ÿWPC® _™E‡­poRKk´ûÖn\ÿºCàû;ª{1éAªˆ¥Cÿ&¹læ–ƒ £`H„Áoô«†·¬yiÔ©g Û_ê‡3K§–Ôå nýîzÂÚï»_É8®nOpPqÙcÎKÂâãÐMjß–r7„ÌB­ͼWºµ˜€ ÐAsÙÜäœv×Q¯¾Gcwϯ7mD8C•DaM#qªEºPÑiÏRÝÀ¥Z¿µw„òG¢¯©AZ¤ŠÑú!h¿q N¸ŠuAt’ è)# ¡øB ž°õ]A9AèadXûçùuÓ“RÎMŒÉ=ö%6ö9µL¹ÒùÛó¼ÞÜJYX;ò¿O¬õå;½­”DKÒãÝBàŒ zb©€äêͼ—w…co6k:órÚÀažÃó§ë·ÅÏÛŸÖ¾/•ÌW©{ÍàØÆ#ïº|È}rHïÕO&ªxÌÁ¯â%ÜãÁmxr/eE÷ŒEò~–nÒG>Í}ì†RKß±kCušØÐƒ=8ÂøM&NBÄXÙÆÍéMN¦[0y'¸áê†tæø CÂqž©û ðúË¿‰çíîhÁ²íïÊ=zë»u+­¨7À"gÞªN‰£„î##ÁêU N« %ù 0:ÿ²9 0Vë^ AwM4Qet mv 1u 72 1‡4U@» 0wû 0Šr 0 ü 0´œ 0ÇP 0Û 0ïò 0Dá á N% 1‡' 1‡® 725 1‡g 72îîî 0 Ž ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,Ô ¨Ý ƒ½Þ'ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼¸Ä»XXÔCRIMES€AGAINST€HUMANITYÔ#†Xí(X»¼¸ÄL#Ôó ó(.3½Þ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý´kÌ, eû*.wp <þ3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a) i)"hìÙCEIMQUY]aAutoList1i)1)a)(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman (Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù"hi/CEIMQUY]aAutoList2i)1)a)"hy/CEIMQUY]aAutoList3i)1)a)"h‰/CEIMQUY]aAutoList4i)1)a)((éÖ$´´Ô‡Xï XXXÔÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÔ‡Xï XXXÔÝ ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÖ€ÿÿÖÑ8€í(XXdìdÈ8Ñò òòòII.€€JURISPRUDENCEóóó óÐ Œ ÐÌÌòòò òÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_ÔÐ P Ä Ðó óóóÌÓ€ "(ìÙx3 ÓÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€Xí(XXXÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ“ÝÔ2ìÙÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(550/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/52/40€vol.€II€(8€November€1996)€84Ð ( œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/58/D/550/1993)€at€paras.€€2.1„2.5,€4.1,€4.2,€7.2,€7.7,€7.10,€8.8,€8.9,€9.5„9.7,€10,Ð  ˆ ÐIndividual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_Ô€(concurring),€97,€Individual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô,Ð  t ÐDavid€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô€and€€Ô_ÔEckhartÔ_Ô€Klein€(concurring),€97€at€paras.€6,€9,€10,€and€IndividualÐ ì ` ÐOpinion€by€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô€(concurring),€102.€Ýƒ"éÖ“ßÝŒÐØL (#(# ЌԀXí(XXXí(ÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€was€a€professor€of€literature€at€the€Sorbonne€University€in€Paris€until€1973Ð œ  Ðand€at€the€University€of€Lyon€until€1991,€when€he€was€removed€from€his€chair.€€Aware€ofÐ ˆü  Ðthe€historical€significance€of€the€Holocaust,€he€has€sought€proof€of€the€methods€of€killings,Ð tè  Ðin€particular€by€gas€asphyxiation.€€While€he€does€not€contest€the€use€of€gas€for€purposes€ofÐ `Ô  Ðdisinfection,€he€doubts€the€existence€of€gas€chambers€for€extermination€purposes€("òòÔ_ÔchambresÔ_ÔÐ LÀ Ѐgaz€homicidesóó")€at€Auschwitz€and€in€other€Nazi€concentration€camps.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€author€submits€that€his€opinions€have€been€rejected€in€numerous€academic€journalsÐ „ Ðand€ridiculed€in€the€daily€press,€notably€in€France;€nonetheless,€he€continues€to€question€theÐ üp Ðexistence€of€extermination€gas€chambers.€€As€a€result€of€public€discussion€of€his€opinionsÐ è\ Ðand€the€polemics€accompanying€these€debates,€he€states€that,€since€1978,€he€has€become€theÐ ÔH Ðtarget€of€death€threats€and€that€on€eight€occasions€he€has€been€physically€assaulted.€€On€oneÐ À4 Ðoccasion€in€1989,€he€claims€to€have€suffered€serious€injuries,€including€a€broken€jaw,€forÐ ¬  Ðwhich€he€was€hospitalized.€€He€contends€that€although€these€attacks€were€brought€to€theÐ ˜  Ðattention€of€the€competent€judicial€authorities,€they€were€not€seriously€investigated€and€noneÐ „ø Ðof€those€responsible€for€the€assaults€has€been€arrested€or€prosecuted...Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€13€July€1990,€the€French€legislature€passed€the€so-called€"Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act",€whichÐ H!