ÿWPCc# ûg:ãn£(¿?·:ót oÛ+ç»ÓíýRü¯Gcðeµ#ª›¢®[ÿþ­Å3 ñ’Æ‚ ÿ£]0eœã5Ÿ\XG¥íãº?r›Aê:â>‡,ês6^¢¶t )Gâ#¶³<$SÏHƒž†®}.ÍG ÂŽü3<ÂG½öÛ–ØFUUpŬK!©è…²W>iæ>”„#׳&N­Ì”ÄSýZ3Ítm>Á³9äWUnùÉÓ u !šäŸÀÐø8Uó‘€í˜–¡ÝÂ`ÿW+h$Ýû²-ô M?Ðr¸vX´[…WG·O=‹«ËÙ¨ä3õ‹QªT9Ô½(|œÈè™JCH1˜ö ~);KAÏÑW!iHK§ ó­8—ÿ!;[ 'JC£K¬¤;j’ÕN;{µ1íª¿I>lgt®’– ×ljìIrÈköD56\ðhX£L†šC‘ ;åŒKÜ59Rÿ3§ÜbŒˆRÙW@¬Â HK×­HLCqë¨Ôer»êç°Àí?CýòA}¾@Õm«„ûØ„³c¿PÚÇxUØ€q¢póB|Âì“?¢ ÿsχr*g› ®J‘r v`ûÄ'JBvœØ¶.IÍe[É=Ú¬~DŒ6&_M2 0Š6U>À 0<þ 0: 0P 05f U6› 0:Ñ Ú (å 0O  72\ 0OŽ D+ÝÆ 0OÎ 0( 0OE AQ”å 0Dt¸#ÉÈUéN‘ %ß 04åN^ w'4+? mA 0^ŽX 1uæ 0w[ 0ŠÒ 0 \ 0´ü 0ǰ 0Ûw 0ïR 1‰A 1‡Ê 0/QQ B€ € € € .‡ 72$! 1ƒV! 72Ù! 0: " 72E"E"E" 00w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w"w" 0x§" 0D#6€Æÿÿ4heading 3Ñ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ>4°°ˆuM ¯ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#>Óò òòòÔ€ôôôÔÔ  ÔÔ  Ôó óóóÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ>4°°ˆuM ¯ ¸ hÀpÈ xÐ (#>ÓÓ  Óô\  `&Times New Roman<ÿÿ:Default Para0Iœÿÿ.headerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó0Iœÿÿ.footerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó8z‚ÿÿ6Plain TextÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÑ  ÑÓ  Ó<þ6X9`(Courier New:ÿÿ8page number' COMPENSATION >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .   ('2øP$§§Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý#i)('2øP$©©Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5('2øP$££Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””('2øP$¢¢Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ …Ô_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼b.»XXÔEFFECTIVE€REMEDIES€„€COMPENSATIONÔ#†X,rX»¼b.#Ôó ó(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù3|P˜HP PSC 2350 seriesTŽ––––TŽ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX( ¤U$¡¡Ó  Ór‹®6‡ cC‚6°†xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ((éÖ$´´Ô€Xï XXXÔÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÔ€Xï XXXÔ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à"$%&'()*pHìGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List""$%&'()*hßÈCEIMQUY]aAutoList122222222i)1)a)<yyÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔS‡ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÔ‡XXXÔ d04ñGIOU[cksy???????????1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)3i)"$%&'()*xÚCEIMQUY]aAutoList2--------1)a)5-4ÿÿ2Emphasisòòóó+0ÿÿ.Normal(((3àº$¤¤Ý ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  ÚóóÝ ƒ¤U!ÝÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÖ€ÿÿÖÑ8€,rXXdìdÈ8Ñòòò òIII.€JURISPRUDENCEó óóóÐ Œ ÐÌò òòòÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ôó óóóÐ dØ ÐÌÓ€ +"$%&'()*(Hìp3#ÓÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXXÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHabassiÔ_Ô€v.€Denmarkóó€(10/1997),€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô,€A/54/18€(17€March€1999)€86€at€paras.€9.3,€9.4,€10,Ð < ° Ð11.1€and€11.2.݃"éÖÎÝŒÐ( œ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€In€the€present€case€the€author€was€refused€a€loan€by€a€Danish€bank€on€the€sole€groundÐ ì ` Ðof€his€non-Danish€nationality€and€was€told€that€the€nationality€requirement€was€motivatedÐ ØL  Ðby€the€need€to€ensure€that€the€loan€was€repaid€...ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author,€considering€the€incident€an€offence€under€theÐ œ  ÐDanish€Act€against€Discrimination,€reported€it€to€the€police.€First€the€police€and€subsequentlyÐ ˆü  Ðthe€State€Prosecutor€in€Ô_ÔViborgÔ_Ô€accepted€the€explanations€provided€by€a€representative€of€theÐ tè  Ðbank€and€decided€not€to€investigate€the€case€further.€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€however,Ð `Ô  Ðthe€steps€taken€by€the€police€and€the€State€Prosecutor€were€insufficient€to€determine€whetherÐ LÀ Ðor€not€an€act€of€racial€discrimination€had€taken€place.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€author€was€denied€effectiveÐ „ Ðremedy€within€the€meaning€of€article€6€of€the€Convention€in€connection€with€article€2€(d).Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.1€€The€Committee€recommends€that€the€State€party€take€measures€to€counteract€racialÐ ÔH Ðdiscrimination€in€the€loan€market.ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.2€€The€Committee€further€recommends€that€the€State€party€provide€the€applicant€withÐ ˜  Ðreparation€or€satisfaction€commensurate€with€any€damage€he€has€suffered.Єø(#(# ÐÌÌòòò òÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ôóóó óÐ H!¼ ÐÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ( ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝBurgos€v.€Uruguay€óó(R.12/52),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/36/40€(29€July€1981)€176€at€paras.€13€and€14.݃"éÖ( w ݌Р#”(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à13.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€communication€disclosesÐ ä%X" Ðviolations€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular:ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€7€because€of€the€treatment€(including€torture)€suffered...at€the€handsÐ ¨("% Ðof€Uruguayan€military€officers...both€in€Argentina€and€Uruguay;Д)#&` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9(1)€because€the€act€of€abduction€into€Uruguayan€territory€constitutedÐ l+à$( Ðan€arbitrary€arrest€and€detention;ÐŒ` Ð ` Ð  Ѐ€Ð xì Ðà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9(3)€because€Lopez€was€not€brought€to€trial€within€a€reasonable€time;ÐdØ` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à...ÐP Ä` (#` (# Ðà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€14(3)€(d)€because€Lopez€was€forced€to€accept€counsel,€and€article€14Ð < ° Ð(3)€(g)€was€compelled€to€sign€a€statement€incriminating€himself;Ð( œ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àof€article€22€(1)€in€conjunction€with€article€19€(1)€and€(2)€because€LopezÐ  t ÐBurgos€has€suffered€persecution€for€his€trade€union€activities.€Ðì `` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à14.€€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ Ä8  Ðpursuant€to€article€2(3)€of€the€Covenant€to€provide€effective€remedies€to€Ô_ÔLð;ðpezÔ_Ô€Burgos,Ð °$  Ðincluding€immediate€release,€permission€to€leave€Uruguay€and€compensation€for€theÐ œ  Ðviolations€which€he€has€suffered€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€notÐ ˆü  Ðoccur€in€the€future.€Ðtè (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖâÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBarbatoÔ_Ô€€v.€Uruguayóó€(84/1981)€(R.21/84),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/38/40€(21€October€1982)€124€at€paras.Ð 8¬ Ð10€and€11.݃"éÖâ1ÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€communication€disclosesÐ è\ Ðviolations€of€the€covenant,€in€particular:ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  àWith€respect€to€Hugo€Harold€Ô_ÔDermitÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBarbatoÔ_Ô:Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€6€because€the€Uruguayan€authorities€failed€to€take€appropriateÐ „ø Ðmeasures€to€protect€his€life€while€in€custody...Ðpä` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à...Ð\ Ð` (#` (# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ H!¼ Ðtake€effective€steps€(a)€to€establish€the€facts€of€Hugo€Ô_ÔDermitÔ_Ôððs€death,€to€bring€to€justice€anyÐ 4"¨ Ðpersons€found€to€be€responsible€for€his€death€and€to€pay€appropriate€compensation€to€hisÐ  #” Ðfamily...Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ä%X" ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖöÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMiangoÔ_Ô€€v.€Zaireóó€(194/1985),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/43/40€(27€October€1987)€218€at€paras.€10€and€11.€Ýƒ"éÖöEÝŒÐÌ&@ #(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÌÌÐ h+Ü$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ¡ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMbengeÔ_Ô€€v.€Zaire€óó(16/1977)€(R.3/16),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/38/40€(25€March€1983)€134€at€paras.€21€andÐ Œ Ð22.݃"éÖ¡ðÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à21.€€The€Human€Rights€Ô_ÔCommitteeeÔ_Ô...disclose€violations...in€particular:Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àarticle€6€(2)€because€Daniel€Ô_ÔMonguyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMbengeÔ_Ô€was€twice€sentenced€to€deathÐ  ˆ Ðcontrary€to€provisions€of€the€Covenant;Ð t` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à€...Ðì `` (#` (# Ðà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€14€(a)€(b)€(d)€(e)€because...he€could€not€effectively€enjoy€theÐ ØL  Ðsafeguards€of€due€process,€enshrined€in€these€provisions,ÐÄ8 ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9€because€Abraham€Ô_ÔOyabiÔ_Ô€was€subjected€to€arbitrary€arrest€andÐ œ  Ðdetention.€Ðˆü ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à22.€€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ `Ô  Ðprovide€the€victims€with€effective€remedies,€including€compensation€for€the€violations€theyÐ LÀ Ðhave€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ[!ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔQuinterosÔ_Ô€€v.€Uruguayóó€(107/1981),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/38/40€(21€July€1983)€216€at€paras.€13,€15€andÐ üp Ð16.݃"éÖ[!§!ÝŒÐè\(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à13.€€It€is,€therefore,€the€Committeeððs€view€that€the€information€before€it€reveals€breaches€ofÐ ¬  Ðarticles€7,€9€and€10(1)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à15.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€reiterates€that€the€Government€of€Uruguay€has€a€duty€toÐ pä Ðconduct€a€full€investigation€into€the€matter.€€There€is€no€evidence€that€this€has€been€done.€Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à16.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...therefore€concludes€that€responsibility€for€theÐ 4"¨ Ðdisappearance€of€Elena€Ô_ÔQuinterosÔ_Ô€falls€on€the€authorities€of€Uruguay€and€that,€consequently,Ð  #” Ðthe€Government€of€Uruguay€should€take€immediate€and€effective€steps€(a)€to€establish€whatÐ  $€  Ðhas€happened€to€Elena€Ô_ÔQuinterosÔ_Ô€since€28€June€1976,€and€secure€her€release;€(b)€to€bring€toÐ ø$l! Ðjustice€any€persons€found€to€be€responsible€for€her€disappearance€and€ill-treatment;€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€to€payÐ ä%X" Ðcompensation€for€the€wrongs€suffered;€and€(d)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occurÐ Ð&D # Ðin€the€future.€€šÐ¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ›(ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLuyeyeÔ_Ô€€v.€Zaireóó€(90/1981)(R.22/90),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/38/40€(21€July€1983)€197€at€paras.€8€and€9.݃"éÖ›(ê(݌Ќ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€found€by€theÐ P Ä ÐCommittee...disclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð < ° Ðparticularly,Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9(1)€because€Ô_ÔLuyeyeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMaganaÔ_Ô€ex„Ô_ÔPhilibertÔ_Ô€has€been€subjected€toÐ  t Ðarbitrary€arrest€and€detention;€Ðì `` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9(2)€because€he€was€not€informed,€at€the€time€of€his€arrest,€of€theÐ Ä8  Ðreasons€for€his€arrest€and€of€any€charges€against€him;а$ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€9(3)€(4),€because€he€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge€and€noÐ ˆü  Ðcourt€decided€within€a€reasonable€time€on€the€lawfulness€of€his€detention;Ðtè ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€10(1)...while€in€detention,€he€was€not€treated€with€humanity;ÐLÀ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àarticle€2(3),€because€there€is€no€effective€remedy€under€the€domestic€law€ofÐ $˜ ÐZaire€against€violations€of€the€Covenant€complained€of.€€Ð„` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à9.€€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ è\ Ð(a)€to€investigate€the€complaints€made€and€to€provide€Ô_ÔLuyeyeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMaganaÔ_Ô€ex-Ô_ÔPhilibertÔ_Ô€withÐ ÔH Ðeffective€remedies€for€the€violations€he€has€suffered,€including€compensation€and€the€returnÐ À4 Ðof€his€property€to€him,€and€(b)€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€inÐ ¬  Ðthe€future.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖú1ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBaboeramÔ_Ô€€v.€Suriname€óó(146/1983€and€148„154/1983),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/40/40€(4€April€1985)€187Ð \ Ð Ðat€paras.€15€and€16.€Ýƒ"éÖú1I2ÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à15.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€victims€were€arbitrarily€deprivedÐ  $€  Ðof€their€lives€contrary€to€article€6€(1)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ ø$l! ÐRights.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€does€not€find€it€necessary€to€consider€assertionsÐ ä%X" Ðthat€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant€were€violated.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à16.€€The€Committee€therefore€urges€the€State€party€to€take€effective€steps€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€to€investigateÐ ¨("% Ðthe€killings€of€December€1982;€(ii)€to€bring€to€justice€any€persons€found€to€be€responsible€forÐ ”)#& Ðthe€death€of€the€victims);€(iii)€to€pay€compensation€to€the€surviving€families;€and€(iv)€toÐ €*ô#' Ðensure€that€the€right€to€life€is€duly€prÔ_ÔotectedÔ_Ô€in€Suriname.€Ðl+à$((#(# ЇÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ—7ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€v.€Finland€óó(89/1981),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/40/40€(8€April€1985)€164€at€paras.€11.2,€11.3€andÐ xì Ð12.€Ýƒ"éÖ—7æ7ÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à11.2€€The€Committeeððs€task€is€limited€to€determining€whether,€in€the€particular€circumstancesÐ ( œ Ðof€the€case,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€entitled€to€receive€compensation€in€accordance€with€articleÐ  ˆ Ð14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant.€€Such€a€right€to€compensation€may€arise€in€relation€toÐ  t Ðcriminal€proceedings€if€either€the€conviction€of€a€person€has€been€reversed€or€if€he€or€sheÐ ì ` Ðð ðhas€been€pardoned€on€the€ground€that€a€new€or€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusivelyÐ ØL  Ðthat€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€of€justiceðð.€€As€far€as€the€first€alternative€is€concerned,€theÐ Ä8  ÐCommittee€observes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ôððs€conviction...has€never€been€set€aside€by€any€laterÐ °$  Ðjudicial€decision.€€Furthermore,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€not€pardoned€because€it€had€beenÐ œ  Ðestablished€that€his€conviction€rested€on€€a€miscarriage€of€justice...Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€pardoningÐ ˆü  Ðwas€motivated€by€considerations€of€equity.Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.3€€To€be€sure,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€conviction€came€about€as€a€result€of€the€decision€of€theÐ LÀ ÐExamining€Board€of€18€October€1977,€denying€him€the€legal€status€of€conscientious€objector.Ð 8¬ ÐThis€decision€was€based€on€the€evidence€which€the€Examining€Board€had€before€it€at€thatÐ $˜ Ðtime.€€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€succeeded€in€persuading€the€Examining€Board€of€his€ethical€objectionÐ „ Ðto€military€service€only€after€he€had€personally€appeared€before€that€body€following€hisÐ üp Ðrenewed€application€in€the€autumn€of€1980,€while€in€1977€he€had€failed€to€avail€himself€ofÐ è\ Ðthe€opportunity€to€be€present€during€the€Examining€Board's€examination€of€his€case.€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€has€no€rightÐ ¬  Ðto€compensation€which€the€Finnish€authorities€have€failed€to€Ô_ÔhonourÔ_Ô€and€that€consequentlyÐ ˜  Ðthere€has€been€no€breach€of€article€14(6)€of€the€Covenant.€€€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ CÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝW.€J.€H.€v.€The€Netherlands€óó(408/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/47/40€(22€July€1992)€420Ð H!¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/45/D/408/1990)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€6.2€and€6.3.݃"éÖ C\CÝŒÐ4"¨(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€was€arrested€on€8€December€1983€and€kept€in€pre-trial€detention€until€8Ð ø$l! ÐFebruary€1984.€€On€24€December€1985,€the€Arnhem€Court€of€Appeal€convicted€him€on€aÐ ä%X" Ðvariety€of€criminal€charges,€including€forgery€and€fraud.€€On€17€March€1987,€the€SupremeÐ Ð&D # ÐCourt€(Ô_ÔHogeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRaadÔ_Ô)€quashed€the€earlier€conviction€and€referred€the€case€to€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ð's-Hertogenbosch€Court€of€Appeal,€which€acquitted€the€author€on€11€May€1988.Ш("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€Pursuant€to€sections€89€and€591a€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€the€authorÐ €*ô#' Ðsubsequently€filed€a€request€with€the€'s-Hertogenbosch€Court€of€Appeal€for€award€ofÐ l+à$( Ðcompensation€for€damages€resulting€from€the€time€spent€in€pre-trial€detention€and€for€theÐ Œ Ðcosts€of€legal€representation.€€Section€90,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€ProcedureÐ xì Ðprovides€that,€after€an€acquittal,€the€Court€may€grant€compensation€for€reasons€of€equity.€€OnÐ dØ Ð21€November€1988,€the€Court€of€Appeal€rejected€the€author's€request.€€The€Court€was€of€theÐ P Ä Ðopinion€that€it€would€not€be€fair€to€grant€compensation€to€the€author,€since€his€acquittal€wasÐ < ° Ðdue€to€a€procedural€error;€it€referred€in€this€context€to€the€judgment€of€the€Arnhem€Court€ofÐ ( œ ÐAppeal€of€24€December€1985,€by€which€the€author€was€convicted€on€the€basis€of€evidenceÐ  ˆ Ðthat€later€was€found€to€have€been€irregularly€obtained.Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€With€respect€to€the€authorððs€alleged€violation€of€the€principle€of€presumption€ofÐ ØL  Ðinnocence€enshrined€in€article€14,€paragraph€2...the€Committee€observes€that€this€provisionÐ Ä8  Ðapplies€only€to€criminal€proceedings€and€not€to€proceedings€for€compensation;€it€accordinglyÐ °$  Ðfinds€that€the€provision€does€not€apply€to€the€facts€as€submitted.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à6.3€€With€regard€to€the€authorððs€claim€for€compensation€under€article€14,€paragraph€6,€of€theÐ tè  ÐCovenant,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€conditions€for€the€application€of€this€article€are:Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(a)€A€final€conviction€for€a€criminal€offence;Ð8¬` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(b)€Suffering€or€punishment€as€a€result€of€such€conviction;€andЄ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€A€subsequent€reversal€or€pardon€on€the€ground€of€a€new€or€newlyÐ è\ Ðdiscovered€fact€showing€conclusively€that€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€ofÐ ÔH Ðjustice.ÐÀ4` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àThe€Committee€observes€that€since€the€final€decision€in€this€case,€that€of€the€Court€of€AppealÐ ˜  Ðof€11€May€1988,€acquitted€the€author,€and€since€he€did€not€suffer€any€punishment€as€theÐ „ø Ðresult€of€his€earlier€conviction€of€€24€December€1985,€the€authorððs€claim€is€outside€the€scopeÐ pä Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant.Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖIRÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòW.€B.€E.€v€The€Netherlandsóó€(432/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/48/40€vol.€II€(23€October€1992)€205Ð  #” Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/46/D/432/1990)€at€paras.€6.4€and€6.5.݃"éÖIR•R݌Р$€ (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à6.4€The€Committee€considers€that,€since€pre-trial€detention€to€prevent€interference€withÐ Ð&D # Ðevidence€is,€as€such,€compatible€with€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€and€since€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðauthor€has€not€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€his€claim€that€there€was€no€lawfulÐ ¨("% Ðreason€to€extend€his€detention,€this€part€of€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€articlesÐ ”)#& Ð2€and€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à6.5€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€that€his€right€to€compensation€under€article€9,Ð Œ Ðparagraph€5,€was€violated,€the€Committee€recalls€that€this€provision€grants€victims€ofÐ xì Ðunlawful€arrest€or€detention€an€enforceable€right€to€compensation.€The€author,€however,€hasÐ dØ Ðnot€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€his€claim€that€his€detention€was€unlawful.Ð P Ä ÐIn€this€connection,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€fact€that€the€author€was€subsequentlyÐ < ° Ðacquitted€does€not€in€and€of€itself€render€the€pre-trial€detention€unlawful.€This€part€of€theÐ ( œ Ðcommunication€is€therefore€inadmissible€under€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖŽYÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔMikaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMihaÔ_Ô€v.€Equatorial€Guineaóó€(414/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(8€July€1994)€96Ð ØL  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/414/1990)€at€paras.€6.5,€7€and€8.݃"éÖŽYÚYÝŒÐÄ8 (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à6.5€€As€to€the€author's€allegation€that€he€was€arbitrarily€arrested€and€detained€between€16Ð ˆü  ÐAugust€1988€and€1€March€1990,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€contestedÐ tè  Ðthis€claim.€€It€further€notes€that€the€author€was€not€given€any€explanations€for€the€reasons€ofÐ `Ô  Ðhis€arrest€and€detention,€except€that€the€President€of€the€Republic€had€ordered€both,€that€heÐ LÀ Ðwas€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge€or€other€officer€authorized€by€law€to€exerciseÐ 8¬ Ðjudicial€power,€and€that€he€was€unable€to€seek€the€judicial€determination,€without€delay,€ofÐ $˜ Ðthe€lawfulness€of€his€detention.€€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€CommitteeÐ „ Ðfinds€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4.€€On€the€same€basis,€the€CommitteeÐ üp Ðconcludes,€however,€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€5,€as€it€does€notÐ è\ Ðappear€that€the€author€has€in€fact€claimed€compensation€for€unlawful€arrest€or€detention.€€NorÐ ÔH Ðis€the€Committee€able€to€make€a€finding€in€respect€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€as€it€remainsÐ À4 Ðunclear€whether€the€author€was€in€fact€detained€on€specific€criminal€charges€within€theÐ ¬  Ðmeaning€of€this€provision.И (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€material€before€it€disclosesÐ pä Ðviolations€of€articles€7;€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4;€10,€paragraph€1;€and€19,€paragraphs€1€andÐ \ Ð Ð2,€of€the€Covenant.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌ8.€€Under€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Ô_ÔMikaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMihaÔ_ÔÐ  #” Ðwith€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation€for€the€treatment€to€which€he€hasÐ  $€  Ðbeen€subjected.Ð ø$l! ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ Ð&D # ÐÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖçcÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMukongÔ_Ô€v.€Cameroonóó€(458/1991),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(21€July€1994)€171Ð ¸',!$ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/458/1991)€at€paras.€10€and€11.݃"éÖçc6d݌Ф("%(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÉeÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝPennant€v.€Jamaicaóó€(647/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(20€October€1998)€121Ð )#& Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/64/D/647/1995)€at€para.10.݃"éÖÉefÝŒÐ|*ð#'(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÐ h+Ü$( ЇòòÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖžgÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔRodrguezÔ_Ô€v.€Uruguayóó€(322/1988),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(19€July€1994)€5Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/322/1988)€at€paras.