðwas€a€possibility€available€not€only€to€the€comfortably€off€and€to€thoseÐ ø /% Ðwhowere€tempted€to€make€some€money€on€the€side,€but€also€to€poor€people.Ð »!ò& ÐÌ74.à b àòòMr.€POCARóó€requested€further€information€regarding€the€White€Paper€whichÐ A#x( Ðthe€Government€would€be€publishing€regarding€privacy€and€media€intrusion,Ð $;) Ðreferred€to€in€paragraph€371€of€the€report.Ð Ç$þ* ÐÌ75.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(UnitedKingdom)€referred€Ms.Evatt€to€the€rights€of€appealÐ M&„!, Ðavailable€under€section38€of€the€Asylum€and€Immigration€Appeals€Act€1993Ð 'G"- Ðregarding€the€merits€of€asylum€cases.€€Ð Ó' #. ÐÌ76.à b àHe€referred€Mr.BruniCelli,€on€the€question€of€the€UnitedKingdom'sÐ Y)$0 Ðelectoral€arrangements,€to€the€full€exposition€set€out€in€its€initial€reportÐ *S%1 Ðunder€article25.€€As€for€the€appointment€of€women,€ethnic€minorities€and€theÐ ß*&2 Ðdisabled€to€public€bodies,€the€Government€had€always€made€clear€that€it€wishedÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðto€increase€their€representation,€and€there€had€been€a€number€of€governmentÐ e,œ'4 Ðinitiatives€to€that€effect;€indeed,€since€1992€appointments€to€public€bodiesÐ (-_(5 Ðâ âhad€been€monitored€for€that€purpose.€€Representation€in€the€House€of€CommonsÐ ë-")6 Ðwas€a€matter€for€the€political€parties€and€the€due€electoral€process€ratherÐ É Ðthan€for€the€Government.€€Ð ŒÃ Ðâ âÌ77.à b àHe€explained€to€Mr.Ando€that€it€was€the€social€services€departmentsÐ I Ðunder€the€local€authorities€which€brought€cases€for€placing€children€in€secureÐ Õ  Ðaccommodation€under€section25€of€the€Children€Act1989€if€detention€was€forÐ ˜Ï Ðlonger€than€72hours.€€Accommodation€was€run€by€or€under€the€supervision€ofÐ [ ’ Ðsuch€departments;€it€was€completely€outside€the€prison€detention€system.Ð  U ÐÌ78.à b àAs€for€Mr.Lallah's€point€regarding€the€"cash€for€questions"€affair€inÐ ¤ Û  Ðthe€House€of€Commons,€he€said€that€the€Government€had€made€its€position€clearÐ g ž  Ðregarding€the€report€of€the€Nolan€Committee,€and€in€fact€many€of€the€mattersÐ * a  Ðinvolved€would€be€considered€by€the€House€of€Commons€as€a€whole.€€Although€theÐ í $  Ðissue€of€MPs'€pay€had€been€raised€in€that€connection,€it€was€not€reallyÐ °ç  Ðrelated€to€the€wealthy€being€able€to€enter€the€House€of€Commons€more€easilyÐ sª  Ðthan€the€poor.Ð 6m  ÐÌ79.à b àòòMrs.€EVANSóó€(UnitedKingdom),€replying€to€a€question€regarding€theÐ ¼ó  Ðopportunities€for€seeking€review€of€decisions€to€deport€in€security€cases,Ð ¶  Ðsaid€that€a€deportee€in€such€cases€did€not€possess€the€appellate€rights€underÐ By Ðthe€Immigration€Act€that€ordinary€deportees€had,€but€did€have€recourse€to€aÐ < Ðpanel€commonly€referred€to€as€"The€Three€Wise€Men".€€Domestic€courts€had€heldÐ Èÿ Ðthat€the€procedures€before€that€panel€were€basically€reasonable€and€fair.€€If,Ð ‹Â Ðas€a€result€of€the€review,€the€decision€to€deport€was€upheld,€it€was€stillÐ N… Ðopen€to€the€prospective€deportee€to€seek€judicial€review€of€the€Secretary€ofÐ H ÐState's€decision€in€the€Divisional€Court.€€Ð Ô  ÐÌ80.à b àAs€for€the€position€regarding€detention€in€cases€where€it€provedÐ Z‘ Ðimpossible€to€deport€someone€because€there€was€no€country€to€which€he€might€beÐ T Ðsent,€she€said€that€a€power€of€detention€arose€under€the€immigrationÐ à Ðlegislation€once€a€deportation€order€had€been€made€only€while€the€deportationÐ £Ú Ðwas€pending;€consequently,€if€it€became€apparent€that€indeed€there€was€noÐ f Ðcountry€to€which€the€person€could€be€sent,€the€power€to€detain€on€the€strengthÐ )`  Ðof€the€deportation€fell.€€Ð ì#! ÐÌ81.à b àFinally,€with€regard€to€the€question€concerning€the€legal€authority€forÐ r©# Ðhanding€over€immigration€cases€to€private€security€firms,€she€referred€theÐ 5 l$ ÐCommittee€to€paragraph18.3€of€Schedule2€to€the€Immigration€Act1971,€and€toÐ ø /% Ðparagraph2.4€of€Schedule3€to€that€Act.€€Ð »!ò& ÐÌ82.