¼ Ðamends€the€law€on€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€of€1881€by€adding€an€article€24€òòÔ_ÔbisÔ_Ôóó;€€the€latterÐ 4"¨ Ðmakes€it€an€offence€to€contest€the€existence€of€the€category€of€crimes€against€humanity€asÐ  #” Ðdefined€in€the€London€Charter€of€8€August€1945,€on€the€basis€of€which€Nazi€leaders€wereÐ  $€  Ðtried€and€convicted€by€the€International€Military€Tribunal€at€Nuremberg€in€1945-1946.€€TheÐ ø$l! Ðauthor€submits€that,€in€essence,€the€"Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act"€promotes€the€Nuremberg€trial€andÐ ä%X" Ðjudgment€to€the€status€of€dogma,€by€imposing€criminal€sanctions€on€those€who€dare€toÐ Ð&D # Ðchallenge€its€findings€and€premises.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€contends€that€he€has€ample€reason€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbelieve€that€the€records€of€the€Nuremberg€trial€can€indeed€be€challenged€and€that€theÐ ¨("% Ðevidence€used€against€Nazi€leaders€is€open€to€question,€as€is,€according€to€him,€the€evidenceÐ ”)#& Ðabout€the€number€of€victims€exterminated€at€Auschwitz.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  àÐl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à2.4€€In€substantiation€of€the€claim€that€the€Nuremberg€records€cannot€be€taken€as€infallible,Ð Œ Ðhe€cites,€by€way€of€example,€the€indictment€which€charged€the€Germans€with€the€Ô_ÔKatynÔ_ÔÐ xì Ðmassacre,€and€refers€to€the€introduction€by€the€Soviet€prosecutor€of€documents€purportingÐ dØ Ðto€show€that€the€Germans€had€killed€the€Polish€prisoners€of€war€at€Ô_ÔKatynÔ_Ô€(NurembergÐ P Ä Ðdocument€USSR„054).€€The€Soviet€authorship€of€this€crime,€he€points€out,€is€now€establishedÐ < ° Ðbeyond€doubt.€€The€author€further€notes€that,€among€the€members€of€the€Soviet€Ô_ÔKatynÔ_ÔÐ ( œ Ð(Ô_ÔLyssenkoÔ_Ô)€Commission,€which€had€adduced€proof€of€the€purported€German€responsibilityÐ  ˆ Ðfor€the€Ô_ÔKatynÔ_Ô€massacre,€were€Professors€Ô_ÔBurdenkoÔ_Ô€and€Nicolas,€who€also€testified€that€theÐ  t ÐGermans€had€used€gas€chambers€at€Auschwitz€for€the€extermination€of€four€million€personsÐ ì ` Ð(document€USSR„006).€€Subsequently,€he€asserts,€the€estimated€number€of€victims€atÐ ØL  ÐAuschwitz€has€been€revised€downward€to€approximately€one€million.ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€Shortly€after€the€enactment€of€the€"Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act",€Mr.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€was€interviewed€by€theÐ œ  ÐFrench€monthly€magazine€òòLe€Choc€du€Ô_ÔMoisÔ_Ôóó,€which€published€the€interview€in€its€NumberÐ ˆü  Ð32€issue€of€September€1990.€€Besides€expressing€his€concern€that€the€new€law€constituted€aÐ tè  Ðthreat€to€freedom€of€research€and€freedom€of€expression,€the€author€reiterated€his€personalÐ `Ô  Ðconviction€that€there€were€no€homicidal€gas€chambers€for€the€extermination€of€Jews€in€NaziÐ LÀ Ðconcentration€camps.€€Following€the€publication€of€this€interview,€eleven€associations€ofÐ 8¬ ÐFrench€resistance€fighters€and€of€deportees€to€German€concentration€camps€filed€a€privateÐ $˜ Ðcriminal€action€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔPatriceÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBoizeauÔ_Ô,€the€editor€of€the€magazine€òòLeÐ „ ÐChoc€du€Ô_ÔMoisÔ_Ôóó.€€By€judgment€of€18€April€1991,€the€17th€òòChambre€Ô_ÔCorrectionnelleÔ_Ô€duÐ üp ÐTribunal€de€Grande€Instance€de€Paris€óóconvicted€Messrs.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔBoizeauÔ_Ô€of€havingÐ è\ Ðcommitted€the€crime€of€"òòcontestation€de€crimes€Ô_ÔcontreÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôl'humanitÔ_Ôóó"€and€imposed€on€themÐ ÔH Ðfines€and€costs€amounting€to€FF€326,832.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà  à...Ð ¬  ÐÔ‡Xí(XXXí(Ôà0  à4.1€€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€the€State€party€provides€a€chronological€overview€of€theÐ ˜  Ðfacts€of€the€case€and€explains€the€òòratio€legisóó€of€the€law€of€13€July€1990.