€12.1,€12.2,€12.4,€13€and€14.€Ýƒ"éÖžgêgÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à12.1€With€regard€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€StateÐ < ° Ðparty€has€not€disputed€the€author's€allegations€that€he€was€subjected€to€torture€by€theÐ ( œ Ðauthorities€of€the€then€military€regime€in€Uruguay.€Bearing€in€mind€that€the€author'sÐ  ˆ Ðallegations€are€substantiated,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€facts€as€submitted€sustain€a€findingÐ  t Ðthat€the€military€regime€in€Uruguay€violated€article€7€of€the€Covenant...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€State€party€hasÐ ì ` Ðlimited€itself€to€justifying,€in€general€terms,€the€decision€of€the€Government€of€Uruguay€toÐ ØL  Ðadopt€an€amnesty€law.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.2€As€to€the€appropriate€remedy€that€the€author€may€claim€pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraphÐ œ  Ð3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€adoption€of€Law€No.€15,848€and€subsequentÐ ˆü  Ðpractice€in€Uruguay€have€rendered€the€realization€of€the€author's€right€to€an€adequate€remedyÐ tè  Ðextremely€difficult.€Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à12.4€€The€Committee€moreover€reaffirms€its€position€that€amnesties€for€gross€violations€ofÐ 8¬ Ðhuman€rights€and€legislation€such€as€Law€No.€15,848,€òòLey€de€Ô_ÔCaducidadÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔPretensið;ðnÔ_ÔÐ $˜ ÐÔ_ÔPunitivaÔ_Ô€del€Ô_ÔEstadoÔ_Ôóó,€are€incompatible€with€the€obligations€of€the€State€party€under€theÐ „ ÐCovenant.€The€Committee€notes€with€deep€concern€that€the€adoption€of€this€law€effectivelyÐ üp Ðexcludes€in€a€number€of€cases€the€possibility€of€investigation€into€past€human€rights€abusesÐ è\ Ðand€thereby€prevents€the€State€party€from€discharging€its€responsibility€to€provide€effectiveÐ ÔH Ðremedies€to€the€victims€of€those€abuses.€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€concerned€that,€inÐ À4 Ðadopting€this€law,€the€State€party€has€contributed€to€an€atmosphere€of€impunity€which€mayÐ ¬  Ðundermine€the€democratic€order€and€give€rise€to€further€grave€human€rights€violations.€òòeóó/€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à13.€The€Human€Rights€Committee...€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ pä Ðof€article€7,€in€connection€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à14.€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Hugo€Ô_ÔRodrguezÔ_Ô€is€entitled,€under€article€2,Ð 4"¨ Ðparagraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€It€urges€the€State€party€to€takeÐ  #” Ðeffective€measures€(a)€to€carry€out€an€official€investigation€into€the€author's€allegations€ofÐ  $€  Ðtorture,€in€order€to€identify€the€persons€responsible€for€torture€and€ill„treatment€and€to€enableÐ ø$l! Ðthe€author€to€seek€civil€redress;€(b)€to€grant€appropriate€compensation€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔRodrguezÔ_Ô;€andÐ ä%X" ÐÔ_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖwÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMð;ðnacoÔ_Ô€€v.€Argentinaóó€(400/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/50/40€vol.€II€(3€April€1995)€10Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/53/D/400/1990)€at€paras.€2.1,€10.5,€11.1€and€11.2.€Ýƒ"éÖwTwÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€5€February€1977,€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô's€mother€was€taken€with€the€then€nine„month-oldÐ < ° Ðchild€to€the€Headquarters€of€the€Federal€Police€(Ô_ÔDepartamentoÔ_Ô€Central€de€la€Ô_ÔPolicaÔ_Ô€Federal)Ð ( œ Ðin€Buenos€Aires.€€Her€father€was€apprehended€in€the€city€of€Rosario€on€the€following€day.Ð  ˆ ÐThe€parents€subsequently€disappeared,€and€although€the€National€Commission€onÐ  t ÐDisappeared€Persons€investigated€their€case€after€December€1983,€their€whereabouts€wereÐ ì ` Ðnever€established.€€Investigations€initiated€by€the€author€herself€finally€led,€in€1984,€toÐ ØL  Ðlocating€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€who€was€then€residing€in€the€home€of€a€nurse,€S.S.,€who€claimedÐ Ä8  Ðto€have€been€taking€care€of€the€child€after€her€birth.€€Genetic€blood€testsÐ °$  Ð(òòÔ_ÔhistocompatibilidadÔ_Ôóó)€revealed€that€the€child€was,€with€a€probability€of€99.82€per€cent,€theÐ œ  Ðauthor's€granddaughter.Јü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à10.5€€While€the€Committee€appreciates€the€seriousness€with€which€the€Argentine€courtsÐ `Ô  ÐÔ_ÔendeavouredÔ_Ô€to€redress€the€wrongs€done€to€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€and€her€grandmother,€it€observes€thatÐ LÀ Ðthe€duration€of€the€various€judicial€proceedings€extended€for€over€10€years,€and€that€someÐ 8¬ Ðof€the€proceedings€have€not€yet€been€completed.€€The€Committee€notes€that€in€the€meantimeÐ $˜ ÐMs.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€who€was€7€years€of€age€when€found,€reached€the€age€of€maturity€(18€years)€inÐ „ Ð1994,€and€that€it€was€not€until€1993€that€her€legal€identity€as€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€was€officiallyÐ üp Ðrecognized.€€In€the€specific€circumstances€of€this€case,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÐ è\ Ðprotection€of€children€stipulated€in€article€24€of€the€Covenant€required€the€State€party€to€takeÐ ÔH Ðaffirmative€action€to€grant€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€prompt€and€effective€relief€from€her€predicament.€Ð À4 ÐIn€this€context,€the€Committee€recalls€its€General€Comment€on€article€24,€òò5óó/€in€which€itÐ ¬  Ðstressed€that€every€child€has€a€right€to€special€measures€of€protection€because€of€his/her€statusÐ ˜  Ðas€a€minor;€those€special€measures€are€additional€to€the€measures€that€States€are€required€toÐ „ø Ðtake€under€article€2€to€ensure€that€everyone€enjoys€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant.Ð pä ÐBearing€in€mind€the€suffering€already€endured€by€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€who€lost€both€of€her€parentsÐ \ Ð Ðunder€tragic€circumstances€imputable€to€the€State€party,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€specialÐ H!¼ Ðmeasures€required€under€article€24,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€were€not€expeditiouslyÐ 4"¨ Ðapplied€by€Argentina,€and€that€the€failure€to€recognize€the€standing€of€Mrs.€Ô_ÔMð;ðnacoÔ_Ô€in€theÐ  #” Ðguardianship€and€visitation€proceedings€and€the€delay€in€legally€establishing€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô'sÐ  $€  Ðreal€name€and€issuing€identity€papers€also€entailed€a€violation€of€article€24,€paragraph€2,€ofÐ ø$l! Ðthe€Covenant,€which€is€designed€to€promote€recognition€of€the€child's€legal€personality.Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à11.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€which€have€been€placedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbefore€it€reveal€a€violation€by€Argentina€of€article€24,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ш("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.2€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ €*ô#' Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€and€her€granddaughter€with€an€effective€remedy,Ð l+à$( Ðincluding€compensation€from€the€State€for€the€undue€delay€of€the€proceedings€and€resultingÐ Œ Ðsuffering€to€which€they€were€subjected.€€Furthermore,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ xì Ðto€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ< °(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  àòò5óó/€General€Comment€No.€17,€adopted€at€the€thirty-fifth€session€of€the€Committee,€in€1989.Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð t(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖëŒÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€(516/1992),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/50/40€vol.€II€(19€July€1995)€89Ð Ä8  Ðat€paras.€2.1,€11.3,€11.5,€11.6,€12.1€and€12.2.݃"éÖëŒ7݌а$ (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Јü (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Ô_ÔAlinaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô,€a€Polish€citizen€born€in€1960,€and€Ô_ÔJaroslavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSimunekÔ_Ô,€a€Czech€citizen,Ð tè  Ðcurrently€reside€in€Ontario,€Canada.€They€state€that€they€were€forced€to€leave€CzechoslovakiaÐ `Ô  Ðin€1987,€under€pressure€of€the€security€forces€of€the€communist€regime.€Under€the€legislationÐ LÀ Ðthen€applicable,€their€property€was€confiscated.€After€the€fall€of€the€Communist€governmentÐ 8¬ Ðon€17€November€1989,€the€Czech€authorities€published€statements€which€indicated€thatÐ $˜ Ðexpatriate€Czech€citizens€would€be€rehabilitated€in€as€far€as€any€criminal€conviction€wasÐ „ Ðconcerned,€and€their€property€Ô_ÔrestitutedÔ_Ô.€Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à11.3€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€right€to€property,€as€such,€is€not€protected€under€the€Covenant.€However,€aÐ ÔH Ðconfiscation€of€private€property€or€the€failure€by€a€State€party€to€pay€compensation€for€suchÐ À4 Ðconfiscation€could€still€entail€a€breach€of€the€Covenant€if€the€relevant€act€or€omission€wasÐ ¬  Ðbased€on€discriminatory€grounds€in€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð˜ (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à11.5€€In€the€instant€cases,€the€authors€have€been€affected€by€the€exclusionary€effect€of€theÐ pä Ðrequirement€in€Act€87/1991€that€claimants€be€Czech€citizens€and€residents€of€the€CzechÐ \ Ð ÐRepublic.€The€question€before€the€Committee,€therefore,€is€whether€these€preconditions€toÐ H!¼ Ðrestitution€or€compensation€are€compatible€with€the€non„discrimination€requirement€of€articleÐ 4"¨ Ð26€of€the€Covenant.€In€this€context€the€Committee€reiterates€its€jurisprudence€that€not€allÐ  #” Ðdifferentiation€in€treatment€can€be€deemed€to€be€discriminatory€under€article€26€of€theÐ  $€  ÐCovenant.€òò27óó/€€A€differentiation€which€is€compatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€andÐ ø$l! Ðis€based€on€reasonable€grounds€does€not€amount€to€prohibited€discrimination€within€theÐ ä%X" Ðmeaning€of€article€26.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.6€€In€examining€whether€the€conditions€for€restitution€or€compensation€are€compatibleÐ ¨("% Ðwith€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€must€consider€all€relevant€factors,€including€the€authors'Ð ”)#& Ðoriginal€entitlement€to€the€property€in€question€and€the€nature€of€the€confiscations.€The€StateÐ €*ô#' Ðparty€itself€acknowledges€that€the€confiscations€were€discriminatory,€and€this€is€the€reasonÐ l+à$( Ðwhy€specific€legislation€was€enacted€to€provide€for€a€form€of€restitution.€The€CommitteeÐ Œ Ðobserves€that€such€legislation€must€not€discriminate€among€the€victims€of€the€priorÐ xì Ðconfiscations,€since€all€victims€are€entitled€to€redress€without€arbitrary€distinctions.€BearingÐ dØ Ðin€mind€that€the€authors'€original€entitlement€to€their€respective€properties€was€not€predicatedÐ P Ä Ðeither€on€citizenship€or€residence,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€conditions€of€citizenship€andÐ < ° Ðresidence€in€Act€87/1991€are€unreasonable.€In€this€connection€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ ( œ ÐState€party€has€not€advanced€any€grounds€which€would€justify€these€restrictions.€Moreover,Ð  ˆ Ðit€has€been€submitted€that€the€authors€and€many€others€in€their€situation€left€CzechoslovakiaÐ  t Ðbecause€of€their€political€opinions€and€that€their€property€was€confiscated€either€because€ofÐ ì ` Ðtheir€political€opinions€or€because€of€their€emigration€from€the€country.€These€victims€ofÐ ØL  Ðpolitical€persecution€sought€residence€and€citizenship€in€other€countries.€Taking€into€accountÐ Ä8  Ðthat€the€State€party€itself€is€responsible€for€the€departure€of€the€authors,€it€would€beÐ °$  Ðincompatible€with€the€Covenant€to€require€them€permanently€to€return€to€the€country€as€aÐ œ  Ðprerequisite€for€the€restitution€of€their€property€or€for€the€payment€of€appropriateÐ ˆü  Ðcompensation.€Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à12.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€denial€of€restitution€orÐ LÀ Ðcompensation€to€the€authors€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€International€CovenantÐ 8¬ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.2€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ üp Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€which€may€be€compensationÐ è\ Ðif€the€properties€in€question€cannot€be€returned.€To€the€extent€that€partial€restitution€of€Mr.Ð ÔH ÐÔ_ÔProchazkaÔ_Ô's€property€appears€to€have€been€or€may€soon€be€effected€...€the€CommitteeÐ À4 Ðwelcomes€this€measure,€which€it€deems€to€constitute€partial€compliance€with€these€Views.Ð ¬  ÐThe€Committee€further€encourages€the€State€party€to€review€its€relevant€legislation€to€ensureÐ ˜  Ðthat€neither€the€law€itself€nor€its€application€is€discriminatory.€Ð„ø(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  àòò27óó/€òò€Ô_ÔZwaanÔ_Ô€de€Vries€v.€The€Netherlandsóó,€Communication€No.€182/1984,€Views€adopted€onÐ 4"¨ Ð9€April€1987,€para.€13.Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óÐ ä%X" ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖî¦ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝAdam€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€(586/1994),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/51/40€vol.€II€(23€July€1996)€165€at€paras.Ð Ì&@ # Ð2.1,€12.2,€12.4„12.6,€13.1€and€13.2.݃"éÖî¦:§ÝŒÐ¸',!$(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ˜¨ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBlazekÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€(857/1999),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€11€(12€July€2001)€168Ð ¤("% Ðat€paras.€2.1,€5.4,€5.6,€5.8€and€7.݃"éÖ˜¨ç¨ÝŒÐ)#&(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔ_ÔÐ h+Ü$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖŠªÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔSohnÔ_Ô€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(518/1992),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/50/40€vol.€II€(19€July€1995)€98Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/54/D/518/1992)€at€paras.€11€and€12.݃"éÖŠªÖªÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...finds€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€ofÐ < ° Ðarticle€19,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔSohnÔ_Ô€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),Ð  t Ðof€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation,€for€having€beenÐ ì ` Ðconvicted€for€exercising€his€right€to€freedom€of€expression...ÐØL (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÑ®ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCelisÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLaureanoÔ_Ô€v.€Peruóó€(540/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/51/40€vol.€II€(25€March€1996)€108Ð œ  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/56/D/540/1993)€at€paras.€9€and€10.݃"éÖÑ® ¯ÝŒÐˆü (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€the€Committee€revealÐ LÀ Ðviolations€of€articles€6,€paragraph€1;€7;€and€9,€paragraph€1,€all€òòÔ_ÔjunctoÔ_Ôóó€article€2,€paragraph€1;Ð 8¬ Ðand€of€article€24,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ üp Ðprovide€the€victim€and€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€The€Committee€urges€the€StateÐ è\ Ðparty€to€open€a€proper€investigation€into€the€disappearance€of€Ana€Rosario€Ô_ÔCelisÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLaureanoÔ_ÔÐ ÔH Ðand€her€fate,€to€provide€for€appropriate€compensation€to€the€victim€and€her€family,€and€toÐ À4 Ðbring€to€justice€those€responsible€for€her€disappearance,€notwithstanding€any€domesticÐ ¬  Ðamnesty€legislation€to€the€contrary.И (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ&µÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô€v.€Togoóó€(422„424/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/51/40€vol.€II€(12€July€1996)€17Ð \ Ð Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/422/1990/423/1990/424/1990)€at€para.€7.3.݃"éÖ&µuµÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à7.3€€The€authors€contend€that€they€have€not€been€compensated€for€the€time€they€wereÐ  $€  Ðarbitrarily€arrested,€contrary€to€article€9,€paragraph€5.€€The€procedures€they€initiated€beforeÐ ø$l! Ðthe€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€have€not,€on€the€basis€of€the€informationÐ ä%X" Ðavailable€to€the€Committee,€resulted€in€any€judgment€or€decision,€be€it€Ô_ÔfavourableÔ_Ô€orÐ Ð&D # ÐÔ_ÔunfavourableÔ_Ô€to€the€authors.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€sees€no€reason€to€go€backÐ ¼'0!$ Ðon€its€admissibility€decision,€in€which€it€had€held€that€recourse€to€the€AdministrativeÐ ¨("% ÐChamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€did€not€constitute€an€available€and€effective€remedy.€€As€toÐ ”)#& Ðwhether€it€is€precluded€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ôóó€from€considering€the€authors'€claim€under€article€9,Ð €*ô#' Ðparagraph€1,€the€Committee€wishes€to€note€that€its€jurisprudence€has€been€not€to€entertainÐ l+à$( Ðclaims€under€the€Optional€Protocol€based€on€events€which€occurred€after€entry€into€force€ofÐ Œ Ðthe€Covenant€but€before€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€State€party.€€SomeÐ xì Ðof€the€members€feel€that€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€on€this€issue€may€beÐ dØ Ðquestionable€and€may€have€to€be€reconsidered€in€an€appropriate€(future)€case.€€In€the€instantÐ P Ä Ðcase,€however,€the€Committee€does€not€find€any€elements€which€would€allow€it€to€make€aÐ < ° Ðfinding€under€the€Optional€Protocol€on€the€lawfulness€of€the€authors'€arrest,€since€the€arrestsÐ ( œ Ðof€the€authors€took€place€in€September€and€December€1985,€respectively,€and€they€wereÐ  ˆ Ðreleased€in€April€and€July€1986,€respectively,€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€OptionalÐ  t ÐProtocol€for€Togo€on€30€June€1988.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€is€precluded€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_ÔòòóóÐ ì ` ÐòòóóÔ_ÔtemporisÔ_Ôóó€from€examining€the€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€5.ÐØL (#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô€v.€Togoóó€(422„424/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/51/40€vol.Ð °$  ÐII€(12€July€1996)€17€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/422/1990/423/1990/424/1990)€at€Individual€Opinion€by€FaustoÐ œ  ÐÔ_ÔPocarÔ_Ô,€23.Ð ˆü  ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÎÁÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝA.€v.€Australia€óó(560/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/52/40€vol.€II€(3€April€1997)€125Ð LÀ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/59/D/560/1993)€at€paras.€9.5€and€11.݃"éÖÎÁÂÝŒÐ8¬(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  à9.5€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€author€could,€in€principle,€have€applied€to€the€court€forÐ üp Ðreview€of€the€grounds€of€his€detention€before€the€enactment€of€the€Migration€AmendmentÐ è\ ÐAct€of€5€May€1992;€after€that€date,€the€domestic€courts€retained€that€power€with€a€view€toÐ ÔH Ðordering€the€release€of€a€person€if€they€found€the€detention€to€be€unlawful€under€AustralianÐ À4 Ðlaw.€€In€effect,€however,€the€courts'€control€and€power€to€order€the€release€of€an€individualÐ ¬  Ðwas€limited€to€an€assessment€of€whether€this€individual€was€a€"designated€person"€within€theÐ ˜  Ðmeaning€of€the€Migration€Amendment€Act.€€If€the€criteria€for€such€determination€were€met,Ð „ø Ðthe€courts€had€no€power€to€review€the€continued€detention€of€an€individual€and€to€orderÐ pä Ðhis/her€release.€€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€court€review€of€the€lawfulness€of€detentionÐ \ Ð Ðunder€article€9,€parÔ_ÔagraphÔ_Ô€4,€which€must€include€the€possibility€of€ordering€release,€is€notÐ H!¼ Ðlimited€to€mere€compliance€of€the€detention€with€domestic€law.€€While€domestic€legalÐ 4"¨ Ðsystems€may€institute€differing€methods€for€ensuring€court€review€of€administrativeÐ  #” Ðdetention,€what€is€decisive€for€the€purposes€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€is€that€such€review€is,Ð  $€  Ðin€its€effects,€real€and€not€merely€formal.€€By€stipulating€that€the€court€must€have€the€powerÐ ø$l! Ðto€order€release€"if€the€detention€is€not€lawful',€article€9,€paragraph€4,€requires€that€the€courtÐ ä%X" Ðbe€empowered€to€order€release,€if€the€detention€is€incompatible€with€the€requirements€inÐ Ð&D # Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€1,€or€in€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€€This€conclusion€is€supportedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðby€article€9,€paragraph€5,€which€obviously€governs€the€granting€of€compensation€forÐ ¨("% Ðdetention€that€is€"unlawful"€either€under€the€terms€of€domestic€law€or€within€the€meaning€ofÐ ”)#& Ðthe€Covenant.€€As€the€State€party's€submissions€in€the€instant€case€show€that€court€reviewÐ €*ô#' Ðavailable€to€A€was,€in€fact,€limited€to€a€formal€assessment€of€the€self-evident€fact€that€he€wasÐ l+à$( Ðindeed€a€"designated€person"€within€the€meaning€of€the€Migration€Amendment€Act,€theÐ Œ ÐCommittee€concludes€that€the€author's€right,€under€article€9,€paragraph€4,€to€have€hisÐ xì Ðdetention€reviewed€by€a€court,€was€violated.€€ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€an€effectiveÐ < ° Ðremedy.€€In€the€Committeeððs€opinion,€this€should€include€adequate€compensation€for€theÐ ( œ Ðlength€of€the€detention€to€which€A€was€subjected.Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ—ÏÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRichards€v.€Jamaica€óó(639/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/52/40€vol.€II€(28€July€1997)€183Ð ØL  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/60/D/639/1995)€at€paras.€9€and€10.݃"éÖ—ÏæÏÝŒÐÄ8 (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ˆü  Ðof€articles€10,€paragraph€1,€in€respect€of€Mr.€Walker€and€14,€paragraphs€3€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô,€of€theÐ tè  ÐCovenant€in€respect€of€both€authors.€Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ 8¬ Ðan€obligation€to€provide€Messrs.€Walker€and€Richards€with€an€effective€remedy,€entailingÐ $˜ Ðcompensation€for€the€delay€in€issuing€a€written€judgment€and€providing€the€trial€transcriptsÐ „ Ðand€in€Mr.€Walker's€case€for€the€ill„treatment€suffered.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ üp Ðto€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÕÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMcTaggartÔ_Ô€v.€Jamaicaóó€(749/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/53/40€vol.€II€(31€March€1998)€221Ð ¬  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/62/D/749/1997)€at€paras.€9,€10€and€€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,Ð ˜  Ð230.€Ýƒ"éÖÕUÕ݌Єø(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  àš9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ H!¼ Ðof€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ  $€  Ðeffective€remedy€including€compensation.€€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€takeÐ ø$l! Ðeffective€measures€to€carry€out€an€official€investigation€into€the€authorððs€allegations€ofÐ ä%X" Ðbeatings€by€wardens€and€where€appropriate,€identify€the€perpetrators€and€punish€themÐ Ð&D # Ðaccordingly,€and€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_ÔóóД)#&(#(# Кà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  àòòThe€question€of€an€effective€remedyóóÐl+à$((#(# Їà0  àThe€practice€of€the€Committee€in€relation€to€the€remedy€has€undergone€a€process€of€evolutionÐ Œ Ðduring€the€twenty€years€of€the€Committee's€work€under€the€Optional€Protocol.€€It€is€a€legalÐ xì Ðobligation€of€a€State€party€under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant€to€ensure€that€anyÐ dØ Ðperson€whose€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant€have€been€violated€"shall€have€an€effectiveÐ P Ä Ðremedy".€€In€addition€to€this€general€provision,€article€9,€paragraph€5,€establishes€a€right€toÐ < ° Ðcompensation€for€unlawful€arrest€or€detention€either€under€the€Covenant€or€domestic€law.Ð ( œ ÐBoth€of€these€obligations€stem€directly€from€the€Covenant€and€not€from€the€Committee'sÐ  ˆ Ðmandate€to€issue,€when€performing€its€functions€under€the€Optional€Protocol,€interpretationsÐ  t Ðor€recommendations€on€what€measures€would€in€each€case€constitute€an€effective€remedy.