ÿWPCç 37èïŽIõqމ-Èç§í]í@”ÇãÆ‘ +=?íÓ°Òe_(2µÝM”çDŠ7ruÖðµPOë-v‡ ¸…!Ž+6.¡à Åߘ³Sp´zLŽ¥õ7ÿU9^T”±Ú|Ôÿ·Ê¦J ¼8Ý3;zŽð-lgáª*Zn¨-Náj•KÖlhÝê\ëg2'ÄÓ¬"ÄÞ¥܇wIaãп `§††º}ÞÞ÷sšg­òÑi؇ç€B2Kë%cZþºÚEΫfÜMºö°¹sQvìE8!WoÐÎ#¼°š±B¤Êêcûý5Úå…bëm•·## ¢æ™ÕÔwn>m@:¸§§Å¨+Ôlé|Bq¿×¬–%kSKÉbiH@gð‚WÜÒVû Ð¹Ïòµ¶­pó{¢¨@³®É$Ë ë3$6)¸ ™•ïAR1Œ;‚{jœº©Öá·ºEò[c„$ãø>ª ¿ÖžÉ›uà…1’3Ô[ ¸lîqÿ»,µWò7ÕQ*‘Â1Ì9=ä³ÉQJÚgZ™º¢’8m7ñzˆÌŒL©î…æ®qõÐ8çA¡¯ä­¶T™WÏ2„¶û>ªùSÆ•’öf`«VàŒþb(¬w@†3¾}!bœú<MH 0nL 0ºU>Ð 0 05$U6Y 0: ÚÉ É 0O£ 0cò 0OU D+¤ ÆÏ 0O• 0(ä 0O  AQ[ 1u¬ 0D!e#ÉuUN> %Œ 04’NÆ^ ÈwÔ4Øì mî 0w 0Š| 0  0´¦ 0ÇZ 0Û! 0ïü 1‰ë 1‡tU6ûU>1(o 72———— 08ÉÉÉÉÉɲ 0<³³ 0øï<ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€XXXÔÔ€XXXÔ0Iœÿÿ.headerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Óô\  `&Times New Roman0Iœÿÿ.footerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó8z‚ÿÿ6Plain TextÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÑ  ÑÓ  Ó<þ6X9`(Courier New:ÿÿ8page number'  >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .   ('2èP$§§Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à('2èP$©©Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2èP$££Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””('2èP$¢¢Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù3|P˜HP PSC 2350 seriesTŽ––––TŽ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX( ¤U$¡¡Ó  Ów®6‡ cC‚6€|‚ ŒƒÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à !"#$%&'x3ìGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List !"#$%&'hW/CEIMQUY]aAutoList2i)1)a)<þ6X9`(‹Courier Newô\  `‹&Times New Romani)<~~ÿÿ:Endnote RefeÔ US ÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡+ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔò òòòÔ UK Ôó óóóÔS‡+ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ‡XXXÔ ¨Ý ƒ èP'ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼26»XXÔCULTURE€„€CULTURAL€PARTICIPATIONÔ#†X|*X»¼26F#Ô<ÿÿ:footnote ref(dlÿÿ&21Ô‡ôôôÔÔK‡*<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡+ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÝ ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÑ8€|*XXdìdÈ8ÑÖ€7ÿÿÖò òòòIII.€€JURISPRUDENCEÐ Œ ÐÌÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ôó óóóÐ dØ ÐÌÓ€ ( !"#$%&'(3ìx3ÓÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£uÝÔ23ìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDiergaardtÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Namibia€óó(760/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(25€July€2000)€140€at€paras.Ð < ° Ð3.1,€10.2,€10.4€and€10.6€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô€and€Cecilia€MedinaÐ ( œ ÐÔ_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô€(concurring),€157.݃ 3£u¥ÝŒÐ ˆ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€Counsel€submits€that€the€Government€continues€to€confiscate€the€assets€of€the€Ô_ÔRehobothÔ_ÔÐ ØL  ÐÔ_ÔBastersÔ_Ô,€and€that€the€Captain€and€other€leaders€and€organizations€were€evicted€from€andÐ Ä8  Ðdeprived€of€the€Captainððs€residence,€the€administrative€offices,€the€community€hall,€theÐ °$  Ðcommunal€land€and€of€the€assets€of€the€Ô_ÔRehobothÔ_Ô€Development€Corporation.€€CounselÐ œ  Ðsubmits€that€this€policy€endangers€the€traditional€existence€of€the€community€as€a€collectiveÐ ˆü  Ðof€mainly€cattle€raising€farmers.€€He€explains€that€in€times€of€drought€(as€at€the€time€whenÐ tè  Ðthe€communication€was€submitted)€the€community€needs€communal€land,€on€which€pastureÐ `Ô  Ðrights€are€given€to€members€of€the€community€on€a€rotating€basis.€€The€expropriation€of€theÐ LÀ Ðcommunal€land€and€the€consequential€privatization€of€it,€as€well€as€the€overuse€of€the€landÐ 8¬ Ðby€inexperienced€newcomers€to€the€area,€has€led€to€bankruptcy€for€many€community€farmers,Ð $˜ Ðwho€have€had€to€slaughter€their€animals.€€As€a€consequence,€they€cannot€pay€their€interestsÐ „ Ðon€loans€granted€to€them€by€the€Development€Corporation€(which€used€to€be€communalÐ üp Ðproperty€but€has€now€been€seized€by€the€Government),€their€houses€are€then€sold€to€the€banksÐ è\ Ðand€they€find€themselves€homeless.€€Counsel€emphasizes€that€the€confiscation€of€all€propertyÐ ÔH Ðcollectively€owned€by€the€community€robbed€the€community€of€the€basis€of€its€economicÐ À4 Ðlivelihood,€which€in€turn€was€the€basis€of€its€cultural,€social€and€ethnic€identity.€€This€is€saidÐ ¬  Ðto€constitute€a€violation€of€article€27.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à10.2€€The€Committee€regrets€that€the€State€party€has€not€provided€any€information€withÐ pä Ðregard€to€the€substance€of€the€authorsðð€claims.€It€recalls€that€it€is€implicit€in€the€OptionalÐ \ Ð ÐProtocol€that€States€parties€make€available€to€the€Committee€all€information€at€its€disposal.Ð H!¼ ÐIn€the€absence€of€a€reply€from€the€State€party,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€authorsððÐ 4"¨ Ðallegations€to€the€extent€that€they€are€substantiated.Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à10.4€€The€authors€have€made€available€to€the€Committee€the€judgement€which€the€SupremeÐ ø$l! ÐCourt€gave€on€14€May€1996€on€appeal€from€the€High€Court€which€had€pronounced€on€theÐ ä%X" Ðclaim€of€the€Ô_ÔBasterÔ_Ô€community€to€communal€property.€Those€courts€made€a€number€ofÐ Ð&D # Ðfindings€of€fact€in€the€light€of€the€evidence€which€they€assessed€and€gave€certainÐ ¼'0!$ Ðinterpretations€of€the€applicable€domestic€law.€The€authors€have€alleged€that€the€land€of€theirÐ ¨("% Ðcommunity€has€been€expropriated€and€that,€as€a€consequence,€their€rights€as€a€minority€areÐ ”)#& Ðbeing€violated€since€their€culture€is€bound€up€with€the€use€of€communal€land€exclusive€toÐ €*ô#' Ðmembers€of€their€community.€This€is€said€to€constitute€a€violation€of€Article€27€of€theÐ l+à$( ÐCovenant.ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à10.6€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€Committee€observes€that€it€is€for€the€domestic€courts€to€find€the€facts€in€theÐ dØ Ðcontext€of,€and€in€accordance€with,€the€interpretation€of€domestic€laws.€€On€the€facts€found,Ð P Ä Ðif€ð ðexpropriationðð€there€was,€it€took€place€in€1976,€or€in€any€event€before€the€entry€into€forceÐ < ° Ðof€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Namibia€on€28€February€1995.€€As€to€theÐ ( œ Ðrelated€issue€of€the€use€of€land,€the€authors€have€claimed€a€violation€of€article€27€in€that€aÐ  ˆ Ðpart€of€the€lands€traditionally€used€by€members€of€the€Ô_ÔRehobothÔ_Ô€community€for€the€grazingÐ  t Ðof€cattle€no€longer€is€in€the€òòde€factoóó€exclusive€use€of€the€members€of€the€community.€€CattleÐ ì ` Ðraising€is€said€to€be€an€essential€element€in€the€culture€of€the€community.€€As€the€earlier€caseÐ ØL  Ðlaw€by€the€Committee€illustrates,€the€right€of€members€of€a€minority€to€enjoy€their€cultureÐ Ä8  Ðunder€article€27€includes€protection€to€a€particular€way€of€life€associated€with€the€use€of€landÐ °$  Ðresources€through€economic€activities,€such€as€hunting€and€fishing,€especially€in€the€case€ofÐ œ  Ðindigenous€peoples.€òò4óó/€€However,€in€the€present€case€the€Committee€is€unable€to€find€that€theÐ ˆü  Ðauthors€can€rely€on€article€27€to€support€their€claim€for€exclusive€use€of€the€pastoral€lands€inÐ tè  Ðquestion.€€This€conclusion€is€based€on€the€Committeeððs€assessment€of€the€relationshipÐ `Ô  Ðbetween€the€authorsðð€way€of€life€and€the€lands€covered€by€their€claims.€Although€the€link€ofÐ LÀ Ðthe€Ô_ÔRehobothÔ_Ô€community€to€the€lands€in€question€dates€back€some€125€years,€it€is€not€theÐ 8¬ Ðresult€of€a€relationship€that€would€have€given€rise€to€a€distinctive€culture.€€Furthermore,Ð $˜ Ðalthough€the€Ô_ÔRehobothÔ_Ô€community€bears€distinctive€properties€as€to€the€historical€forms€ofÐ „ Ðself-government,€the€authors€have€failed€to€demonstrate€how€these€factors€would€be€basedÐ üp Ðon€their€way€of€raising€cattle.€€The€Committee€therefore€finds€that€there€has€been€no€violationÐ è\ Ðof€article€27€of€the€Covenant€in€the€present€case.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЬ (#(# Ðà0  à...И (#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€See€òòÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó€(197/1985),€òòÔ_ÔOminayakÔ_Ô€v.€Canada€óó(167/1984),€òòI.€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.