€€In€this€latter€context,Ð „ø Ðit€observes€that€the€law€in€question€fills€a€gap€in€the€panoply€of€criminal€sanctions€byÐ pä Ðcriminalizing€the€acts€of€those€who€question€the€genocide€of€the€Jews€and€the€existence€ofÐ \ Ð Ðgas€chambers.€€In€the€latter€context,€it€adds€that€the€so„called€"revisionist"€theses€had€à0@”!ƒàÐ H!¼ Ðpreviously€escaped€any€criminal€qualification,€in€that€they€could€not€be€subsumed€under€theÐ 4"¨ Ðprohibition€of€(racial)€discrimination,€of€incitement€to€racial€hatred,€or€glorification€of€warÐ  #” Ðcrimes€or€crimes€against€humanity.Ð $€ (#(# ÐÔ#†Xí(XXXí(#ÔÌà0  à4.2€€The€State€party€further€observes€that€in€order€to€avoid€making€it€an€offence€to€manifestÐ ä%X" Ðan€opinion€("òòÔ_ÔdlitÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdððopinionÔ_Ôóó"),€the€legislature€chose€to€determine€precisely€the€materialÐ Ð&D # Ðelement€of€the€offence,€by€criminalizing€only€the€negation€("òòcontestationóó"),€by€one€of€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðmeans€enumerated€in€article€23€of€the€law€on€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€of€1881,€of€one€orÐ ¨("% Ðseveral€of€the€crimes€against€humanity€in€the€sense€of€article€6€of€the€Statute€of€theÐ ”)#& ÐInternational€Military€Tribunal.€€The€role€of€the€judge€seized€of€allegations€of€facts€that€à0@^"ƒàmightÐ €*ô#' Ðbe€subsumed€under€the€new€law€is€not€to€intervene€in€an€academic€or€an€historical€debate,Ð l+à$( Ðbut€to€ascertain€whether€the€contested€publications€of€words€negate€the€existence€of€crimesÐ Œ Ðagainst€humanity€recognized€by€international€judicial€instances...Ðxì(#(# Ðà  à...Ð dØ ÐÔ‡Xí(XXXí(Ôà0  à7.2€The€State€party€once€again€explains€the€legislative€history€of€the€"Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€€Act".€€It€notes,Ð P Ä Ðin€this€context,€that€anti„racism€legislation€adopted€by€France€during€the€Ô_Ô1980sÔ_Ô€wasÐ < ° Ðconsidered€insufficient€to€prosecute€and€punish,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€trivialization€of€Nazi€crimesÐ ( œ Ðcommitted€during€the€Second€World€War.€€The€Law€adopted€on€13€July€1990€responded€toÐ  ˆ Ðthe€preoccupations€of€the€French€legislator€òòvis„„visóó€the€development,€for€several€years,€ofÐ t(#(# Ðà0  à"revisionism",€mostly€through€individuals€who€justified€their€writings€by€their€(perceived)Ð ì ` Ðstatus€as€historians,€and€who€challenged€the€existence€of€the€Ô_ÔShoahÔ_Ô.€To€the€Government,Ð ØL  Ðthese€revisionist€theses€constitute€"a€subtle€form€of€contemporary€anti„Ô_ÔsemitismÔ_Ô"€("...Ð Ä8  Ðconstituent€òòÔ_ÔuneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔformeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔsubtileÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔlððantismitismeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔcontemporainÔ_Ôóó")€which,€prior€to€13€JulyÐ °$  Ð1990,€could€not€be€prosecuted€under€any€of€the€existing€provisions€of€French€criminalÐ œ  Ðlegislation.Јü (#(# ÐÔ#†Xí(XXXí(7&#Ôà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à7.7€€...The€State€party€invokes€article€26€and,€in€particular,€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ `Ô  ÐCovenant,€which€stipulates€that€"any€advocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred€that€à0@²"ƒàÐ LÀ Ðconstitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,€hostility€or€violence€shall€be€prohibited€by€law".Ð 8¬ ÐFurthermore,€the€State€party€recalls€that€it€is€a€party€to€the€International€Convention€on€theÐ $˜ ÐElimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination;€under€article€4€of€that€Convention,€StatesÐ „ Ðparties€"shall€declare€an€offence€punishable€by€law€all€dissemination€of€ideas€based€on€racialÐüp(#(# Ðà0  àsuperiority€or€hatred"€(para.€4€(a)).€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€RacialÐ è\ ÐDiscrimination€specifically€welcomed€the€adoption€of€the€law€of€13€July€1990€during€theÐ ÔH Ðexamination€of€the€periodic€report€of€France€in€1994.