WPC% s1d6 rgv/"2őgpƜ\OY?VNiLY0*qj,YN(,"~V1oe7zX~DztwSJ|Qbp\ B>6ZLl˵~A(+*?R&A*K}]n5ZucDL.R_`NA+p=X0Pڰ- G%sNZnEd~ƻU,DW.!.X?ug.C[w<}%~S(F'fys~}@**41zt# og86v"mPd˦>2ՈS 3ZC{mXVg3*2Pkb 2NWMH(fZy>:~c O.2& :_pT_gFuވ:*7ɝa_M2 06U> 0< 0: 0P 05f U6 0:  ( 0O  72\ 0O D+ 0O 0( 0OE AQ 0Dt#U#N % 04N^ w@'4g{ m} 03 1u" 0w 0 0 08 0 0 0 1} 1 0/ 1 BC!`!UN!!.=" 72" 1" 72y# 0:# 72### 00$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0xG$ 0D$64heading 3    >4uM hp x (#>    XXX  >4uM hp x (#>  \  `&Times New Roman<:Default Para0I.header     (#XXX   (#  0I.footer     (#XXX   (#  8z6Plain Text    K<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\  `&Times New RomanS    <6X9`(Courier New:8page number' COMPENSATION >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .   ('2P$ U!   #i)('2P$ U!   'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2P$ U!   ($('2P$ U!   C<< c _  }XXEFFECTIVEREMEDIESCOMPENSATION#X>X}# (F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(# 3|PDell Photo Printer 720PX,..,PX0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX( U$  6 DDDD+///// o6U(($X XXX2F3  0  X XXX3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(#"$%&'()*pHGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List""$%&'()*hCEIMQUY]aAutoList122222222i)1)a)<yy:Normal (Web)XXXS\  `&Times New RomanS    S\  `&Times New RomanSXXX"$%&'()*hg/CEIMQUY]aAutoList3i)1)a) d _  1}XXEFFECTIVEREMEDIESCOMPENSATION#1X>X}# (9 Z6Times New Roman Regular04GIOU[cksy???????????1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)3i)"$%&'()*xCEIMQUY]aAutoList2--------1)a)5-42Emphasis+0.Normal(((3$ U!       0  (#$  0   U!   _08>XXdd8 II.GENERALCOMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS    +"$%&'()*(Hp3#"""X>XXX  "y2H3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXIII(Fiftyfirstsession,1997):OntheRightsof P  IndigenousPeoples,A/52/18(1997)122atpara.5."y݌< (#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ... (#(# 0  5.TheCommitteeespeciallycallsuponStatespartiestorecognizeandprotecttherightsof  t indigenouspeoplestoown,develop,controlandusetheircommunallands,territoriesand  ` resourcesand,wheretheyhavebeendeprivedoftheirlandsandterritoriestraditionally L  ownedorotherwiseinhabitedorusedwithouttheirfreeandinformedconsent,totakesteps 8  toreturnthoselandsandterritories.Onlywhenthisisforfactualreasonsnotpossible,the $  righttorestitutionshouldbesubstitutedbytherighttojust,fairandpromptcompensation.   Suchcompensationshouldasfaraspossibletaketheformoflandsandterritories. (#(# """X>XXX>  "x2H3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXVI(Fiftysixthsession,2000):Article6ofthe L Convention,A/55/18(2000)153."x݌8(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  1.TheCommitteeontheEliminationofRacialDiscriminationbelievesthatthedegreeto  whichactsofracialdiscriminationandracialinsultsdamagetheinjuredparty'sperception p ofhis/herownworthandreputationisoftenunderestimated.\(#(# 0  2.TheCommitteenotifiesStatespartiesthat,initsopinion,therighttoseekjustand 4 adequatereparationorsatisfactionforanydamagesufferedasaresultofsuchdiscrimination,   whichisembodiedinarticle6oftheConvention,isnotnecessarilysecuredsolelybythe   punishmentoftheperpetratorofthediscrimination;atthesametime,thecourtsandother  competentauthoritiesshouldconsiderawardingfinancialcompensationfordamage,material p ormoral,sufferedbyavictim,wheneverappropriate.