Ð ì ` ÐIn€its€very€first€views€the€Committee€did€not€specify€the€nature€of€the€remedy€even€thoughÐ ØL  Ðthe€case€clearly€fell€under€article€9,€paragraph€5€(see€the€views€in€òòÔ_ÔMorianaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHernndezÔ_ÔÐ Ä8  ÐÔ_ÔValentiniÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔBazzanoÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Uruguayóó,€Communication€No.€5/1977).€€However,€already€inÐ °$  Ðits€second€case€the€Committee€specified€that€compensation€was€the€appropriate€form€ofÐ œ  Ðremedy€in€a€case€where€a€violation€of€article€9€was€established€(see,€òòÔ_ÔEdgardoÔ_Ô€Dante€Ô_ÔSantulloÔ_ÔÐ ˆü  ÐÔ_ÔValcadaÔ_Ô€v.€Uruguayóó,€Communication€No.€9/1977).€€In€later€years€the€Committee€hasÐ tè  Ðrecommended€compensation€as€the€remedy€or€as€a€part€of€the€remedy€in€many€cases€in€whichÐ `Ô  Ða€violation€of€only€other€articles€than€article€9€have€been€found.€€The€first€suchÐ LÀ Ðrecommendations€of€compensation€were€issued€in€the€Committee's€views€adopted€in€its€15thÐ 8¬ Ðsession€(1982)€in€the€cases€of€òòPedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô€v.€Colombiaóó€(Communication€No.Ð $˜ Ð45/1979)€and€òòÔ_ÔMirtaÔ_Ô€Cubas€Ô_ÔSimonesÔ_Ô€v.€Uruguay€óó(Communication€No.€70/1980),€after€findingÐ „ Ða€violation€of€article€6,€and€articles€10€and€14,€respectively.Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  àIt€is€to€be€expected€that€the€evolution€towards€more€specific€pronouncements€on€the€remedyÐ ÔH Ðwill€continue.€€It€should,€for€instance,€be€welcomed€by€the€Committee€that€authors€or€counselÐ À4 Ðspecify,€when€sending€submissions€to€the€Committee,€the€amount€of€compensation€theyÐ ¬  Ðconsider€appropriate€for€the€violation€suffered,€and€that€State€parties€present€theirÐ ˜  Ðobservations€on€such€claims€when€answering€to€communications.€€This€would€enable€theÐ „ø ÐCommittee€to€take€the€next€logical€step€in€addressing€the€issue€of€remedies,€namely,€toÐ pä Ðspecify€the€amount€and€currency€of€compensation€in€those€cases€where€compensation€is€seenÐ \ Ð Ðby€the€Committee€to€be€an€appropriate€remedy.€€This€would€strengthen€both€the€nature€of€theÐ H!¼ ÐOptional€Protocol€procedure€as€an€international€recourse€to€justice€and€the€Committee's€roleÐ 4"¨ Ðas€the€internationally€authoritative€interpreter€of€the€Covenant.€€€Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  àIn€the€light€of€what€has€been€said€above€the€pronouncement€in€paragraph€10€of€theÐ ø$l! ÐCommittee's€views€in€the€present€case€is€not€as€clear€as€I€would€have€hoped.€€In€accordanceÐ ä%X" Ðwith€article€2,€paragraph€3,€the€Committee€states€that€the€remedy€to€be€provided€to€the€authorÐ Ð&D # Ðmust€be€an€effective€one.€€After€that€reaffirmation€of€the€legal€obligation€the€State€party€hasÐ ¼'0!$ Ðdirectly€under€the€Covenant€the€Committee,€however,€indicates€that€in€the€present€case€anÐ ¨("% Ð"effective€remedy"€would€entail€compensation.€€On€the€basis€of€the€violations€determined€byÐ ”)#& Ðthe€Committee,€it€should€in€my€opinion€have€been€made€clear€that€an€effective€remedy€mustÐ €*ô#' Ðinclude€both€commutation€and€compensation.€€As€I€have€found€a€violation€of€articles€9€andÐ l+à$( Ð14€in€addition€to€those€determined€by€the€Committee,€I€would€have€seen€it€appropriate€toÐ Œ Ðstate€that€the€author€is€entitled,€as€an€immediate€and€irreversible€measure,€to€the€commutationÐ xì Ðof€his€death€sentence,€and€thereafter€to€either€a€new€trial€or€release.€€In€any€case€it€should€beÐ dØ Ðmade€more€clear€that€an€"effective€remedy"€in€a€case€involving€the€death€penalty€and€inÐ P Ä Ðwhich€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€is€found€must€include,€first€and€foremost,€absoluteÐ < ° Ðprotection€of€the€victim€against€execution.€€To€a€person€on€death€row€it€is€a€precondition€forÐ ( œ Ðany€other€remedy€being€"effective"€that€he€or€she€can€preserve€his€or€her€life.€Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ì ` ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖêðÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòThomas€v.€Jamaicaóó€(321/1988),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(19€October€1993)€1Ð ÔH  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/49/D/321/1988)€at€para.€11.݃"éÖêð6ñÝŒÐÀ4 (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ¤òÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝHowell€v.€Jamaica€óó(798/1998),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(21€October€2003)€21€Ð ¬  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/79/D/798/1998)€at€paras.€6.2€and€8.€Ýƒ"éÖ¤òóò݌И (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖkôÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòPark€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(628/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(20€October€1998)€85Ð \Ð  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/64/D/628/1995)€at€paras.€10.3€and€12.݃"éÖkô·ôÝŒÐH¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð ”(#(# Ðà0  à10.3€€The€Committee€has€carefully€studied€the€judicial€decisions€by€which€the€author€wasÐ  € Ðconvicted€and€finds€that€neither€those€decisions€nor€the€submissions€by€the€State€party€showÐ øl Ðthat€the€author's€conviction€was€necessary€for€the€protection€of€one€of€the€legitimate€purposesÐ äX Ðset€forth€by€article€19€(3).€€The€author's€conviction€for€acts€of€expression€must€therefore€beÐ ÐD Ðregarded€as€a€violation€of€the€author's€right€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant.м0(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш(#(# Ðà0  à12.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€the€obligationÐ ” Ðto€provide€Mr.€Ô_ÔTaeÔ_Ô-Ô_ÔHoonÔ_Ô€Park€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensationÐ €ô Ðfor€having€been€convicted€for€exercising€his€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€The€State€partyÐ là Ðis€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÐX Ì(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖéúÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝForbes€v.€Jamaica€óó(649/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol€II€(20€October€1998)€127€at€paras.€7.2,Ð # Ð7.5€and€9.݃"éÖéú8ûÝŒÐ$| (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðà%T"(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€...[Ô_ÔT]oÔ_Ô€detain€the€author€for€a€period€of€14€days€before€bringing€him€before€a€competentÐ Ì&@ # Ðjudicial€authority€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.и',!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ф("%(#(# Ðà0  à7.5€€The€author€has€alleged...that€he€throughout€his€detention€there€has€spent€twenty„threeÐ )#& Ðhours€and€forty„five€minutes€each€day€in€solitary€confinement,€with€nothing€to€keep€himÐ |*ð#' Ðoccupied,€and€in€enforced€darkness.€€The€State€party€has€made€no€attempt€to€refute€theseÐ h+Ü$( Ðspecific€allegations.€€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€takes€the€allegations€as€proven.€Ð Œ ÐIt€finds€that€holding€a€prisoner€in€such€conditions€of€detention€constitutes€a€violation€ofÐ xì Ðarticle€10,€paragraph€1.ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Forbes€with€an€effective€remedyÐ < ° Ðincluding€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similarÐ ( œ Ðviolations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÚÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMalik€v.€Czech€Republic€óó(669/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(21€October€1998)€291€at€para.Ð ØL  Ð6.5.݃"éÖÚ)ÝŒÐÄ8 (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à6.5€€The€Committee€has€consistently€held€that€not€every€distinction€or€differentiation€inÐ ˆü  Ðtreatment€amounts€to€discrimination€within€the€meaning€of€articles€2€and€26.€€The€CommitteeÐ tè  Ðconsiders€that€in€the€present€case,€legislation€adopted€after€the€fall€of€the€Communist€regimeÐ `Ô  Ðin€Czechoslovakia€to€compensate€victims€of€that€regime€does€not€appear€to€be€òòprima€facieóóÐ LÀ Ðdiscriminatory€within€the€meaning€of€article€26€merely€because,€as€the€author€contends,€itÐ 8¬ Ðdoes€not€compensate€the€victims€of€injustices€committed€in€the€period€before€the€communistÐ $˜ Ðregime.€òò1óó/€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€author€has€failed€to€substantiate,€for€purposesÐ „ Ðof€admissibility,€his€claim€that€he€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€articles€14€and€26€in€this€regard.€Ð üp ÐThis€part€of€the€communication€is€thus€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à___________________ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€See€the€Committee's€decision€declaring€inadmissible€communication€No.643/1995Ð ˜  Ð(òòÔ_ÔDrobekÔ_Ô€v.€Slovakiaóó),€adopted€on€14€July€1997.Єø(#(# Ðà0  à___________________Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  àÐ (#(# ÐòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Malik€v.€Czech€Republic€óó(669/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.Ð H!¼ ÐII€(21€October€1998)€291€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€297.Ð 4"¨ ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ  $€  ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖí ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSchlosserÔ_Ô€v.€Czech€Republic€óó(670/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(21€October€1998)€298€atÐ ô$h! Ðpara.€6.5.݃"éÖí < ÝŒÐà%T"(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖŸ ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBrown€v.€Jamaicaóó€(775/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(23€March€1999)€260Ð ¤("% Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/65/D/775/1997)€at€paras.€7€and€8.݃"éÖŸ ë ÝŒÐ)#&(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðh+Ü$((#(# Ðà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ Œ Ðof€articles€7,€9,€paragraph€3,€10,€paragraph€1,€14,€paragraph€3€(c)€and€(d),€and€consequentlyÐ xì Ð6,€of€the€Covenant.€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€the€obligationÐ < ° Ðto€provide€Mr.€Christopher€Brown€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€either€a€retrial€inÐ ( œ Ðcompliance€with€all€guarantees€under€article€14€or€release,€as€well€as€immediate€commutationÐ  ˆ Ðand€compensation.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similarÐ  t Ðviolations€in€the€future.€Ðì `(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ¸ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMukunto€v.€Zambia€óó(768/1997),€ICCPR,€A/54/40€vol.€II€(23€July€1999)€257€at€paras.€2.2,€6.4,Ð °$  Ð7€and€8.݃"éָ݌М (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€In€1982,€the€author€filed€a€petition€for€compensation€for€unlawful€detention,€ill„treatmentÐ `Ô  Ðand€inhuman€treatment.€òò126óó/€€The€judge€who€was€dealing€with€the€case,€died€in€1986.€€TheÐ LÀ Ðcase€was€then€transferred€to€another€judge,€who€also€died,€in€1990,€before€deliveringÐ 8¬ Ðjudgment.€€A€hearing€was€scheduled€to€be€heard€on€31€July€1991€before€a€new€judge.€€TheÐ $˜ Ðauthor€states€that€at€the€hearing,€he€was€informed€by€the€judge€that€he€was€not€ready€toÐ „ Ðproceed€and€that€he€would€be€informed€about€a€date€for€a€hearing.€€According€to€the€author,Ð üp Ðhe€has€never€heard€anything€since.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à6.4€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€has€been€denied€access€to€court€to€claimÐ À4 Ðcompensation€for€the€illegal€detention€he€suffered€in€1979,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ ¬  Ðauthor€filed€a€complaint€for€compensation€before€the€Supreme€Court€in€1982€and€1985.€€TheÐ ˜  Ðauthor's€claim€relates€to€his€rights€and€obligations€in€a€suit€at€law€and€therefore€falls€withinÐ „ø Ðthe€ambit€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€€It€is€now€1999€and€the€author's€caseÐ pä Ðstill€has€not€been€adjudicated€on.€€Neither€the€author's€claim€nor€the€facts€of€the€case€haveÐ \ Ð Ðbeen€refuted€by€the€State€party,€which€instead€has€put€forward€reasons€for€the€non€paymentÐ H!¼ Ðof€compensation€for€the€detention€the€author€suffered€in€1987€including€alleged€economicÐ 4"¨ Ðdifficulties€to€provide€adequate€conditions€to€all€detained€persons.€€It€is€the€Committee'sÐ  #” Ðreiterated€jurisprudence€that€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€Covenant€constitute€minimumÐ  $€  Ðstandards€which€all€States€parties€have€agreed€to€observe.€òò127óó/€€In€this€respect,€theÐ ø$l! ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€author's€rights€under€article€14€of€the€Covenant€have€not€beenÐ ä%X" Ðrespected.ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ¨("% Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Mukunto€with€an€effectiveÐ l+à$( Ðremedy,€entailing€compensation€for€the€undue€delay€in€deciding€his€compensation€claim€forÐ Œ Ðthe€illegal€detention€he€suffered€in€1979.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€thatÐ xì Ðsimilar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à__________________ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ< °(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  àòò126óó/€€€From€the€documents€in€the€file€it€appears€that€the€author€made€a€submission,€forÐ  ˆ Ðcompensation,€to€the€High€Court€on€18€November€1985.Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò127óó/€€€Communication€No.€390/1990€(òòLubuto€v.€Zambiaóó),€Views€adopted€on€31€OctoberÐ ØL  Ð1995.ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à__________________а$ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ!"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ¢ ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòSpakmo€v.€Norwayóó€(631/1995),€ICCPR,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(5€November€1999)€22€at€paras.€6.3,Ð tè  Ð7€and€8.݃"éÖ¢ î ÝŒÐ`Ô (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à6.3€€€...In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author's€detention€for€eight€hoursÐ $˜ Ðwas€unreasonable€and€constituted€a€violation...Є(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ è\ Ðof€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€the€obligationÐ ¬  Ðto€provide€Mr.€Spakmo€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.€€The€State€partyÐ ˜  Ðis€under€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.Єø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ""ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖb%ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòOsbourne€v.€Jamaica€óó(759/1997),€ICCPR,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(15€March€2000)€133€at€paras.€9.1Ð H!¼ Ðand€11.݃"éÖb%®%ÝŒÐ4"¨(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à9.1€€€...Irrespective€of€the€nature€of€the€crime€that€is€to€be€punished,€however€brutal€it€mayÐ ø$l! Ðbe,€it€is€the€firm€opinion€of€the€Committee€that€corporal€punishment€constitutes€cruel,Ð ä%X" Ðinhuman€and€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€contrary€to€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÐ Ð&D # ÐCommittee€finds€that€by€imposing€a€sentence€of€whipping€with€the€tamarind€switch,€the€StateÐ ¼'0!$ Ðparty€has€violated€the€authorððs€rights€under€article7.Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à...Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Osbourne€with€an€effectiveÐ €*ô#' Ðremedy,€and€should€compensate€him€for€the€violation.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€anÐ l+à$( Ðobligation€to€refrain€from€carrying€out€the€sentence€of€whipping€upon€Mr.€Ô_ÔOsbourneÔ_Ô.€€TheÐ Œ ÐState€party€should€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future€by€repealing€theÐ xì Ðlegislative€provisions€that€allow€for€corporal€punishment.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ#"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ+ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLaptsevichÔ_Ô€v.€Belarus€óó(780/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(20€March€2000)€178€at€paras.€2,Ð ( œ Ð8.5€and€10.݃"éÖ+Þ+݌Рˆ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à2.€€On€23€March€1997,€in€the€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€of€the€city€of€Mogilev€in€Belarus,€the€author€distributedÐ ØL  Ðleaflets€devoted€to€the€anniversary€of€the€proclamation€of€independence€of€the€PeopleððsÐ Ä8  ÐRepublic€of€Belarus.€€While€distributing€the€leaflets,€the€author€was€approached€by€officersÐ °$  Ðof€the€Mogilev€Central€District€Internal€Affairs€Department€who€confiscated€the€37€copiesÐ œ  Ðof€the€leaflet€still€in€the€authorððs€possession€and€subsequently€charged€the€author€under€articleÐ ˆü  Ð172(3)€of€the€Code€of€Administrative€Offences€for€disseminating€leaflets€not€bearing€theÐ tè  Ðrequired€publication€data.€€In€accordance€with€the€charge,€the€author€was€fined€390€000Ð `Ô  Ðroubles€by€the€Administrative€Commission.€€The€author€appealed€the€decision€to€the€CentralÐ LÀ ÐDistrict€Court,€which€on€13€June€1997€rejected€his€appeal.€€Further€appeals€to€the€RegionalÐ 8¬ ÐCourt€and€the€Supreme€Court€were€dismissed€respectively€on€18€June€1997€and€22€July€1997.€Ð $˜ ÐWith€this,€it€is€submitted,€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.Є(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à8.5€€...In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€justifying€the€registration€requirements€and€theÐ è\ Ðmeasures€taken,€it€is€the€view€of€the€Committee€that€these€cannot€be€deemed€necessary€forÐ ÔH Ðthe€protection€of€public€order€(òòordre€publicóó)€or€for€respect€of€the€rights€or€reputations€ofÐ À4 Ðothers.€€The€Committee€therefore€finds€that€article19,€paragraph€2,€has€been€violated€in€theÐ ¬  Ðpresent€case.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Ô_ÔLaptsevichÔ_Ô€with€an€effectiveÐ pä Ðremedy,€including€compensation€amounting€to€a€sum€not€less€than€the€present€value€of€theÐ \ Ð Ðfine€and€any€legal€costs€paid€by€the€author.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€takeÐ H!¼ Ðmeasures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.€€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ$"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖž6ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRobinson€v.€Jamaica€óó(731/1996),€ICCPR,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(29€March€2000)€116€at€paras.Ð ø$l! Ð10.1,€11€and€12.݃"éÖž6í6ÝŒÐä%X"(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à10.1€€The€author€has€claimed€a€violation€of€articles7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€on€the€ground€ofÐ ¨("% Ðthe€conditions€of€detention€to€which€he€was€subjected€while€detained€at€St.€CatherineððsÐ ”)#& ÐDistrict€Prison...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ Œ Ðof€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð xì ÐÐ (#(# Ðà0  à12.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.Robinson€with€an€effectiveÐ P Ä Ðremedy,€including€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€thatÐ < ° Ðsimilar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ%"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÊ;ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝGridin€v.€Russian€Federation€óó(770/1997),€ICCPR,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(20€July€2000)€172€atÐ ì ` Ðparas.€9€and€10.݃"éÖÊ;<ÝŒÐØL (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ œ  Ðof€article€14,€paragraphs€[1],€2€and€3(b),€of€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Gridin€with€an€effectiveÐ `Ô  Ðremedy,€entailing€compensation€and€his€immediate€release.€€The€State€party€is€under€anÐ LÀ Ðobligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ&"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ“?ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝArredondo€v.€Peru€óó(688/1996),€ICCPR,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(27€July€2000)€51€at€paras.€11€andÐ üp Ð12.݃"éÖ“?â?ÝŒÐè\(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ ¬  Ðconstitute€violations€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€as€regards€Ms.€ArredondoððsÐ ˜  Ðconditions€of€detention;€of€article€9€as€regards€the€manner€of€her€arrest;€of€article€14,Ð „ø Ðparagraph€1,€as€regards€her€trial€by€a€court€made€up€of€ð ðfaceless€judgesðð;€of€article€14,Ð pä Ðparagraph€3€(c),€with€respect€to€the€delay€in€the€completion€of€the€proceedings€initiated€inÐ \ Ð Ð1985.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€...[T]he€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Ms.€Ô_ÔArredondoÔ_Ô€with€an€effectiveÐ  #” Ðremedy.€€The€Committee€considers€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔArredondoÔ_Ô€should€be€released€and€adequatelyÐ  $€  Ðcompensated.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€notÐ ø$l! Ðoccur€in€the€future.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ'"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ^EÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝChongwe€v.€Zambiaóó€(821/1998),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(25€October€2000)€137€at€paras.€5.3,Ð ¨("% Ð6€and€7.݃"éÖ^E­E݌Д)#&(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à5.3€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€article€9(1)€of€the€Covenant€protects€theÐ Œ Ðright€to€security€of€person€also€outside€the€context€of€formal€deprivation€of€liberty.€òò1óó/€€TheÐ xì Ðinterpretation€of€article€9€does€not€allow€a€State€party€to€ignore€threats€to€the€personalÐ dØ Ðsecurity€of€non-detained€persons€subject€to€its€jurisdiction.€In€the€present€case,€it€appears€thatÐ P Ä Ðpersons€acting€in€an€official€capacity€within€the€Zambian€police€forces€shot€at€the€author,Ð < ° Ðwounded€him,€and€barely€missed€killing€him.€The€State€party€has€refused€to€carry€outÐ ( œ Ðindependent€investigations,€and€the€investigations€initiated€by€the€Zambian€police€have€stillÐ  ˆ Ðnot€been€concluded€and€made€public,€more€than€three€years€after€the€incident.€No€criminalÐ  t Ðproceedings€have€been€initiated€and€the€author's€claim€for€compensation€appears€to€have€beenÐ ì ` Ðrejected.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author's€right€to€security€ofÐ ØL  Ðperson,€under€article€9,€paragraph€1€of€the€Covenant,€has€been€violated.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ œ  Ðof€articles€6,€paragraph€1,€and€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€the€obligationÐ `Ô  Ðto€provide€Mr.€Chongwe€with€an€effective€remedy€and€to€take€adequate€measures€to€protectÐ LÀ Ðhis€personal€security€and€life€from€threats€of€any€kind.€The€Committee€urges€the€State€partyÐ 8¬ Ðto€carry€out€independent€investigations€of€the€shooting€€incident,€and€to€expedite€criminalÐ $˜ Ðproceedings€against€the€persons€responsible€for€the€shooting.€If€the€outcome€of€the€criminalÐ „ Ðproceedings€reveals€that€persons€acting€in€an€official€capacity€were€responsible€for€theÐ üp Ðshooting€and€hurting€of€the€author,€the€remedy€should€include€damages€to€Mr€Chongwe.€TheÐ è\ ÐState€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЬ (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€See€the€Committee's€Views€in€case€No€195/1985,€Delgado€Paez,€paragraph€5.5,€adoptedÐ „ø Ðon€12€July€1990,€document€CCPR/C/39/D/195/1985,€and€in€case€No€711/1996€Carlos€Dias,Ð pä Ðparagraph€8.3,€adopted€on€20€March€2000,€document€Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/68/D/711/1996.€Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌÌÌÓ€ +"$%&'()*(Hìpp(+"$%&'()*ÓÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖõRÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòRojas€Garca€v.€Colombiaóó€(687/1996),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(3€April€2001)€48€at€paras.Ð ø$l! Ð2.1,€10.3,€10.5,€11€and€12.݃"éÖõRASÝŒÐä%X"(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€5€January€1993,€at€2€a.m.,€a€group€of€armed€men€wearing€civilian€clothes,€from€theÐ ¨("% ÐPublic€Prosecutor's€Office€(Cuerpo€Tcnico€de€Investigacið;ðn€de€la€Fiscala),€forcibly€enteredÐ ”)#& Ðthe€author's€house€through€the€roof.€The€group€carried€out€a€room-by-room€search€of€theÐ €*ô#' Ðpremises,€terrifying€and€verbally€abusing€the€members€of€the€author's€family,€including€smallÐ l+à$( Ðchildren.€In€the€course€of€the€search,€one€of€the€officials€fired€a€gunshot.€Two€more€personsÐ Œ Ðthen€entered€the€house€through€the€front€door;€one€typed€up€a€statement€and€forced€the€onlyÐ xì Ðadult€male€(Alvaro€Rojas)€in€the€family€to€sign€it;€he€did€not€allow€him€to€read€it,€or€to€keepÐ dØ Ða€copy.