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(UnitedKingdom)€said€that€the€White€Paper€on€privacy€andÐ A#x( Ðmedia€intrusion€referred€to€by€Mr.Pocar€had€only€recently€been€announced€andÐ $;) Ðhe€had€no€further€information€on€it.€€As€for€prisoner€escorts€by€privateÐ Ç$þ* Ðsecurity€firms,€prisoners€were€subject€to€prior€assessment€to€ensure€thatÐ Š%Á + Ðthere€was€no€history€of€violence€and€no€likelihood€of€violence;€if€there€was,Ð M&„!, Ðthe€police€would€be€present.Ð 'G"- ÐÌ83.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€invited€members€of€the€Committee€to€make€concluding€remarks.Ð –(Í#/ Ѐ€Ð Y)$0 Ð84.à b àòòMr.€POCARóó€praised€what€he€said€was€a€model€report€which€conformed€fullyÐ *S%1 Ðto€the€Committee's€guidelines,€and€commended€the€delegation's€frank€andÐ ß*&2 Ðcomprehensive€approach€to€the€dialogue.€€There€had€been€improvements€in€humanÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðrights€guarantees€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€but€there€were€still€issues€thatÐ e,œ'4 Ðcaused€the€Committee€concern;€he€himself€could€not€easily€accept€that€neitherÐ (-_(5 Ðincorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€legislation€nor€ratification€ofÐ ë-")6 Ðthe€Optional€Protocol€was€necessary.Ð ®.å)7 Ї85.à b àòòMr.€PRADO€VALLEJOóó€said€the€dialogue€which€had€taken€place€had€beenÐ É Ðimportant€and€positive€and,€he€hoped,€would€prove€beneficial.€€The€CommitteeÐ ŒÃ Ðstill€had€some€concerns€regarding€the€United€Kingdom,€but€trusted€that€theyÐ O† Ðwould€be€allayed.€€The€report€made€it€clear€that€there€had€been€no€progressÐ I Ðwith€regard€to€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€legislation,Ð Õ  Ðratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€or€the€status€of€reservations,€and€heÐ ˜Ï Ðsincerely€hoped€that€the€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdom€would€giveÐ [ ’ Ðconsideration€to€the€views€on€those€points€which€the€Committee€had€beenÐ  U Ðexpressing€for€the€past€18years.€€Immigrants€and€asylum-seekers€were€treatedÐ á  Ðin€inhumane€ways€which€were€at€variance€with€the€Covenant.€€As€for€detentionÐ ¤ Û  Ðwithout€a€court€order€in€terrorism€cases,€he€observed€that€even€criminalsÐ g ž  Ðshould€be€able€to€enjoy€the€rights€enshrined€in€the€Covenant.€€He€hoped€thatÐ * a  Ðthe€fifth€periodic€report€of€the€UnitedKingdom€would€meet€with€theÐ í $  ÐCommittee's€full€approval.Ð °ç  ÐÌ86.à b àòòMr.€BUERGENTHALóó€said€there€was€no€doubt€that€the€UnitedKingdom€had€aÐ 6m  Ðhighly€developed€legal€and€constitutional€system€for€the€protection€of€humanÐ ù0  Ðrights,€and€had€taken€important€steps€in€recent€years€to€strengthen€humanÐ ¼ó  Ðrights€guarantees.€€He€was€convinced€that€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€intoÐ ¶  Ðdomestic€legislation€and€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€wouldÐ By Ðstrengthen€human€rights€guarantees€in€the€UnitedKingdom,€and€he€was€moreÐ < Ðoptimistic€on€that€score€following€the€efforts€of€LordLester.€€The€fourthÐ Èÿ Ðperiodic€report€was€a€very€fine€one€and€the€delegation€had€been€extremelyÐ ‹Â Ðfrank€with€the€Committee,€but€he€had€continuing€worries€about€theÐ N… Ðinvestigation€of€abuses€committed€by€the€police,€about€the€inferences€thatÐ H Ðwere€drawn€from€the€silence€of€an€accused,€about€the€failure€to€give€allÐ Ô  Ðaccused€persons€the€right€to€consult€a€solicitor€during€the€first€36hoursÐ —Î Ðoftheir€detention,€and€in€general€about€the€danger€that€efforts€to€dealÐ Z‘ Ðwithincreased€crime€might€trample€on€elementary€principles€of€justice.Ð T ÐÌ87.à b àòòMr.€LALLAHóó€congratulated€the€delegation€on€its€concise€but€comprehensiveÐ £Ú Ðanswers€to€the€Committee's€questions€and€on€its€high„quality€report.€€ProgressÐ f Ðhad€indeed€been€made,€but€much€remained€to€be€done.€€There€should€be€an€easingÐ )`  Ðof€the€conditions€of€those€who€were€detained€and€of€the€situation€of€thoseÐ ì#! Ðagainst€whom€discrimination€still€prevailed.