€€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€StateÐ À4 Ðparty€concludes€that€it€merely€complied€with€its€international€obligations€by€making€theÐ ¬  Ð(public)€denial€of€crimes€against€humanity€a€criminal€offence.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à7.10€€The€State€party€emphasizes€that€the€text€of€the€law€of€13€July€1990€reveals€that€theÐ pä Ðoffence€of€which€the€author€was€convicted€is€defined€in€precise€terms€and€is€based€onÐ \ Ð Ðobjective€criteria,€so€as€to€avoid€the€creation€of€a€category€of€offences€linked€merely€toÐ H!¼ Ðexpression€of€opinions€("òòÔ_ÔdlitÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdððopinionÔ_Ôóó").€€The€committal€of€the€offence€necessitates€(a)€theÐ 4"¨ Ðdenial€of€crimes€against€humanity,€as€defined€and€recognized€internationally,€and€(b)€thatÐ  #” Ðthese€crimes€against€humanity€have€been€adjudicated€by€judicial€instances.€€In€other€à0@N!ƒàwords,Ð  $€  Ðthe€law€of€13€July€1990€does€not€punish€the€expression€of€an€opinion,€but€the€denial€of€aÐ ø$l! Ðhistorical€reality€universally€recognized.€€The€adoption€of€the€provision€was€necessary€in€theÐ ä%X" ÐState€partyððs€opinion,€not€only€to€protect€the€rights€and€the€reputation€of€others,€but€also€toÐ Ð&D # Ðprotect€public€order€and€morals.м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à8.8€€In€a€further€submission€dated€3€July€1996€the€State€party€explains€the€purposes€pursuedÐ ”)#& Ðby€the€act€of€13€July€1990.€€It€points€out€that€the€introduction€of€the€act€was€in€fact€intendedÐ €*ô#' Ðto€serve€the€struggle€against€anti„Semitism.€€In€this€context€the€State€party€refers€to€aÐ l+à$( Ðstatement€made€by€the€then€Minister€of€Justice,€Mr.€Ô_ÔArpaillangeÔ_Ô,€before€the€SenateÐ Œ Ðcharacterizing€the€denial€of€the€existence€of€the€Holocaust€as€the€contemporary€expressionÐ xì Ðof€racism€and€anti„Semitism.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.9€€In€his€comments€of€11€July€1996€made€on€the€State€partyððs€submission€the€authorÐ < ° Ðreiterates€his€earlier€arguments,€òòinter€aliaóó,€he€again€challenges€the€"accepted"€version€of€theÐ ( œ Ðextermination€of€the€Jews€because€of€its€lack€of€evidence.€€In€this€context€he€refers€forÐ  ˆ Ðexample€to€the€fact€that€a€decree€ordering€the€extermination€has€never€been€found€and€it€hasÐ  t Ðnever€been€proven€how€it€was€technically€possible€to€kill€so€many€people€by€gas„Ð ì ` Ðasphyxiation.€€He€further€recalls€that€visitors€to€Auschwitz€have€been€made€to€believe€thatÐ ØL  Ðthe€gas€chamber€they€see€there€is€authentic,€whereas€the€authorities€know€that€it€is€aÐ Ä8  Ðreconstruction,€built€on€a€different€spot€than€the€original€is€said€to€have€been.€€He€concludesÐ °$  Ðthat€as€a€historian,€interested€in€the€facts,€he€is€not€willing€to€accept€the€traditional€versionÐ œ  Ðof€events€and€has€no€choice€but€to€contest€it.Јü (#(# Ðà  à...Ð tè  Ðà0  à9.5€€The€restriction€on€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€was€indeed€provided€by€law€i.e.€theÐ `Ô  ÐAct€of€13€July€1990.€€It€is€the€constant€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€that€the€restrictive€lawÐ LÀ Ðitself€must€be€in€compliance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€regard€theÐ 8¬ ÐCommittee€concludes,€on€the€basis€of€the€reading€of€the€judgment€of€the€17th€òòChambreÐ $˜ ÐÔ_ÔcorrectionnelleÔ_Ô€du€Tribunal€de€grande€instance€de€Parisóó€that€the€finding€of€the€author's€guiltÐ „ Ðwas€based€on€his€following€two€statements:€"...I€have€excellent€reasons€not€to€believe€in€theÐ üp Ðpolicy€of€extermination€of€Jews€or€in€the€magic€gas€chambers...I€wish€to€see€that€100€per€centÐ è\ Ðof€the€French€citizens€realize€that€the€myth€of€the€gas€chambers€is€a€dishonest€fabrication".Ð ÔH ÐHis€conviction€therefore€did€not€encroach€upon€his€right€to€hold€and€express€an€opinion€inÐ À4 Ðgeneral,€rather€the€court€convicted€Mr.