€When€Alvaro€Rojas€asked€whether€it€was€necessary€to€act€with€such€brutality,€he€wasÐ P Ä Ðtold€to€talk€to€the€Public€Prosecutor,€Carlos€Fernando€Mendoza.€It€was€at€this€juncture€thatÐ < ° Ðthe€family€was€informed€that€the€house€was€being€searched€as€part€of€an€investigation€intoÐ ( œ Ðthe€murder€of€the€mayor€of€Bochalema,€Ciro€Alonso€Colmenares.€Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à10.3€€€...The€Committee€does€not€enter€into€the€question€of€the€legality€of€the€raid;€however,Ð ì ` Ðit€considers€that,€under€article€17€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€necessary€for€any€interference€in€theÐ ØL  Ðhome€not€only€to€be€lawful,€but€also€not€to€be€arbitrary.€The€Committee€considers,€inÐ Ä8  Ðaccordance€with€its€General€Comment€No.€16€(HRI/GEN/1/Rev.4€of€7€February€2000)€thatÐ °$  Ðthe€concept€of€arbitrariness€in€article€17€is€intended€to€guarantee€that€even€interferenceÐ œ  Ðprovided€for€by€law€should€be€in€accordance€with€the€provisions,€aims€and€objectives€of€theÐ ˆü  ÐCovenant€and€should€be,€in€any€event,€reasonable€in€the€particular€circumstances.€It€furtherÐ tè  Ðconsiders€that€the€State€party's€arguments€fail€to€justify€the€conduct€described.€Consequently,Ð `Ô  Ðthe€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€17,€paragraph€1,€insofarÐ LÀ Ðas€there€was€arbitrary€interference€in€the€home€of€the€Rojas€Garca€family.€Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à10.5€€With€regard€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€notesÐ „ Ðthat€the€treatment€received€by€€the€Rojas€Garca€family€at€the€hands€of€the€police,€asÐ üp Ðdescribed€in€paragraph€2.1€above,€has€not€been€refuted€by€the€State€party.€The€CommitteeÐ è\ Ðtherefore€decides€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant€in€this€case.€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ¬  Ðby€the€State€party€of€article€7€and€article€17,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ˜  ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights€in€respect€of€the€Rojas€Garca€family.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ \ Ð Ðan€obligation€to€provide€Rafael€A.€Rojas€Garca€and€his€family€with€an€effective€remedy,Ð H!¼ Ðwhich€must€include€reparation.€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€steps€toÐ 4"¨ Ðprevent€similar€violations€occurring€in€the€future.€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ cÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝBlazek€et€al.€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€(857/1999),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€11€(12€July€2001)€168Ð ä%X" Ðat€paras.€2.1,€2.5,€3.3€and€5.9.݃"éÖ c\cÝŒÐÐ&D #(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€are€naturalized€United€States€citizens,€who€were€born€in€Czechoslovakia€andÐ ”)#& Ðlost€Czechoslovak€citizenship€by€virtue€of€the€1928€Naturalization€Treaty€between€the€UnitedÐ €*ô#' ÐStates€and€Czechoslovakia,€which€precludes€dual€citizenship.€They€left€Czechoslovakia€afterÐ l+à$( Ðthe€Communist€takeover€in€1948.€Their€properties€in€Czechoslovakia€were€subsequentlyÐ Œ Ðconfiscated€pursuant€to€confiscation€regulations€of€1948,€1955€and€1959.€Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à2.5€€€...In€order€to€qualify€under€the€restitution€law,€Mr.€Hartman€continued€to€seek€to€obtainÐ P Ä ÐCzech€citizenship€for€many€years.€Since€9€November€1999€he€has€dual€Czech€and€UnitedÐ < ° ÐStates€citizenship.€Notwithstanding€his€current€Czech€citizenship,€he€has€not€been€able€toÐ ( œ Ðobtain€restitution€because€the€statute€of€limitations€for€filing€claims€for€restitution€expiredÐ  ˆ Ðin€1992.€Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à3.3€€The€authors€contend€that,€in€order€to€frustrate€the€restitution€claims€of€Czech€migrs€toÐ ØL  Ðthe€United€States,€the€Czech€authorities€used€to€invoke€the€1928€United€States€Treaty€withÐ Ä8  ÐCzechoslovakia€which€required€that€anyone€applying€for€the€return€of€Czech€citizenship€firstÐ °$  Ðrenounce€United€States€citizenship.€Although€the€Treaty€was€abrogated€in€1997,€theÐ œ  Ðsubsequent€acquisition€of€Czech€citizenship€does€not,€in€the€view€of€Czech€authorities,€entitleÐ ˆü  Ðthe€authors€to€reapply€for€restitution,€because€the€date€for€submission€of€claims€has€expired.€Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à5.9€€...[W]ith€regard€to€time€limits,€whereas€a€statute€of€limitations€may€be€objective€and€evenÐ LÀ Ðreasonable€òòin€abstractoóó,€the€Committee€cannot€accept€such€a€deadline€for€submittingÐ 8¬ Ðrestitution€claims€in€the€case€of€the€authors,€since€under€the€explicit€terms€of€the€law€theyÐ $˜ Ðwere€excluded€from€the€restitution€scheme€from€the€outset.€Ð„(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖçmÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSextus€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(818/1998),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(16€July€2001)€111€atÐ ÔH Ðparas.€2.2„2.4,€7.2„7.4,€9€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€YrigoyenÐ À4 Ð(concurring),€121.݃"éÖçm6n݌Ь (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€After€a€period€of€over€22€months,€the€author€was€brought€to€trial€on€23€July€1990€in€theÐ pä ÐHigh€Court€of€Justice.€On€25€July€1990,€the€author€was€convicted€by€unanimous€jury€verdictÐ \ Ð Ðand€sentenced€to€death€for€the€murder€charged.€From€this€point€(until€commutation€of€hisÐ H!¼ Ðsentence),€the€author€was€confined€in€Port-of-Spain€State€Prison€(Frederick€Street)€in€aÐ 4"¨ Ðsolitary€cell€measuring€9€feet€by€6€feet,€containing€an€iron€bed,€mattress,€bench€and€table.òò1óó/€Ð  #” ÐIn€the€absence€of€integral€sanitation,€a€plastic€pail€was€provided€as€toilet.€A€small€ventilationÐ  $€  Ðhole€measuring€8€inches€by€8€inches,€providing€inadequate€ventilation,€was€the€only€opening.Ð ø$l! ÐIn€the€absence€of€any€natural€light,€the€only€light€was€€provided€by€a€fluorescent€strip€lightÐ ä%X" Ðilluminated€24€hours€a€day€(located€above€the€door€outside€the€cell).€Due€to€his€arthritis,€theÐ Ð&D # Ðauthor€never€left€his€cell€save€to€collect€food€and€empty€the€toilet€pail.€Due€to€stomachÐ ¼'0!$ Ðproblems,€the€author€was€placed€on€a€vegetable€diet,€and€when€these€were€not€provided€theÐ ¨("% Ðauthor€went€without€food.€The€author€did€not€receive€a€response€from€the€Ombudsman€onÐ ”)#& Ða€written€complaint€on€this€latter€matter.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à2.3€€After€a€period€of€over€4€years€and€7€months,€on€14€March€1995,€the€Court€of€AppealÐ Œ Ðrefused€the€author's€application€for€leave€to€appeal.€òò2óó/€On€10€October€1996,€the€JudicialÐ xì ÐCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€in€London€rejected€the€author's€application€for€special€leaveÐ dØ Ðto€appeal€against€conviction€and€sentence.€In€January€1997,€the€author's€death€sentence€wasÐ P Ä Ðcommuted€to€75€years'€imprisonment.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€From€that€point,€the€author€has€been€detained€in€Port-of-Spain€Prison€in€conditionsÐ  ˆ Ðinvolving€confinement€to€a€cell€measuring€9€feet€by€6€feet€together€with€9€to€12€otherÐ  t Ðprisoners,€which€overcrowding€causes€violent€confrontations€between€prisoners.€One€singleÐ ì ` Ðbed€is€provided€for€the€cell€and€therefore€the€author€sleeps€on€the€floor.€One€plastic€bucketÐ ØL  Ðis€provided€as€slop€pail€and€is€emptied€once€a€day,€such€that€it€sometimes€overflows.Ð Ä8  ÐInadequate€ventilation€consists€of€a€2€foot€by€2€foot€barred€window.€The€prisoner€is€lockedÐ °$  Ðin€his€cell,€on€average€23€hours€a€day,€with€no€€educational€opportunities,€work€or€readingÐ œ  Ðmaterials.€The€location€of€the€prison€food-preparation€area,€around€2€metres€from€where€theÐ ˆü  Ðprisoners€empty€their€slop€pails,€creates€an€obvious€health€hazard.€The€contention€is€repeatedÐ tè  Ðthat€the€provision€of€food€does€not€meet€the€author's€nutritional€needs.€Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€As€to€the€claim€of€unreasonable€pre-trial€delay,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudenceÐ 8¬ ÐthatÐ$˜(#(# Ðà0  à€à8` (#(#à"[i]n€cases€involving€serious€charges€such€as€homicide€or€murder,€and€whereÐ „ Ðthe€accused€is€denied€bail€by€the€court,€the€accused€must€be€tried€in€asÐ üp Ðexpeditious€a€manner€as€possible".€òò23óó/€€In€the€present€case,€where€the€authorÐ è\ Ðwas€arrested€on€the€day€of€the€offence,€charged€with€murder€and€held€untilÐ ÔH Ðtrial,€and€where€the€factual€evidence€was€straightforward€and€apparentlyÐ À4 Ðrequired€little€police€investigation,€the€Committee€considers€that€substantialÐ ¬  Ðreasons€must€be€shown€to€justify€a€22-month€€delay€until€trial.€The€State€partyÐ ˜  Ðpoints€only€to€general€problems€and€instabilities€following€a€coup€attempt,Ð „ø Ðand€acknowledges€delays€that€ensued.€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÐ pä Ðconcludes€that€the€author's€rights€under€article€9,€paragraph€3€and€article€14,Ð \ Ð Ðparagraph€3€(c),€have€been€violated.€ÐH!¼` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à7.3€€As€to€the€claim€of€a€delay€of€over€four€years€and€seven€months€between€conviction€andÐ  #” Ðthe€judgment€on€appeal,€the€Committee...recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€the€rights€containedÐ  $€  Ðin€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€read€together,€confer€a€right€to€a€review€of€a€decisionÐ ø$l! Ðat€trial€without€delay.€òò24óó/€€In€òòJohnson€v.€Jamaicaóó,€òò25óó/€the€Committee€established€that,€barringÐ ä%X" Ðexceptional€circumstances,€a€delay€of€four€years€and€three€months€was€unreasonablyÐ Ð&D # Ðprolonged.€In€the€present€case,€the€State€party€has€pointed€again€simply€to€the€generalÐ ¼'0!$ Ðsituation,€and€implicitly€accepted€the€excessiveness€of€the€delay€by€explaining€remedialÐ ¨("% Ðmeasures€taken€to€ensure€appeals€are€now€disposed€of€within€a€year.€Accordingly,€theÐ ”)#& ÐCommittee€finds€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à7.4€€...The€Committee€considers...that€the€author's€conditions€of€detention€as€describedÐ Œ Ðviolate€his€right€to€be€treated€with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€theÐ xì Ðhuman€person,€and€are€therefore€contrary€to€article€10,€paragraph€1.ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ < ° Ðobligation€to€provide€Mr.€Sextus€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.€Ð ( œ ÐThe€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€improve€the€present€conditions€of€detention€ofÐ  ˆ Ðthe€author,€or€to€release€him.€Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€Counsel's€description€of€these€conditions€is€derived€from€the€author's€correspondence€andÐ °$  Ða€personal€visit€by€counsel€to€the€author€in€custody€in€July€1996.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€On€this€date,€after€hearing€argument,€the€Court€refused€leave€to€appeal€and€affirmed€theÐ tè  Ðconviction€and€sentence.€The€reasons€for€judgement€(20€pages)€were€delivered€shortlyÐ `Ô  Ðthereafter€on€10€April€1995.€ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  àòò23óó/€€òòBarroso€v.€Panamaóó€(Communication€473/1991,€at€8.5).€Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò24óó/€€òòLubuto€v.€Zambiaóó€(Communication€390/1990)€and€òòNeptune€v.€Trinidad€and€TobagoóóÐ üp Ð(Communication€523/1992).€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò25óó/€€Communication€588/1994.€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€YrigoyenóóЄø(#(# ÐÌà0  àI€should€like€to€express€an€individual€opinion€with€regard€to€paragraph€9,€which€I€believeÐ \ Ð Ðshould€read:€ð ðIn€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ H!¼ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€Mr.€Sextus€withÐ 4"¨ Ðan€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.€The€State€party€is€also€under€anÐ  #” Ðobligation€to€release€the€author."€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMansaraj€et€al.€v.€Sierra€Leoneóó,€òòGborie€et€al.€v.€Sierra€Leoneóó,€and€òòSesay€et€al.€v.€SierraÐ Ð&D # ÐLeoneóó€(839/1998,€840/1998,€841/1998),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(16€July€2001)€153€at€paras.Ð ¼'0!$ Ð2.1„2.4,€5.1,€5.2€and€6.1„6.3.݃"éÖe݌Ш("%(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€of€the€communications€(submitted€12€and€13€October€1998),€at€the€time€ofÐ l+à$( Ðsubmission,€were€awaiting€execution€at€one€of€the€prisons€in€Freetown.€The€following€12€ofÐ Œ Ðthe€18€authors€were€executed€by€firing€squad€on€19€October€1998:€Gilbert€SamuthÐ xì ÐKandu-Bo;€Khemalai€Idrissa€Keita;€Tamba€Gborie;€Alfred€Abu€Sankoh€(alias€Zagalo);Ð dØ ÐHassan€Karim€Conteh;€Daniel€Kobina€Anderson;€John€Amadu€Sonica€Conteh;€Abu€BakarrÐ P Ä ÐKamara;€Abdul€Karim€Sesay;€Kula€Samba;€Victor€L.€King;€and€Jim€Kelly€Jalloh.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€authors€are€all€members€or€former€members€of€the€armed€forces€of€the€Republic€ofÐ  ˆ ÐSierra€Leone.€The€authors€were€charged€with,€òòinter€aliaóó,€treason€and€failure€to€suppress€aÐ  t Ðmutiny,€were€convicted€before€a€court€martial€in€Freetown,€and€were€sentenced€to€death€onÐ ì ` Ð12€October€1998.òò1óó/€There€was€no€right€of€appeal.€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€13€and€14€October€1998,€the€Committee's€Special€Rapporteur€for€NewÐ °$  ÐCommunications€requested€the€Government€of€Sierra€Leone,€under€rule€86€of€the€Rules€ofÐ œ  ÐProcedure,€to€stay€the€execution€of€all€the€authors€while€the€communications€were€underÐ ˆü  Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee.€Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€On€4€November€1998,€the€Committee€examined€the€State€party's€refusal€to€respect€theÐ LÀ Ðrule€86€request€by€executing€12€of€the€authors.€The€Committee€deplored€the€State€party'sÐ 8¬ Ðfailure€to€comply€with€the€Committee's€request€and€decided€to€continue€the€consideration€ofÐ $˜ Ðthe€communications€in€question€under€the€Optional€Protocol.òò2óó/€€Ð„(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à5.1€€By€adhering€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€recognizes€theÐ è\ Ðcompetence€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€to€receive€and€consider€communications€fromÐ ÔH Ðindividuals€claiming€to€be€victims€of€violations€of€any€of€the€rights€set€forth€in€the€CovenantÐ À4 Ð(Preamble€and€article€1).€Implicit€in€a€State's€adherence€to€the€Protocol€is€an€undertaking€toÐ ¬  Ðcooperate€with€the€Committee€in€good€faith€so€as€to€permit€and€enable€it€to€consider€suchÐ ˜  Ðcommunications,€and€after€examination€to€forward€its€Views€to€the€State€party€and€to€theÐ „ø Ðindividual€(article€5€(1),€(4)).€It€is€incompatible€with€these€obligations€for€a€State€party€to€takeÐ pä Ðany€action€that€would€prevent€or€frustrate€the€Committee€in€its€consideration€andÐ \ Ð Ðexamination€of€the€communication,€and€in€the€expression€of€its€Views.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.2€€Quite€apart€from€any€violation€of€the€rights€under€the€Covenant€charged€against€a€StateÐ  #” Ðparty€in€a€communication,€the€State€party€would€be€committing€a€serious€breach€of€itsÐ  $€  Ðobligations€under€the€Optional€Protocol€if€it€engages€in€any€acts€which€have€the€effect€ofÐ ø$l! Ðpreventing€or€frustrating€consideration€by€the€Committee€of€a€communication€alleging€anyÐ ä%X" Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant,€or€to€render€examination€by€the€Committee€moot€and€theÐ Ð&D # Ðexpression€of€its€Views€nugatory€and€€futile.€In€respect€of€the€present€communication,Ð ¼'0!$ Ðcounsel€submits€that€the€authors€were€denied€their€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€5€of€theÐ ¨("% ÐCovenant.€Having€been€notified€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€breached€itsÐ ”)#& Ðobligations€under€the€Protocol,€by€proceeding€to€execute€the€following€alleged€victims,Ð €*ô#' ÐGilbert€Samuth€Kandu-Bo,€Khemalai€Idrissa€Keita,€Tamba€Gborie,€Alfred€Abu€Sankoh€(aliasÐ l+à$( ÐZagalo),€Hassan€Karim€Conteh,€Daniel€Kobina€Anderson,€John€Amadu€€Sonica€Conteh,€AbuÐ Œ ÐBakarr€Kamara,€Abdul€Karim€Sesay,€Kula€Samba,€Victor€L.€King,€and€Jim€Kelly€Jalloh,Ð xì Ðbefore€the€Committee€could€conclude€its€examination€of€the€communication,€and€theÐ dØ Ðformulation€of€its€Views.€It€was€particularly€inexcusable€for€the€State€to€do€so€after€theÐ P Ä ÐCommittee€had€acted€under€its€Rule€86€requesting€the€State€party€to€refrain€from€doing€so.€Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ  ˆ Ðreveal€a€violation€by€Sierra€Leone€of€articles€6€and€14,€paragraph€5€of€the€Covenant.€Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.2€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€conclusion€that€the€State€committed€a€grave€breach€of€itsÐ ØL  Ðobligations€under€the€Optional€Protocol€by€putting€12€of€the€authors€to€death€before€theÐ Ä8  ÐCommittee€had€concluded€its€consideration€of€the€communication.€òò3óó/€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à6.3€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ ˆü  Ðan€obligation€to€provide,€Anthony€Mansaraj,€Alpha€Saba€Kamara,€Nelson€Williams,Ð tè  ÐBeresford€R.€Harleston,€Bashiru€Conteh€and€Arnold€H.€Bangura,€with€an€effective€remedy.Ð `Ô  ÐThese€authors€were€sentenced€on€the€basis€of€a€trial€that€failed€to€provide€the€basic€guaranteesÐ LÀ Ðof€a€fair€trial.€The€Committee€considers,€therefore,€that€they€should€be€released€unless€SierraÐ 8¬ ÐLeonian€law€provides€for€the€possibility€of€fresh€trials€that€do€offer€all€the€guaranteesÐ $˜ Ðrequired€by€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€also€considers€that€the€next€of€kin€ofÐ „ ÐGilbert€Samuth€Kandu-Bo,€Khemalai€Idrissa€Keita,€Tamba€Gborie,€Alfred€Abu€Sankoh€(aliasÐ üp ÐZagalo),€Hassan€Karim€Conteh,€Daniel€Kobina€Anderson,€John€Amadu€Sonica€Conteh,€AbuÐ è\ ÐBakarr€Kamara,€Abdul€Karim€Sesay,€Kula€Samba,€Victor€L.€King,€and€Jim€Kelly€JallohÐ ÔH Ðshould€be€afforded€an€appropriate€remedy€which€should€entail€compensation.€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóИ (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€This€is€the€only€information€provided€by€counsel€on€the€convictions.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€Vol.€1,€A/54/40,€chap.€6,€para.€420,€annex€X.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€òòPiandiong,€Morallos€and€Bulan€v.€The€Philippinesóó€(869/1999).€Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖj¬ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòCagas€v.€Philippinesóó€(788/1997),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(23€October€2001)€131Ð Ð&D # Ð(CCPR/C/73/D/788/1997)€at€paras.€2.6,€2.7,€7.3,€7.4,€8€and€9.݃"éÖj¬¶¬ÝŒÐ¼'0!$(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  à2.6€€The€authors€were€arrested€on€26,€29€and€30€June€1992,€on€suspicion€of€murder€(the€so„Ð €*ô#' Ðcalled€Libmanan€massacre)...Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à2.7€€On€14€August€1992,€the€authors€appeared€in€Court€and€were€ordered€detained€until€theÐ Œ Ðtrial.€On€11€November€1992,€the€authors€filed€a€petition€for€bail€and€on€1€December€1992,Ð xì Ðthey€filed€a€motion€to€quash€the€arrest€warrants.€On€22€October€1993,€the€regional€Trial€CourtÐ dØ Ðrefused€to€grant€bail.€On€12€October€1994,€the€Court€of€Appeals€in€Manila€confirmed€theÐ P Ä ÐTrial€Court€Order€of€22€October€1993.€A€motion€for€reconsideration€of€the€Court€of€Appeals'Ð < ° Ðdecision€was€dismissed€on€20€February€1995.€On€21€August€1995,€the€Supreme€CourtÐ ( œ Ðdismissed€the€authors'€appeal€against€the€Court€of€Appeals'€decision.€Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à7.3€€With€regard€to€the€allegation€of€violation€of€article€14€(2),€on€account€of€the€denial€ofÐ ì ` Ðbail,€the€Committee€finds€that€this€denial€did€not€òòa€priorióó€affect€the€right€of€the€authors€to€beÐ ØL  Ðpresumed€innocent.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€excessive€periodÐ Ä8  Ðof€preventive€detention,€exceeding€nine€years,€does€affect€the€right€to€be€presumed€innocentÐ °$  Ðand€therefore€reveals€a€violation€of€article€14€(2).€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€With€regard€to€the€issues€raised€under€articles€9€(3)€and€14€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ tè  ÐCommittee€notes€that,€at€the€time€of€the€submission€of€the€communication,€the€authors€hadÐ `Ô  Ðbeen€detained€for€a€period€of€more€than€four€years,€and€had€not€yet€been€tried.€TheÐ LÀ ÐCommittee€further€notes€that,€at€the€time€of€the€adoption€of€the€Committee's€Views,€theÐ 8¬ Ðauthors€appear€to€have€been€detained€without€trial€for€a€period€in€excess€of€nine€years,€whichÐ $˜ Ðwould€seriously€affect€the€fairness€of€the€trial.€Recalling€its€General€Comment€8€accordingÐ „ Ðto€which€"pre„trial€detention€should€be€an€exception€and€as€short€as€possibleðð,€and€noting€thatÐ üp Ðthe€State€party€has€not€provided€any€explanation€justifying€such€a€long€delay,€the€CommitteeÐ è\ Ðconsiders€that€the€period€of€pre„trial€detention€constitutes€in€the€present€case€an€unreasonableÐ ÔH Ðdelay.€The€Committee€therefore€concludes€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€articleÐ À4 Ð9€(3)€of€the€Covenant.€Furthermore,€recalling€the€State€party's€obligation€to€ensure€that€anÐ ¬  Ðaccused€person€be€tried€without€undue€delay,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€facts€before€it€alsoÐ ˜  Ðreveal€a€violation€of€article€14€(3)€(c)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð„ø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ \ Ð Ðof€articles€9€(3),€14€(2)€and€14€(3)€(c)€of€the€Covenant.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  #” Ðobligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€which€shall€entail€adequateÐ  $€  Ðcompensation€for€the€time€they€have€spent€unlawfully€in€detention.€The€State€party€is€alsoÐ ø$l! Ðunder€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€the€authors€be€tried€promptly€with€all€the€guarantees€setÐ ä%X" Ðforth€in€article€14€or,€if€this€is€not€possible,€released.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ$½ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  Ýrel€and€Nkkljrui€v.€Finlandóó€(779/1997)€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(24€October€2001)Ð ”)#& Ð117€(CCPR/C/73/D/779/1997)€at€paras.€2.1„2.5,€7.2,€8.1,€8.2€and€Individual€Opinion€byÐ €*ô#' ÐPrafullachandra€N.€Bhagwati€(concurring).݃"éÖ$½s½ÝŒÐl+à$((#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€are€reindeer€breeders€of€Sami€ethnic€origin€and€members€of€the€SallivaaraÐ dØ ÐReindeer€Herding€Co-operative...ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€On€30€August€1996,€the€District€Court€decided,€following€an€on-site€forest€inspectionÐ ( œ Ðat€the€authors'€request,€to€prohibit€logging€or€road€construction€in€the€92€hectare€KariselkÐ  ˆ Ðarea,€but€to€allow€it€in€the€Mirhaminmaa€area.€òò2óó/€...Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€appeal€by€the€Forestry€Service€to€the€Rovaniemi€Court€of€Appeal,€the€Forestry€BoardÐ ØL  Ðsought€the€then€exceptional€measure€of€oral€hearings.€The€Court€granted€this€motion,€whileÐ Ä8  Ðrejecting€the€author's€motion€that€the€appellate€court€itself€conduct€an€on-site€inspection...а$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€On€11€July€1997,€the€Appeal€Court,€reversing€the€first€instance€decision,€allowed€loggingÐ ˆü  Ðalso€in€the€Kariselk€area,€and€awarded€costs€of€75,000€Finnish€marks€against€theÐ tè  Ðauthors.òò4óó/...Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€On€15€December€1997,€the€Ombudsman€decided€that€the€municipality€of€Inari€and€itsÐ 8¬ Ðmayor€had€exerted€inappropriate€pressure€on€the€authors€by€formally€asking€them€toÐ $˜ Ðwithdraw€from€their€legal€proceedings,€but€did€not€find€that€the€Forestry€Service€had€actedÐ „ Ðunlawfully€or€otherwise€wrongly.€òò6óó/€€The€Ombudsman€limited€his€remedy€to€bringing€thisÐ üp Ðconclusion€to€the€attention€of€the€parties.€On€1€June€1998,€a€decision€of€the€Ministry€ofÐ è\ ÐAgriculture€and€Forestry€(of€13€November€1997)€entered€into€effect€reducing€the€permissibleÐ ÔH Ðsize€of€the€Sallivaara€herd€by€500€head€from€9,000€to€8,500€animals.€On€3€and€11€NovemberÐ À4 Ð1998,€the€Forestry€Service€required€a€total€sum€of€over€20,000€Finnish€marks€from€theÐ ¬  Ðauthors€towards€meeting€the€costs€judgement.€òò7óó/€€This€sum€distrained€by€the€Forestry€ServiceÐ ˜  Ðcorresponds€to€a€major€share€of€the€authors'€taxable€income.€Ð„ø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€As€to€the€authors'€argument€that€the€imposition€of€a€substantial€award€of€costs€againstÐ \ Ð Ðthem€at€the€appellate€level€violated€their€rights€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€to€equal€accessÐ H!