\ (#(# """X>XXX>  " 2H3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXX(Sixtyfifthsession,2004):DiscriminationAgainst  # NonCitizens,A/59/18(2004)93atpara.18." 7 ݌ $ (#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...%X"(#(# 0  [TheCommitteerecommends]...thattheStatespartiestotheConvention,asappropriateto &D # theirspecificcircumstances,adoptthefollowingmeasures:'0!$(#(# 0  ...("%(#(# 0  18.Ensurethatnoncitizensenjoyequalprotectionandrecognitionbeforethelawandin )#& thiscontext,totakeactionagainstraciallymotivatedviolenceandtoensuretheaccessof *#' victimstoeffectivelegalremediesandtherighttoseekjustandadequatereparationforany l+$( damagesufferedasaresultofsuchviolence;(#(# 0  ...x(#(# """X>XXX>  "֟2H3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment13(Twentyfirstsession,1984):Article14:EqualityBeforethe <  CourtsandtheRighttoaFairandPublicHearingbyanIndependentCourtEstablishedby (  Law,A/39/40(1984)143atpara.18."֟݌ (#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  8 `(#(# 0  18.Article14,paragraph6,providesforcompensationaccordingtolawincertaincasesof L  amiscarriageofjusticeasdescribedtherein.ItseemsfrommanyStatereportsthatthisright 8  isoftennotobservedorinsufficientlyguaranteedbydomesticlegislation.Statesshould, $  wherenecessary,supplementtheirlegislationinthisareainordertobringitintolinewith   theprovisionsoftheCovenant. (#(# """X>XXX>  "2H3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment21(Forty-fourthsession,1992):Article10:ReplacesGeneral L Comment9ConcerningHumaneTreatmentofPersonsDeprivedofLiberty,A/47/40(1992) 8 195atpara.7."@݌$(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...p(#(# 0  7.Furthermore,theCommitteerecallsthatreportsshouldindicatewhetherthevarious \ applicableprovisionsformanintegralpartoftheinstructionandtrainingofthepersonnel H whohaveauthorityoverpersonsdeprivedoftheirlibertyandwhethertheyarestrictly 4 adheredtobysuchpersonnelinthedischargeoftheirduties.Itwouldalsobeappropriate   tospecifywhetherarrestedordetainedpersonshaveaccesstosuchinformationandhave   effectivelegalmeansenablingthemtoensurethatthoserulesarerespected,tocomplainif  therulesareignoredandtoobtainadequatecompensationintheeventofaviolation.p(#(# """X>XXX>  "32H3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment31(EightiethSession,2004):Article2:TheNatureoftheGeneral 4" LegalObligationImposedonStatesPartiestotheCovenant,A/59/40(2004)175atpara.16."3݌ #(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...$l!(#(# 0  16.Article2,paragraph3,requiresthatStatespartiesmakereparationtoindividualswhose %X" Covenantrightshavebeenviolated.WithoutreparationtoindividualswhoseCovenant &D # rightshavebeenviolated,theobligationtoprovideaneffectiveremedy,whichiscentralto '0!$ theefficacyofarticle2,paragraph3,isnotdischarged.Inadd_ition_Ԁtotheexplicitreparation ("% requiredbyarticles9,paragraph5,and14,paragraph6,theCommitteeconsidersthatthe )#& Covenantgenerallyentailsappropriatecompensation.TheCommitteenotesthat,where *#' appropriate,reparationcaninvolverestitution,rehabilitationandmeasuresofsatisfaction, l+$( suchaspublicapologies,publicmemorials,guaranteesofnon-repetitionandchangesin  relevantlawsandpractices,aswellasbringingtojusticetheperpetratorsofhumanrights x violations.d(#(# 0  ...P (#(# """X>XXX>  "ִ 2H3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment14(Twentysecondsession,2000):Article12:TheRighttothe   HighestAttainableStandardofHealth,E/2001/22(2000)128atpara.59."