€€It€would€be€desirable€for€theÐ ¯æ" ÐCovenant€to€be€incorporated€into€domestic€legislation,€and€for€theÐ r©# ÐUnitedKingdom€to€ratify€the€Optional€Protocol.€€He€referred€the€delegation€toÐ 5 l$ Ðarticle40€of€the€Covenant€regarding€progress€in€the€enjoyment€of€humanÐ ø /% Ðrights,€and€article2,€paragraph€3,€on€measures€to€be€taken.€€Especially€inÐ »!ò& Ðsituations€where€everything€was€supposedly€provided€for€by€common€law€and€theÐ ~"µ' Ðjudiciary€was€respectful€of€its€role€in€a€system€that€recognized€theÐ A#x( Ðseparation€of€powers,€and€was€reluctant€to€apply€the€rights€enshrined€in€theÐ $;) ÐCovenant€unless€some€appropriate€precedent€was€found,€it€would€be€to€theÐ Ç$þ* Ðbenefit€of€the€people€of€the€UnitedKingdom€if€the€Government€acceded€to€theÐ Š%Á + ÐOptional€Protocol.€€Much€of€the€legislation€in€his€own€country,€Mauritius,Ð M&„!, Ðderived€from€that€of€the€UnitedKingdom.€€He€found€it€somewhat€ironic€that€theÐ 'G"- ÐUnitedKingdom€had€inserted€a€bill€of€rights€into€the€Constitution€ofÐ Ó' #. ÐMauritius,€when€it€had€no€similar€bill€for€itself.Ð –(Í#/ ÐÌ88.à b àòòMr.€KRETZMERóó€said€he€was€very€pleased€with€the€report€and€in€particularÐ *S%1 Ðfound€the€annexes€extremely€useful.€€The€delegation€had€answered€theÐ ß*&2 ÐCommittee's€questions€in€a€highly€professional€manner,€putting€theÐ ¢+Ù&3 ÐGovernment's€views€very€persuasively,€even€if€the€Committee€had€not€alwaysÐ e,œ'4 Ðaccepted€them.€€A€sincere€attempt€was€constantly€being€made€in€theÐ (-_(5 ÐUnitedKingdom€to€address€human€rights€issues€and€endeavour€to€find€solutionsÐ ë-")6 Ðto€them;€an€indication€of€the€healthy€state€of€human€rights€in€the€UnitedÐ ®.å)7 ÐKingdom€was€the€vibrancy€of€the€NGOs€operating€in€that€area.€€As€forÐ É ÐNorthernIreland,€the€Committee€was€aware€that€the€basic€problem€was€aÐ ŒÃ Ðpolitical€one,€although€there€were€still€human€rights€issues€that€had€to€beÐ O† Ðdivorced€from€the€political€situation€of€which€they€were€to€a€large€extent€aÐ I Ðfunction.€€Efforts€had€been€made€to€deal€with€complaints€against€the€policeÐ Õ  Ðand€allegations€of€abuse€of€power€by€the€authorities€in€Northern€Ireland,€butÐ ˜Ï Ðin€the€highly€charged€political€situation,€it€seemed€unlikely€that€thoseÐ [ ’ Ðefforts€would€acquire€the€requisite€degree€of€credibility.€€AllegationsÐ  U Ðagainst€the€police€should€not€be€investigated€by€the€police.€€However,€heÐ á  Ðwelcomed€the€progress€that€had€been€made€in€improving€prison€conditions,Ð ¤ Û  Ðnotably€with€regard€to€sanitation.€€It€was€impossible€to€legislateÐ g ž  Ðdiscrimination€against€ethnic€minorities€out€of€existence,€but€it€wasÐ * a  Ðparticularly€important€to€step€up€efforts€to€ensure€their€fair€representationÐ í $  Ðin€all€areas€and€at€all€levels€of€society,€especially€in€the€police€force.€€HeÐ °ç  Ðhoped€that€the€fifth€periodic€report€would€contain€figures€that€would€showÐ sª  Ðthat€those€efforts€had€been€successful.€€Finally,€he€welcomed€the€fact€thatÐ 6m  Ðcorporal€punishment€was€now€limited€to€private€educational€institutions,Ð ù0  Ðalthough€he€hoped€that€by€the€time€of€the€next€periodic€report€it€would€haveÐ ¼ó  Ðbeen€eradicated€altogether.Ð ¶  ÐÌ89.à b àòòMr.€EL€SHAFEIóó€said€the€exchange€of€views€had€clarified€many€of€theÐ < Ðproblems€about€which€the€Committee€had€been€concerned.€€Progress€had€been€madeÐ Èÿ Ðin€a€number€of€areas€since€the€third€periodic€report,€notably€with€regard€toÐ ‹Â Ðcriminal€justice,€prison€conditions€and€race€relations,€but€some€of€theÐ N… Ðconcerns€the€Committee€had€expressed€with€regard€to€the€third€periodic€reportÐ H Ðhad€still€not€been€fully€allayed.€€Despite€the€announcement€of€a€cease„fire€inÐ Ô  ÐNorthern€Ireland€and€the€subsequent€negotiations,€the€police€were€still€usingÐ —Î Ðexcessive€force€and€very€liberal€firearms€regulations€were€still€in€operation.€Ð Z‘ ÐHe€himself€remained€concerned€about€the€rights€of€asylum„seekers€and€aboutÐ T Ðdiscrimination€in€the€application€of€immigration€laws.