¼ Ðto€the€courts,€the€Committee€considers€that€a€rigid€duty€under€law€to€award€costs€to€a€winningÐ 4"¨ Ðparty€may€have€a€deterrent€effect€on€the€ability€of€persons€who€allege€their€rights€under€theÐ  #” ÐCovenant€have€been€violated€to€pursue€a€remedy€before€the€courts.€In€the€particular€case,€theÐ  $€  ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€authors€were€private€individuals€bringing€a€case€alleging€breachesÐ ø$l! Ðof€their€rights€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÐ ä%X" Ðconsiders€that€the€imposition€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€substantial€costs€award,€without€theÐ Ð&D # Ðdiscretion€to€consider€its€implications€for€the€particular€authors,€or€its€effect€on€access€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðcourt€of€other€similarly€situated€claimants,€constitutes€a€violation€of€the€authors'€rights€underÐ ¨("% Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€notesÐ ”)#& Ðthat,€in€the€light€of€the€relevant€amendments€to€the€law€governing€judicial€procedure€in€1999,Ð €*ô#' Ðthe€State€party's€courts€now€possess€the€discretion€to€consider€these€elements€on€a€case€byÐ l+à$( Ðcase€basis.€ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à8.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€of€aÐ dØ Ðviolation€by€Finland€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€taken€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€theÐ P Ä ÐCovenant,€and€additionally€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€takenÐ < ° Ðalone.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.2€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ  t Ðauthors€are€entitled€to€an€effective€remedy.€In€terms€of€the€award€of€costs€against€the€authors,Ð ì ` Ðthe€Committee€considers€that€as€the€costs€award€€violated€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ØL  ÐCovenant€and,€moreover,€followed€proceedings€themselves€in€violation€of€article€14,Ð Ä8  Ðparagraph€1,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€restitute€to€the€authors€that€proportionÐ °$  Ðof€the€costs€award€already€recovered,€and€to€refrain€from€seeking€execution€of€any€furtherÐ œ  Ðportion€of€the€award...Јü (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotes€óóÐ`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€The€State€party€points€out€that€the€92€hectare€area€amounts€to€some€3€per€cent€of€the€6,900Ð 8¬ Ðhectares€of€the€Co-operative's€lands€used€for€forestry.€Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€Costs,€for€which€the€authors€were€jointly€liable,€totalled€73,965.28€Finnish€marks,€withÐ üp Ð11€per€cent€annual€interest.€Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  àòò6óó/€€The€complaint€had€been€submitted€almost€three€years€earlier.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò7óó/€€€No€information€is€provided€on€whether€the€Forestry€Service€is€pursuing€the€outstandingÐ ˜  Ðportion€of€costs€awarded€to€it€(some€55,000€Finnish€marks).€Ð„ø(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Prafullachandra€N.€Bhagwati€(concurring)óó€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  àI€have€gone€through€the€text€of€the€views€expressed€by€the€majority€members€of€theÐ  #” ÐCommittee.€I€agree€with€those€views€save€in€respect€of€paragraph€7.2€and,€partly,€in€respectÐ  $€  Ðof€paragraph€8.2.€Since€I€am€in€substantial€agreement€with€the€majority€on€most€of€the€issues,Ð ø$l! ÐI€do€not€think€it€necessary€to€set€out€the€facts€again€in€my€opinion€and€I€will€thereforeÐ ä%X" Ðstraightaway€proceed€to€discuss€my€dissenting€opinion€in€regard€to€paragraphs€7.2€and€8.2.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àSo€far€as€the€alleged€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€in€conjunction€with€article€2,€by€theÐ ¨("% Ðimposition€of€substantial€costs€is€concerned,€the€majority€members€have€taken€the€view€thatÐ ”)#& Ðsuch€imposition,€on€the€facts€and€circumstances€of€the€case,€constitutes€a€violation€of€thoseÐ €*ô#' Ðarticles.€While€some€of€the€members€have€expressed€a€dissenting€view,€I€agree€with€€theÐ l+à$( Ðmajority€view€but€I€would€reason€in€a€slightly€different€way.€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  àIt€is€clear€that€under€the€law€as€it€then€stood,€the€Court€had€no€discretion€in€the€matter€ofÐ dØ Ðaward€of€costs.€The€Court€was€under€a€statutory€obligation€to€award€costs€to€the€winningÐ P Ä Ðparty.€The€Court€could€not€tailor€the€award€of€costs€„€even€refuse€to€award€costs€„€against€theÐ < ° Ðlosing€party€taking€into€account€the€nature€of€the€litigation,€the€public€interest€involved,€andÐ ( œ Ðthe€financial€condition€of€the€party.€Such€a€legal€provision€had€a€chilling€effect€on€theÐ  ˆ Ðexercise€of€the€right€of€access€to€€justice€by€none€too€wealthy€litigants,€and€particularly€thoseÐ  t Ðpursuing€an€òòactio€popularisóó.€The€imposition€of€substantial€costs€under€such€a€rigid€andÐ ì ` Ðblind-folded€legal€provision€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€where€two€membersÐ ØL  Ðof€the€Sami€tribe€were€pursuing€public€interest€litigation€to€safeguard€their€cultural€rightsÐ Ä8  Ðagainst€what€they€felt€to€be€a€serious€violation,€would,€in€my€opinion,€be€a€clear€violation€ofÐ °$  Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€in€conjunction€with€article€2.€It€is€a€matter€of€satisfaction€that€suchÐ œ  Ða€situation€would€not€arise€in€the€future,€because€we€are€told€that€the€law€in€regard€to€the€Ð ˆü  Ðimposition€of€costs€has€since€been€amended.€Now€the€Court€has€a€discretion€whether€toÐ tè  Ðaward€costs€at€all€to€the€winning€€party,€and,€if€so,€what€the€amount€of€such€costs€should€beÐ `Ô  Ðdepending€upon€various€circumstances€such€as€those€I€have€mentioned€above.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  àSo€far€as€paragraph€8.2€is€concerned,€I€would€hold€that€the€authors€are€entitled€to€the€reliefÐ $˜ Ðset€out€in€paragraph€8.2€in€regard€to€the€costs,€not€only€because€the€award€of€costs€followedÐ „ Ðupon€the€proceedings€in€the€appellate€Court€which€€were€themselves€in€violation€of€articleÐ üp Ð14,€paragraph€1,€for€the€reasons€set€out€in€paragraph€7.4,€but€also€because€the€award€of€costsÐ è\ Ðwas€itself€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2,€for€theÐ ÔH Ðreasons€set€out€in€paragraph€7.2.€I€entirely€agree€with€the€rest€of€paragraph€8.2€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖbåÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝBoodlal€Sooklal€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(928/2000),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(25€OctoberÐ „ø Ð2001)€264€(CCPR/C/73/D/928/2000)€at€paras.€4.6,€4.8„4.10,€5€and€6.݃"éÖbå±åÝŒÐpä(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà  à...Ð H!¼ Ðà0  à4.6€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€was€sentenced€to€12€strokes€of€the€birch€and€recallsÐ 4"¨ Ðits€decision€in€òòOsbourne€v.€Jamaicaóóòò6óó/€in€which€it€decided€that€irrespective€of€the€nature€ofÐ  #” Ðthe€crime€that€is€to€be€punished,€however€brutal€it€may€be,€it€is€the€firm€opinion€of€theÐ  $€  ÐCommittee€that€corporal€punishment€constitutes€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€orÐ ø$l! Ðpunishment€contrary€to€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€In€the€present€case,€the€Committee€findsÐ ä%X" Ðthat€by€imposing€a€sentence€of€whipping€with€the€birch,€the€State€party€has€violated€theÐ Ð&D # Ðauthor's€rights€under€article€7.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à4.8€€As€to€counsel's€contention€that€the€State€party€has€violated€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),Ð ”)#& Ðas€the€author's€trial€was€not€held€within€a€reasonable€time€after€he€was€charged,€theÐ €*ô#' ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author€waited€for€a€period€of€seven€years€and€nine€months€from€theÐ l+à$( Ðtime€of€his€arrest€to€the€date€of€his€trial.€The€State€party€has€provided€no€justification€for€thisÐ Œ Ðdelay.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€this€is€an€excessive€period€of€timeÐ xì Ðand,€therefore,€that€the€State€party€has€violated€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.9€€The€Committee€notes€counsel's€contention€that,€because€of€the€delay€of€seven€years€andÐ < ° Ðnine€months€from€the€date€of€the€author's€arrest€to€his€trial,€the€witnesses€could€not€have€beenÐ ( œ Ðexpected€to€testify€accurately€to€events€alleged€to€have€taken€place€nine€years€previously,€andÐ  ˆ Ðthat€the€fairness€of€the€trial€was€seriously€prejudiced.€As€it€appears€from€the€file€that€issuesÐ  t Ðrelated€to€the€credibility€and€assessment€of€the€evidence€were€addressed€by€the€High€Court,Ð ì ` Ðthe€Committee€takes€the€view€that€the€effect€of€the€delay€on€the€credibility€of€the€witnessesÐ ØL  Ðtestimonies€does€not€give€rise€to€a€finding€of€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€that€would€beÐ Ä8  Ðseparate€from€the€conclusion€reached€above€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c).€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à€4.10€€With€regard€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€the€Committee€notesÐ ˆü  Ðthat€the€State€appointed€defence€counsel€conceded€that€there€were€no€grounds€for€appeal.€TheÐ tè  ÐCommittee,€however,€recalls€its€prior€jurisprudenceòò7óó/€and€is€of€the€view€that€the€requirementsÐ `Ô  Ðof€fair€trial€and€of€representation€require€that€the€author€be€informed€that€his€counsel€does€notÐ LÀ Ðintend€to€put€arguments€to€the€Court€and€that€he€have€an€opportunity€to€seek€alternativeÐ 8¬ Ðrepresentation,€in€order€that€his€concerns€may€be€ventilated€at€appeal€level.€In€the€presentÐ $˜ Ðcase,€it€does€not€appear€that€the€Appeal€Court€took€any€steps€to€ensure€that€this€right€wasÐ „ Ðrespected.€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author's€right€under€articleÐ üp Ð14,€paragraph€3€(d),€has€been€violated.€Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à5.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ À4 Ðreveal€violations€by€€Trinidad€and€Tobago€of€articles€9,€paragraph€3,€14,€paragraph€3€(c)€andÐ ¬  Ð(d),€and€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€an€effectiveÐ pä Ðremedy€entailing€compensation€and€the€opportunity€to€lodge€a€new€appeal,€or€should€this€noÐ \ Ð Ðlonger€be€possible,€to€due€consideration€of€granting€him€early€release.€The€State€party€isÐ H!¼ Ðunder€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€If€the€corporalÐ 4"¨ Ðpunishment€imposed€on€the€author€has€not€been€executed,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  #” Ðobligation€not€to€execute€the€sentence.€Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  àòò6óó/€€Communication€No.€759/97.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò7óó/€€In€the€following€cases,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€withdrawal€of€an€appeal€withoutÐ ”)#& Ðconsultation,€would€amount€to€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d)€of€the€Covenant:Ð €*ô#' ÐòòCollins€v.€Jamaicaóó€(356/89),€òòSteadman€v.€€Jamaicaóó€(528/93),€òòSmith€and€Stewart€v.€JamaicaóóÐ l+à$( Ð(668/95),€òòMorrison€and€Graham€v.€Jamaicaóó€(461/91),€€òòMorrison€v.€Jamaicaóó€(663/95),Ð Œ ÐòòMcLeod€v.€Jamaicaóó€(734/97),€òòJones€v.€Jamaicaóó€(585/94).€Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖßûÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝDes€Fours€v.€Czech€Republicóó€(747/1997),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(30€October€2001)€88Ð ( œ Ð(CCPR/C/73/D/747/1997)€at€paras.€2.1„2.3,€2.7,€8.3,€8.4,€9.1€and€9.2.݃"éÖßû.ü݌Рˆ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Dr.€Des€Fours€Walderode€was€born€a€citizen€of€the€Austrian-Hungarian€empire€on€4€MayÐ ØL  Ð1904€in€Vienna,€of€French€and€German€descent.€His€family€had€been€established€in€BohemiaÐ Ä8  Ðsince€the€seventeenth€century.€At€the€end€of€the€First€World€War€in€1918,€he€was€a€residentÐ °$  Ðof€Bohemia,€a€kingdom€in€the€former€empire,€and€became€a€citizen€of€the€newly€createdÐ œ  ÐCzechoslovak€State.€In€1939,€because€of€his€German€mother€tongue,€he€automaticallyÐ ˆü  Ðbecame€a€German€citizen€by€virtue€of€Hitler's€decree€of€16€March€1939,€establishing€theÐ tè  ÐProtectorate€of€Bohemia€and€Moravia.€On€5€March€1941,€the€author's€father€died€and€heÐ `Ô  Ðinherited€the€Hruby€Rohozec€estate.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€At€the€end€of€the€Second€World€War,€on€6€August€1945,€his€estate€was€confiscated€underÐ $˜ ÐBenes€Decree€12/1945,€pursuant€to€which€the€landed€properties€of€German€and€MagyarÐ „ Ðprivate€persons€were€confiscated€without€any€compensation.€However,€on€account€of€hisÐ üp Ðproven€loyalty€to€Czechoslovakia€during€the€period€of€Nazi€occupation,€he€retained€hisÐ è\ ÐCzechoslovak€citizenship,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€Constitutional€Decree€33/1945.Ð ÔH ÐSubsequently,€after€a€Communist€government€came€to€power€in€1948,€he€was€forced€to€leaveÐ À4 ÐCzechoslovakia€in€1949€for€political€and€€economic€reasons.€In€1991,€after€the€"velvetÐ ¬  Ðrevolution"€of€1989,€he€again€took€up€permanent€residence€in€Prague.€On€16€April€1991€theÐ ˜  ÐCzech€Ministry€of€Interior€informed€him€that€he€was€still€a€Czech€citizen.€Nevertheless,Ð „ø ÐCzech€citizenship€was€again€conferred€on€him€by€the€Ministry€on€20€August€1992,€apparentlyÐ pä Ðafter€a€document€was€found€showing€that€he€had€lost€his€citizenship€in€1949,€when€he€leftÐ \ Ð Ðthe€country.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€15€April€1992,€Law€243/1992€came€into€force.€The€law€provides€for€restitution€ofÐ  #” Ðagricultural€and€forest€property€confiscated€under€Decree€12/1945.€To€be€eligible€forÐ  $€  Ðrestitution,€a€claimant€had€to€have€Czech€citizenship€under€Decree€33/1945€(or€under€LawÐ ø$l! Ð245/1948,€194/1949€or€34/1953),€permanent€residence€in€the€Czech€Republic,€having€beenÐ ä%X" Ðloyal€to€the€Czechoslovak€Republic€during€the€period€of€German€occupation,€and€to€haveÐ Ð&D # ÐCzech€citizenship€at€the€time€of€submitting€a€claim€for€restitution.€The€author€filed€a€claimÐ ¼'0!$ Ðfor€restitution€of€the€Hruby€Rohozec€estate€within€the€prescribed€time€limit€and€on€24Ð ¨("% ÐNovember€1992€concluded€a€restitution€contract€with€the€then€owners,€which€was€approvedÐ ”)#& Ðby€the€Land€Office€on€10€March€1993€(PU-R€806/93).€The€appeal€by€the€town€of€Turnov€wasÐ €*ô#' Ðrejected€by€the€Central€Land€Office€by€decision€1391/93-50€of€30€July€1993.€Consequently,Ð l+à$( Ðon€29€September€1993€the€author€took€possession€of€his€lands.€ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à2.7€€On€9€February€1996,€Law€243/1992€was€amended.€The€condition€of€permanent€residenceÐ dØ Ðwas€removed€(following€the€judgement€of€the€Constitutional€Court€of€12€December€1995,Ð P Ä Ðholding€the€residence€requirement€to€be€unconstitutional),€but€a€new€condition€was€added,Ð < ° Ðof€uninterrupted€Czechoslovak/Czech€citizenship€from€the€end€of€the€war€until€1€JanuaryÐ ( œ Ð1990.€The€author€claims€that€this€law€specifically€targeted€him€and€submits€evidence€of€theÐ  ˆ Ðuse€of€the€term€"Lex€Walderode"€by€the€Czech€media€and€public€authorities.€On€3€MarchÐ  t Ð1996€the€Semily€Land€Office€applied€the€€amended€Law€to€his€case€to€invalidate€theÐ ì ` Ðrestitution€agreement€of€24€November€1992,€since€Dr.€Des€Fours€did€not€fulfil€the€newÐ ØL  Ðeligibility€requirement€of€continuous€citizenship.€On€4€April€1996,€the€author€lodged€anÐ Ä8  Ðappeal€with€the€Prague€City€Court€against€the€Land€Office's€decision.а$ (#(# Ðà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à8.3€€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ ˆü  ÐCommittee€begins€by€noting€that€Law€No.€243/1992€already€contained€a€requirement€ofÐ tè  Ðcitizenship€as€one€of€the€conditions€for€restitution€of€property€and€that€the€amending€Law€No.Ð `Ô  Ð30/1996€retroactively€added€a€more€stringent€requirement€of€continued€citizenship.€TheÐ LÀ ÐCommittee€notes€further€that€the€amending€Law€disqualified€the€author€and€any€others€in€thisÐ 8¬ Ðsituation,€who€might€otherwise€have€qualified€for€restitution.€This€raises€an€issue€ofÐ $˜ Ðarbitrariness€and,€consequently,€of€a€breach€of€the€right€to€equality€before€the€law,€equalÐ „ Ðprotection€of€the€law€and€non-discrimination€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.4€€The€Committee€recalls€its€Views€in€cases€No.€516/1993€(òòSimunek€et€al.óó),€586/1994Ð ÔH Ð(òòJoseph€Adamóó)€and€857/1999€(òòBlazek€et€al.óó)€that€a€requirement€in€the€law€for€citizenship€asÐ À4 Ða€necessary€condition€for€restitution€of€property€previously€confiscated€by€the€authoritiesÐ ¬  Ðmakes€an€arbitrary,€and,€consequently€a€discriminatory€distinction€between€individuals€whoÐ ˜  Ðare€equally€victims€of€prior€state€confiscations,€and€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€26€of€theÐ „ø ÐCovenant.€This€violation€is€further€exacerbated€by€the€retroactive€operation€of€the€impugnedÐ pä ÐLaw.€Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€article€26,€in€conjunction€with€articleÐ 4"¨ Ð2€of€the€Covenant,€has€been€violated€by€the€State€party.€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.2€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ø$l! Ðobligation€to€provide€the€late€author's€surviving€spouse,€Dr.€Johanna€Kammerlander,€with€anÐ ä%X" Ðeffective€remedy,€entailing€in€this€case€prompt€restitution€of€the€property€in€question€orÐ Ð&D # Ðcompensation€therefor,€and,€in€addition,€appropriate€compensation€in€respect€of€the€fact€thatÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€author€and€his€surviving€spouse€have€been€deprived€of€the€enjoyment€of€their€propertyÐ ¨("% Ðsince€its€restitution€was€revoked€in€1995.€The€State€party€should€review€its€legislation€andÐ ”)#& Ðadministrative€practices€to€ensure€that€all€persons€enjoy€both€equality€before€the€law€as€wellÐ €*ô#' Ðas€the€equal€protection€of€the€law.Ðl+à$((#(# ЇÌÓ€ +"$%&'()*(Hìpp+"$%&'()*ÓÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ0ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSimpson€v.€Jamaicaóó€(695/1996),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(31€October€2001)€67Ð xì Ð(CCPR/C/73/D/695/1996)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.6,€2.7,€7.2,€7.3,€8€and€9.݃"éÖ0ÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€15€August€1991,€the€author€was€arrested€on€suspicion€of€murder.€He€was€assaultedÐ ( œ Ðby€the€police€and€was€refused€medical€treatment.€He€did€not€bring€this€matter€to€the€attentionÐ  ˆ Ðof€the€authorities,€as€he€was€not€aware€that€the€beatings€violated€his€rights.€He€was€kept€inÐ  t Ða€cell€with€17€other€inmates€at€the€Half-Way-Tree€Police€Lock€Up,€where€some€of€theÐ ì ` Ðinmates€had€already€been€convicted.€Shortly€afterwards,€he€was€moved€to€the€General€Prison,Ð ØL  Ðwhere€he€shared€a€cell€of€8€by€4€feet€with€five€other€inmates.€There€was€no€artificial€light€inÐ Ä8  Ðthe€cell,€no€slop€bucket,€and€he€was€only€allowed€to€use€the€toilet€once€a€day.€Ð°$ (#(# Ðà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à2.6€€Since€his€conviction,€the€author€has€been€confined€in€a€cell€alone€for€periods€of€up€to€22Ð ˆü  Ðhours€each€day,€most€of€his€waking€time€is€spent€in€darkness€making€it€impossible€for€himÐ tè  Ðto€keep€occupied.€Slop€buckets€are€used,€filled€with€human€€waste€and€stagnant€water,€andÐ `Ô  Ðonly€emptied€once€per€day.€There€is€also€no€running€water€provided€in€the€author's€cell.Ð LÀ ÐConsequently,€the€author€has€to€wait€until€he€is€released€to€get€running€water€which€he€thenÐ 8¬ Ðstores€in€a€bottle.€It€is€also€stated€that€the€author€slept€on€cardboard€and€newspapers€onÐ $˜ Ðconcrete€until€October€1994€when€he€was€provided€with€an€old€mattress.€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.7€€For€several€years€the€author€has€been€experiencing€an€undiagnosed€and€untreatedÐ è\ Ðmedical€condition€giving€rise€to€symptoms€of€great€pain€and€swelling€in€his€testicle.€HeÐ ÔH Ðcomplains€of€a€back€problem,€from€which€he€has€suffered€since€childhood,€and€which€makesÐ À4 Ðit€difficult€for€him€to€sit€upright€for€a€long€period€of€time.€He€has€also€developed€eyeÐ ¬  Ðproblems€because€of€the€darkness€in€his€cell.€Although€he€was€visited€by€a€doctor€in€prison,Ð ˜  Ðthe€tablets€the€author€has€been€given€do€not€provide€any€relief€and€he€has€been€refusedÐ „ø Ðspecialist€treatment.€Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€As€to€the€allegation€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ H!¼ Ðnotes€that€counsel€has€provided€specific€and€detailed€allegations€concerning€inappropriateÐ 4"¨ Ðconditions€of€detention€prior€to€his€trial€and€since€his€conviction,€and€lack€of€medicalÐ  #” Ðtreatment.€The€State€party€has€not€responded€to€these€allegations€with€specific€responses€butÐ  $€  Ðin€its€initial€submission€merely€denies€that€the€conditions€constitute€a€violation€of€theÐ ø$l! ÐCovenant€and€then€goes€on€to€say€that€it€would€investigate€these€allegations,€including€theÐ ä%X" Ðallegation€of€the€failure€to€provide€medical€treatment...The€Committee€notes€that€the€StateÐ Ð&D # Ðparty€has€not€informed€the€Committee€of€the€outcome€of€its€investigations.€In€the€absence€ofÐ ¼'0!$ Ðany€explanation€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author's€conditionsÐ ¨("% Ðof€detention€and€€his€lack€of€medical€treatment€as€described€violate€his€right€to€be€treatedÐ ”)#& Ðwith€humanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person€and€areÐ €*ô#' Ðtherefore€contrary€to€article€10,€paragraph€1...Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à7.3€€With€respect€to€counsel's€allegation€that€the€author's€lawyer€was€absent€for€the€hearingÐ Œ Ðof€two€of€the€four€witnesses€during€the€preliminary€hearing€...€The€Committee€recalls€its€priorÐ xì Ðjurisprudence€that€it€is€axiomatic€that€€legal€assistance€be€available€at€all€stages€of€criminalÐ dØ Ðproceedings,€particularly€in€capital€cases€òò9óó/.€It€also€recalls€its€decision€in€communication€No.Ð P Ä Ð775/1997€(òòBrown€v.€Jamaicaóó),€adopted€on€23€March€1999,€in€which€it€decided€that€aÐ < ° Ðmagistrate€should€not€proceed€with€the€deposition€of€witnesses€during€a€preliminary€hearingÐ ( œ Ðwithout€allowing€the€author€an€opportunity€to€ensure€the€presence€of€his€lawyer.€In€theÐ  ˆ Ðpresent€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€it€is€not€disputed€that€the€author's€lawyer€was€absentÐ  t Ðduring€the€hearing€of€two€of€the€witnesses€nor€does€it€appear€that€the€magistrate€adjournedÐ ì ` Ðthe€proceedings€until€her€return.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€facts€before€itÐ ØL  Ðdisclose€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€of€the€Covenant...ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ œ  Ðreveal€a€violation€by€Jamaica€of€articles€10,€and€14,€paragraph€3€(d)€of€the€Covenant.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ `Ô  Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation,€anÐ LÀ Ðimprovement€in€the€present€conditions€of€detention€and€due€consideration€of€early€release.€Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòò€NotesóóЄ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  àòò9óó/€€See€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€Committee's€Views€in€respect€of€communication€No.€730/1996Ð è\ ÐòòClarenceóó€òòMarshall€v.€Jamaicaóó,€adopted€on€3€November€1998,€communication€No.€459/991,Ð ÔH ÐòòOsbourne€Wrightóó€òòand€Eric€Harvey€v.€Jamaicaóó,€adopted€on€27€October€1995,€andÐ À4 Ðcommunication€No.€223/1987,€òòFrank€Robinson€v.€Jamaicaóó,€adopted€on€30€March€1989.€Ð¬ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________И (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖT4ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBrok€v.€Czech€Republicóó€(774/1997),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(31€October€2001)€110Ð \ Ð Ð(CCPR/C/73/D/774/1997)€at€paras.€2.1„2.6,€7.2„7.4,€8€and€9.݃"éÖT4 4ÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Robert€Brok's€parents€owned€a€house€in€the€centre€of€Prague€since€1927€(hereinafterÐ  $€  Ðcalled€the€property).€During€1940€and€1941,€the€German€authorities€confiscated€theirÐ ø$l! Ðproperty€with€retroactive€effect€to€16€March€1939,€because€the€owners€were€Jewish.€TheÐ ä%X" Ðproperty€was€then€sold€to€the€company€Matador€on€7€January€1942.€The€author€himself,€wasÐ Ð&D # Ðdeported€by€the€Nazis,€and€returned€to€Prague€on€16€May€1945,€after€having€been€releasedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðfrom€a€concentration€camp.