Єø(#(# Ðà0  àFinlandóó€(511/1992),€òòJ.€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Finlandóó€(671/1995),€as€well€as€General€CommentÐpä(#(# Ðà0  àNo.€23€[50],€para.€7.Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Ô_ÔEvattÔ_Ô€and€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_ÔóóÐ #”(#(# ÐÌà0  àIt€is€clear€on€the€facts€and€from€the€1996€decision€of€the€High€Court€that€the€ownership€of€theÐ ø$l! Ðcommunal€lands€of€the€community€had€been€acquired€by€the€government€of€Namibia€beforeÐ ä%X" Ðthe€coming€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€and€that€the€authors€cannotÐ Ð&D # Ðsubstantiate€a€claim€on€the€basis€of€any€expropriation.€€However,€the€significant€aspect€of€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðauthorsðð€claim€under€article€27€is€that€they€have,€since€that€date,€been€deprived€of€the€use€ofÐ ¨("% Ðlands€and€certain€offices€and€halls€that€had€previously€been€held€by€their€government€for€theÐ ”)#& Ðexclusive€use€and€benefit€of€members€of€the€community.€€Privatization€of€the€land€andÐ €*ô#' Ðoveruse€by€other€people€has,€they€submit,€deprived€them€of€the€opportunity€to€pursue€theirÐ l+à$( Ðtraditional€pastoral€activities.€€The€loss€of€this€economic€base€to€their€activities€has,€theyÐ Œ Ðclaim,€denied€them€the€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€in€community€with€others.€€This€claimÐ xì Ðraises€some€difficult€issues€as€to€how€the€culture€of€a€minority€which€is€protected€by€theÐ dØ ÐCovenant€is€to€be€defined,€and€what€role€economic€activities€have€in€that€culture.€€TheseÐ P Ä Ðissues€are€more€readily€resolved€in€regard€to€indigenous€communities€which€can€very€oftenÐ < ° Ðshow€that€their€particular€way€of€life€or€culture€is,€and€has€for€long€been,€closely€bound€upÐ ( œ Ðwith€particular€lands€in€regard€to€both€economic€and€other€cultural€and€spiritual€activities,Ð  ˆ Ðto€the€extent€that€the€deprivation€of€or€denial€of€access€to€the€land€denies€them€the€right€toÐ  t Ðenjoy€their€own€culture€in€all€its€aspects.€€In€the€present€case,€the€authors€have€defined€theirÐ ì ` Ðculture€almost€solely€in€terms€of€the€economic€activity€of€grazing€cattle.€€They€cannot€showÐ ØL  Ðthat€they€enjoy€a€distinct€culture€which€is€intimately€bound€up€with€or€dependent€on€the€useÐ Ä8  Ðof€these€particular€lands,€to€which€they€moved€a€little€over€a€century€ago,€or€that€theÐ °$  Ðdiminution€of€their€access€to€the€lands€has€undermined€any€such€culture.€€Their€claim€is,Ð œ  Ðessentially,€an€economic€rather€than€a€cultural€claim€and€does€not€draw€the€protection€ofÐ ˆü  Ðarticle€27.Ðtè (#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ( !"#$%&'(3ìxx( !"#$%&'ÓÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£f)ÝÔ23ìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMahuikaÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€New€Zealandóó€(547/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(27€October€2000)€11€atÐ 8¬ Ðparas.€5.1,€5.3„5.13,€9.3„9.9€and€10.݃ 3£f)–)ÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à5.1€€The€Maori€people€of€New€Zealand€number€approximately€500,000,€70%€of€whom€areÐ è\ Ðaffiliated€to€one€or€more€of€81€Ô_ÔiwiÔ_Ô.€òò1óó/€The€authors€belong€to€seven€distinct€Ô_ÔiwiÔ_Ô€(including€twoÐ ÔH Ðof€the€largest€and€in€total€comprising€more€than€140,000€Maori)€and€claim€to€represent€these.Ð À4 ÐIn€1840,€Maori€and€the€predecessor€of€the€New€Zealand€Government,€€the€British€Crown,Ð ¬  Ðsigned€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô,€which€affirmed€the€rights€of€Maori,€including€their€right€toÐ ˜  Ðself-determination€and€the€right€to€control€tribal€fisheries.€In€the€second€article€of€the€Treaty,Ð „ø Ðthe€Crown€guarantees€to€Maori:€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"The€full€exclusive€and€undisturbed€possession€of€their€lands,€forests,€fisheries€andÐ H!¼ Ðother€properties€which€they€may€collectively€or€individually€possess€so€long€as€it€isÐ 4"¨ Ðtheir€wish€and€desire€to€retain€the€same€in€their€possession..."€òò2óó/€Ð #”` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àThe€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€is€not€enforceable€in€New€Zealand€law€except€insofar€as€it€is€givenÐ ø$l! Ðforce€of€law€in€whole€or€in€part€by€Parliament€in€legislation.€However,€it€imposes€obligationsÐ ä%X" Ðon€the€Crown€and€claims€under€the€Treaty€can€be€investigated€by€the€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal.€òò3óó/€ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à5.3€€The€New€Zealand€fishing€industry€had€seen€a€dramatic€growth€in€the€early€1960s€withÐ ¨("% Ðthe€expansion€of€an€exclusive€fisheries€zone€of€nine,€and€later€twelve€miles.€At€that€time,€allÐ ”)#& ÐNew€Zealanders,€including€Maori,€could€apply€for€and€be€granted€a€commercial€fishingÐ €*ô#' Ðpermit;€the€majority€of€commercial€fishers€were€not€Maori,€and€of€those€who€were,€theÐ l+à$( Ðmajority€were€part-time€fishers.€By€the€early€1980s,€inshore€fisheries€were€over-exploited€andÐ Œ Ðthe€Government€placed€a€€moratorium€on€the€issue€of€new€permits€and€removed€part-timeÐ xì Ðfishers€from€the€industry.€This€measure€had€the€unintended€effect€of€removing€many€of€theÐ dØ ÐMaori€fishers€from€the€commercial€industry.€Since€the€efforts€to€manage€the€commercialÐ P Ä Ðfishery€fell€short€of€what€was€needed,€in€1986€the€Government€amended€the€existingÐ < ° ÐFisheries€Act€and€introduced€a€quota€management€system€for€the€commercial€use€andÐ ( œ Ðexploitation€of€the€country's€fisheries.€Section€88€(2)€of€the€Fisheries€Act€provides€"thatÐ  ˆ Ðnothing€in€this€Act€shall€affect€any€Maori€fishing€rights".€In€1987,€the€Maori€tribes€filed€anÐ  t Ðapplication€with€the€High€Court€of€New€Zealand,€claiming€that€the€implementation€of€theÐ ì ` Ðquota€system€would€affect€their€tribal€Treaty€rights€contrary€to€section€88(2)€of€the€FisheriesÐ ØL  ÐAct,€and€obtained€interim€injunctions€against€the€Government.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à5.4€€In€1988,€the€Government€started€negotiations€with€Maori,€who€were€represented€by€fourÐ œ  Ðrepresentatives.€The€Maori€representatives€were€given€a€mandate€to€negotiate€to€obtain€50%Ð ˆü  Ðof€all€New€Zealand€commercial€fisheries.€In€1989,€after€negotiation€and€as€an€interimÐ tè  Ðmeasure,€Maori€agreed€to€the€introduction€of€the€Maori€Fisheries€Act€1989,€which€providedÐ `Ô  Ðfor€the€immediate€transfer€of€10%€of€all€quota€to€a€Maori€Fisheries€Commission€which€wouldÐ LÀ Ðadminister€the€resource€on€behalf€of€the€tribes.€This€allowed€the€introduction€of€the€quotaÐ 8¬ Ðsystem€to€go€ahead€as€scheduled.€Under€the€Act,€Maori€can€also€apply€to€manage€the€fisheryÐ $˜ Ðin€areas€which€had€customarily€been€of€special€significance€to€a€tribe€or€sub-tribe,€either€asÐ „ Ða€source€of€food€or€for€spiritual€reasons.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.5€€Although€the€Maori€Fisheries€Act€1989€was€understood€as€an€interim€measure€only,Ð ÔH Ðthere€were€limited€opportunities€€to€purchase€any€more€significant€quantities€of€quota€on€theÐ À4 Ðmarket.€In€February€1992,€Maori€became€aware€that€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô,€the€largest€fishing€companyÐ ¬  Ðin€Australia€and€New€Zealand€was€likely€to€be€publicly€floated€at€some€time€during€that€year.Ð ˜  ÐThe€Maori€Fisheries€Negotiators€and€the€Maori€Fisheries€Commission€approached€theÐ „ø ÐGovernment€with€a€proposition€that€the€Government€provide€funding€for€the€purchase€ofÐ pä ÐÔ_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô€as€part€of€a€settlement€of€Treaty€claims€to€€Fisheries.€Initially€the€GovernmentÐ \ Ð Ðrefused,€but€following€the€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal€report€of€August€1992€on€the€Ô_ÔNgaiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTahuÔ_Ô€SeaÐ H!¼ ÐFishing,€in€which€the€Tribunal€found€that€Ô_ÔNgaiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔTahuÔ_Ô,€the€largest€tribe€from€the€South€IslandÐ 4"¨ Ðof€New€Zealand,€had€a€development€right€to€a€reasonable€share€of€deep€water€fisheries,€theÐ  #” ÐGovernment€decided€to€enter€into€negotiations.