ִ !݌ t(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...L (#(# 0  Remediesandaccountability8 (#(# 0  59.Anypersonorgroupvictimofaviolationoftherighttohealthshouldhaveaccessto   effectivejudicialorotherappropriateremediesatbothnationalandinternationallevels.w/   Allvictimsofsuchviolationsshouldbeentitledtoadequatereparation,whichmaytakethe t  formofrestitution,compensation,satisfactionorguaranteesofnonrepetition.National `  ombudsmen,humanrightscommissions,consumerforums,patients'rightsassociationsor L similarinstitutionsshouldaddressviolationsoftherighttohealth.8(#(# 0  ___________________$(#(# 0  Notes(#(# 0  ...p(#(# 0  w/Regardlessofwhethergroupsassuchcanseekremediesasdistinctholdersofrights, \ Statespartiesareboundbyboththecollectiveandindividualdimensionsofarticle12. H Collectiverightsarecriticalinthefieldofhealth;modernpublichealthpolicyreliesheavily 4 onpreventionandpromotionwhichareapproachesdirectedprimarilytogroups. (#(# 0  ___________________ (#(# """X>XXX>  "P(2H3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment15(Twentyninthsession,2002):TheRighttoWater(arts.11 \  and12oftheCovenant),E/2003/22(2002)120atpara.55."P((݌H!(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ... #(#(# 0  55.Anypersonsorgroupswhohavebeendeniedtheirrighttowatershouldhaveaccessto  $  effectivejudicialorotherappropriateremediesatbothnationalandinternationallevels(see $l! para.4ofgeneralcommentno.9(1998)ondomesticapplicationoftheCovenant,and %X" principle10oftheRioDeclarationonEnvironmentand_Developmentx_/).TheCommittee &D # notesthattherighthasbeenconstitutionallyentrenchedbyanumberofStatesandhasbeen '0!$ subjecttolitigationbeforenationalcourts.Allvictimsofviolationsoftherighttowater ("% shouldbeentitledtoadequatereparation,includingrestitution,compensation,satisfaction )#& orguaranteesofnon-repetition.Nationalombudsmen,humanrightscommissions,and *#' similarinstitutionsshouldbepermittedtoaddressviolationsoftheright.l+$((#(# 0  ...(#(# 0  ___________________x(#(# 0  Notesd(#(# 0  ...P (#(# 0  x/See[RioDeclarationonEnvironmentandDevelopment(ReportoftheUnitedNations <  ConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopment,RiodeJaneiro,314June1992 (  (A/_CONF_.151/26/Rev.1(vol.I,vol.I/Corr.1,vol.II,vol.IIIandvol.III/Corr.1)(United   Nationspublication,SalesNo.E.93.I.8andcorrigenda),vol.I].Principle10stateswith  t respecttoenvironmentalissuesthateffectiveaccesstojudicialandadministrative  ` proceedings,includingremedyandredress,shallbeprovided.L (#(# 0  ...8 (#(# 0  ____________________$ (#(# """X>XXX>  "ց22H3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment16(Thirtyfourthsession,2005):Article3:TheEqualRightof t  MenandWomentotheEnjoymentofallEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,E/2006/22 `  (2005)116atpara.21."ց22݌L(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...