€He€was€subsequently€hospitalized€until€October€1945.€Ð¨("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€After€the€end€of€the€war,€on€19€May€1945,€President€Benes'€Decree€No.€5/1945,€followedÐ €*ô#' Ðup€later€by€Act€128/1946,€declared€null€and€void€all€property€transactions€effected€underÐ l+à$( Ðpressure€of€the€occupation€regime€on€the€basis€of€racial€or€political€persecution.€NationalÐ Œ Ðadministration€was€imposed€on€all€enemy€assets.€This€included€the€author's€parents'€propertyÐ xì Ðpursuant€to€a€decision€taken€by€the€Ministry€of€Industry€on€2€August€1945.€However,€inÐ dØ ÐFebruary€1946,€the€Ministry€of€Industry€annulled€that€decision.€It€also€annulled€the€priorÐ P Ä Ðproperty€confiscation€and€transfers,€and€the€author's€parents€were€reinstated€as€the€rightfulÐ < ° Ðowners,€in€accordance€with€Benes€Decree€No.€5/1945.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€However,€the€company€Matador,€which€had€been€nationalized€on€27€October€1945,Ð  t Ðappealed€against€this€decision.€On€7€August€1946,€the€Land€Court€in€Prague€annulled€theÐ ì ` Ðreturn€of€the€property€to€the€author's€parents€and€declared€Matador€to€be€the€rightful€owner.Ð ØL  ÐOn€31€January€1947,€the€Supreme€Court€confirmed€this€decision....€The€property€therebyÐ Ä8  Ðstayed€in€possession€of€Matador,€and€was€later,€in€1954,€transferred€to€the€state€companyÐ °$  ÐTechnomat.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€Following€the€change€to€a€democratic€government€at€the€adoption€of€restitutionÐ tè  Ðlegislation,€the€author€applied€for€restitution€under€Act€No.€87/1991€as€amended€by€Act€No.Ð `Ô  Ð116/1994.€The€said€law€provides€restitution€or€compensation€to€victims€of€illegalÐ LÀ Ðconfiscation€carried€out€for€political€reasons€during€the€Communist€regime€(25€FebruaryÐ 8¬ Ð1948€„1€January€1990).€The€law€also€matter€provisions€for€restitution€or€compensation€toÐ $˜ Ðvictims€of€racial€persecution€during€the€Second€World€War,€who€have€an€entitlement€byÐ „ Ðvirtue€of€Decree€No.€5/1945.€The€courts€(District€Court€decision€26€C€49/95€of€20€NovemberÐ üp Ð1995€and€Prague€City€Court€decision€13€Co€34/94„29€of€28€February€1996),€however,Ð è\ Ðrejected€the€author's€claim.€The€District€Court€states€in€its€decision€that€the€amended€ActÐ ÔH Ðextends€the€right€to€restitution€to€persons€who€lost€their€property€during€the€GermanÐ À4 Ðoccupation€and€who€could€not€have€their€property€restituted€because€of€political€persecution,Ð ¬  Ðor€who€went€through€legal€procedures€that€violated€their€human€rights€subsequent€to€25Ð ˜  ÐFebruary€1948,€on€condition€that€they€comply€with€the€terms€set€forth€in€Act€No.€87/1991.Ð „ø ÐHowever,€the€court€was€of€the€opinion€that€the€author€was€not€eligible€for€restitution,€becauseÐ pä Ðthe€property€was€nationalized€before€25€February€1948,€the€retroactive€cut„off€date€for€claimsÐ \ Ð Ðunder€Act€No.€87/1991€Section€1,€paragraph€1,€and€Section€6.€This€decision€was€confirmedÐ H!¼ Ðby€the€Prague€City€Court.€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€Pursuant€to€section€72€of€Act€No.€182/1993,€the€author€filed€a€complaint€before€theÐ  $€  ÐConstitutional€court€that€his€right€to€property€had€been€violated.€This€provision€allows€anÐ ø$l! Ðindividual€to€file€a€complaint€to€the€Constitutional€Court€if€the€public€authority€has€violatedÐ ä%X" Ðthe€claimant's€fundamental€rights€guaranteed€by€a€constitutional€law€or€by€an€internationalÐ Ð&D # Ðtreaty€in€particular€the€right€to€property.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.6€€The€Constitutional€Court€concluded€that€since€the€first€and€second€instances€had€decidedÐ ”)#& Ðthat€the€author€was€not€the€owner€of€the€property,€there€were€no€property€rights€that€couldÐ €*ô#' Ðhave€been€violated.€In€its€decision,€the€Constitutional€Court€invoked€the€question€of€fair€trialÐ l+à$( Ðon€its€own€motion€and€concluded€that€"the€legal€proceedings€were€conducted€correctly€andÐ Œ Ðall€the€legal€regulations€have€been€safeguarded".€Accordingly,€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ xì Ðrejected€the€author's€constitutional€complaint€on€12€September€1996.€ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€The€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€application€of€Act€No.€87/1991,€asÐ < ° Ðamended€by€Act€No.€116/1994,€to€the€author's€case€entails€a€violation€of€his€right€to€equalityÐ ( œ Ðbefore€the€law€and€to€the€equal€protection€of€the€law.€Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€These€laws€provide€restitution€or€compensation€to€victims€of€illegal€confiscation€carriedÐ ì ` Ðout€for€political€reasons€during€the€Communist€regime.€The€law€also€provides€for€restitutionÐ ØL  Ðor€compensation€to€victims€of€racial€persecution€during€the€Second€World€War€who€had€anÐ Ä8  Ðentitlement€under€Benes€Decree€No.€5/1945.€The€Committee€observes€that€legislation€mustÐ °$  Ðnot€discriminate€among€the€victims€of€the€prior€confiscation€to€which€it€applies,€since€allÐ œ  Ðvictims€are€entitled€to€redress€without€arbitrary€distinctions.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€The€Committee€notes€that€Act€No.€87/1991€as€amended€by€Act€No.€116/1994€gave€riseÐ `Ô  Ðto€a€restitution€claim€of€the€author€which€was€denied€on€the€ground€that€the€nationalizationÐ LÀ Ðthat€took€place€in€1946/47€on€the€basis€of€Benes€Decree€No.€100/1945€falls€outside€the€scopeÐ 8¬ Ðof€laws€of€1991€and€1994.€Thus,€the€author€was€excluded€from€the€benefit€of€the€restitutionÐ $˜ Ðlaw€although€the€Czech€nationalization€in€1946/47€could€only€be€carried€out€because€theÐ „ Ðauthor's€property€was€confiscated€by€the€Nazi€authorities€during€the€time€of€GermanÐ üp Ðoccupation.€In€the€Committee's€view€this€discloses€a€discriminatory€treatment€of€the€author,Ð è\ Ðcompared€to€those€individuals€whose€property€was€confiscated€by€Nazi€authorities€withoutÐ ÔH Ðbeing€subjected,€immediately€after€the€war,€to€Czech€nationalization€and€who,€therefore,Ð À4 Ðcould€benefit€from€the€laws€of€1991€and€1994.€Irrespective€of€whether€the€arbitrariness€inÐ ¬  Ðquestion€was€inherent€in€the€law€itself€or€whether€it€resulted€from€the€application€of€the€lawÐ ˜  Ðby€the€courts€of€the€State€party,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€author€was€denied€his€right€toÐ „ø Ðequal€protection€of€the€law€in€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€substantiate€aÐ H!¼ Ðviolation€of€article€26€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  $€  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€Such€remedy€should€includeÐ ø$l! Ðrestitution€of€the€property€or€compensation,€and€appropriate€compensation€for€the€periodÐ ä%X" Ðduring€which€the€author€and€his€widow€were€deprived€of€the€property,€starting€on€the€dateÐ Ð&D # Ðof€the€court€decision€of€20€November€1995€and€ending€on€the€date€when€the€restitution€hasÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbeen€completed.€The€State€party€should€review€its€relevant€legislation€and€administrativeÐ ¨("% Ðpractices€to€ensure€that€neither€the€law€nor€its€application€entails€discrimination€inÐ ”)#& Ðcontravention€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( ÐòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Brok€v.€Czech€Republicóó€(774/1997),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.Ð Œ ÐII€(31€October€2001)€110€(CCPR/C/73/D/774/1997)€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Martin€Scheinin€(partlyÐ xì Ðdissenting),€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Nisuke€Ando€(dissenting)€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Ms.Ð dØ ÐChristine€Chanet€(dissenting).Ð P Ä ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÓYÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSahadeo€v.€Guyanaóó€(728/1996),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(1€November€2001)€81Ð  ˆ Ð(CCPR/C/73/D/728/1996)€at€paras.€2.2,€9.2,€10€and€11.݃"éÖÓY"Z݌Рt(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€The€author€states€that€Mr.€Sahadeo€and€his€co„accused€were€convicted€and€sentenced€toÐ Ä8  Ðdeath€on€8€November€1989,€four€years€and€two€months€after€their€arrest.€Apparently,€twoÐ °$  Ðprior€trials,€in€June€1988€and€February€1989,€had€been€aborted.€On€appeal,€heard€in€1992,€aÐ œ  Ðretrial€was€ordered.€On€26€May€1994,€Mr.€Sahadeo€and€his€co„accused€were€again€convictedÐ ˆü  Ðand€sentenced€to€death.€In€1996,€their€appeal€was€dismissed€and€the€sentence€confirmed.€Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€With€regard€to€the€length€of€the€proceedings,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€alleged€victimÐ LÀ Ðwas€arrested€on€18€September€1985€and€remained€in€detention€until€he€was€first€convictedÐ 8¬ Ðand€sentenced€to€death€on€8€November€1989,€four€years€and€two€months€after€his€arrest.€TheÐ $˜ ÐCommittee€recalls€that€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant€entitles€an€arrested€person€toÐ „ Ðtrial€within€a€reasonable€time€or€to€release.€Paragraph€3€(c)€of€article€14€provides€that€theÐ üp Ðaccused€shall€be€tried€without€undue€delay.€The€Committee€recalls€that,€if€criminal€chargesÐ è\ Ðare€brought€in€cases€of€custody€and€pre„trial€detention,€the€full€protection€of€article€9,Ð ÔH Ðparagraph€3,€as€well€as€article€14,€must€be€granted.€With€respect€to€the€alleged€other€delaysÐ À4 Ðin€the€criminal€process,€the€Committee€notes€that€Mr.€Sahadeo's€appeal€was€heard€from€theÐ ¬  Ðend€of€April€to€the€beginning€of€May€1992€and,€upon€retrial,€the€alleged€victim€was€againÐ ˜  Ðconvicted€and€sentenced€to€death€on€26€May€1994,€two€years€and€one€month€after€theÐ „ø Ðjudgment€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.€In€1996,€the€appeal€against€that€decision€was€dismissed€andÐ pä Ðthe€sentence€confirmed.€The€Committee€finds€that,€in€the€absence€of€a€satisfactoryÐ \ Ð Ðexplanation€by€the€State€party€or€other€justification€discernible€from€the€file,€the€detentionÐ H!¼ Ðof€the€author€awaiting€trial€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€CovenantÐ 4"¨ Ðand€a€further€separate€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô.€Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ø$l! Ðof€articles€9,€paragraph€3;€and€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.€Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Sahadeo€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraph€3Ð ¼'0!$ Ð(a),€to€an€effective€remedy,€in€view€of€the€prolonged€pretrial€detention€in€violation€of€articleÐ ¨("% Ð9,€paragraph€3,€and€the€delay€in€the€subsequent€trial,€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3Ð ”)#& Ð(c),€entailing€a€commutation€of€the€sentence€of€death€and€compensation€under€article€9,Ð €*ô#' Ðparagraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€appropriateÐ l+à$( Ðmeasures€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÃhÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝAshby€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(580/1994),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(21€March€2002)€12Ð P Ä Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/580/1994)€at€paras.€3.1„3.4,€10.9,€10.10,€11€and€12.€Ýƒ"éÖÃhiÝŒÐ< °(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€€Mr.€Ashby's€communication€under€the€Optional€Protocol€was€received€by€the€secretariatÐ  t Ðof€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€7€July€1994.€€On€13€July€1994,€counsel€submittedÐ ì ` Ðadditional€clarifications.€€On€the€same€day,€the€Committee's€Special€Rapporteur€on€NewÐ ØL  ÐCommunications€issued€a€decision€under€rules€86€and€91€of€the€Committee's€rules€ofÐ Ä8  Ðprocedure€to€the€Trinidad€and€Tobago€authorities,€requesting€a€stay€of€execution,€pending€theÐ °$  Ðdetermination€of€the€case€by€the€Committee,€and€seeking€information€and€observations€onÐ œ  Ðthe€question€of€the€admissibility€of€the€complaint.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€The€combined€rule€86/rule€91€request€was€handed€to€the€Permanent€Mission€of€TrinidadÐ `Ô  Ðand€Tobago€at€Geneva€at€4.05€p.m.€Geneva€time€(10.05€a.m.€Trinidad€and€Tobago€time)€onÐ LÀ Ð13€July€1994.€€According€to€the€Permanent€Mission€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago,€this€request€wasÐ 8¬ Ðtransmitted€by€facsimile€to€the€authorities€in€Port-of-Spain€between€4.30€and€4.45€p.m.€onÐ $˜ Ðthe€same€day€(10.30-10.45€a.m.€Trinidad€and€Tobago€time).Є(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.3€€Efforts€continued€throughout€the€night€of€13€to€14€July€1994€to€obtain€a€stay€of€executionÐ è\ Ðfor€Mr.€Ashby,€both€before€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago€and€before€theÐ ÔH ÐJudicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council€in€London.€€When€the€Judicial€Committee€issuedÐ À4 Ða€stay€order€shortly€after€11.30€a.m.€€London€time€(6.30€a.m.€Trinidad€and€Tobago€time)€onÐ ¬  Ð14€July,€it€transpired€that€Mr.€Ashby€had€already€been€executed.€€At€the€time€of€hisÐ ˜  Ðexecution,€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago€was€also€in€session,€deliberating€onÐ „ø Ðthe€issue€of€a€stay€order.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.4€€On€26€July€1994,€the€Committee€adopted€a€public€decision€expressing€its€indignationÐ H!¼ Ðover€the€State€party's€failure€to€comply€with€the€Committee's€request€under€rule€86;€it€decidedÐ 4"¨ Ðto€continue€consideration€of€the€Mr.€Ashby's€case€under€the€Optional€Protocol€and€stronglyÐ  #” Ðurged€the€State€party€to€ensure,€by€all€means€at€its€disposal,€that€situations€similar€to€thatÐ  $€  Ðsurrounding€the€execution€of€Mr.€Ashby€do€not€recur.€€The€Committee's€public€decision€wasÐ ø$l! Ðtransmitted€to€the€State€party€on€27€July€1994.Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à10.9€€With€regard€to€Mr.€Ashby's€execution,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€thatÐ ¼'0!$ Ðapart€from€any€violation€of€the€rights€under€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€commits€a€seriousÐ ¨("% Ðbreach€of€its€obligations€under€the€Optional€Protocol€if€it€engages€in€any€acts€which€have€theÐ ”)#& Ðeffect€of€preventing€or€frustrating€consideration€by€the€Committee€of€a€communicationÐ €*ô#' Ðalleging€any€violation€of€the€Covenant,€or€to€render€examination€by€the€Committee€moot€andÐ l+à$( Ðthe€expression€of€its€Views€nugatory€and€futile.òò8óó/€€The€behaviour€of€the€State€party€representsÐ Œ Ða€shocking€failure€to€demonstrate€even€the€most€elementary€good€faith€required€of€a€StateÐ xì Ðparty€to€the€Covenant€and€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.10€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€State€party€breached€its€obligations€under€the€Protocol,Ð < ° Ðby€proceeding€to€execute€Mr.€Ashby€before€the€Committee€could€conclude€its€examinationÐ ( œ Ðof€the€communication,€and€the€formulation€of€its€Views.€€It€was€particularly€inexcusable€forÐ  ˆ Ðthe€State€to€do€so€after€the€Committee€had€acted€under€its€Rule€86€requesting€the€State€partyÐ  t Ðto€refrain€from€doing€so.€€Flouting€of€the€Rule,€especially€by€irreversible€measures€such€asÐ ì ` Ðthe€execution€of€the€alleged€victim,€undermines€the€protection€of€Covenant€rights€throughÐ ØL  Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ œ  Ðof€articles€6,€paragraphs€1€and€2€€and€14,€paragraphs€3€(c)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€Mr.€Ashby€would€have€been€entitled€toÐ `Ô  Ðan€effective€remedy€including,€first€and€foremost,€the€preservation€of€his€life.€AdequateÐ LÀ Ðcompensation€must€be€granted€to€his€surviving€family.Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЄ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  àòò8óó/€€€See€Communication€No.€707/1996,€òòPatrick€Taylor€v.€Jamaicaóó,€para.€8.5.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝJimnez€Vaca€v.€Colombiaóó€(859/1999),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(25€March€2002)€187Ð ˜  Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/859/1999)€at€paras.€7.1„7.4€and€9.€Ýƒ"éÖQ݌Єø(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à7.1€€The€author€claims€that€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€has€been€violated,€insofarÐ \ Ð Ðas€the€State€party€was€obligated,€in€view€of€the€death€threats€that€had€been€made€against€him,Ð H!¼ Ðto€take€the€necessary€measures€to€ensure€his€personal€safety€and€did€not€do€so.€TheÐ 4"¨ ÐCommittee€recalls€its€jurisprudenceòò3óó/€regarding€article€9,€paragraph€1,€and€reiterates€that€theÐ  #” ÐCovenant€also€protects€the€right€to€security€of€persons€not€deprived€of€their€liberty.€AnÐ  $€  Ðinterpretation€of€article€9€which€would€allow€a€State€party€to€ignore€known€threats€to€theÐ ø$l! Ðlives€of€persons€under€its€jurisdiction€solely€on€the€grounds€that€those€persons€are€notÐ ä%X" Ðimprisoned€or€detained€would€render€the€guarantees€of€the€Covenant€totally€ineffective.ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.2€€In€the€case€in€question,€Mr.€Jimnez€Vaca€had€an€objective€need€for€the€State€to€takeÐ ¨("% Ðsteps€to€ensure€his€safety,€given€the€threats€made€against€him.€The€Committee€takes€note€ofÐ ”)#& Ðthe€State€party's€observations,€set€out€in€paragraph€5.1,€but€notes€that€the€State€party€does€notÐ €*ô#' Ðrefer€to€the€complaint€which€the€author€claims€to€have€filed€with€the€regional€procurator'sÐ l+à$( Ðoffice€in€Turbo€or€before€the€regional€office€of€the€administrative€security€department€ofÐ Œ ÐTurbo,€nor€does€it€offer€any€argument€to€show€that€the€so-called€"extortion"€did€not€begin€asÐ xì Ða€result€of€the€complaint€concerning€death€threats€which€the€author€filed€with€the€TurboÐ dØ Ðsecond€criminal€circuit€court.€The€Committee€must€also€consider€the€fact€that€the€State€partyÐ P Ä Ðdoes€not€deny€the€author's€allegations€that€there€was€no€reply€to€his€request€that€the€threatsÐ < ° Ðshould€be€investigated€and€his€protection€guaranteed.€The€attempt€on€the€author's€lifeÐ ( œ Ðsubsequent€to€the€threats€confirms€that€the€State€party€did€not€take,€or€was€unable€to€take,Ð  ˆ Ðadequate€measures€to€guarantee€Mr.€Asdrbal€Jimnez's€right€to€security€of€person€asÐ  t Ðprovided€for€in€article€9,€paragraph€1.Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€article€6,€paragraph€1,€was€violated€insofar€as€theÐ Ä8  Ðvery€fact€that€an€attempt€was€made€on€his€life€is€a€violation€of€the€right€to€life€and€the€rightÐ °$  Ðnot€to€be€arbitrarily€deprived€of€life,€the€Committee€points€out€that€article€6€of€the€CovenantÐ œ  Ðimplies€an€obligation€on€the€part€of€the€State€party€to€protect€the€right€to€life€of€every€personÐ ˆü  Ðwithin€its€territory€and€under€its€jurisdiction.€In€the€case€in€question,€the€State€party€has€notÐ tè  Ðdenied€the€author's€claims€that€the€threats€and€harassment€which€led€to€an€attempt€on€his€lifeÐ `Ô  Ðwere€carried€out€by€agents€of€the€State,€nor€has€it€investigated€who€was€responsible.€In€theÐ LÀ Ðlight€of€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee€considers€that€there€has€been€aÐ 8¬ Ðviolation€of€article€6,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claims€that€paragraphs€1€and€4€of€article€12€have€beenÐ üp Ðviolated,€the€Committee€notes€the€observations€of€the€State€party€whereby€the€State€cannotÐ è\ Ðbe€held€responsible€for€the€loss€of€other€rights€which€may€be€indirectly€affected€as€a€resultÐ ÔH Ðof€violent€acts.€Nevertheless,€considering€the€Committee's€view€that€the€right€to€security€ofÐ À4 Ðperson€(art.€9,€para.€1)€was€violated€and€that€there€were€no€effective€domestic€remediesÐ ¬  Ðallowing€the€author€to€return€from€involuntary€exile€in€safety,€the€Committee€concludes€thatÐ ˜  Ðthe€State€party€has€not€ensured€to€the€author€his€right€to€remain€in,€return€to€and€reside€in€hisÐ „ø Ðown€country.€Paragraphs€1€and€4€of€article€12€of€the€Covenant€were€therefore€violated.€ThisÐ pä Ðviolation€necessarily€has€a€negative€impact€on€the€author's€enjoyment€of€the€other€rightsÐ \ Ð Ðensured€under€the€Covenant.ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  #” Ðobligation€to€provide€Mr.€Luis€Asdrbal€Jimnez€Vaca€with€an€effective€remedy,€includingÐ  $€  Ðcompensation,€and€to€take€appropriate€measures€to€protect€his€security€of€person€and€his€lifeÐ ø$l! Ðso€as€to€allow€him€to€return€to€the€country.€The€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€carry€outÐ ä%X" Ðan€independent€inquiry€into€the€attempt€on€his€life€and€to€expedite€the€criminal€proceedingsÐ Ð&D # Ðagainst€those€responsible€for€it.€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€try€to€preventÐ ¼'0!$ Ðsimilar€violations€in€the€future.Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЀ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  àòò3óó/€€Communication€No.€195/1985,€òòWilliam€Eduardo€Delgado€Pez€v.€Colombiaóó,€ViewsÐ Œ Ðadopted€on€12€July€1990.Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖš–ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝLantsova€v.€Russian€Federationóó€(763/1997),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(26€March€2002)€96Ð ( œ Ð(CCPR/C/74/763/1997)€at€paras.€9.1,€9.2,€10€and€11.݃"éÖš–é–݌Рˆ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à9.1€€Regarding€the€conditions€of€detention,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€concedesÐ ØL  Ðthat€prison€conditions€were€bad€and€that€detention€centres€at€the€time€of€the€events€held€twiceÐ Ä8  Ðthe€intended€number€of€inmates.€The€Committee€also€notes€the€specific€information€receivedÐ °$  Ðfrom€the€author,€in€particular€that€the€prison€population€was,€in€fact,€five€times€the€allowedÐ œ  Ðcapacity€and€that€the€conditions€in€Matrosskaya€Tishina€prison€were€inhuman,€because€ofÐ ˆü  Ðpoor€ventilation,€inadequate€food€and€hygiene.€The€Committee€finds€that€holding€the€author'sÐ tè  Ðson€in€the€conditions€prevailing€at€this€prison€during€that€time€entailed€a€violation€of€hisÐ `Ô  Ðrights€under€article€10,€paragraph€1€of€the€Covenant.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.2€€Concerning€the€death€of€Mr.€Lantsov,€the€Committee€notes€the€author's€allegations,€onÐ $˜ Ðthe€strength€of€testimony€by€several€fellow€detainees,€that€after€the€deterioration€of€the€healthÐ „ Ðof€the€author's€son,€he€received€medical€care€only€during€the€last€few€minutes€of€his€life,€thatÐ üp Ðthe€prison€authorities€had€refused€such€care€during€the€preceding€days€and€that€this€situationÐ è\ Ðcaused€his€death.€€It€also€takes€note€of€the€information€provided€by€the€State€party,€namelyÐ ÔH Ðthat€several€inquiries€were€carried€out€into€the€causes€of€the€death,€i.e.€acute€pneumoniaÐ À4 Ðleading€to€cardiac€insufficiency,€and€that€Mr.€Lantsov€had€not€requested€medical€assistance.Ð ¬  ÐThe€Committee€affirms€that€it€is€incumbent€on€States€to€ensure€the€right€of€life€of€detainees,Ð ˜  Ðand€not€incumbent€on€the€latter€to€request€protection.€The€stated€intention€of€the€State€partyÐ „ø Ðto€improve€conditions€has€no€impact€in€the€assessment€of€this€case.€€The€Committee€notesÐ pä Ðthat€the€State€party€has€not€refuted€the€causal€link€between€the€conditions€of€the€detention€ofÐ \ Ð ÐMr.€Lantsov€and€the€fatal€deterioration€of€his€state€of€health.€Further,€even€if€the€CommitteeÐ H!¼ Ðstarts€from€the€assertion€of€the€State€party€that€neither€Mr.€Lantsov€himself€nor€hisÐ 4"¨ Ðco-detainees€had€requested€medical€help€in€time,€the€essential€fact€remains€that€the€StateÐ  #” Ðparty€by€arresting€and€detaining€individuals€takes€the€responsibility€to€care€for€their€life.€ItÐ  $€  Ðis€up€to€the€State€party€by€organizing€its€detention€facilities€to€know€about€the€state€of€healthÐ ø$l! Ðof€the€detainees€as€far€as€may€be€reasonably€expected.€Lack€of€financial€means€cannot€reduceÐ ä%X" Ðthis€responsibility.€The€Committee€considers€that€a€properly€functioning€medical€serviceÐ Ð&D # Ðwithin€the€detention€centre€could€and€should€have€known€about€the€dangerous€change€in€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðstate€of€health€of€Mr.€Lantsov.€€It€considers€that€the€State€party€failed€to€take€appropriateÐ ¨("% Ðmeasures€to€protect€Mr.€Lantsov's€life€during€the€period€he€spent€in€the€detention€centre.€Ð ”)#& ÐConsequently,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concludes€that,€in€this€case,€there€has€been€aÐ €*ô#' Ðviolation€of€paragraph€1€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€failed€in€its€obligationÐ xì Ðto€ensure€the€protection€of€Mr.€Lantsov,€who€lost€his€life€as€a€direct€result€of€the€existingÐ dØ Ðprison€conditions.€€The€Committee€finds€that€articles€6,€paragraph€1,€and€article€10,Ð P Ä Ðparagraph€1€of€the€Covenant€were€violated.€€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mrs.