€€These€negotiations€led€on€27€August€1992Ð  $€  Ðto€the€signing€of€a€Memorandum€of€Understanding€between€the€Government€and€the€MaoriÐ ø$l! Ðnegotiators.€Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.6€€Pursuant€to€this€Memorandum,€the€Government€would€provide€Maori€with€fundsÐ ¼'0!$ Ðrequired€to€purchase€50%€of€the€major€New€Zealand€fishing€company,€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô,€whichÐ ¨("% Ðowned€26%€of€the€then€available€quota.€In€return,€Maori€would€withdraw€all€pendingÐ ”)#& Ðlitigation€and€support€the€repeal€of€section€88€(2)€of€the€Fisheries€Act€as€well€as€anÐ €*ô#' Ðamendment€to€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Act€1975,€to€exclude€from€the€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal'sÐ l+à$( Ðjurisdiction€claims€relating€to€commercial€fishing.€The€Crown€also€agreed€to€allocate€20%Ð Œ Ðof€quota€issued€for€new€species€brought€within€the€Quota€Management€€System€to€the€MaoriÐ xì ÐFisheries€Commission,€and€to€ensure€that€Maori€would€be€able€to€participate€in€"any€relevantÐ dØ Ðstatutory€fishing€management€and€enhancement€policy€bodies."€In€addition,€in€relation€toÐ P Ä Ðnon-commercial€fisheries,€the€Crown€agreed€to€empower€the€making€of€regulations,€afterÐ < ° Ðconsultation€with€Maori,€recognizing€and€providing€for€customary€food€gathering€and€theÐ ( œ Ðspecial€relationship€between€Maori€and€places€of€customary€food€gathering€importance.€Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.7€€The€Maori€negotiators€sought€a€mandate€from€Maori€for€the€deal€outlined€in€theÐ ì ` Ðmemorandum€of€understanding....€Pursuant€to€the€Deed,€the€Government€pays€the€MaoriÐ ØL  Ðtribes€a€total€of€Ô_ÔNZÔ_Ô$€150,000,000€to€develop€their€fishing€industry€and€gives€the€Maori€20%Ð Ä8  Ðof€new€quota€for€species.€The€Maori€fishing€rights€will€no€longer€be€enforceable€in€court€andÐ °$  Ðwill€be€replaced€by€regulations.€Paragraph€5.1€of€the€Deed€reads:М (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àð ðMaori€agree€that€this€Settlement€Deed,€and€the€settlement€it€evidences,€shall€satisfyÐ tè  Ðall€claims,€current€and€future,€in€respect€of,€and€shall€discharge€and€extinguish,€allÐ `Ô  Ðcommercial€fishing€rights€and€interests€of€Maori€whether€in€respect€of€sea,€coastal€orÐ LÀ Ðinland€fisheries€(including€any€commercial€aspect€of€traditional€fishing€rights€andÐ 8¬ Ðinterests),€whether€arising€by€statute,€common€law€(including€customary€law€andÐ $˜ Ðaboriginal€title),€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô,€or€otherwise,€and€whether€or€not€such€rightsÐ „ Ðor€interests€have€been€the€subject€of€recommendation€or€adjudication€by€the€CourtsÐ üp Ðor€the€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal."Ðè\` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àParagraph€5.2€reads:€ÐÀ4` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"The€Crown€and€Maori€agree€that€in€respect€of€all€fishing€rights€and€interests€ofÐ ˜  ÐMaori€other€than€commercial€fishing€rights€and€interests€their€status€changes€so€thatÐ „ø Ðthey€no€longer€give€rise€to€rights€in€Maori€or€obligations€on€the€Crown€having€legalÐ pä Ðeffect€(as€would€make€them€enforceable€in€civil€proceedings€or€afford€Ô_ÔdefencesÔ_Ô€inÐ \ Ð ÐcriÔ_ÔminalÔ_Ô,€regulatory€or€other€proceedings).€Nor€will€they€have€legislative€recognition.Ð H!¼ ÐSuch€rights€and€interests€are€not€extinguished€by€this€Settlement€Deed€and€theÐ 4"¨ Ðsettlement€it€evidences.€They€continue€to€be€subject€to€the€principles€of€the€Treaty€ofÐ  #” ÐÔ_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€and€where€appropriate€give€rise€to€Treaty€obligations€on€the€Crown.€SuchÐ  $€  Ðmatters€may€€also€be€the€subject€of€requests€by€Maori€to€the€Government€or€initiativesÐ ø$l! Ðby€Government€in€consultation€with€Maori€to€develop€policies€to€help€Ô_ÔrecogniseÔ_Ô€useÐ ä%X" Ðand€management€practices€of€Maori€in€the€exercise€of€their€traditional€rights."ÐÐ&D #` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àThe€Deed€recorded€that€the€name€of€the€Maori€Fisheries€Commission€would€be€changed€toÐ ¨("% Ðthe€"Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Fisheries€Commission",€and€that€the€Commission€would€beÐ ”)#& Ðaccountable€to€Maori€as€well€as€to€the€Crown€in€order€to€give€Maori€better€control€of€theirÐ €*ô#' Ðfisheries€guaranteed€by€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô.€Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à5.8€€According€to€the€authors€the€contents€of€the€Memorandum€of€Understanding€were€notÐ Œ Ðalways€adequately€disclosed€or€explained€to€tribes€and€sub-tribes.€In€some€cases,€therefore,Ð xì Ðinformed€decision-making€on€the€proposals€contained€in€the€Memorandum€of€understandingÐ dØ Ðwas€seriously€inhibited.€The€authors€emphasize€that€while€some€of€the€Ô_ÔHuiÔ_Ô€were€supportiveÐ P Ä Ðof€the€proposed€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô€deal,€a€significant€number€of€tribes€and€sub-tribes€either€opposedÐ < ° Ðthe€deal€completely€or€were€prepared€to€give€it€conditional€support€only.€The€authors€furtherÐ ( œ Ðnote€that€the€Maori€negotiators€have€been€at€pains€to€make€clear€that€they€had€no€authorityÐ  ˆ Ðand€did€not€purport€to€represent€individual€tribes€and€sub-tribes€in€relation€to€any€aspect€ofÐ  t Ðthe€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô€deal,€including€the€conclusion€and€signing€of€the€Deed€of€Settlement.€Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.9€€The€Deed€was€signed€by€110€signatories€...€The€authors€observe€that€one€of€theÐ Ä8  Ðdifficulties€of€ascertaining€the€precise€number€of€tribes€who€signed€the€Deed€of€SettlementÐ °$  Ðrelates€to€verification€of€authority€to€sign€on€behalf€of€the€tribes,€and€claim€that€it€is€apparentÐ œ  Ðthat€a€number€of€signatories€did€not€possess€such€authority€or€that€there€was€doubt€as€toÐ ˆü  Ðwhether€they€possessed€such€authority.€The€authors€note€that€tribes€claiming€majorÐ tè  Ðcommercial€fisheries€resources,€were€not€among€the€signatories.€Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à5.10€€Following€the€signing€of€the€Deed€of€Settlement,€the€authors€and€others€initiated€legalÐ 8¬ Ðproceedings€in€the€High€Court€of€New€Zealand,€seeking€an€interim€order€to€prevent€theÐ $˜ ÐGovernment€from€implementing€the€Deed€by€legislation.€They€argued€òòinter€aliaóó€that€theÐ „ ÐGovernment's€actions€amounted€to€a€breach€of€the€New€Zealand€Bill€of€Rights€Act€1990.òò8óó/€Ð üp ÐThe€application€was€denied€on€12€October€1992€and€the€authors€appealed€by€way€ofÐ è\ Ðinterlocutory€application€to€the€Court€of€Appeal.€On€3€November€1992,€the€Court€of€AppealÐ ÔH Ðheld€that€it€was€unable€to€grant€the€relief€sought€on€the€grounds€that€the€Courts€could€notÐ À4 Ðinterfere€in€Parliamentary€proceedings€and€that€no€issue€under€the€Bill€of€Rights€had€arisenÐ ¬  Ðat€that€time.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à5.11€€Claims€were€then€brought€to€the€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal,€which€issued€its€report€on€6Ð pä ÐNovember€1992.€The€report€concluded€that€the€settlement€was€not€contrary€to€the€TreatyÐ \ Ð Ðexcept€for€some€aspects€which€could€be€rectified€in€the€anticipated€legislation.€In€this€respect,Ð H!¼ Ðthe€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal€considered€that€the€proposed€extinguishment€and/or€abrogation€ofÐ 4"¨ ÐTreaty€interests€in€commercial€and€non-commercial€fisheries€was€not€consistent€with€theÐ  #” ÐTreaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€or€with€the€Government's€fiduciary€responsibilities.€The€TribunalÐ  $€  Ðrecommended€to€the€Government€that€the€legislation€make€no€provision€for€theÐ ø$l! Ðextinguishment€of€interests€in€commercial€fisheries€and€that€the€legislation€in€fact€affirmÐ ä%X" Ðthose€interests€and€acknowledge€that€they€have€been€satisfied,€that€fishery€regulations€andÐ Ð&D # Ðpolicies€be€Ô_ÔreviewableÔ_Ô€in€the€courts€against€the€Treaty's€principles,€and€that€the€courts€beÐ ¼'0!$ Ðempowered€to€have€regard€to€the€settlement€in€the€event€of€future€claims€affectingÐ ¨("% Ðcommercial€fish€management€laws.