€€The€United€KingdomÐ à Ðshould€review€its€position€on€the€reservations€it€had€made€on€acceding€to€theÐ £Ú ÐCovenant€and€on€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol;€it€should€also€giveÐ f Ðmore€thought€to€a€bill€of€rights.€€Such€matters€were€particularly€important€inÐ )`  Ðview€of€the€fact€that€the€Covenant€differed€in€certain€substantive€respectsÐ ì#! Ðfrom€the€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights.Ð ¯æ" ÐÌ90.à b àòòMrs.€CHANETóó€praised€the€report€and€the€clarifications€given€by€theÐ 5 l$ Ðdelegation,€noting€that€the€Committee€had€inevitably€given€insufficientÐ ø /% Ðemphasis€to€the€positive€aspects€of€United€Kingdom€human€rights€guarantees.€Ð »!ò& ÐThere€had€been€important€progress€in€relation€to€the€Northern€Ireland€peaceÐ ~"µ' Ðprocess,€in€improving€prison€conditions,€and€in€the€re-examination€of€criminalÐ A#x( Ðcases,€but€the€Committee€still€had€concerns€regarding€incorporation€of€theÐ $;) ÐCovenant€into€domestic€law,€reservations€to€the€Covenant€and€non„accession€toÐ Ç$þ* Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€€There€was€a€movement€in€the€United€Kingdom€in€theÐ Š%Á + Ðdirection€of€incorporation,€and€she€hoped€that€there€would€be€some€developmentÐ M&„!, Ðin€the€area€of€reservations,€because€the€United€Kingdom€had€acknowledged€thatÐ 'G"- Ðthree€of€them€really€amounted€to€derogations.€€She€hoped€that€by€the€time€ofÐ Ó' #. Ðthe€fifth€periodic€report,€the€United€Kingdom€might€have€been€convinced€thatÐ –(Í#/ Ðaccession€to€the€Optional€Protocol€really€did€represent€major€progress€for€theÐ Y)$0 Ðguarantee€of€human€rights.€€As€for€the€law€on€the€right€to€silence,€it€wasÐ *S%1 Ðcertainly€conducive€to€repression€despite€the€precautions€that€were€taken,€andÐ ß*&2 Ðto€that€extent€was€to€the€detriment€of€the€individual,€whether€innocent€orÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðguilty.€€With€regard€to€Northern€Ireland,€she€hoped€that€the€fundamentalÐ e,œ'4 Ðrights€of€individuals€in€the€province€would€soon€be€treated€not€only€in€termsÐ (-_(5 Ðof€political€self„determination€but€in€their€own€terms€as€well.Ð ë-")6 ÐÐ ®.å)7 Ð91.à b àòòMs.€MEDINA€QUIROGAóó€said€that€she€was€grateful€to€the€United€KingdomÐ É Ðdelegation€for€its€efforts€to€provide€concise€answers€to€the€questions€raised;Ð ŒÃ Ðshe€was€also€grateful€to€learn€that€some€of€the€Committee's€concerns€wereÐ O† Ðunder€consideration€in€that€country.€€She€regretted,€however,€that€not€all€theÐ I Ðanswers€provided€by€the€delegation€of€the€United€Kingdom€laid€the€Committee'sÐ Õ  Ðpreoccupations€to€rest.€€It€was€particularly€disturbing€that€not€all€theÐ ˜Ï Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant€were€reflected€in€British€law.€€Under€suchÐ [ ’ Ðcircumstances,€if€a€discrepancy€arose,€the€Covenant€was€in€essenceÐ  U Ðunenforceable.€€And€what,€ultimately,€was€the€point€of€ratifying€anÐ á  Ðinternational€instrument€if€it€could€not€be€enforced?€€Furthermore,€it€wouldÐ ¤ Û  Ðbe€preferable€if€individuals€could€address€their€concerns€directly€to€theÐ g ž  ÐCommittee;€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€would€considerably€broadenÐ * a  Ðthe€efficacy€of€the€Covenant€in€that€country.Ð í $  ÐÌ92.à b àShe€would€have€liked€an€explanation€concerning€the€enjoyment€by€ScotlandÐ sª  Ðof€the€rights€guaranteed€under€articles1€and25;€it€seemed€clear€that€manyÐ 6m  Ðpeople€in€that€country€were€dissatisfied€with€their€constitutionalÐ ù0  Ðarrangements.€€Furthermore,€while€the€United€Kingdom€delegation€had€confirmedÐ ¼ó  Ðher€understanding€of€the€purpose€of€the€inquest€procedure€in€force€inÐ ¶  ÐNorthernIreland,€it€had€not€explained€why€those€measures€were€different€fromÐ By Ðthose€applicable€in€England€and€Wales,€where€an€inquest€could€result€in€aÐ < Ðfinding€of€manslaughter.€€It€was€her€belief€that€the€situation€obtaining€inÐ Èÿ ÐNorthernIreland€was€essentially€a€political€one;€the€British€GovernmentÐ ‹Â Ðshould€be€reminded,€however,€that€there€were€certain€minimum€human€rightsÐ N… Ðstandards€that€should€be€respected€in€all€circumstances.