€Lantsova€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraphÐ  ˆ Ð3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy.€€The€State€party€should€take€effectiveÐ  t Ðmeasures:€€(a)€to€grant€appropriate€compensation€(b)€to€order€an€official€inquiry€into€theÐ ì ` Ðdeath€of€Mr.€Lantsov;€and€(c)€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€recur€in€the€future,Ð ØL  Ðespecially€by€taking€immediate€steps€to€ensure€that€conditions€of€detention€are€compatibleÐ Ä8  Ðwith€the€State€party's€obligation€under€articles€6€and€10€of€the€Covenant.€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖeªÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝKennedy€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(845/1998),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(26€March€2002)€161Ð tè  Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/845/1998)€at€paras.€7.5„7.8,€7.10,€8€and€9.€Ýƒ"éÖeª´ªÝŒÐ`Ô (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à7.5€€In€connection€with€counsel's€claim€that€the€length€of€judicial€proceedings€in€his€caseÐ $˜ Ðamounted€to€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c€)and€5,€the€Committee€notes€that€moreÐ „ Ðthan€ten€years€passed€from€the€time€of€the€author's€trial€to€the€date€of€the€dismissal€of€hisÐ üp Ðpetition€for€special€leave€to€appeal€by€the€Judicial€Committee€of€the€Privy€Council.€ItÐ è\ Ðconsiders€that€the€delays€invoked€by€counsel...in€particular€the€delays€in€judicial€proceedingsÐ ÔH Ðafter€the€ordering€of€a€re-trial,€i.e.€over€six€years€from€the€ordering€of€the€re-trial€in€earlyÐ À4 Ð1992€to€the€dismissal€of€the€second€appeal€in€March€1998,€were€'unreasonable'€within€theÐ ¬  Ðmeaning€of€article€14,€paragraphs€3(c)€and€5,€read€together.€Accordingly,€the€CommitteeÐ ˜  Ðconcludes€to€a€violation€of€these€provisions.Єø(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.6€€The€author€has€alleged€violations€of€articles€9,€paragraphs€€2€and€3,€because€he€was€notÐ \ Ð Ðcharged€until€five€days€€after€his€arrest,€and€not€brought€before€a€judge€until€six€days€afterÐ H!¼ Ðarrest.€It€is€uncontested€that€the€author€was€not€formally€charged€until€9€February€1987€andÐ 4"¨ Ðnot€brought€before€a€magistrate€until€10€February€1987.€While€the€meaning€of€the€termÐ  #” Ð"promptly"€in€paragraphs€2€and€3€of€article€9€must€be€determined€on€a€case€by€case€basis,€theÐ  $€  ÐCommittee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€under€the€Optional€Protocol€pursuant€to€which€delaysÐ ø$l! Ðshould€not€exceed€a€few€days.€€While€the€information€before€the€Committee€does€not€enableÐ ä%X" Ðit€to€determine€whether€Mr.€Kennedy€was€"promptly"€informed€of€the€charges€against€him,Ð Ð&D # Ðthe€Committee€considers€that€in€any€event€he€was€not€brought€"promptly"€before€a€judge,€inÐ ¼'0!$ Ðviolation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3.€Ð¨("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.7€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€author's€allegations€of€beatings€sustained€after€arrest€inÐ €*ô#' Ðpolice€custody.€It€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€challenged€these€allegations;€that€theÐ l+à$( Ðauthor€has€provided€a€detailed€description€of€the€treatment€he€was€subjected€to,€furtherÐ Œ Ðidentifying€the€police€officers€allegedly€involved;€and€that€the€magistrate€before€whom€heÐ xì Ðwas€brought€on€10€February€1987€ordered€him€to€be€taken€to€hospital€for€treatment.€TheÐ dØ ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€treatment€Mr.€Kennedy€was€subjected€to€in€police€custodyÐ P Ä Ðamounted€to€a€€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.8€€The€author€claims€that€his€conditions€of€detention€are€in€violation€of€articles€7€and€10(1).Ð  ˆ ÐOnce€again,€this€claim€has€not€been€addressed€by€the€State€party.€The€Committee€notes€thatÐ  t Ðthe€author€was€kept€on€remand€for€a€total€of€42€months€with€at€least€five€and€up€to€ten€otherÐ ì ` Ðdetainees€in€a€cell€measuring€6€by€9€feet;€that€for€a€period€of€almost€eight€years€on€death€row,Ð ØL  Ðhe€was€subjected€to€solitary€confinement€in€a€small€cell€with€no€sanitation€except€for€a€slopÐ Ä8  Ðpail,€no€natural€light,€being€allowed€out€of€his€cell€only€once€a€week,€and€with€whollyÐ °$  Ðinadequate€food€that€did€not€take€into€account€his€particular€dietary€requirements.€TheÐ œ  ÐCommittee€considers€that€these€-€uncontested€-€conditions€of€detention€amount€to€a€violationÐ ˆü  Ðof€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€violations€byÐ LÀ ÐTrinidad€and€Tobago€of€articles€6,€paragraph€1,€7,€9,€paragraph€3,€10€paragraph€1,€14,Ð 8¬ Ðparagraphs€3(c)€and€5,€and€14,€paragraphs€1€and€3(d),€the€latter€in€conjunction€with€articleÐ $˜ Ð2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.Є(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ è\ Ðprovide€Mr.€Rawle€Kennedy€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation€andÐ ÔH Ðconsideration€of€early€release.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€measures€toÐ À4 Ðprevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð¬ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ{¾ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝHigginson€v.€Jamaicaóó€(792/1998),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(28€March€2002)€140Ð pä Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/792/1998)€at€paras.€2.1,€4.6,€5€and€6.€Ýƒ"éÖ{¾ʾÝŒÐ\ Ð(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€19€May€1995,€the€author€was€convicted€of€illegal€possession€of€a€firearm,€rape€andÐ  #” Ðrobbery€with€aggravation€by€the€High€Court€Division€Gun€Court,€Kingston,€Jamaica,€andÐ  $€  Ðsentenced€to€respectively€5,€10€and€7€years€imprisonment€with€hard€labour,€to€runÐ ø$l! Ðconcurrently,€and€in€addition€to€receive€6€strokes€of€the€tamarind€switch.€Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à4.6€€...The€author€has€claimed€that€the€use€of€the€tamarind€switch€constitutes€cruel,€inhumanÐ ¼'0!$ Ðand€degrading€punishment,€and€that€the€imposition€of€the€sentence€violated€his€rights€underÐ ¨("% Ðarticle€7€of€the€Covenant.€The€State€party€has€not€contested€the€claim.€Irrespective€of€theÐ ”)#& Ðnature€of€the€crime€that€is€to€be€punished€or€the€permissibility€of€corporal€punishment€underÐ €*ô#' Ðdomestic€law,€it€is€the€consistent€opinion€of€the€Committee€that€corporal€punishmentÐ l+à$( Ðconstitutes€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€or€punishment€contrary€to€article€7€of€theÐ Œ ÐCovenant.€The€Committee€finds€that€the€imposition€or€the€execution€of€a€sentence€ofÐ xì Ðwhipping€with€the€tamarind€switch€constitutes€a€violation€of€the€author's€rights€under€articleÐ dØ Ð7.€ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violationÐ ( œ Ðof€article€7€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ ì ` Ðto€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€refraining€from€carrying€out€theÐ ØL  Ðsentence€of€whipping€upon€the€author€or€providing€appropriate€compensation€if€the€sentenceÐ Ä8  Ðhas€been€carried€out.€The€State€party€should€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€theÐ °$  Ðfuture€by€repealing€the€legislative€provisions€that€allow€for€corporal€punishment.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖîÈÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝTeesdale€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(677/1996)€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(1€April€2002)€36Ð `Ô  Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/677/1996)€at€paras.€9.1,€9.3„9.5,€10€and€11.݃"éÖîÈ=ÉÝŒÐLÀ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à9.1€€With€regard€to€the€conditions€of€the€author's€detention€at€State€Prison,€Port-of-Spain,Ð „ Ðboth€before€and€after€conviction,€the€Committee€notes€that€in€his€different€submissions€theÐ üp Ðauthor€made€specific€allegations,€in€respect€of€the€deplorable€conditions€of€detention...TheÐ è\ ÐCommittee€recalls€its€earlier€jurisprudence€that€certain€minimum€standards€regarding€theÐ ÔH Ðconditions€of€detention€must€be€observed€and€that€it€appears€from€the€author's€submissionsÐ À4 Ðthat€these€requirements€were€not€met€during€the€author's€detention€since€28€May€1988.€In€theÐ ¬  Ðabsence€of€any€response€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€must€give€due€weight€to€theÐ ˜  Ðallegations€of€the€author.€Consequently,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€circumstancesÐ „ø Ðdescribed€by€the€author€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€InÐ pä Ðthe€light€of€this€finding€in€respect€of€article€10,€a€provision€of€the€Covenant€dealingÐ \ Ð Ðspecifically€with€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€and€encompassing€for€suchÐ H!¼ Ðpersons€the€elements€set€out€generally€in€article€7,€is€not€necessary€to€consider€separately€theÐ 4"¨ Ðclaims€arising€under€article€7.Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€With€regard€to€the€delays€in€bringing€the€author€to€trial,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ ø$l! Ðauthor€was€detained€on€28€May€1988€and€formally€charged€with€murder€on€2€June€1988.€HisÐ ä%X" Ðtrial€began€on€6€October€1989€and€he€was€sentenced€to€death€on€2€November€1989.€UnderÐ Ð&D # Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant€anyone€arrested€or€detained€on€a€criminal€charge€shallÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbe€entitled€to€trial€within€a€reasonable€time.€€It€appears€from€the€transcript€of€the€trial€beforeÐ ¨("% Ðthe€San€Fernando€Assize€Court€that€all€evidence€for€the€case€of€the€prosecution€was€gatheredÐ ”)#& Ðby€1€€June€1988€and€no€further€investigations€were€carried€out.€The€Committee€is€of€the€viewÐ €*ô#' Ðthat€in€the€context€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€in€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€present€caseÐ l+à$( Ðand€in€the€absence€of€any€explanation€for€the€delay€by€the€State€party,€€the€length€of€time€thatÐ Œ Ðthe€author€was€in€pre-trial€detention€is€unreasonable€and,€therefore,€constitutes€a€violationÐ xì Ðof€this€provision.€€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€With€regard€to€the€delays€in€hearing€the€author's€appeal,€the€Committee€notes€that€he€wasÐ < ° Ðconvicted€on€2€November€1989€and€that€his€appeal€was€dismissed€on€22€March€1994.€TheÐ ( œ ÐCommittee€recalls€that€all€stages€of€the€procedure€must€take€place€'without€undue€delay'Ð  ˆ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c).€Furthermore,€the€Committee€recalls€itsÐ  t Ðprevious€jurisprudence€that€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€should€be€strictly€observed€in€anyÐ ì ` Ðcriminal€procedure.€€In€the€absence€of€an€explanation€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee,Ð ØL  Ðtherefore,€finds€that€a€delay€of€four€years€and€five€months€between€the€conviction€and€theÐ Ä8  Ðdismissal€of€his€appeal€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€CovenantÐ °$  Ðin€this€regard.М (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€Concerning€the€author's€representation€at€trial,€the€Committee€notes€that€counsel€was€notÐ tè  Ðassigned€to€him€until€the€day€of€the€trial€itself.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€article€14,Ð `Ô  Ðparagraph€3€(b),€provides€that€the€accused€must€have€time€and€adequate€facilities€for€theÐ LÀ Ðpreparation€of€his€defence.€Therefore,€the€Committee€finds€that€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b),Ð 8¬ Ðwas€violated.€€€Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ üp Ðof€articles€7;€9,€paragraph€3;€10,€paragraph€1;€and€14,€paragraphs€3€(b)€and€(c)€of€theÐ è\ ÐCovenant.ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€Mr.€Teesdale€is€entitled€to€an€effectiveÐ ¬  Ðremedy,€including€compensation€and€consideration€by€the€appropriate€authorities€of€aÐ ˜  Ðreduction€in€sentence.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsÐ „ø Ðdo€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖžÝÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝIrving€v.€Australiaóó€(880/1999),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(1€April€2002)€324€Ð 4"¨ Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/880/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.5,€8.2„8.4€and€9.݃"éÖžÝíÝ݌Р#”(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€8€December€1993,€a€jury€in€the€District€Court€of€Cairns€convicted€the€author€of€anÐ ä%X" Ðarmed€robbery€of€a€branch€office€of€the€ANZ€bank€in€Cairns,€committed€on€19€March€1993;Ð Ð&D # Ðhe€was€sentenced€to€eight€years€of€imprisonment.€He€applied€for€legal€aid€to€appeal€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðdecision,€but€Legal€Aid€Queensland€turned€down€his€request.€He€appeared€without€legalÐ ¨("% Ðrepresentation€before€the€Queensland€Court€of€Appeal,€which€dismissed€the€appeal€on€20Ð ”)#& ÐApril€1994.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à2.5€€After€exhausting€all€possible€avenues€of€representation€and€assistance€known€to€him,€theÐ Œ Ðauthor€considered€that€he€had€no€alternative€but€to€represent€himself€in€the€High€Court€ofÐ xì ÐAustralia,€notwithstanding€his€previous€failure€as€a€self-represented€applicant€in€theÐ dØ ÐQueensland€Court€of€Appeal.€On€2€May€1996,€the€High€Court€accepted€the€documentationÐ P Ä Ðcompiled€by€the€author€in€custody€as€an€application€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€On€8Ð < ° ÐDecember€1997,€four€years€to€the€day€from€his€original€conviction,€the€High€Court€at€onceÐ ( œ Ðgranted€the€author's€application€for€special€leave€to€appeal,€allowed€the€appeal,€quashed€theÐ  ˆ Ðconviction€and€ordered€a€retrial.€The€Court€accepted€the€Crown's€concession€at€the€hearingÐ  t Ðthat€the€author's€original€trial€had€been€unfair.€The€Court€observed€that€it€had€€"the€gravestÐ ì ` Ðmisgivings€about€the€circumstances€of€this€case",€that€"it€is€a€very€disturbing€situation"€andÐ ØL  Ðthat€"in€all€of€this,€the€accused€has€been€denied€legal€aid€for€his€appeal".€On€11€DecemberÐ Ä8  Ð1997,€the€author€was€released€from€prison€on€bail.€On€2€October€1998,€the€Director€of€PublicÐ °$  ÐProsecutions€of€Queensland€indicated€that€the€author€would€not€be€re-tried,€and€entered€aÐ œ  Ðòònolle€prosequióó.€Ðˆü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à8.2€€€The€facts€laid€out€in€the€communication,€which€have€not€been€contested€by€the€StateÐ `Ô  Ðparty,€show€that€Mr.€Irving€was€subject€to€manifest€injustice.€€It€would€appear€that€they€raiseÐ LÀ Ða€serious€issue€regarding€compliance€by€the€State€party€with€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€ofÐ 8¬ Ðthe€Covenant,€as€Mr.€Irving€was€repeatedly€denied€legal€aid€in€a€case€in€which€the€High€CourtÐ $˜ Ðof€Australia€itself€considered€that€the€interests€of€justice€required€such€aid€to€be€provided.€ItÐ „ Ðwould€therefore€appear€that€Mr.€Irving€should€be€entitled€to€compensation.€The€only€claimÐ üp Ðmade€by€the€author€of€the€communication€was€a€claim€based€on€article€14,€paragraph€6,€ofÐ è\ Ðthe€Covenant€and€the€question€before€the€Committee€is€therefore€whether€this€claim€isÐ ÔH Ðadmissible.ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.3€€€The€Committee€recalls€the€conditions€of€application€of€article€14,€paragraph€6:И (#(# ЀÌà0  àà0` (#(#à"When€a€person€has€by€a€final€decision€been€convicted€of€a€criminal€offence€andÐ pä Ðwhen€subsequently€his€conviction€has€been€reversed€or€he€has€been€pardoned€on€theÐ \ Ð Ðground€that€a€new€or€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusively€that€there€has€beenÐ H!¼ Ða€miscarriage€of€justice,€the€person€who€has€suffered€punishment€as€a€result€of€suchÐ 4"¨ Ðconviction€shall€be€compensated€according€to€law,€unless€it€is€proved€that€theÐ  #” Ðnon-disclosure€of€the€unknown€fact€€in€time€is€wholly€or€partly€attributable€to€him."Ð $€ ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  à8.4€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€author's€conviction€in€the€District€Court€of€Cairns€ofÐ ä%X" Ð8€December€1993€was€affirmed€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€Queensland€on€20€April€1994.€€Mr.Ð Ð&D # ÐIrving€applied€for€leave€to€appeal€this€decision€before€the€€High€Court€of€Australia.€€LeaveÐ ¼'0!$ Ðto€appeal€was€granted€and€on€8€December€1997€the€High€Court€of€Australia€quashed€theÐ ¨("% Ðconviction€on€the€ground€that€the€author's€trial€had€been€unfair.€€As€the€decision€of€the€CourtÐ ”)#& Ðof€Appeal€of€Queensland€was€subject€to€appeal€(albeit€with€leave)€on€the€basis€of€the€normalÐ €*ô#' Ðgrounds€for€appeal,€it€would€€appear€that€until€the€decision€of€the€High€Court€of€Australia,Ð l+à$( Ðthe€author's€conviction€may€not€have€constituted€a€"final€decision"€within€the€meaning€ofÐ Œ Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€6.€However,€even€if€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€QueenslandÐ xì Ðwere€deemed€to€constitute€the€"final€decision"€for€the€purposes€of€article€14,€paragraph€6,€theÐ dØ Ðauthor's€appeal€to€the€High€Court€of€Australia€was€accepted€on€the€grounds€that€the€originalÐ P Ä Ðtrial€had€been€unfair€and€not€that€a€new,€or€newly€discovered€fact,€showed€conclusively€thatÐ < ° Ðthere€had€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€€In€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€thatÐ ( œ Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€6,€does€not€apply€in€the€present€case,€and€this€claim€is€inadmissibleÐ  ˆ Ðratione€materiae€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à(a)€€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible;а$ ` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à...М ` (#` (# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Irving€v.€Australiaóó€(880/1999),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€IIÐ tè  Ð(1€April€2002)€324€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/74/D/880/1999)€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Louis€Henkin€and€Mr.Ð `Ô  ÐMartin€Scheinin.Ð LÀ ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ³÷ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBoodoo€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(721/1996),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(2€April€2002)€76Ð „ Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/721/1996)€at€paras.€6.4,€6.6„6.7,€7€and€8.݃"éÖ³÷ÿ÷ÝŒÐüp(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à6.4€€The€Committee€notes€the€author's€complaint...that€he€has€been€held€in€appalling€andÐ À4 Ðinsalubrious€conditions€as€a€result€of€which€his€eyesight€has€deteriorated.€In€the€Committee'sÐ ¬  Ðopinion,€the€conditions€described€therein€are€such€as€to€violate€his€right€to€be€treated€withÐ ˜  Ðhumanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person€and€are€thereforeÐ „ø Ðcontrary€to€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à6.6€€As€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€has€been€forbidden€from€wearing€a€beard€and€fromÐ H!¼ Ðworshipping€at€religious€services,€and€that€his€prayer€books€were€taken€from€him,€theÐ 4"¨ ÐCommittee€reaffirms€that€the€freedom€to€manifest€religion€or€belief€in€worship,€observance,Ð  #” Ðpractice€and€teaching€encompasses€a€broad€range€of€acts€and€that€the€concept€of€worshipÐ  $€  Ðextends€to€ritual€and€ceremonial€acts€giving€expression€to€belief,€as€well€as€various€practicesÐ ø$l! Ðintegral€to€such€acts.€€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€from€the€State€party€concerning€theÐ ä%X" Ðauthor's€allegations...the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€18Ð Ð&D # Ðof€the€Covenant.м'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.7€€As€to€the€author's€claims€concerning€attacks€on€his€privacy€and€dignity,€in€the€absenceÐ ”)#& Ðof€any€explanation€from€the€State€party,€the€Committee€concludes€that€his€rights€under€articleÐ €*ô#' Ð17€were€violated.Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ Œ Ðof€articles€7,€9,€paragraph€3,€10,€paragraph€1,€14(3)(c),€17€and€18,€€of€the€InternationalÐ xì ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ < ° Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy€including€compensation€for€the€treatment€to€whichÐ ( œ Ðhe€has€been€subjected.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsÐ  ˆ Ðdo€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð t(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝGedumbe€v.€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo€óó(641/1995),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(9€JulyÐ Ä8  Ð2002)€24€(CCPR/C/75/D/641/1995)€at€paras.€2.1„2.5,€5.2,€5.3,€6.1€and€6.2.€Ýƒ"éÖO݌а$ (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Јü (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€In€1985€the€author€was€appointed€director€of€a€Zairian€consular€school€in€Bujumbura,Ð tè  ÐBurundi.€In€1988€he€was€suspended€from€his€duties€by€Mboloko€Ikolo,€the€then€ZairianÐ `Ô  Ðambassador€to€Burundi.€This€suspension€allegedly€was€attributable€to€a€complaint€addressedÐ LÀ Ðby€the€author€and€by€other€staff€members€of€the€schoolòò1óó/€to€several€administrative€authoritiesÐ 8¬ Ðof€Zaire,€including€the€President€and€the€Minister€of€Foreign€Affairs,€concerning€theÐ $˜ Ðembezzlement€by€Mr.€Ikolo€of€the€salaries€for€the€personnel€of€the€consular€school.€MoreÐ „ Ðparticularly,€the€ambassador€allegedly€embezzled€the€author's€salary€in€order€to€force€him€toÐ üp Ðyield€his€wife.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€March€1988€a€fact„finding€commission€was€sent€from€Zaire€to€Bujumbura,€which,Ð À4 Ðpurportedly,€made€an€overwhelming€report€against€the€ambassador€and€confirmed€all€theÐ ¬  Ðallegations€made€against€him.€In€August€1988€the€Minister€of€Foreign€Affairs€of€ZaireÐ ˜  Ðenjoined€Mr.€Ikolo€to€pay€all€the€salary€arrears€to€the€author,€who,€in€the€meantime,€had€beenÐ „ø Ðtransferred€as€director€of€the€Zairian€consular€school€to€Kigali,€Rwanda.€The€ambassador,Ð pä Ðwho€allegedly€refused€to€obey€this€order,€was€suspended€from€his€duties€and€recalled€to€ZaireÐ \ Ð Ðon€20€June€1989.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€In€September€1989€the€Ministry€of€Primary€and€Secondary€Education€issued€an€order€toÐ  #” Ðreinstate€the€author€in€his€post€in€Bujumbura.€Accordingly,€the€author€moved€back€toÐ  $€  ÐBurundi€in€order€to€fill€his€post.€Subsequently,€Mr.€Ikolo,€who€despite€his€suspensionÐ ø$l! Ðremained€in€Bujumbura€until€20€December€1989,€informed€the€authorities€in€Zaire€that€theÐ ä%X" Ðauthor€was€a€member€of€a€network€of€political€opponents€of€the€Zairian€Government,€andÐ Ð&D # Ðthat€he€therefore€had€requested€the€authorities€of€Burundi€to€expel€him.€For€this€reason,€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðauthor€maintains,€Mr.€Ikolo€and€his€successor€at€the€embassy,€Vizi€Topi,€refused€to€reinstateÐ ¨("% Ðhim€in€his€post,€even€after€confirmation€by€the€Minister€of€Primary€and€Secondary€Education,Ð ”)#& Ðor€to€pay€his€salary€arrears.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à2.4€€The€author€appealed€to€the€Public€Prosecutor€of€the€County€Court€(òòTribunal€de€GrandeÐ Œ ÐInstanceóó)€of€Uvira,€who€passed€on€the€file€to€the€Public€Prosecutor€of€the€Court€of€AppealÐ xì Ð(òòCour€d'Appelóó)€of€Bukavu€on€25€July€1990.€Both€offices€described€the€facts€as€being€anÐ dØ Ðabuse€of€rights€and€called€into€question€the€former€ambassador's€conduct.€On€14€SeptemberÐ P Ä Ð1990€the€case€was€further€transmitted€for€advice€to€the€Office€of€the€Public€Prosecutor€inÐ < ° ÐKinshasa,€where€the€case€was€registered€in€February€1991.€Since€then,€despite€numerousÐ ( œ Ðreminders€sent€by€the€author,€no€further€action€has€been€taken.€Consequently,€the€authorÐ  ˆ Ðappealed€to€the€Minister€of€Justice€and€to€the€Chairman€of€the€National€Assembly.€The€latterÐ  t Ðinterceded€with€the€Minister€of€Foreign€Affairs€and€the€Minister€of€Education,€who,Ð ì ` Ðallegedly,€intervened€on€the€author's€behalf€with€Mr.€Vizi€Topi,€all€to€no€avail.€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€On€7€October€1990€the€author€served€a€summons€on€Mr.€Ikolo€for€adultery,€slanderousÐ °$  Ðdenunciation€and€prejudicial€charges,€abuse€of€power€and€embezzlement€of€private€monies.Ð œ  ÐBy€a€letter€dated€24€October€1990,€the€President€of€the€Kinshasa€Court€of€Appeal€(òòCourÐ ˆü  Ðd'Appelóó)€informed€the€author€that€Mr.€Ikolo,€as€an€ambassador,€benefited€from€functionalÐ tè  Ðimmunity€and€could€only€be€brought€to€trial€upon€summons€of€the€Public€Prosecutor.€All€theÐ `Ô  Ðauthor's€requests€to€the€latter€to€start€legal€proceedings€against€Mr.€Ikolo€have€to€dateÐ LÀ Ðremained€unanswered.