€Ð”)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.12€€On€3€December€1992,€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€(Fisheries€Claims)€Settlement€Bill€1992Ð l+à$( Ðwas€introduced.€Because€of€the€time€constraints€involved€in€securing€the€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô€bid,€theÐ Œ ÐBill€was€not€referred€to€the€competent€Select€Committee€for€hearing,€but€immediatelyÐ xì Ðpresented€and€discussed€in€Parliament.€The€Bill€became€law€on€14€December€1992...€€TheÐ dØ ÐAct€provides€òòinter€aliaóó€for€the€payment€of€Ô_ÔNZÔ_Ô$€150,000,000€to€Maori.€The€Act€also€statesÐ P Ä Ðin€section€9,€that€"all€claims€(current€and€future)€by€Maori€in€respect€of€commercial€fishingÐ < ° Ð...€are€hereby€finally€settled"€...With€respect€to€the€effect€of€the€settlement€on€non-commercialÐ ( œ ÐMaori€fishing€rights€and€interests,€it€is€declared€that€these€shall€continue€to€give€rise€to€TreatyÐ  ˆ Ðobligations€on€the€Crown€and€that€regulations€shall€be€made€to€Ô_ÔrecogniseÔ_Ô€and€provide€forÐ  t Ðcustomary€food€gathering€by€Maori.€The€rights€or€interests€of€Maori€in€non-commercialÐ ì ` Ðfishing€giving€rise€to€such€claims€shall€no€longer€have€legal€effect€and€accordingly€are€notÐ ØL  Ðenforceable€in€civil€proceedings€and€shall€not€provide€a€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€to€any€criminal,€regulatoryÐ Ä8  Ðor€other€proceeding,€except€to€the€extent€that€such€rights€or€interests€are€provided€for€inÐ °$  Ðregulations.€According€to€the€Act,€the€Maori€Fisheries€Commission€was€renamed€to€TreatyÐ œ  Ðof€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Fisheries€Commission,€and€its€membership€expanded€from€seven€to€thirteenÐ ˆü  Ðmembers.€Its€functions€were€also€expanded.€In€particular,€the€Commission€now€has€theÐ tè  Ðprimary€role€in€safeguarding€Maori€interests€in€commercial€fisheries.€Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à5.13€€The€joint€venture€bid€for€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô€was€successful.€After€consultation€with€Maori,€newÐ 8¬ ÐCommissioners€were€appointed€to€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Fisheries€Commission.€Since€then,Ð $˜ Ðthe€value€of€the€Maori€stake€in€commercial€fishing€has€grown€rapidly.€In€1996,€its€net€assetsÐ „ Ðhad€increased€to€a€book€value€of€374€million€dollars.€In€addition€to€its€50%€stake€in€Ô_ÔSealordsÔ_Ô,Ð üp Ðthe€Commission€now€controls€also€Ô_ÔMoanaÔ_Ô€Pacific€Fisheries€Limited€(the€biggest€in-shoreÐ è\ Ðfishing€€company€in€New€Zealand),€Te€Ô_ÔWakaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHuiaÔ_Ô€Limited,€Pacific€Marine€Farms€LimitedÐ ÔH Ðand€Chatham€Processing€Limited.€€The€Commission€has€disbursed€substantial€assistance€inÐ À4 Ðthe€form€of€discounted€annual€leases€of€quota,€educational€scholarships€and€assistance€toÐ ¬  ÐMaori€input€into€the€development€of€a€customary€fishing€regime.€Customary€fishingÐ ˜  Ðregulations€have€been€elaborated€by€the€Crown€in€consultation€with€Maori.€Ð„ø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€The€first€issue€before€the€Committee€therefore€is€whether€the€authors'€rights€under€articleÐ \ Ð Ð27€of€the€Covenant€have€been€violated€by€the€Fisheries€Settlement,€as€reflected€in€the€DeedÐ H!¼ Ðof€Settlement€and€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€(Fisheries€Claims)€Settlement€Act€1992.€It€isÐ 4"¨ Ðundisputed€that€the€authors€are€members€of€a€minority€within€the€meaning€of€article€27€of€theÐ  #” ÐCovenant;€it€is€further€undisputed€that€the€use€and€control€of€fisheries€is€an€essential€elementÐ  $€  Ðof€their€culture.€In€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€that€economic€activities€may€comeÐ ø$l! Ðwithin€the€ambit€of€article€27,€if€they€are€an€essential€element€of€the€culture€of€aÐ ä%X" Ðcommunity.òò14óó/€€The€recognition€of€Maori€rights€in€respect€of€fisheries€by€the€Treaty€ofÐ Ð&D # ÐÔ_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€confirms€that€the€exercise€of€these€rights€is€a€significant€part€of€Maori€culture.Ð ¼'0!$ ÐHowever,€the€compatibility€of€the€1992€Act€with€the€treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€is€not€a€matter€for€theÐ ¨("% ÐCommittee€to€determine.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€The€right€to€enjoy€one's€culture€cannot€be€determined€òòin€Ô_ÔabstractoÔ_Ôóó€but€has€to€be€placedÐ l+à$( Ðin€context.€In€particular,€€article€27€does€not€only€protect€traditional€means€of€livelihood€ofÐ Œ Ðminorities,€but€allows€also€for€adaptation€of€those€means€to€the€modern€way€of€life€andÐ xì Ðensuing€technology.€In€this€case€the€legislation€introduced€by€the€State€affects,€in€variousÐ dØ Ðways,€the€possibilities€for€Maori€to€engage€in€commercial€and€non-commercial€fishing.€TheÐ P Ä Ðquestion€is€whether€this€constitutes€a€denial€of€rights.€On€an€earlier€occasion,€the€CommitteeÐ < ° Ðhas€considered€that:Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"€A€State€may€understandably€wish€to€encourage€development€or€allow€economicÐ  t Ðactivity€by€enterprises.€The€scope€of€its€freedom€to€do€so€is€not€to€be€assessed€byÐ ì ` Ðreference€to€a€margin€of€appreciation,€but€by€reference€to€the€obligations€it€hasÐ ØL  Ðundertaken€in€article€27.€Article€27€requires€that€a€member€of€a€minority€shall€not€beÐ Ä8  Ðdenied€his€right€to€enjoy€his€own€culture.€Thus,€measures€whose€impact€amount€toÐ °$  Ða€denial€of€the€right€will€not€be€compatible€with€the€obligations€under€article€27.Ð œ  ÐHowever,€measures€that€have€a€certain€limited€impact€on€the€way€of€life€of€personsÐ ˆü  Ðbelonging€to€a€minority€will€not€necessarily€amount€to€a€denial€of€the€right€underÐ tè  Ðarticle€27."€òò15óó/Ð`Ô ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€The€Committee€recalls€its€general€comment€on€article€27,€according€to€which,€especiallyÐ 8¬ Ðin€the€case€of€indigenous€€peoples,€the€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€one's€own€culture€mayÐ $˜ Ðrequire€positive€legal€measures€of€protection€by€a€State€party€and€measures€to€ensure€theÐ „ Ðeffective€participation€of€members€of€minority€communities€in€decisions€which€affectÐ üp Ðthem.òò16óó/€€In€its€case€law€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€has€Ô_ÔemphasisedÔ_Ô€that€theÐ è\ Ðacceptability€of€measures€that€affect€or€interfere€with€the€culturally€significant€economicÐ ÔH Ðactivities€of€a€minority€depends€on€whether€the€members€of€the€minority€in€question€have€hadÐ À4 Ðthe€opportunity€to€participate€in€the€decision-making€process€in€relation€to€these€measuresÐ ¬  Ðand€whether€they€will€continue€to€benefit€from€their€traditional€economy.òò17óó/€The€CommitteeÐ ˜  Ðacknowledges€€that€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€(Fisheries€Settlement)€Act€1992€and€itsÐ „ø Ðmechanisms€limit€the€rights€of€the€authors€to€enjoy€their€own€culture.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.6€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€undertook€a€complicated€process€ofÐ H!¼ Ðconsultation€in€order€to€secure€broad€Maori€support€to€a€nation-wide€settlement€andÐ 4"¨ Ðregulation€of€fishing€activities.€Maori€communities€and€national€Maori€organizations€wereÐ  #” Ðconsulted€and€their€proposals€did€affect€the€design€of€the€arrangement.€The€Settlement€wasÐ  $€  Ðenacted€only€following€the€Maori€representatives'€report€that€substantial€Maori€support€forÐ ø$l! Ðthe€Settlement€existed.€For€many€Maori,€the€Act€was€an€acceptable€settlement€of€their€claims.Ð ä%X" ÐThe€Committee€has€noted€the€authors'€claims€that€they€and€the€majority€of€members€of€theirÐ Ð&D # Ðtribes€did€not€agree€with€the€Settlement€and€that€they€claim€that€their€rights€as€members€ofÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€Maori€minority€have€been€overridden.€In€such€circumstances,€where€the€right€ofÐ ¨("% Ðindividuals€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€is€in€conflict€with€the€exercise€of€parallel€rights€byÐ ”)#& Ðother€members€of€the€minority€group,€or€of€the€minority€as€a€whole,€the€Committee€mayÐ €*ô#' Ðconsider€whether€the€limitation€in€issue€is€in€the€interests€of€all€members€of€the€minority€andÐ l+à$( Ðwhether€there€is€reasonable€and€objective€justification€for€its€application€to€the€individualsÐ Œ Ðwho€claim€to€be€adversely€affected.