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô€for€having€violated€the€rights€and€reputationÐ ¬  Ðof€others.€€For€these€reasons€the€Committee€is€satisfied€that€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act,€as€read,Ð ˜  Ðinterpreted€and€applied€to€the€author's€case€by€the€French€courts,€is€in€compliance€with€theÐ „ø Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.6€€To€assess€whether€the€restrictions€placed€on€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€by€hisÐ H!¼ Ðcriminal€conviction€were€applied€for€the€purposes€provided€for€by€the€Covenant,€theÐ 4"¨ ÐCommittee€begins€by€noting,€as€it€did€in€its€General€Comment€10,€that€the€rights€for€theÐ  #” Ðprotection€of€which€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€expression€are€permitted€by€article€19,Ð  $€  Ðparagraph€3,€may€relate€to€the€interests€of€other€persons€or€to€those€of€the€community€as€aÐ ø$l! Ðwhole.€€Since€the€statements€made€by€the€author,€read€in€their€full€context,€were€of€a€natureÐ ä%X" Ðas€to€raise€or€strengthen€anti-Semitic€feelings,€the€restriction€served€the€respect€of€the€JewishÐ Ð&D # Ðcommunity€to€live€free€from€fear€of€an€atmosphere€of€anti-Semitism.€€The€CommitteeÐ ¼'0!$ Ðtherefore€concludes€that€the€restriction€of€the€author's€freedom€of€expression€was€permissibleÐ ¨("% Ðunder€article€19,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.7€€Lastly€the€Committee€needs€to€consider€whether€the€restriction€of€the€author's€freedomÐ l+à$( Ðof€expression€was€necessary.€€The€Committee€noted€the€State€party's€argument€contendingÐ Œ Ðthat€the€introduction€of€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€was€intended€to€serve€the€struggle€against€racism€andÐ xì Ðanti-Semitism.€€It€also€noted€the€statement€of€a€member€of€the€French€Government,€the€thenÐ dØ ÐMinister€of€Justice,€which€characterized€the€denial€of€the€existence€of€the€Holocaust€as€theÐ P Ä Ðprincipal€vehicle€for€anti-Semitism.€€In€the€absence€in€the€material€before€it€of€any€argumentÐ < ° Ðundermining€the€validity€of€the€State€party's€position€as€to€the€necessity€of€the€restriction,€theÐ ( œ ÐCommittee€is€satisfied€that€the€restriction€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔFaurissonÔ_Ô's€freedom€of€expression€wasÐ  ˆ Ðnecessary€within€the€meaning€of€article€19,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.Ð t(#(# Ðà  à...Ð ì ` Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ ØL  Ðdo€not€reveal€a€violation€by€France€of€article€19,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAndoÔ_ÔóóМ (#(# ÐÌà0  àWhile€I€do€not€oppose€the€adoption€of€the€Views€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€theÐ tè  Ðpresent€case,€I€would€like€to€express€my€concern€about€the€danger€that€the€French€legislationÐ `Ô  Ðin€question,€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act,€might€entail.€€As€I€understand€it,€the€Act€criminalizes€theÐ LÀ Ðnegation€("òòcontestationóó"€in€French),€by€one€of€the€means€enumerated€in€article€23€of€the€LawÐ 8¬ Ðon€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€of€1881,€of€one€or€several€of€the€crimes€against€humanity€in€theÐ $˜ Ðsense€of€article€6€of€the€Statute€of€the€International€Military€Tribunal€of€Nuremberg€(see€para.Ð „ Ð4.2).€€In€my€view€the€term€"negation"€("òòcontestationóó"),€if€loosely€interpreted,€could€compriseÐ üp Ðvarious€forms€of€expression€of€opinions€and€thus€has€a€possibility€of€threatening€orÐ è\ Ðencroaching€the€right€to€freedom€of€expression,€which€constitutes€an€indispensableÐ ÔH Ðprerequisite€for€the€proper€functioning€of€a€democratic€society.€€In€order€to€eliminate€thisÐ À4 Ðpossibility€it€would€probably€be€better€to€replace€the€Act€with€a€specific€legislationÐ ¬  Ðprohibiting€well-defined€acts€of€anti-Semitism€or€with€a€provision€of€the€criminal€codeÐ ˜  Ðprotecting€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others€in€general.