$(#(# 0  21.TheobligationtofulfilrequiresStatespartiestotakestepstoensurethatinpractice,men  andwomenenjoytheireconomic,socialandculturalrightsonabasisofequality.Suchsteps p shouldinclude:\(#(# 0  (a)Tomakeavailableandaccessibleappropriateremedies,suchascompensation, 4 reparation,restitution,rehabilitation,guaranteesofnon-repetition,declarations,public   apologies,educational_programmes_Ԁandprevention_programmes_; (#(# 0  ...(#(#  +"$%&'()*(Hpp +"$%&'()*"" "X>XXX>  "82H3  0    _CEDAW_ԀGeneralRecommendation25(Thirtiethsession,2004):Article4,Paragraph1: H! TemporarySpecialMeasures,A/59/38partI(2004)78atpara.15."8Z8݌4"(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ... $ (#(# 0  L  M  15.Thereisacleardifferencebetweenthepurposeofthe specialmeasuresunderarticle $l! 4,paragraph1,andthoseofparagraph2.Thepurposeofarticle4,paragraph1,isto %X" acceleratetheimprovementofthepositionofwomentoachievetheirdefactoorsubstantive &D # equalitywithmen,andtoeffectthestructural,socialandculturalchangesnecessaryto '0!$ correctpastandcurrentformsandeffectsofdiscriminationagainstwomen,aswellasto ("% providethemwithcompensation.Thesemeasuresareofatemporarynature.)#&(#(# 0  ...*#'(#(#  l+$( Ї +"$%&'()*(Hpp +"$%&'()*"" "X>XXX>  "օ=2H3  0    CRCGeneralComment5(Thirtyfourthsession,2003):GeneralMeasuresof  ImplementationoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild(arts.4,42and44,para.6), x A/59/41(2004)114atpara.24."օ==݌d(#(# ЌX>XXX>  0  ...< (#(# 0  24.Forrightstohavemeaning,effectiveremediesmustbeavailabletoredressviolations. (  ThisrequirementisimplicitintheConventionandconsistentlyreferredtointheothersix   majorinternationalhumanrightstreaties.Childrensspecialanddependentstatuscreates  t realdifficultiesfortheminpursuingremediesforbreachesoftheirrights.SoStatesneedto  ` giveparticularattentiontoensuringthatthereareeffective,childsensitiveprocedures L  availabletochildrenandtheirrepresentatives.Theseshouldincludetheprovisionofchild 8  friendlyinformation,advice,advocacy,includingsupportforselfadvocacy,andaccessto $  independentcomplaintsproceduresandtothecourtswithnecessarylegalandother   assistance.Whererightsarefoundtohavebeenbreached,thereshouldbeappropriate   reparation,includingcompensation,and,whereneeded,measurestopromotephysicaland t  psychologicalrecovery,rehabilitationandreintegration,asrequiredbyarticle39.` (#(# "" "X>XXX>  "֏D2H3  0    CERDGeneralRecommendationXXVII(Fiftyseventhsession,2000):Discrimination $ AgainstRoma,A/55/18(2000)154atpara.10.FortextofGeneralRecommendation,see   EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION RACIALDISCRIMINATION."֏DD݌p(#(# ЌX>XXX>   +"$%&'()*(Hpp +"$%&'()*"" "X>XXX>  "G2H3  0    CERDGeneralRecommendationXXIX(Sixtyfirstsession,2002):OnArticle1,Paragraph 8 1,oftheConvention(Descent),A/57/18(2002)111atpara.w.FortextofGeneral $ Recommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION RACIAL  DISCRIMINATION."GeG݌(#(# ЌX>XXX>  "" "X>XXX>  "BI2H3  0    CERDGeneralrecommendationXXXI(Sixtyseventhsession,2005):ThePreventionof P! RacialDiscriminationintheAdministrationandFunctioningoftheCriminalJusticeSystem, <" A/60/18(2005)98atpreambleandparas.3,6,18and19.FortextofGeneral (# Recommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION RACIAL $  DISCRIMINATION."BII݌%x!(#(# ЌX>XXX>  """X>XXX>  "K2H3  0    CEDAWGeneralRecommendation19(Eleventhsession,1992):ViolenceAgainstWomen, 'XXX>   |+$( Ї