€òò18óó/€€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.7€€As€to€the€effects€of€the€agreement,€the€Committee€notes€that€before€the€negotiationsÐ P Ä Ðwhich€led€to€the€Settlement€the€Courts€had€ruled€earlier€that€the€Quota€Management€SystemÐ < ° Ðwas€in€possible€infringement€of€Maori€rights€because€in€practice€Maori€had€no€part€in€it€andÐ ( œ Ðwere€thus€deprived€of€their€fisheries.€With€the€Settlement,€Maori€were€given€access€€to€aÐ  ˆ Ðgreat€percentage€of€quota,€and€thus€effective€possession€of€fisheries€was€returned€to€them.Ð  t ÐIn€regard€to€commercial€fisheries,€the€effect€of€the€Settlement€was€that€Maori€authority€andÐ ì ` Ðtraditional€methods€of€control€as€Ô_ÔrecognisedÔ_Ô€in€the€€Treaty€were€replaced€by€a€new€controlÐ ØL  Ðstructure,€in€an€entity€in€which€Maori€share€not€only€the€role€of€safeguarding€their€interestsÐ Ä8  Ðin€fisheries€but€also€the€effective€control.€In€regard€to€non-commercial€fisheries,€the€CrownÐ °$  Ðobligations€under€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€continue,€and€regulations€are€made€Ô_ÔrecognisingÔ_Ô€andÐ œ  Ðproviding€for€customary€food€gathering.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.8€€In€the€consultation€process,€special€attention€was€paid€to€the€cultural€and€religiousÐ `Ô  Ðsignificance€of€fishing€for€the€Maori,€òòinter€aliaóó€to€securing€the€possibility€of€MaoriÐ LÀ Ðindividuals€and€communities€to€engage€themselves€in€non-commercial€fishing€activities.Ð 8¬ ÐWhile€it€is€a€matter€of€concern€that€the€settlement€and€its€process€have€contributed€toÐ $˜ ÐÔ_ÔdivisonsÔ_Ô€amongst€Maori,€nevertheless,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€State€party€has,€byÐ „ Ðengaging€itself€in€the€process€of€broad€consultation€before€proceeding€to€legislate,€and€byÐ üp Ðpaying€specific€attention€to€the€Ô_ÔsustainabilityÔ_Ô€of€Maori€fishing€activities,€taken€the€necessaryÐ è\ Ðsteps€to€ensure€that€the€Fisheries€Settlement€and€its€enactment€through€legislation,€includingÐ ÔH Ðthe€Quota€Management€System,€are€compatible€with€article€27.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.9€€The€Committee€Ô_ÔemphasisesÔ_Ô€that€the€State€party€continues€to€be€bound€by€article€27Ð ˜  Ðwhich€requires€that€the€cultural€and€religious€significance€of€fishing€for€Maori€must€deserveÐ „ø Ðdue€attention€in€the€implementation€of€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€(Fisheries€Claims)€SettlementÐ pä ÐAct.€With€reference€to€its€earlier€case€law€òò19óó/,€the€Committee€Ô_ÔemphasisesÔ_Ô€that€in€order€toÐ \ Ð Ðcomply€with€article€27,€measures€affecting€the€economic€activities€of€Maori€must€be€carriedÐ H!¼ Ðout€in€a€way€that€the€authors€continue€to€enjoy€their€culture,€and€profess€and€practice€theirÐ 4"¨ Ðreligion€in€community€with€other€members€of€their€group.€The€State€party€is€under€a€duty€toÐ  #” Ðbear€this€in€mind€in€the€further€implementation€of€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔFisheriesClaimsÔ_Ô)Ð  $€  ÐSettlement€Act.€Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€...€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€aÐ Ð&D # Ðbreach€of€any€of€the€articles€of€the€Covenant.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à______________________€Ð¨("%(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóД)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€Iwi:€tribe,€incorporating€a€number€of€constituent€hapu€(sub-tribes).Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  àòò2óó/€€Counsel€submits€that€the€Maori€text€contains€a€broader€guarantee€than€is€apparent€fromÐ Œ Ða€bare€reading€of€the€English€text.€He€explains€that€one€of€the€most€important€differences€inÐ xì Ðmeaning€between€the€two€texts€relates€to€the€guarantee,€in€the€Maori€text,€of€"te€Ô_ÔtinoÔ_ÔÐ dØ ÐÔ_ÔrangatiratangaÔ_Ô"€(the€full€authority)€over€"Ô_ÔtaongaÔ_Ô"€(all€those€things€important€to€them),Ð P Ä Ðincluding€their€fishing€places€and€fisheries.€According€to€counsel,€there€are€three€mainÐ < ° Ðelements€embodied€in€the€guarantee€of€€Ô_ÔrangatiratangaÔ_Ô:€the€social,€cultural,€economical€andÐ ( œ Ðspiritual€protection€of€the€tribal€base,€the€recognition€of€the€spiritual€source€of€Ô_ÔtaongaÔ_Ô€and€theÐ  ˆ Ðfact€that€the€exercise€of€authority€is€not€only€over€property,€but€of€persons€within€the€kinshipÐ  t Ðgroup€and€their€access€to€tribal€resources.€The€authors€submit€that€the€Maori€text€of€theÐ ì ` ÐTreaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€is€authoritative.€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€The€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Tribunal€is€a€specialized€statutory€body€established€by€the€Treaty€ofÐ °$  ÐÔ_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô€Act€1975€having€the€status€of€a€commission€of€enquiry€and€empowered€inter€aliaÐ œ  Ðto€inquire€into€certain€claims€in€relation€to€the€principles€of€the€Treaty€of€Ô_ÔWaitangiÔ_Ô.€Ðˆü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  àòò8óó/€€Breaches€were€claimed€of€sections€13€(freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion),€14Ð `Ô  Ð(freedom€of€expression),€20€(rights€of€minorities)€and€27€(right€to€justice).€ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  àòò14óó/€€See€òòinter€aliaóó€the€Committee's€Views€in€òòÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó,€communication€No.€197/1985,Ð $˜ Ðadopted€on€27€July€1988,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/33/D/197/1985,€paragraph€9.2.€€See€also€the€Committee'sÐ „ ÐViews€in€the€two€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€cases,€Nos.€511/1992,€26€October€1994Ð üp Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/511/1992)€and€671/1995,€30€October€1996€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/58/D/671/1995).€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò15óó/€€Committee's€Views€on€case€No.€511/1992,€òòÔ_ÔLansmannÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Finlandóó,Ð À4 ÐÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/511/1992,€para.€9.4.Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò16óó/€€General€Comment€No.€23,€adopted€during€the€Committee's€50th€session€in€1994,Ð „ø Ðparagraph€3.2.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò17óó/€€Committee's€Views€on€case€511/1992,òò€I.€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Finlandóó,€paras.€9.6€and€9.8Ð H!¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/511/1992).€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò18óó/€€See€the€Committee's€Views€in€case€No.€197/1985,€òòÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó,€adopted€on€27€JulyÐ  $€  Ð1988,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/33/D/197/1985.€Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò19óó/€€Committee's€Views€on€case€511/1992,€òòI.€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Finlandóó,€para.€9.8,Ð Ð&D # ÐÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/511/1992.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ш("%(#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔMahuikaÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€New€Zealandóó€(547/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,Ð €*ô#' ÐA/56/40€vol.€II€(27€October€2000)€11€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô€(partlyÐ l+à$( Ðdissenting),€29.Ð Œ ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£®¨ÝÔ23ìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔrelÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔNkkljruiÔ_Ô€v.€Finlandóó€(779/1997)€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(24€October€2001)Ð P Ä Ð117€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/73/D/779/1997)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€7.5€and€7.6.݃ 3£®¨Þ¨ÝŒÐ< °(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€are€reindeer€breeders€of€Sami€ethnic€origin€and€members€of€the€Ô_ÔSallivaaraÔ_ÔÐ  t ÐReindeer€Herding€Co-operative.€The€Co-operative€has€286,000€hectares€of€State-owned€landÐ ì ` Ðavailable€for€reindeer€husbandry.