Єø(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô,€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€KleinóóÐ\ Ð(#(# Ðà  à...Ð H!¼ Ðà0  à6.€€The€notion€that€in€the€conditions€of€present-day€France,€Holocaust€denial€may€constituteÐ 4"¨ Ða€form€of€incitement€to€anti-Semitism€cannot€be€dismissed.€€This€is€a€consequence€not€of€theÐ  #” Ðmere€challenge€to€well-documented€historical€facts,€established€both€by€historians€ofÐ  $€  Ðdifferent€persuasions€and€backgrounds€as€well€as€by€international€and€domestic€tribunals,€butÐ ø$l! Ðof€the€context,€in€which€it€is€implied,€under€the€guise€of€impartial€academic€research,€that€theÐ ä%X" Ðvictims€of€Nazism€were€guilty€of€dishonest€fabrication,€that€the€story€of€their€victimizationÐ Ð&D # Ðis€a€myth€and€that€the€gas€chambers€in€which€so€many€people€were€murdered€are€"magic".м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€is€phrased€in€the€widest€language€and€would€seem€to€prohibit€publicationÐ ”)#& Ðof€bona€fide€research€connected€with€matters€decided€by€the€Nuremberg€Tribunal.€€Even€ifÐ €*ô#' Ðthe€purpose€of€this€prohibition€is€to€protect€the€right€to€be€free€from€incitement€toÐ l+à$( Ðanti-Semitism,€the€restrictions€imposed€do€not€meet€the€proportionality€test.€€They€do€not€linkÐ Œ Ðliability€to€the€intent€of€the€author,€nor€to€the€tendency€of€the€publication€to€incite€toÐ xì Ðanti-Semitism.€€Furthermore,€the€legitimate€object€of€the€law€could€certainly€have€beenÐ dØ Ðachieved€by€a€less€drastic€provision€that€would€not€imply€that€the€State€party€had€attemptedÐ P Ä Ðto€turn€historical€truths€and€experiences€into€legislative€dogma€that€may€not€be€challenged,Ð < ° Ðno€matter€what€the€object€behind€that€challenge,€nor€its€likely€consequences.€€In€the€presentÐ ( œ Ðcase€we€are€not€concerned,€however,€with€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act,€òòin€Ô_ÔabstractoÔ_Ôóó,€but€only€with€theÐ  ˆ Ðrestriction€placed€on€the€freedom€of€expression€of€the€author€by€his€conviction€for€hisÐ  t Ðstatements€in€the€interview€in€òòLe€Choc€du€Ô_ÔMoisÔ_Ôóó.€€Does€this€restriction€meet€theÐ ì ` Ðproportionality€test?ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€French€courts€examined€the€author's€statements€in€great€detail.€€Their€decisions,€andÐ °$  Ðthe€interview€itself,€refute€the€author's€argument€that€he€is€only€driven€by€his€interest€inÐ œ  Ðhistorical€research.€€In€the€interview€the€author€demanded€that€historians€"particularly€JewishÐ ˆü  Ðhistorians"€("òòÔ_ÔlesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔhistoriensÔ_Ô,€en€Ô_ÔparticulierÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔjuifsÔ_Ôóó")€who€agree€that€some€of€the€findings€of€theÐ tè  ÐÔ_ÔNuremburgÔ_Ô€Tribunal€were€mistaken€be€prosecuted.€€The€author€referred€to€the€"magic€gasÐ `Ô  Ðchamber"€("òòla€Ô_ÔmagiqueÔ_Ô€chambre€€gazóó")€and€to€"the€myth€of€the€gas€chambers"€("òòle€Ô_ÔmytheÔ_ÔÐ LÀ Ðdes€Ô_ÔchambresÔ_Ô€€gazóó"),€that€was€a€"dirty€trick"€("òòÔ_ÔuneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔgredinerieÔ_Ôóó")€endorsed€by€the€victors€inÐ 8¬ ÐÔ_ÔNuremburgÔ_Ô.€€The€author€has,€in€these€statements,€singled€out€Jewish€historians€over€others,Ð $˜ Ðand€has€clearly€implied€that€the€Jews,€the€victims€of€the€Nazis,€concocted€the€story€of€gasÐ „ Ðchambers€for€their€own€purposes.€€While€there€is€every€reason€to€maintain€protection€of€bonaÐ üp Ðfide€historical€research€against€restriction,€even€when€it€challenges€accepted€historical€truthsÐ è\ Ðand€by€so€doing€offends€people,€anti-Semitic€allegations€of€the€sort€made€by€the€author,Ð ÔH Ðwhich€violate€the€rights€of€others€in€the€way€described,€do€not€have€the€same€claim€toÐ À4 Ðprotection€against€restriction.