Ð H ÐÌ93.à b àIt€was€her€view€that€British€judicial€procedures€violated€the€right€toÐ —Î Ðsilence€guaranteed€under€the€terms€of€the€Covenant;€she€would€recommend€thatÐ Z‘ Ðthat€country€should€repeal€the€relevant€legislation.Ð T ÐÌ94.à b àFinally,€the€situation€of€women€in€the€UnitedKingdom€was€indeed€a€graveÐ £Ú Ðproblem;€the€next€report€should€describe€cultural€measures€undertaken€by€thatÐ f Ðcountry€to€end€discrimination€against€women.Ð )`  ÐÌ95.à b àòòMr.BððNóó€said€that,€while€it€was€perhaps€disappointing€to€find€that€theÐ ¯æ" Ðbasic€approach€of€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€to€the€matter€of€humanÐ r©# Ðrights€had€not€altered,€developments€that€had€taken€place€in€particular€areasÐ 5 l$ Ðof€concern€were€encouraging.€€He€agreed€with€Mr.Buergenthal€and€Mrs.€ChanetÐ ø /% Ðthat€the€debates€that€followed€on€the€submission€to€Parliament€of€the€HumanÐ »!ò& ÐRights€Bill€by€LordLester€demonstrated€that,€after€a€long€period€ofÐ ~"µ' Ðresistance,€the€incorporation€issue€was€under€reconsideration€„€and€that,Ð A#x( Ðdespite€the€failure€of€the€Bill€to€win€universal€acceptance.€€While€suchÐ $;) Ðissues€as€the€incorporation€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€into€domesticÐ Ç$þ* Ðlaw,€the€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€the€withdrawal€ofÐ Š%Á + Ðreservations€were€crucial,€they€were€not€the€sole€factors€influencing€theÐ M&„!, Ðenjoyment€of€human€rights€in€the€UnitedKingdom.€€It€was€clear€that€the€statusÐ 'G"- Ðof€human€rights€had€progressed€considerably€in€that€country,€the€manyÐ Ó' #. Ðremaining€areas€of€concern€notwithstanding.€€But€it€would€perhaps€be€foundÐ –(Í#/ Ðthat€the€factors€adversely€affecting€the€exercise€of€human€rights€in€theÐ Y)$0 ÐUnitedKingdom€had€a€common€root€in€the€transformation€of€British€society€fromÐ *S%1 Ðhomogeneity€to€diversity.€€Public€awareness€of€the€principles€of€human€rightsÐ ß*&2 Ðwas€assuredly€not€yet€adequate.€€He€thanked€the€delegation€for€the€excellenceÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðof€the€report€and€for€the€candid€spirit€in€which€the€dialogue€had€beenÐ e,œ'4 Ðconducted.Ð (-_(5 Ðâ âÐ ë-")6 Ð96.à b àòòMr.€KLEINóó€commended€the€United€Kingdom€for€its€fine€report€and€for€theÐ É Ðâ âfruitful€dialogue€that€had€ensued.€€While€the€many€favourable€changes€that€hadÐ ŒÃ Ðtaken€place€since€the€time€of€the€third€periodic€report€were€welcome,€theyÐ O† Ðalso€demonstrated€the€extent€to€which€those€improvements€were€necessary.€€TheÐ I Ðdelegation€had€stated,€in€reply€to€a€question€raised€by€Ms.Evatt,€thatÐ Õ  Ðconditions€at€the€Castlereagh€holding€centre€were€less€than€satisfactory.€€YetÐ ˜Ï Ðit€had€also€assured€the€Committee€that€human€rights€were€sufficientlyÐ [ ’ Ðprotected€under€domestic€law.€€There€was€an€inherent€contradiction€in€thoseÐ  U Ðtwo€remarks.€€The€delegation€had€also€argued€that€since€in€the€UnitedKingdomÐ á  Ðthe€notion€of€the€general€right€to€liberty€obtained,€there€was€no€need€toÐ ¤ Û  Ðidentify€specific€rights€in€a€bill€of€rights.€€While€that€notion€was€indeedÐ g ž  Ðshared€by€all€the€Western€liberal€democracies,€each€of€those€countries€boastedÐ * a  Ðits€own€bill€of€rights.€€The€argument€was€thus€unconvincing.€€Furthermore,Ð í $  Ðdomestic€guarantees€should€be€supported€by€international€undertakings€whichÐ °ç  Ðwere€at€the€direct€disposal€of€individuals.€€It€was€the€combined€effect€of€theÐ sª  Ðnon-incorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law€and€the€reluctance€toÐ 6m  Ðaccede€to€the€Optional€Protocol€which€was€above€all€so€worrisome.€€PrisonÐ ù0  Ðconditions€and€the€status€of€the€right€to€silence€also€remained€troublesome.€Ð ¼ó  ÐHe€was€concerned€as€well€by€the€practice€of€contracting€out€essential€StateÐ ¶  Ðfunctions€to€the€private€sector;€in€his€view,€that€was€not€merely€aÐ By Ðtheoretical€but€also€a€practical€consideration,€which€would€surely€give€riseÐ < Ðto€further€debate.