€On€23€March€1994,€the€Committee€declared€a€previousÐ ØL  Ðcommunication,€brought€by€the€authors€among€others€and€which€alleged€that€logging€andÐ Ä8  Ðroad-construction€activities€in€certain€reindeer€husbandry€areas€violated€article€27€of€theÐ °$  ÐCovenant,€inadmissible€for€non-exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€òò1óó/€In€particular,€theÐ œ  ÐCommittee€considered€that€the€State€party€had€shown€that€article€27€could€be€invoked€in€theÐ ˆü  Ðrelevant€domestic€proceedings,€which€the€authors€should€have€engaged€before€coming€to€theÐ tè  ÐCommittee.€Thereafter,€following€unsuccessful€negotiations,€the€authors€brought€a€suit€in€theÐ `Ô  ÐÔ_ÔLappiÔ_Ô€District€Court€of€first€instance€against€the€National€Forestry€and€Park€Service€(ForestryÐ LÀ ÐService).€The€suit€sought€the€enjoinder,€on€the€basis€òòinter€aliaóó€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant,Ð 8¬ Ðof€any€logging€or€road-construction€in€the€€Ô_ÔMirhaminmaaÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔKariselkÔ_Ô€area.€This€area€is€saidÐ $˜ Ðto€be€amongst€the€best€winter€herding€lands€of€the€Ô_ÔSallivaraÔ_Ô€Co-operative.€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€On€30€August€1996,€the€District€Court€decided,€following€an€on-site€forest€inspectionÐ è\ Ðat€the€authors'€request,€to€prohibit€logging€or€road€construction€in€the€92€hectare€Ô_ÔKariselkÔ_ÔÐ ÔH Ðarea,€but€to€allow€it€in€the€Ô_ÔMirhaminmaaÔ_Ô€area.€òò2óó/€The€Court€applied€a€test€of€"whether€theÐ À4 Ðharmful€effects€of€felling€are€so€great€that€they€can€be€deemed€to€deny€to€the€Sami€aÐ ¬  Ðpossibility€of€reindeer€herding€that€is€part€of€their€culture,€is€adapted€to€modernÐ ˜  Ðdevelopments,€and€is€profitable€and€rational".€The€Court€considered€that€logging€in€theÐ „ø ÐÔ_ÔMirhaminmaaÔ_Ô€area€would€be€of€long-term€benefit€to€reindeer€herding€in€the€area€and€wouldÐ pä Ðbe€convergent€with€those€interests.€In€the€Ô_ÔKariselkÔ_Ô€area,€differing€environmental€conditionsÐ \ Ð Ðmeant€that€there€would€be€a€considerable€long-term€decrease€in€lichen€reserves.€Relying€òòinterÐ H!¼ Ðaliaóó€on€the€decisions€of€the€Committee,€òò3óó/€the€Court€found€that€these€effects€of€logging,Ð 4"¨ Ðcombined€with€the€fact€that€the€area€was€an€emergency€feeding€ground,€would€preventÐ  #” Ðreindeer€herding€in€that€area.€A€factor€in€the€decision€was€the€disclosure€that€an€expertÐ  $€  Ðtestifying€for€the€Forestry€Service€disclosed€he€had€not€visited€the€forest€in€question.€AfterÐ ø$l! Ðthe€decision,€logging€duly€proceeded€in€the€Ô_ÔMirhaminmaaÔ_Ô€area.Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à7.5€€Turning€to€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€27€in€that€logging€was€permitted€in€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐÔ_ÔKariselkÔ_Ô€area,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€is€undisputed€that€the€authors€are€members€of€aÐ ¨("% Ðminority€culture€and€that€reindeer€husbandry€is€an€essential€element€of€their€culture.€TheÐ ”)#& ÐCommittee's€approach€in€the€past€has€been€to€inquire€whether€interference€by€the€State€€partyÐ €*ô#' Ðin€that€husbandry€is€so€substantial€that€it€has€failed€to€properly€protect€the€authors'€right€toÐ l+à$( Ðenjoy€their€culture.€The€question€therefore€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€logging€ofÐ Œ Ðthe€92€hectares€of€the€Ô_ÔKariselkÔ_Ô€area€rises€to€such€a€threshold.€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.6€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authors,€and€other€key€stakeholder€groups,€were€consultedÐ P Ä Ðin€the€evolution€of€the€logging€plans€drawn€up€by€the€Forestry€Service,€and€that€the€plansÐ < ° Ðwere€partially€altered€in€response€to€criticisms€from€those€quarters.€The€District€Court'sÐ ( œ Ðevaluation€of€the€partly€conflicting€expert€evidence,€coupled€with€an€on-site€inspection,Ð  ˆ Ðdetermined€that€the€Ô_ÔKariselkÔ_Ô€area€was€necessary€for€the€authors€to€enjoy€their€cultural€rightsÐ  t Ðunder€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€The€appellate€court€finding€took€a€different€view€of€theÐ ì ` Ðevidence,€finding€also€from€the€point€of€view€of€€article€27,€that€the€proposed€logging€wouldÐ ØL  Ðpartially€contribute€to€the€long-term€Ô_ÔsustainabilityÔ_Ô€of€reindeer€husbandry€by€allowingÐ Ä8  Ðregeneration€of€ground€lichen€in€particular,€and€moreover€that€the€area€in€question€was€ofÐ °$  Ðsecondary€importance€to€husbandry€in€the€overall€context€of€the€Collective's€lands.€TheÐ œ  ÐCommittee,€basing€itself€on€the€submissions€before€it€from€both€the€authors€and€the€StateÐ ˆü  Ðparty,€considers€that€it€does€not€have€sufficient€information€before€it€in€order€to€be€able€toÐ tè  Ðdraw€independent€conclusions€on€the€factual€importance€of€the€area€to€husbandry€and€theÐ `Ô  Ðlong-term€impacts€on€the€Ô_ÔsustainabilityÔ_Ô€of€husbandry,€and€the€consequences€under€article€27Ð LÀ Ðof€the€Covenant.€Therefore,€the€Committee€is€unable€to€conclude€that€the€logging€of€92Ð 8¬ Ðhectares,€in€these€circumstances,€amounts€to€a€failure€on€the€part€of€the€State€party€toÐ $˜ Ðproperly€protect€the€authors'€right€to€enjoy€Sami€culture,€in€violation€of€article€27€of€theÐ „ ÐCovenant.€Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€òòSara€et€al.€v.€Finlandóó,€Communication€431/1990.€Ð¬ (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€92€hectare€area€amounts€to€some€3€per€cent€of€the€6,900Ð „ø Ðhectares€of€the€Co-operative's€lands€used€for€forestry.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€òòSara€v.€Finlandóó€(Communication€431/1990),€òòÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€Swedenóó€(CommunicationÐ H!¼ Ð197/1985),€òòÔ_ÔOminayakÔ_Ô€v.€Canadaóó€(Communication€167/1984),€òòÔ_ÔIlmariÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€v.€FinlandóóÐ 4"¨ Ð(Communication€511/1992);€and€moreover€the€Committee's€General€Comments€23€(50).€Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£ÇÝÔ23ìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€III€v.€FinlandÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1023/2001ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô17€MarchÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô90ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ Ð&D # ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.1„2.4,€3.1,€3.2,€10.1„10.3€and€11.݃ 3£Ç=Ç݌м'0!$(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.1€€On€30€October€1996,€the€Committee€delivered€its€Views€in€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€FinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ €*ô#' Ð(ð ðthe€earlier€communicationðð)€òò1óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€Committee€found,€on€the€evidence€then€before€it,€noÐ l+à$( Ðviolation€of€the€rights€under€article€27€of€the€current€two€individual€authors€(and€others)€inÐ Œ Ðthe€completed€logging€of€some€250€hectares€in€Ô_ÔPyhjrviÔ_Ô€and€the€proposed€logging€of€someÐ xì Ðfurther€250€hectares€in€Ô_ÔKirkkoÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔoutaÔ_Ô€(both€are€in€the€Ô_ÔAngeliÔ_Ô€area).€ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€The€Committee€went€on€to€find:€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0` (#(#à10.6€€As€far€as€future€logging€activities€are€concerned,€the€Committee€observes€thatÐ  ˆ Ðon€the€basis€of€the€information€available€to€it,€the€State€partyððs€forestry€authoritiesÐ  t Ðhave€approved€logging€on€a€scale€which,€while€resulting€in€additional€work€and€extraÐ ì ` Ðexpenses€for€the€authors€and€other€reindeer€herdsmen,€does€not€appear€to€threaten€theÐ ØL  Ðsurvival€of€reindeer€husbandry.€€That€such€husbandry€is€an€activity€of€low€economicÐ Ä8  Ðprofitability€is€not,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€available,€a€result€of€theÐ °$  Ðencouragement€of€other€economic€activities€by€the€State€party€in€the€area€in€question,Ð œ  Ðbut€of€other,€external,€economic€factors.