€€The€restrictions€placed€on€the€author€did€not€curb€the€core€ofÐ ¬  Ðhis€right€to€freedom€of€expression,€nor€did€they€in€any€way€affect€his€freedom€of€research;Ð ˜  Ðthey€were€intimately€linked€to€the€value€they€were€meant€to€protect€-€the€right€to€be€free€fromÐ „ø Ðincitement€to€racism€or€anti-Semitism;€protecting€that€value€could€not€have€been€achievedÐ pä Ðin€the€circumstances€by€less€drastic€means.€€It€is€for€these€reasons€that€we€joined€theÐ \ Ð ÐCommittee€in€concluding€that,€in€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€restrictions€onÐ H!¼ Ðthe€author's€freedom€of€expression€met€the€proportionality€test€and€were€necessary€in€orderÐ 4"¨ Ðto€protect€the€rights€of€others.€Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_ÔóóòòóóÐø$l!(#(# ÐÌà0  à...The€question€is€whether€the€conviction€of€the€author€under€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€was€Ô_ÔviolativeÔ_ÔÐ Ð&D # Ðof€article€19,€paragraph€2,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.м'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àArticle€19,€paragraph€2,€declares€that€everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€of€expressionÐ ”)#& Ðwhich€includes€freedom€to€impart€information€and€ideas€of€all€kinds€through€any€media,€butÐ €*ô#' Ðrestrictions€can€be€imposed€on€this€freedom€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€provided€suchÐ l+à$( Ðrestrictions€cumulatively€meet€the€following€conditions:€(1)€they€must€be€provided€for€byÐ Œ Ðlaw,€(2)€they€must€address€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€in€paragraph€3€(a)€and€3€(b)€of€articleÐ xì Ð19€and€(3)€they€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€a€legitimate€purpose,€this€last€requirementÐ dØ Ðintroducing€the€principle€of€proportionality.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔ‡Xí(XXXí(ÔThe€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€was€passed€by€the€French€Legislature€on€13€July€1990€amending€the€lawÐ ( œ Ðon€the€Freedom€of€the€Press€by€adding€an€article€24€òòÔ_ÔbisÔ_Ôóó,€which€made€it€an€offence€to€contestÐ  ˆ Ðthe€existence€of€the€category€of€crimes€against€humanity€as€defined€in€the€London€CharterÐ  t Ðof€8€August€1945€on€the€basis€of€which€Nazi€leaders€were€tried€and€convicted€by€theÐ ì ` ÐInternational€Military€Tribunal€at€Nuremberg€in€1945€and€1946.€€The€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€thusÐ ØL  Ðprovided€restriction€on€freedom€of€expression€by€making€it€an€offence€to€speak€or€writeÐ Ä8  Ðdenying€the€existence€of€the€Holocaust€or€of€gas€asphyxiation€of€Jews€in€gas€chambers€byа$ (#(# Ðà0  àNazis.€€The€author€was€convicted€for€breach€of€the€provisions€of€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€and€it€wasÐ œ  Ðtherefore€breach€of€t(is€restriction€on€which€the€finding€of€guilt€recorded€against€him€wasÐ ˆü  Ðbased.€€The€offending€statements€made€by€the€author€on€which€his€conviction€was€based€wereÐ tè  Ðthe€following:Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÔ#†Xí(XXXí(&m#ÔÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à"...Nm€one€will€have€me€admit€that€twk€plus€two€make€five,€that€the€earth€isÐ 8¬ Ðflat€or€that€the€Nuremberg€trial€was€infallible.€€I€have€excellent€reasons€not€toÐ $˜ Ðbelieve€in€this€policy€of€extepmination€of€Jews€or€in€the€magic€gas€chamber..."Є` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà8  àà0` Ð Ð à"I€would€wish€to€see€that€100€per€cent€of€all€French€citizens€realize€that€theÐ è\ Ðmyth€of€the€gas€chambers€is€a€dishonest€fa"rication€('òòest€Ô_ÔuneÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔgredinerieÔ_Ôóó'),Ð ÔH Ðendorsed€by€the€victorious€powers€of€Nuremberg€in€195-46€and€Ô_ÔofficializedÔ_ÔÐ À4 Ðon€14€July€1990€by€the€current€French€Government€with€the€approval€of€theÐ ¬  ÐCourt€historians."И ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àThese€statements€were€clearly€in€breach€of€the€restriction€imposed€by€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€andÐ pä Ðwere€therefore€plainly€covered€by€the€prohibition€under€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act.