€€Finally,€the€differences€of€opinion€that€had€emergedÐ Èÿ Ðduring€the€course€of€the€dialogue€should€be€seen€as€a€starting-point€for€theÐ ‹Â Ðreconsideration€of€the€issues€raised.Ð N… ÐÌ97.à b àòòMr.€BHAGWATIóó€expressed€his€satisfaction€at€the€wealth€of€informationÐ Ô  Ðsupplied€by€the€United€Kingdom€in€its€report,€and€at€the€highly€professionalÐ —Î Ðpresentations€made€by€the€United€Kingdom€delegation.€€He€congratulated€thatÐ Z‘ Ðcountry€on€taking€seriously€its€obligations€under€the€Covenant€and€on€pursuingÐ T Ða€fruitful,€constructive€dialogue€with€the€Committee.€€The€report€indeedÐ à Ðshowed€that€considerable€progress€had€been€made€in€the€UnitedKingdom€towardsÐ £Ú Ðfuller€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€bore€testimony€toÐ f Ðits€firm€determination€in€that€regard.€€Even€so,€several€matters€combined€toÐ )`  Ðgive€cause€for€concern.€€The€foremost€was€the€declared€reluctance€on€the€partÐ ì#! Ðof€the€Government€of€the€United€Kingdom€to€incorporate€the€provisions€of€theÐ ¯æ" ÐCovenant€into€domestic€law.€€He€was€unconvinced€by€the€arguments€adduced€byÐ r©# Ðthe€delegation€in€that€regard.€€The€delegation€had€quoted€from€a€speechÐ 5 l$ Ðdelivered€by€LordDonaldson,€former€Master€of€the€Rolls,€which€invokedÐ ø /% Ðhistorical€tradition€to€justify€the€Government's€stance.€€But€it€should€beÐ »!ò& Ðrecalled€that€there€existed€a€considerable€body€of€contrary€opinion€of€greatÐ ~"µ' Ðweight€and€authority.€€The€renowned€English€judge€LordScarman€had,€forÐ A#x( Ðexample,€pleaded€passionately€for€the€adoption€of€a€bill€of€rights.€€It€shouldÐ $;) Ðfurther€be€noted€that€on€independence€every€former€British€colony€had€adoptedÐ Ç$þ* Ða€bill€of€rights,€largely€influenced€by€international€human€rightsÐ Š%Á + Ðinstruments.€€But€whether€by€incorporation€of€the€provisions€of€the€CovenantÐ M&„!, Ðinto€domestic€legislation€or€by€the€enactment€of€a€bill€of€rights,€theÐ 'G"- ÐUnitedKingdom€was€bound€by€article2,€paragraph€2,€to€bring€its€laws€intoÐ Ó' #. Ðconformity€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€Common€law€clearly€did€notÐ –(Í#/ Ðreflect€all€the€rights€guaranteed€in€the€Covenant,€despite€the€judicialÐ Y)$0 Ðactivism€of€British€judges.€€The€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdom€was€furtherÐ *S%1 Ðbound€under€the€terms€of€paragraph3€of€that€article€to€ensure€that€everyÐ ß*&2 Ðperson€had€an€effective€remedy€with€which€to€enforce€his€rights€under€theÐ ¢+Ù&3 ÐCovenant.€€How€was€that€effective€remedy€provided€to€an€individual€in€theÐ e,œ'4 ÐUnited€Kingdom€if€the€rights€guaranteed€under€the€Covenant€were€notÐ (-_(5 Ðincorporated€into€domestic€law?€€In€his€view,€non-incorporation€was€a€clearÐ ë-")6 Ðviolation€of€article2,€paragraphs2€and3.€€Ð ®.å)7 Ї98.à b àFurthermore,€he€could€not€accept€the€explanation€offered€by€theÐ É Ðdelegation€with€regard€to€the€right€to€silence.€€A€judgement€rendered€by€theÐ ŒÃ ÐHouse€of€Lords,€in€the€case€of€Kevin€Murray€had€held€that,€where€theÐ O† Ðprosecution€made€a€primafacie€case€and€the€defendant€refused€to€testify,€aÐ I Ðjudge€or€jury€might€draw€inferences€from€that€refusal,€among€them€theÐ Õ  Ðinference€that€the€accused€was€guilty€of€the€offence€as€charged.€€It€went€onÐ ˜Ï Ðto€state€that,€while€the€accused€could€not€be€obliged€to€give€evidence,€heÐ [ ’ Ðrisked€consequences€if€he€declined€to€do€so.€€That€was€a€Hobson's€choice.€Ð  U ÐPermitting€adverse€inferences€to€be€drawn€from€the€silence€of€the€accused€wasÐ á  Ða€means€of€compulsion,€and,€by€effectively€nullifying€the€right€to€silence,Ð ¤ Û  Ðconstituted€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.Ð g ž  ÐÌ99.à b àFinally,€he€was€glad€to€learn€that€the€report€was€made€available€to€NGOsÐ í $  Ðand€members€of€the€public€by€the€HomeOffice;€he€trusted€that€all€those€whoÐ °ç  Ðwished€to€obtain€a€copy€could€readily€do€so.Ð sª  ÐÌ100.à b àòòMr.€ANDOóó€commended€the€delegation€of€the€United€Kingdom€on€that€country'sÐ ù0  Ðexcellent€report€and€its€competent€responses€to€the€concerns€raised.