Јü ` (#` (# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0` (#(#à10.7€€The€Committee€considers€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòifóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€logging€plans€were€to€be€approved€on€a€scaleÐ `Ô  Ðlarger€than€that€already€agreed€to€for€future€years€in€the€area€in€question€or€if€it€couldÐ LÀ Ðbe€shown€that€the€effects€of€logging€already€planned€were€more€serious€than€can€beÐ 8¬ Ðforeseen€at€present,€then€it€may€have€to€be€considered€whether€it€would€constitute€aÐ $˜ Ðviolation€of€the€authorsðð€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€within€the€meaning€of€articleÐ „ Ð27.€€The€Committee€is€aware,€on€the€basis€of€earlier€communications,€that€otherÐ üp Ðlarge-scale€exploitations€touching€upon€the€natural€environment,€such€as€quarrying,Ð è\ Ðare€being€planned€and€implemented€in€the€area€where€the€Sami€people€live.€€EvenÐ ÔH Ðthough€in€the€present€communication€the€Committee€has€reached€the€conclusion€thatÐ À4 Ðthe€facts€of€the€case€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€the€rights€of€the€authors,€theÐ ¬  ÐCommittee€deems€it€important€to€point€out€that€the€State€party€must€bear€in€mindÐ ˜  Ðwhen€taking€steps€affecting€the€rights€under€article€27,€that€though€different€activitiesÐ „ø Ðin€themselves€may€not€constitute€a€violation€of€this€article,€such€activities,€takenÐ pä Ðtogether,€may€erode€the€rights€of€Sami€people€to€enjoy€their€own€culture.Ð\ Ð` (#` (# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à2.3€€By€1999,€all€500€hectares€of€the€two€areas€at€issue€in€the€earlier€communication€had€beenÐ 4"¨ Ðlogged.€€Moreover,€in€1998,€a€further€110€hectares€were€logged€in€the€Ô_ÔPaadarskaidiÔ_Ô€area€ofÐ  #” Ðthe€Herdsmenððs€Committee€(not€part€of€the€areas€covered€by€the€earlier€communication).€€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€By€the€date€of€submission€of€the€communication,€yet€another€logging€operation€inÐ ä%X" ÐÔ_ÔPaadarskaidiÔ_Ô€had€been€proposed,€with€minimal€advance€warning€to€the€HerdsmenððsÐ Ð&D # ÐCommittee€and€with€an€imminent€commencement€date.€€At€that€point,€the€HerdsmenððsÐ ¼'0!$ ÐCommittee€had€yet€to€receive€a€written€plan€of€the€nature€and€scope€of€the€logging€operation.€Ð ¨("% ÐThe€National€Forest€&€Park€Service€had€indicated€that€it€would€send€the€plans€to€theÐ ”)#& ÐHerdsmenððs€Committee€at€a€later€date,€having€indicated€in€its€previous€plan€that€the€nextÐ €*ô#' Ðlogging€operation€would€be€due€to€take€place€only€after€a€year€and€in€a€different€location.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€authors€allege€a€violation€of€their€rights€as€reindeer€herders€under€article€27€of€theÐ xì ÐCovenant,€both€inasmuch€as€it€relates€to€logging€already€undertaken€and€to€logging€proposed.€Ð dØ ÐAt€the€outset,€they€complain€that€since€the€1980s,€some€1,600€hectares€of€the€HerdsmenððsÐ P Ä ÐCommitteeððs€grazing€area€in€Ô_ÔPaadarskaidiÔ_Ô€have€been€logged,€accounting€for€some€40€per€centÐ < ° Ðof€lichen€(utilized€for€feeding€reindeer)€in€that€specific€area.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€As€to€the€effect€of€the€logging€on€the€authorððs€herd,€it€is€submitted€that€reindeer€tend€toÐ  t Ðavoid€areas€being€logged€or€prepared€for€logging.€€They€therefore€stray€to€seek€other€pasturesÐ ì ` Ðand€thereby€incur€additional€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€for€the€herders.€€After€logging,€logging€waste€preventsÐ ØL  Ðreindeer€grazing€and€compacted€snow€hampers€digging.€€The€logging€operations€result€in€aÐ Ä8  Ðcomplete€loss€of€lichen€in€the€areas€affected,€allegedly€lasting€for€hundreds€of€years.€Ð°$ (#(# Ðà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à10.1€€As€to€the€claims€relating€to€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòeffectsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôof€logging€in€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔ_ÔPyhjrviÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔKirkkoÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔoutaÔ_Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔandÐ ˆü  ÐÔ_ÔPaadarskaidiÔ_Ô€areas€of€the€territory€administered€by€the€Ô_ÔMuotkatunturiÔ_Ô€HerdsmenððsÐ tè  ÐCommittee,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€is€undisputed€that€the€authors€are€members€of€aÐ `Ô  Ðminority€within€the€meaning€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant€and€as€such€have€the€right€to€enjoyÐ LÀ Ðtheir€own€culture.€€It€is€also€undisputed€that€reindeer€husbandry€is€an€essential€element€ofÐ 8¬ Ðtheir€culture€and€that€economic€activities€may€come€within€the€ambit€of€article€27,€if€they€areÐ $˜ Ðan€essential€element€of€the€culture€of€an€ethnic€community€òò6óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€Article€27€requires€that€aÐ „ Ðmember€of€a€minority€shall€not€be€denied€the€right€to€enjoy€his€culture.€€Measures€whoseÐ üp Ðimpact€amounts€to€a€denial€of€the€right€are€incompatible€with€the€obligations€under€articleÐ è\ Ð27.€As€noted€by€the€Committee€in€its€Views€on€case€No.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô511/1992€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôof€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.Ð ÔH ÐFinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€however,€measures€with€only€a€limited€impact€on€the€way€of€life€and€livelihood€ofÐ À4 Ðpersons€belonging€to€a€minority€will€not€necessarily€amount€to€a€denial€of€the€rights€underÐ ¬  Ðarticle€27.И (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.2€€The€Committee€recalls€that€in€the€earlier€case€No.€511/1992ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôwhich€related€to€theÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ pä ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔ_ÔPyhjrviÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔKirkkoÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔoutaÔ_Ô€areas,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€it€did€not€find€a€violation€of€article€27,€but€stated€that€ifÐ \ Ð Ðlogging€to€be€carried€out€was€approved€on€a€larger€scale€than€that€already€envisaged€or€if€itÐ H!¼ Ðcould€be€shown€that€the€effects€of€logging€already€planned€were€more€serious€than€can€beÐ 4"¨ Ðforeseen€at€present,€then€it€may€have€to€be€considered€whether€it€would€constitute€a€violationÐ  #” Ðof€article€27ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€In€weighing€the€effects€of€logging,€or€indeed€any€other€measures€taken€by€aÐ  $€  ÐState€party€which€has€an€impact€on€a€minorityððs€culture,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ ø$l! Ðinfringement€of€a€minorityððs€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture,€as€provided€for€in€article€27,Ð ä%X" Ðmay€result€from€the€combined€effects€of€a€series€of€actions€or€measures€taken€by€a€State€partyÐ Ð&D # Ðover€a€period€of€time€and€in€more€than€one€area€of€the€State€occupied€by€that€minority.€€Thus,Ð ¼'0!$ Ðthe€Committee€must€consider€the€overall€effects€of€such€measures€on€the€ability€of€theÐ ¨("% Ðminority€concerned€to€continue€to€enjoy€their€culture.€€In€the€present€case,€and€taking€intoÐ ”)#& Ðaccount€the€specific€elements€brought€to€its€attention,€it€must€consider€the€effects€of€theseÐ €*ô#' Ðmeasures€not€at€one€particular€point€in€time€-€either€immediately€before€or€after€the€measuresÐ l+à$( Ðare€carried€out€-€but€the€effects€of€past,€present€and€planned€future€logging€on€the€authorsððÐ Œ Ðability€to€enjoy€their€culture€in€community€with€other€members€of€their€group.€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.3€€The€authors€and€the€State€party€disagree€on€the€effects€of€the€logging€in€the€areas€inÐ P Ä Ðquestion.€€Both€express€divergent€views€on€all€developments€that€have€taken€place€since€theÐ < ° Ðlogging€in€these€areas,€including€the€reasons€behind€the€Ministerððs€decision€to€reduce€theÐ ( œ Ðnumber€of€reindeer€kept€per€herd:€€while€the€authors€attribute€the€reduction€to€the€logging,Ð  ˆ Ðthe€State€party€invoke€the€overall€increase€in€reindeer€threatening€the€Ô_ÔsustainabilityÔ_Ô€ofÐ  t Ðreindeer€husbandry€generally.€€While€the€Committee€notes€the€reference€made€by€the€authorsÐ ì ` Ðto€a€report€by€the€Finish€Game€and€Fisheries€Research€Institute€that€ð ðÔ_ÔloggingsÔ_Ô€-€even€thoseÐ ØL  Ðnotified€as€relatively€mild€-€will€be€of€greater€significance€for€reindeer€husbandryðð€if€suchÐ Ä8  Ðhusbandry€is€based€on€natural€pastures€only€...