€€But€the€questionÐ \ Ð Ðis€whether€the€restriction€imposed€by€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€which€formed€the€basis€of€theÐ H!¼ Ðconviction€of€the€author,€satisfied€the€other€two€elEments€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€in€orderÐ 4"¨ Ðto€pass€the€test€of€permissible€restriction.€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€second€element€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€requires€that€the€restriction€imposed€by€theÐ ø$l! ÐÔ_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€must€address€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€in€paragraph€3€(a)€and€(b)€of€articLeÐ ä%X" Ð19.€€It€must€be€necessary€(a)€for€respect€of€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others€or€(b)€for€theÐ Ð&D # Ðprotection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order€(òòÔ_ÔordreÔ_Ô€publicóó)€or€of€public€health€or€morals.Ð ¼'0!$ ÐIt€would€be€difficult€to€bRing€the€restriction€under€paragraph€3€(b)€because€it€cannot€be€saidÐ ¨("% Ðto€be€necessary€for€any€of€the€purposes€set€out€in€paragraph€3€(b).€€The€only€question€toÐ ”)#" Ðwhich€it€is€necessary€to€address€oneself€is€whether€the€restriction€can€be€said€to€be€necessaryÐ €*ô#' Ðfor€respect€of€the€rights€and€reputations€of€others€so€as€to€be€justifiable€under€paragraph€3€(a).Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  àNow€if€a€law€were€merely€to€prohibit€any€criticism€of€the€functioning€of€the€InternationalÐ Œ ÐMilitary€Tribunal€at€Nuremberg€or€any€denial€of€a€historical€event€Ô_ÔsimpliciterÔ_Ô,€on€pain€ofÐ xì Ðpenalty,€such€law€would€nkt€be€justifiable€under€paragraph€3€(a)€of€article€19€and€it€wouldÐ dØ Ðclearly€be€inconsistent€under€article€19,€paragraph€2.€€But,€it€is€clear€from€the€submissionsÐ P Ä Ðmade€by€the€State€party€and€particularly,€the€submission€made€on€3€July€1996€that€the€objectÐ < ° Ðand€purpose€of€imposing€restriction€under€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€on€freedom€of€expression€was€toÐ ( œ Ðprohibit€or€prevent€insidious€expression€of€anti-Semitism...Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  àThus,€according€to€the€State€party,€the€necessary€consequence€of€denial€of€extermination€ofÐ ì ` ÐJews€by€asphyxiation€in€the€gas€chamber€was€fueling€of€anti-Semitic€sentiment€by€theÐ ØL  Ðclearest€suggestion€that€the€myth€of€the€gas€chamber€was€a€dishonest€fabrication€by€the€JewsÐ Ä8  Ðand€it€was€in€fact€so€articulated€by€the€author€in€his€offending€statement.а$ (#(# ÐÌà0  àIt€is€therefore€clear€that€the€restriction€on€freedom€of€expression€imposed€by€the€Ô_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€ActÐ ˆü  Ðwas€intended€to€protect€the€Jewish€community€against€hostility,€antagonism€and€ill-willÐ tè  Ðwhich€would€be€generated€against€them€by€statements€imputing€dishonest€fabrication€of€theÐ `Ô  Ðmyth€of€gas€chamber€and€extermination€of€Jews€by€asphyxiation€in€the€gas€chamber.€€It€mayÐ LÀ Ðbe€noted,€as€observed€by€the€Committee€in€its€General€Comment€10,€that€the€rights€for€theÐ 8¬ Ðprotection€of€which€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€expression€are€permitted€by€article€19,Ð $˜ Ðparagraph€3€(a),€may€relate€to€the€interests€of€other€persons€or€to€those€of€the€community€asÐ „ Ða€whole.€€Since€the€statement€made€by€the€author,€read€in€the€context€of€its€necessaryÐ üp Ðconsequence,€was€calculated€or€was€at€least€of€such€a€nature€as€to€raise€or€strengthenÐ è\ Ðanti-Semitic€feelings€and€create€or€promote€hatred,€hostility€or€contempt€against€the€JewishÐ ÔH Ðcommunity€as€dishonest€fabricators€of€lies,€the€restriction€imposed€on€such€statement€by€theÐ À4 ÐÔ_ÔGayssotÔ_Ô€Act€was€intended€to€serve€the€purpose€of€respect€for€the€right€and€interest€of€theÐ ¬  ÐJewish€community€to€live€free€from€fear€of€an€atmosphere€of€anti-Semitism,€hostility€orÐ ˜  Ðcontempt...Єø(#(# ÐÓ=Ó