€€WhileÐ ¼ó  Ðthe€Committee's€comments€and€questions€might€indeed€have€seemed€harsh,€itÐ ¶  Ðshould€be€remembered€that€they€were€proffered€with€the€best€of€intentions.Ð By ÐÌ101.à b àHe€had€several€concluding€observations.€€Firstly,€the€United€Kingdom'sÐ Èÿ Ðreservations€to€the€Covenant€that€referred€to€"other€provisions€of€theÐ ‹Â ÐCovenant"€were€too€vague€and€should€be€reassessed.€€Secondly,€with€regard€toÐ N… Ðthe€objections€raised€by€Mr.€Berman€to€several€points€discussed€in€generalÐ H Ðcomment24,€he€would€read€the€relevant€paper€with€great€interest€beforeÐ Ô  Ðformulating€an€opinion.€€Thirdly,€with€regard€to€the€matter€of€the€right€toÐ —Î Ðsilence,€he€shared€the€views€expressed€by€Mr.Bhagwati.€€Fourthly,€in€theÐ Z‘ Ðlight€of€the€economic€depression€that€had€taken€place€in€western€Europe€and€ofÐ T Ðthe€resurgent€xenophobia€that€had€attended€it,€he€understood€the€Government'sÐ à Ðdesire€to€regulate€the€flow€of€immigrants.€€Yet,€under€the€circumstances,€theÐ £Ú ÐUnited€Kingdom€should€do€its€utmost€to€protect€the€human€rights€of€suchÐ f Ðpersons.€€Finally,€he€associated€himself€with€the€views€of€Ms.Medina€QuirogaÐ )`  Ðwith€respect€to€the€status€of€women€in€that€country.Ð ì#! ÐÌ102.à b àòòMs.€EVATTóó€said€that€various€favourable€developments€had€taken€place€inÐ r©# Ðthe€UnitedKingdom€in€the€area€of€human€rights.€€She€particularly€welcomed€aÐ 5 l$ Ðnumber€of€judicial€decisions€on€human€rights€issues,€among€them€decisionsÐ ø /% Ðtaken€at€the€European€level.€€She€also€noted€with€satisfaction€the€variousÐ »!ò& Ðprison€reforms€that€had€taken€place,€the€creation€of€the€post€of€prisonÐ ~"µ' Ðombudsman,€the€establishment€of€the€Criminal€Cases€Review€Commission,€and€theÐ A#x( Ðnewly€introduced€practice€of€recording€interviews.€€It€was€worth€mentioningÐ $;) Ðthat€England€and€Wales€were€among€the€few€places€in€the€world€where€police€didÐ Ç$þ* Ðnot€carry€arms.€€While€that€favourable€phenomenon€was€certainly€overshadowedÐ Š%Á + Ðby€the€circumstances€prevailing€in€NorthernIreland,€there€too€progress€hadÐ M&„!, Ðbeen€made.€€Emphatically,€if€the€right€to€life€was€to€be€upheld,€the€death€ofÐ 'G"- Ðan€individual€while€in€the€hands€of€authorities€must€be€met€with€a€thorough,Ð Ó' #. Ðimpartial€and€open€investigation.€€Failure€to€investigate€and€where€necessaryÐ –(Í#/ Ðto€prosecute€could€only€cause€crises€of€confidence€in€families€andÐ Y)$0 Ðcommunities.€€Ð *S%1 ÐÌ103.à b àHaving€read€the€warning€provided€to€the€accused€with€regard€to€his€rightÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðto€maintain€silence,€she€considered€it€to€be€unsatisfactory.€€In€a€pressÐ e,œ'4 Ðcutting€in€her€possession,€a€policeman€was€cited€as€telling€an€intervieweeÐ (-_(5 Ðthat€the€warning€meant€that€if€he€chose€not€to€answer€a€question,€the€juryÐ ë-")6 Ðwould€assume€that€he€was€guilty.€€While€she€understood€that€such€was€not€itsÐ ®.å)7 Ðintent,€the€warning€might€well€in€practice€prejudice€the€jury€as€to€the€guiltÐ É Ðof€the€accused,€regardless€of€its€wording.€€A€related€concern„€the€extensionÐ ŒÃ Ðof€that€provision€to€Scotland€whether€or€not€the€Scots€so€wished„€illustratedÐ O† Ða€larger€question€she€had€raised€earlier:€€how€to€enable€the€Scots€and€theÐ I ÐWelsh€to€play€a€full€and€equal€role€in€the€conduct€of€those€public€affairsÐ Õ  Ðthat€related€to€their€own€interests.€€Ð ˜Ï ÐÌ104.à b àShe€likewise€found€it€unfortunate€that€the€seven-day€detention€rule€stillÐ  U Ðapplied;€it€seemed€that,€despite€the€cessation€of€hostilities,€a€fundamentalÐ á  Ðright€remained€subject€to€derogation.€€The€UnitedKingdom€should€perhapsÐ ¤ Û  Ðconsider€the€establishment€of€some€form€of€judicial€supervision€over€thatÐ g ž  Ðmatter.Ð * a  ÐÌ105.à b àEndeavours€to€strengthen€anti-discrimination€legislation€were€welcome,€asÐ °ç  Ðwere€efforts€to€recruit€police€from€various€ethnic€communities.