€it€also€takes€note€of€the€fact€that€not€only€thisÐ °$  Ðreport€but€also€numerous€other€references€in€the€material€in€front€of€it€mention€other€factorsÐ œ  Ðexplaining€why€reindeer€husbandry€remains€of€low€economic€profitability.€€It€also€takes€intoÐ ˆü  Ðconsideration€that€despite€difficulties€the€overall€number€of€reindeers€still€remains€relativelyÐ tè  Ðhigh.€€For€these€reasons,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€effects€of€logging€carried€out€inÐ `Ô  Ðthe€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔ_ÔPyhjrviÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔKirkkoÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔoutaÔ_Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôand€Ô_ÔPaadarskaidiÔ_Ô€areas€have€not€been€shown€to€be€serious€enoughÐ LÀ Ðas€to€amount€to€a€denial€of€the€authorsðð€right€to€enjoy€their€own€culture€in€community€withÐ 8¬ Ðother€members€of€their€group€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€the€Committee€doÐ üp Ðnot€reveal€a€breach€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐè\(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔCase€No.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô671/1995ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò6óó/€€Views€on€case€No.€197/1985€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€SwedenóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔViews€adopted€27€July€1988,€para.€9.2;Ð pä ÐonÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôcase€No.€511/1992€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòI.€Ô_ÔLnsmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€FinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôadopted€26€October€1994,€para.€9.2.€Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÝ‚ 3£ôüÝÔ23ìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHoward€v.€CanadaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óó(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô879/1998ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€IÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔJuly€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2005ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)12€at€paras.€12.4„Ð  $€  Ð12.11€and€13.݃ 3£ôü5ýÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à12.4€€The€Committee€notes€that€it€is€undisputed€that€the€author€is€a€member€of€a€minorityÐ ¼'0!$ Ðenjoying€the€protection€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant€and€that€he€is€thus€entitled€to€the€right,Ð ¨("% Ðin€community€with€the€other€members€of€his€group,€to€enjoy€his€own€culture.€€It€is€notÐ ”)#& Ðdisputed€that€fishing€forms€an€integral€part€of€the€authorððs€culture.Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à12.5€€The€question€before€the€Committee,€as€determined€by€its€admissibility€decision,€is€thusÐ Œ Ðwhether€Ontarioððs€Fishing€Regulations€as€applied€to€the€author€by€the€courts€have€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔdeprivedÐ xì Ðhim,€in€violation€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant,€of€the€ability€to€exercise,€individually€and€inÐ dØ Ðcommunity€with€other€members€of€his€group,€his€aboriginal€fishing€rights€which€are€anÐ P Ä Ðintegral€part€of€his€culture.Ð< °(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à12.6€€The€State€party€has€submitted€that€the€author€has€the€right€to€fish€throughout€the€yearÐ  ˆ Ðon€and€adjacent€to€his€Nationððs€reserves€and€that,€with€a€fishing€licence,€he€can€also€fish€inÐ  t Ðother€areas€in€the€region€which€are€open€for€fishing€when€the€area€surrounding€the€reservesÐ ì ` Ðis€closed.€€The€author€has€argued€that€there€is€not€enough€fish€on€and€adjacent€to€the€reservesÐ ØL  Ðto€render€the€right€meaningful€and€that€the€other€areas€indicated€by€the€State€party€do€notÐ Ä8  Ðbelong€to€his€Nationððs€traditional€fishing€grounds.€€He€has€moreover€argued€that€fishing€withÐ °$  Ða€licence€constitutes€a€privilege,€whereas€he€claims€to€fish€as€of€right.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.7€€Referring€to€its€earlier€jurisprudence,€the€Committee€considers€that€States€parties€to€theÐ tè  ÐCovenant€may€regulate€activities€that€constitute€an€essential€element€in€the€culture€of€aÐ `Ô  Ðminority,€provided€that€the€regulation€does€not€amount€to€a€òòde€facto€óódenial€of€this€right€òò16óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ԀРLÀ ÐThe€Committee€must€therefore€reject€the€authorððs€argument€that€the€requirement€of€obtainingÐ 8¬ Ða€fishing€licence€would€in€itself€violate€his€rights€under€article€27.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.8€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€evidence€and€arguments€presented€by€the€State€partyÐ üp Ðshow€that€the€author€has€the€possibility€to€fish,€either€pursuant€to€a€treaty€right€on€andÐ è\ Ðadjacent€to€the€reserves€or€based€on€a€licence€outside€the€reserves.€€The€question€whether€orÐ ÔH Ðnot€this€right€is€sufficient€to€allow€the€author€to€enjoy€this€element€of€his€culture€inÐ À4 Ðcommunity€with€the€other€members€of€his€group,€depends€on€a€number€of€factualÐ ¬  Ðconsiderations.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.9€€The€Committee€notes€that,€with€regard€to€the€potential€catch€of€fish€on€and€adjacent€toÐ pä Ðthe€reserves,€the€State€party€and€the€author€have€given€different€views.€€The€State€party€hasÐ \ Ð Ðprovided€detailed€statistics€purporting€to€show€that€the€fish€in€the€waters€on€and€adjacent€toÐ H!¼ Ðthe€reserves€are€sufficiently€abundant€so€as€to€make€the€authorððs€right€to€fish€meaningful€andÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€author€has€denied€this.€€Similarly,€the€parties€disagree€on€the€extent€of€the€traditionalÐ  #” Ðfishing€grounds€of€the€Ô_ÔHiawathaÔ_Ô€First€Nation.€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.10€€The€Committee€notes€in€this€respect€that€these€questions€of€fact€have€not€been€broughtÐ ä%X" Ðbefore€the€domestic€courts€of€the€State€party.€€It€recalls€that€the€evaluation€of€facts€andÐ Ð&D # Ðevidence€is€primarily€a€matter€for€the€domestic€courts€of€a€State€party,€and€in€the€absence€ofÐ ¼'0!$ Ðsuch€evaluation€in€the€present€case€the€Committeeððs€task€is€greatly€impeded.€Ð¨("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.11€€The€Committee€considers€that€it€is€not€in€a€position€to€draw€independent€conclusionsÐ €*ô#' Ðon€the€factual€circumstances€in€which€the€author€can€exercise€his€right€to€fish€and€theirÐ l+à$( Ðconsequences€for€his€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€his€own€culture.€€While€the€CommitteeÐ Œ Ðunderstands€the€authorððs€concerns,€especially€bearing€in€mind€the€relatively€small€size€of€theÐ xì Ðreserves€in€question€and€the€limitations€imposed€on€fishing€outside€the€reserves,€and€withoutÐ dØ Ðprejudice€to€any€legal€proceedings€or€negotiations€between€the€Williams€Treaties€FirstÐ P Ä ÐNations€and€the€Government,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€information€before€itÐ < ° Ðis€not€sufficient€to€justify€the€finding€of€a€violation€of€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à13.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€disclose€aÐ  t Ðviolation€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò16óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee€òòinter€alia€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔ_ÔKitokÔ_Ô€v.€SwedenóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€communication€No.€197/1985,€Views€adopted€on€27€JulyÐ œ  Ð1988,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/33/D/197/1985€and€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔLnsmannÔ_Ô€v.€FinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€communication€No.€511/1992,Ð ˆü  ÐViews€adopted€on€26€October€1994,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/511/1992€and€communication€No.€Ð tè  Ð671/1995,€Views€adopted€on€30€October€1996,€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/58/D/671/1995.€Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  àÔ_Ô_________________Ô_ÔÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