€€In€the€areaÐ sª  Ðof€discrimination€it€was€nevertheless€clear€that€much€progress€remained€to€beÐ 6m  Ðmade.€€Discrimination€in€the€military€on€grounds€of€sexual€preference€was€anÐ ù0  Ðissue€that€demanded€attention;€in€particular,€the€potential€targets€of€suchÐ ¼ó  Ðdiscrimination€should€be€provided€with€adequate€legal€protection.€€She€hadÐ ¶  Ðtwopoints€to€raise€with€regard€to€discrimination€against€women.€€Firstly,Ð By Ðthought€should€be€given€to€introducing€legislation€that€would€take€intoÐ < Ðconsideration€the€principles€that€had€come€to€light€in€the€recent€judicialÐ Èÿ Ðdecision€concerning€provocation€in€the€case€of€a€woman€who€had€murdered€herÐ ‹Â Ðpartner.€€Secondly,€while€rape€and€other€sexual€offences€were€in€factÐ N… Ðaddressed€by€criminal€legislation,€the€Government€should€consider€implementingÐ H Ðprogrammes€for€the€related€training€and€education€of€the€police€and€judiciary.€Ð Ô  ÐÌ106.à b àFinally,€she€wholeheartedly€endorsed€the€views€expressed€by€Mr.BhagwatiÐ Z‘ Ðin€the€matter€of€the€incorporation€of€the€Covenant€into€domestic€law.€€Ð T ÐÌ107.à b àòòMr.€FRANCISóó€said€that€he€first€wished€to€congratulate€Mrs.Higgins€on€herÐ £Ú Ðelection€to€the€International€Court€of€Justice;€she€had€undoubtedly€made€aÐ f Ðmonumental€contribution€to€the€work€of€the€Committee,€and€was€sure€to€make€anÐ )`  Ðequally€impressive€contribution€to€that€of€the€Court.Ð ì#! ÐÌ108.à b àHe€was€grateful€to€the€British€delegation€for€its€answers€to€theÐ r©# Ðquestions€he€had€raised.€€Of€particular€satisfaction€was€the€informationÐ 5 l$ Ðoffered€concerning€the€arrest€and€death€of€JoyGardner.€€The€decision€of€theÐ ø /% ÐHome€Secretary€would,€he€was€sure,€gladden€the€hearts€of€many€peopleÐ »!ò& Ðthroughout€the€world.€€Ð ~"µ' ÐÌ109.à b àHe€joined€with€other€members€of€the€Committee€who€had€recommended€thatÐ $;) Ðthe€Government€of€the€UnitedKingdom€should€enact€a€bill€of€rights,€ratify€theÐ Ç$þ* ÐOptional€Protocol€and€review€the€status€of€the€right€to€silence€in€domesticÐ Š%Á + Ðlegislation.€€Finally,€he€shared€Mr.Lallah's€concerns€with€regard€to€theÐ M&„!, ÐPrivy€Council.€Ð 'G"- ÐÌ110.à b àòòMr.€HALLIDAYóó€(United€Kingdom)€said€that€he€wished€to€take€the€opportunityÐ –(Í#/ Ðto€join€with€those€who€had€paid€tribute€to€Mrs.Higgins,€whose€presence€in€theÐ Y)$0 ÐCommittee€would€be€greatly€missed.€€He€further€wished€to€thank€the€members€ofÐ *S%1 Ðthe€Committee€for€their€generous€remarks.€€The€discussion€had,€as€anticipated,Ð ß*&2 Ðbeen€a€rigorous€one.€€In€his€view,€the€concluding€observations€had€usefullyÐ ¢+Ù&3 Ðhighlighted€areas€of€particular€concern€to€the€Committee,€as€well€as€thoseÐ e,œ'4 Ðareas€where€disagreement€remained.€€Ð (-_(5 Ðâ âÐ ë-")6 Ð111.à b àòòThe€CHAIRMANóó€congratulated€the€UnitedKingdom€on€its€excellent€report,Ð É Ðâ âand€on€the€frank€and€open€spirit€in€which€the€dialogue€had€been€conducted.€Ð ŒÃ ÐThere€had€undoubtedly€been€many€favourable€developments€in€the€area€of€humanÐ O† Ðrights€in€the€UnitedKingdom€in€recent€years.€€Regarding€the€rigour€of€theÐ I Ðquestions€and€comments€formulated€by€the€members€of€the€Committee,€he€observedÐ Õ  Ðthat€it€was€the€Committee's€aim€to€ensure€that€the€human€rights€of€all€thoseÐ ˜Ï Ðwhose€Governments€were€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€enjoyed€the€exercise€ofÐ [ ’ Ðtheir€human€rights.€€He€was€grateful€to€those€NGOs€and€individuals€that€hadÐ  U Ðoffered€information€to€the€Committee;€in€his€view,€the€number€of€independentÐ á  Ðsubmissions€received€by€the€Committee€in€relation€to€a€State€party's€report€Ð ¤ Û  Ðwas€a€measure€of€the€status€of€human€rights€in€that€country.€€He€informed€theÐ g ž  Ðmembers€of€the€Committee€that€the€paper€prepared€by€Mr.Berman€and€hisÐ * a  Ðcolleagues€in€response€to€general€comment24€had€been€received€and€would€beÐ í $  Ðdistributed€to€them€shortly.€€Finally,€he€noted€that€the€fifth€periodic€reportÐ °ç  Ðof€the€UnitedKingdom€was€due€on€18August1999.€€Ð sª  ÐÌÌà@'“àòòThe€meeting€rose€at€1€p.m.óó