€According€to€the€author,€this€is€due€to€the€fact€that€a€specialÐ 8¬ Ðauthorization€of€the€President€is€required€to€start€legal€proceedings€against€members€of€theÐ $˜ Ðsecurity€police€and€that,€therefore,€the€Public€Prosecutor€could€not€take€the€risk€of€servingÐ „ Ða€summons€on€Mr.€Ikolo,€who€is€also€a€senior€official€in€the€National€Intelligence€andÐ üp ÐProtection€Service.€Accordingly,€the€author's€case€cannot€be€the€subject€of€a€judicialÐ è\ Ðdetermination.€Therefore,€it€is€submitted,€all€available€and€effective€domestic€remedies€haveÐ ÔH Ðbeen€exhausted.€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à5.2€€With€regard€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€25€(c)€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ ˜  Ðnotes€that€the€author€has€made€specific€allegations€relating,€on€the€one€hand,€to€hisÐ „ø Ðsuspension€in€complete€disregard€of€legal€procedure€and,€in€particular,€in€violation€of€theÐ pä ÐZairian€regulations€governing€State€employees,€and,€on€the€other€hand,€to€the€failure€toÐ \ Ð Ðreinstate€him€in€his€post,€in€contravention€of€decisions€by€the€Ministry€of€Primary€andÐ H!¼ ÐSecondary€Education.€In€this€connection€the€Committee€notes€also€that€the€non„payment€ofÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€author's€salary€arrears,€notwithstanding€the€instructions€by€the€Minister€for€ForeignÐ  #” ÐAffairs,€is€the€direct€consequence€of€the€failure€to€implement€the€above„mentioned€decisionsÐ  $€  Ðby€the€authorities.€In€the€absence€of€a€response€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€finds€thatÐ ø$l! Ðthe€facts€in€the€case€show€that€the€decisions€by€the€authorities€in€the€author's€favour€have€notÐ ä%X" Ðbeen€acted€upon€and€cannot€be€regarded€as€an€effective€remedy€for€violation€of€article€25€(c)Ð Ð&D # Ðread€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.3€€To€the€extent€that€the€Committee€has€found€that€there€was€no€effective€legal€procedureÐ ”)#& Ðallowing€the€author€to€invoke€his€rights€before€a€tribunal€(article€25€(c)€in€conjunction€withÐ €*ô#' Ðarticle€2),€no€separate€issue€arises€concerning€the€conformity€of€proceedings€before€such€aÐ l+à$( Ðtribunal€with€article€14€of€the€Covenant.€With€regard€to€article€26,€the€Committee€sustainsÐ Œ Ðthe€author's€reasoning€by€finding€a€violation€of€article€25€(c).€Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ P Ä Ðby€the€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo€of€articles€25€(c)€in€conjunction€with€article€2€ofÐ < ° Ðthe€Covenant.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.2€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÐ  t Ðthe€author€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€namely:€(a)€effective€reinstatement€to€publicÐ ì ` Ðservice€and€to€his€post,€with€all€the€consequences€that€that€implies,€or,€if€necessary,€to€aÐ ØL  Ðsimilar€post;òò2óó/€(b)€compensation€comprising€a€sum€equivalent€to€the€payment€of€the€arrearsÐ Ä8  Ðof€salary€and€remuneration€that€he€would€have€received€from€the€time€at€which€he€was€notÐ °$  Ðreinstated€to€his€post,€beginning€in€September€1989.òò3óó/€Ðœ (#(# Ðà0  à__________________Јü (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐtè (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€This€complaint€was€also€signed€by€Odia€Amisi;€communication€No.€497/1992€(òòOdia€à @”" àÐ LÀ ÐAmisi€v.€Zaireóó),€declared€inadmissible€on€27€July€1994.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€Communication€No.€630/1995€òòAbdoulaye€Mazou€v.€Cameroonóó.€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€Communications€No.€422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990,€òòAdimayo€M.€Aduayom,€SofianouÐ è\ ÐT.€Diasso€and€Yawo€S.€Dobou€v.€Togoóó.€ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à__________________ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÁ&ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝChira€Vargas€v.€Peruóó€(906/2000)€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(22€July€2002)€228€Ð „ø Ð(CCPR/C/75/D/906/2000)€at€paras.€2.3,€2.7,€7.4,€8€and€9.݃"éÖÁ&'ÝŒÐpä(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à2.3€€On€16€October€1991,€an€administrative€decision€relieved€the€author€of€his€duties€as€aÐ 4"¨ Ðdisciplinary€measure,€after€26€years€of€service.òò1óó/€The€decision€was€based€on€a€report€datedÐ  #” Ð8€October€1991,€which€contained€conclusions€based€on€a€police€report€that€the€author€claimsÐ  $€  Ðnever€existed,€and€a€second€disciplinary€report€dated€16€October€1991,€in€which€the€authorÐ ø$l! Ðwas€accused€of€violating€article€84.C.6€of€the€Disciplinary€Regulations,€although€he€contendsÐ ä%X" Ðthat€the€article€in€question€was€intended€to€cover€a€different€situation.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à2.7€€On€30€January€1995,€the€author€submitted€an€application€for€òòamparoóó€to€the€TrujilloÐ ¨("% ÐThird€Special€Civil€Court,€requesting€that€the€Supreme€Decision€relieving€him€of€his€dutiesÐ ”)#& Ðshould€be€declared€unenforceable.€In€its€judgement€of€2€March€1995,€the€Court€declared€theÐ €*ô#' Ðdecision€unenforceable€and€ordered€the€reinstatement€of€the€author€to€active€service€in€theÐ l+à$( ÐNational€Police€with€the€rank€of€commander.€The€judgement€was€appealed€by€the€PublicÐ Œ ÐProsecutor€of€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€in€the€Trujillo€First€Civil€Division€which,€on€20Ð xì ÐJune€1995,€upheld€the€order€for€the€author's€reinstatement.€The€Public€Prosecutor€thenÐ dØ Ðappealed€to€the€Constitutional€Division€of€the€Supreme€Court,€which,€in€its€decision€of€6Ð P Ä ÐDecember€1995,€declared€itself€incompetent€to€hear€the€appeal.€On€27€December€1995,€theÐ < ° Ðappeal€was€declared€inadmissible€by€the€Trujillo€First€Civil€Division.€Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à7.4€€Although€not€explicitly€stated€by€the€author,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ  t Ðcommunication€raises€issues€under€article€25€(c)€concerning€every€citizen's€right€to€haveÐ ì ` Ðaccess,€on€general€terms€of€equality,€to€public€service€in€his€country,€together€with€the€rightÐ ØL  Ðto€the€execution€of€decisions€and€judgements.€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€the€author'sÐ Ä8  Ðclaims€that,€notwithstanding€the€Supreme€Decision€of€21€August€1997,€he€was€neverÐ °$  Ðreinstated€in€his€post,€and€that€another€Supreme€Decision€was€issued€on€29€August€1997Ð œ  Ðforcing€him€to€retire€owing€to€the€reorganization€of€the€police€force.€Considering€that€theÐ ˆü  ÐState€party€has€not€demonstrated€in€what€way€it€reinstated€the€author€in€service,€what€rankÐ tè  Ðhe€was€given€or€on€what€date€he€resumed€his€post,€as€required€by€law€in€the€light€of€theÐ `Ô  Ðannulment€ruling€of€2€March€1995,€the€Committee€considers€that€there€has€been€a€violationÐ LÀ Ðof€article€25€(c),€in€conjunction€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€that€have€been€set€forthÐ „ Ðconstitute€violations€of€article€25€(c)€of€the€Covenant,€in€conjunction€with€article€2,€paragraphÐ üp Ð3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÐ À4 Ðthe€author€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€namely:€(a)€effective€reinstatement€to€hisÐ ¬  Ðduties€and€to€his€post,€with€all€the€consequences€that€that€implies,€at€the€rank€that€he€wouldÐ ˜  Ðhave€held€had€he€not€been€dismissed€in€1991,€or€to€a€similar€post;òò4óó/€(b)€compensationÐ „ø Ðcomprising€a€sum€equivalent€to€the€payment€of€the€arrears€of€salary€and€remuneration€thatÐ pä Ðhe€would€have€received€from€the€time€at€which€he€was€not€reinstated€to€his€post.òò5óó/€Finally,Ð \ Ð Ðthe€State€party€must€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€recur€in€the€future.€ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ #”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€See€the€Committee's€Views€concerning€communication€No.€630/1995,€òòAbdoulaye€MazouÐ ø$l! Ðv.€Cameroonóó,€paragraph€9,€and€communication€641/1995,€òòGedumbe€v.€Democratic€RepublicÐ ä%X" Ðof€the€Congoóó.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò5óó/€€See€the€Views€concerning€communications€No.€422/1990,€No.€423/1990€and€No.Ð ¨("% Ð424/1990,€òòAdimado€M.€Aduayom,€Sofianou€T.€Diasso€and€Yawo€S.€Dobou€v.€Togoóó,€paragraphÐ ”)#& Ð9.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðl+à$((#(# ЇÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖé;ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝFrancis€et€al.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(899/1999),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(25€July€2002)Ð xì Ð206€(CCPR/C/75/D/899/1999)€at€paras.€2.1„2.5,€5.6,€6,€7€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.Ð dØ ÐHipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen€(dissenting€in€part).€Ýƒ"éÖé;8<ÝŒÐP Ä(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Messrs.€Francis,€Glaude€and€George€were€arrested€on€24€July€1986,€23€July€1986€andÐ  ˆ Ð24€May€1987€respectively€for€suspicion€of€murder€on€19€July€1986€of€one€Ramesh€Harriral.Ð  t ÐUntil€their€trial€in€November€1990,€the€authors€were€detained€at€the€remand€section€ofÐ ì ` ÐGolden€Grove€Prison,€Arouca,€in€a€cell€measuring€9€feet€by€6€feet€with€between€8€to€15€otherÐ ØL  Ðinmates.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€After€a€period€of€four€years€and€three€months€for€Messrs.€Francis€and€Glaude,€and€ofÐ œ  Ðthree€years€and€five€months€for€Mr.€George,€the€authors€were€tried€between€6€and€30Ð ˆü  ÐNovember€1990,€convicted€by€unanimous€jury€verdict€and€sentenced€to€death€for€the€murderÐ tè  Ðcharged.€From€their€conviction€on€30€November€1990€until€the€commutation€of€theirÐ `Ô  Ðsentences€on€3€March€1997,€the€authors€were€confined€on€death€row€at€Port€of€Spain€Prison,Ð LÀ ÐTrinidad.€They€were€detained€in€solitary€confinement€in€a€cell€measuring€9€feet€by€6€feet,Ð 8¬ Ðcontaining€an€iron€bed,€mattress,€bench€and€table.òò1óó/Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€In€the€absence€of€sanitation€facilities€in€the€cell,€a€plastic€pail€was€provided€as€toilet.€AÐ üp Ðsmall€ventilation€hole,€measuring€8€inches€by€8€inches,€provided€scarce€and€inadequateÐ è\ Ðventilation.€The€only€light€provided€was€by€a€fluorescent€strip€illuminated€24€hours€a€dayÐ ÔH Ðlocated€outside€the€cell€above€the€door.€The€authors€remained€locked€inside€their€cellÐ À4 Ðcontinuously,€save€for€collecting€food,€bathing,€and€slopping€out€the€contents€of€their€plasticÐ ¬  Ðpail.€They€enjoyed€exercise€outside€their€cell€approximately€once€a€month€only€in€handcuffs.Ð ˜  ÐThey€were€allowed€only€a€limited€number€of€personal€items,€excluding€radios,€and€access€toÐ „ø Ðwriting€and€reading€material€remained€very€limited.€Mr.€Francis€further€stated€that€he€had€noÐ pä Ðright€to€see€copies€of€the€Prison€Rules,€that€he€was€not€allowed€to€write€to€the€Ministry€ofÐ \ Ð ÐNational€Security€complaining€as€to€his€conditions€of€detention,€that€doctors€visits€wereÐ H!¼ Ðirregular€and€that€letters€to€his€family€had€been€intercepted€and€not€processed€withoutÐ 4"¨ Ðexplanation.€Mr.€Glaude€also€stated€that€poor€food€had€resulted€in€significant€weight€loss,Ð  #” Ðand€that€no€medicine€had€been€provided€to€him.€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€On€10€October€1994,€the€authors€applied€for€leave€to€appeal€against€their€convictions€toÐ ä%X" Ðthe€Court€of€Appeal€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago.€The€Court€of€Appeal€dismissed€theirÐ Ð&D # Ðapplication€for€leave€on€13€March€1995.€The€authors'€petitions€to€the€Judicial€Committee€ofÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€Privy€Council€for€Special€Leave€to€Appeal€as€Poor€Persons€were€dismissed€on€14Ð ¨("% ÐNovember€1996.€On€3€March€1997€the€authors'€death€sentences€were€commuted€to€75€years'Ð ”)#& Ðimprisonment.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à2.5€€From€that€point,€the€authors€have€been€detained€in€Port€of€Spain€Prison€in€conditionsÐ Œ Ðinvolving€confinement€to€a€cell€measuring€9€feet€by€6€feet€together€with€9€to€12€otherÐ xì Ðprisoners.€It€is€stated€that€such€overcrowding€leads€to€violent€confrontations€amongst€theÐ dØ Ðprisoners.€One€single€bed€is€provided€for€the€cell€and€therefore€the€authors€sleep€on€the€floor.Ð P Ä ÐOne€plastic€bucket€is€provided€as€slop€pail€and€is€emptied€once€a€day,€such€that€it€sometimesÐ < ° Ðoverflows€or€is€spilled€over.€Inadequate€ventilation€consists€of€a€2€foot€by€2€foot€barredÐ ( œ Ðwindow.€The€prisoners€are€locked€in€their€cell,€on€average€23€hours€a€day,€with€noÐ  ˆ Ðeducational€opportunities,€work€or€reading€materials.€The€location€of€the€prisonÐ  t Ðfood-preparation€area,€around€2€metres€from€where€the€prisoners€empty€their€slop€pails,Ð ì ` Ðcreates€an€obvious€health€hazard.€The€quantity€and€quality€of€food€are€said€not€to€meet€theÐ ØL  Ðauthors'€nutritional€needs,€and€the€complaint€mechanisms€for€prisoners€are€inadequate.€ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à5.6€€As€to€the€authors'€claims€that€the€conditions€of€detention€in€each€phase€of€theirÐ œ  Ðimprisonment€violated€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€in€the€absence€of€any€responses€by€theÐ ˆü  ÐState€party€to€the€allegations€concerning€the€conditions€of€detention€as€described€by€theÐ tè  Ðauthors,€the€Committee€must€give€due€consideration€to€the€authors'€allegations€since€theyÐ `Ô  Ðhave€not€been€properly€refuted.€The€Committee€considers€that€the€authors'€conditions€ofÐ LÀ Ðdetention€as€described€violate€their€right€to€be€treated€with€humanity€and€with€respect€for€theÐ 8¬ Ðinherent€dignity€of€the€human€person,€and€are€therefore€contrary€to€article€10,€paragraph€1,Ð $˜ Ðof€the€Covenant.€In€the€light€of€this€finding€in€respect€of€article€10,€a€provision€of€theÐ „ ÐCovenant€dealing€specifically€with€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€andÐ üp Ðencompassing€for€such€persons€the€elements€set€out€generally€in€article€7,€it€is€not€necessaryÐ è\ Ðseparately€to€consider€the€claims€arising€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à6.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ¬  Ðof€articles€9,€paragraph€3,€10,€paragraph€1,€and€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ pä Ðobligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.Ð \ Ð ÐIn€the€light€of€the€long€years€spent€by€the€authors€in€deplorable€conditions€of€detention€thatÐ H!¼ Ðviolate€article€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€should€consider€release€of€the€authors.€TheÐ 4"¨ ÐState€party€should,€in€any€event,€improve€the€conditions€of€detention€in€its€prisons€withoutÐ  #” Ðdelay,€in€order€to€bring€the€authors'€conditions€of€detention€into€line€with€article€10€of€theÐ  $€  ÐCovenant.€Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€Counsel's€description€of€these€conditions€of€confinement€on€death€row€is€derived€from€aÐ ¨("% Ðvisit€by€him€to,€and€interviews€with,€the€authors€on€15€July€1996.€The€description€ofÐ ”)#& Ðconditions€post-commutation€is€derived€from€counsel's€visits€to,€and€interviews€with,€otherÐ €*ô#' Ðprisoners€at€the€same€prison€on€the€same€day.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen€(dissenting€in€part)óóÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  àIn€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ < ° Ðobligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.Ð ( œ ÐIn€the€light€of€the€long€years€spent€by€the€authors€in€deplorable€conditions€of€detention€thatÐ  ˆ Ðviolate€article€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€should€release€the€authors.€The€State€partyÐ  t Ðshould,€in€any€event,€improve€the€conditions€of€detention€in€its€prisons€without€delay,€inÐ ì ` Ðorder€to€bring€the€authors'€conditions€of€detention€into€line€with€article€10€of€the€Covenant.€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖU^ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝBorisenco€v.€Hungaryóó€(852/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(14€October€2002)€119Ð œ  Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/852/1999)€at€paras.€7.4,€7.5,€8€and€9.݃"éÖU^¤^݌Јü (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à7.4€€With€regard€to€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€the€Committee€notesÐ LÀ Ðthat€the€author€was€detained€for€three€days€before€being€brought€before€a€judicial€officer.€InÐ 8¬ Ðthe€absence€of€an€explanation€from€the€State€party€on€the€necessity€to€detain€the€author€forÐ $˜ Ðthis€period,€the€Committee€finds€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3€of€the€Covenant.Є(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.5€€With€respect€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€was€not€provided€with€legal€representationÐ è\ Ðfrom€the€time€of€his€arrest€to€his€release€from€detention,€which€included€a€hearing€onÐ ÔH Ðdetention€at€which€he€had€to€represent€himself,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€hasÐ À4 Ðconfirmed€that€although€it€assigned€a€lawyer€to€the€author,€the€lawyer€failed€to€appear€at€theÐ ¬  Ðinterrogation€or€at€the€detention€hearing.€In€its€previous€jurisprudence,€the€Committee€hasÐ ˜  Ðmade€it€clear€that€it€is€incumbent€upon€the€State€party€to€ensure€that€legal€representationÐ „ø Ðprovided€by€the€State€guarantees€effective€representation.€It€recalls€its€prior€jurisprudence€thatÐ pä Ðlegal€assistance€should€be€available€at€all€stages€of€criminal€proceedings.€Consequently€theÐ \ Ð ÐCommittee€finds€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(d)€of€theÐ H!¼ ÐCovenant.€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ  $€  Ðof€articles€9,€paragraph€3,€and€14,€paragraph€3€(d)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ ø$l! ÐPolitical€Rights.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ¼'0!$ Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.€The€StateÐ ¨("% Ðparty€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð”)#&(#(# ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖÄhÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòCoronel€et€al.€óó€òòv€.€Colombiaóó€(778/1997),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(24€October€2002)€40Ð Œ Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/778/1997)€at€paras.€2.1„2.4,€2.14,€3.5,€3.6,€9.3„9.5,€9.8€and€10.݃"éÖÄhiÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Between€12€and€14€January€1993,€troops€of€the€"Motilones"€Anti-Guerrilla€BattalionÐ < ° Ð(No.€17),€attached€to€the€Second€Mobile€Brigade€of€the€Colombian€National€Army,Ð ( œ Ðconducted€a€military€operation€in€the€indigenous€community€of€San€Jos€del€TarraÐ  ˆ Ð(municipality€of€Hacari,€department€of€Norte€Santander)€and€launched€a€search€operation€inÐ  t Ðthe€region,€making€incursions€into€a€number€of€neighbouring€settlements€and€villages.Ð ì ` ÐDuring€these€operations,€the€soldiers€raided€several€houses€and€arrested€a€number€of€people,Ð ØL  Ðincluding€Ramð;ðn€Villegas€Tllez,€Gustavo€Coronel€Navarro,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega,Ð Ä8  ÐRamð;ðn€Emilio€Snchez,€Ramð;ðn€Emilio€Quintero€Ropero€and€Luis€Honorio€Quintero€Ropero.Ð °$  ÐBoth€the€raids€and€the€arrests€were€carried€out€illegally,€since€the€soldiers€did€not€have€theÐ œ  Ðjudicial€warrants€prescribed€by€Colombian€law€on€criminal€procedure€to€conduct€searchesÐ ˆü  Ðor€make€arrests.€Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€Ramð;ðn€Villegas€Tllez,€Gustavo€Coronel€Navarro,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega,€Ramð;ðnÐ LÀ ÐEmilio€Snchez,€Ramð;ðn€Emilio€Quintero€Ropero,€Luis€Honorio€Quintero€Ropero€and€othersÐ 8¬ Ðwere€tortured€by€the€soldiers,€and€some€of€them€were€forced€to€put€on€military€uniforms€andÐ $˜ Ðgo€on€patrol€with€the€members€of€the€"Motilones"€Anti-Guerrilla€Batallion€(No.€17).€All€ofÐ „ Ðthem€were€"disappeared"€between€13€and€14€January€1993.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€26€January€1993,€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio,€aged€16,€disappeared€while€on€hisÐ ÔH Ðway€home,€abducted€by€soldiers€who,€a€few€days€before,€had€raided€the€home€of€the€AscanioÐ À4 ÐAscanio€family,€ill-treating€and€harassing€the€family€members,€who€included€six€minors€andÐ ¬  Ðalso€a€22-year-old€mentally€deficient€young€man,€whom€they€attempted€to€hang.€The€soldiersÐ ˜  Ðremained€in€the€house€until€31€January,€holding€its€inhabitants€hostage.€Luis€Ernesto€AscanioÐ „ø ÐAscanio€was€seen€for€the€last€time€some€15€minutes€away€from€the€family€home.€On€theÐ pä Ðsame€day,€members€of€the€Ascanio€family€heard€shouts€and€shots€coming€from€outside€theÐ \ Ð Ðhouse.€On€27€January,€two€of€the€brothers€of€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio€succeeded€inÐ H!¼ Ðevading€the€military€guards€and€fled€to€Ocaa,€where€they€advised€the€local€authorities€andÐ 4"¨ Ðsubmitted€a€complaint€to€the€Provincial€Office€of€the€Attorney-General.€Once€the€militaryÐ  #” Ðpatrol€had€withdrawn,€the€search€for€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio€began;€the€outcome€wasÐ  $€  Ðthe€discovery€of€a€pocket€knife€belonging€to€him€some€300€metres€away€from€the€house.€Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€The€Second€Mobile€Brigade€reported€various€alleged€armed€clashes€with€guerrillas€ofÐ Ð&D # Ðthe€Revolutionary€Armed€Forces€of€Colombia€(FARC)€-€the€first€on€13€January€1993,€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðsecond€on€18€January€1993€and€two€incidents€on€27€January€1993.€The€version€given€by€theÐ ¨("% Ðmilitary€authorities€was€that€during€the€clashes€the€regular€troops€had€killed€a€number€ofÐ ”)#& Ðguerrillas.€On€13€January€1993,€three€bodies€were€removed€by€the€judicial€police€(SIJIN)€inÐ €*ô#' ÐOcaa,€one€of€which€was€identified€as€the€body€of€Gustavo€Coronel€Navarro.€On€18€January,Ð l+à$( Ðthe€soldiers€deposited€at€the€hospital€the€bodies€of€four€alleged€guerrillas€"killed€in€combat".Ð Œ ÐThe€SIJIN€removed€these€corpses€and€confirmed€the€deaths€of€Luis€Honorio€QuinteroÐ xì ÐRopero,€Ramð;ðn€Emilio€Quintero€Ropero,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega€and€Ramð;ðn€EmilioÐ dØ ÐSnchez.€On€29€January€1993,€the€Second€Mobile€Brigade€brought€in€the€bodies€of€fourÐ P Ä Ðpersons€killed€in€the€alleged€clashes€of€27€January€1993;€again€the€SIJIN€removed€the€bodies.Ð < ° ÐOn€21€May€1993,€the€bodies€of€the€last€four€dead€were€exhumed€in€the€cemetery€of€Ocaa;Ð ( œ Ðone€of€these€was€the€body€of€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio,€which€was€recognized€by€hisÐ  ˆ Ðrelatives.€The€forensic€report€stated€that€one€of€the€bodies€brought€to€the€hospital€on€18Ð  t ÐJanuary€contained€a€number€of€bullet€entry€holes€with€powder€burns.€In€the€records€relatingÐ ì ` Ðto€the€removal€of€the€bodies€on€21€May€1993,€SIJIN€officials€stated€that€the€bodies€wereÐ ØL  Ðclothed€in€uniforms€used€exclusively€by€the€National€Police.€ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à2.14€€On€28€November€1994,€the€Human€Rights€Division€opened€disciplinary€proceedingsÐ œ  Ðfile€No.€008-153713€and€began€preliminary€investigations.€On€26€April€1996,€it€informed€oneÐ ˆü  Ðof€the€NGOs€that€the€proceedings€were€still€at€the€preliminary€inquiry€stage.€Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à3.5€€The€authors€allege€a€violation€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant€since€the€StateÐ LÀ Ðparty€has€not€provided€an€effective€remedy€for€cases€where€it€fails€in€its€obligation€toÐ 8¬ Ðsafeguard€the€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.6€€The€authors€submit€that,€in€view€of€the€nature€of€the€rights€infringed€and€the€gravity€ofÐ üp Ðthe€incidents,€only€remedies€of€a€judicial€nature€can€be€considered€effective;€that€is€not€theÐ è\ Ðcase€with€disciplinary€remedies,€according€to€the€Committee's€case€law.€òò4óó/€€The€authors€alsoÐ ÔH Ðconsider€that€the€military€courts€cannot€be€considered€as€offering€an€effective€remedy€withinÐ À4 Ðthe€meaning€of€article€2,€paragraph€3,€since€in€military€justice€the€persons€implicated€are€bothÐ ¬  Ðjudge€and€party.€It€is€indeed€an€incongruous€situation,€since€the€judge€of€first€instance€inÐ ˜  Ðcriminal€military€cases€is€the€commander€of€the€Second€Mobile€Brigade,€who€is€precisely€theÐ „ø Ðperson€responsible€for€the€military€operation€that€gave€rise€to€the€incidents€forming€theÐ pä Ðsubject€of€the€complaint.€Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€With€regard€to€the€authors'€claim€that€there€was€a€violation€of€article€6,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€Covenant,€the€Committee€notes€that,€according€to€the€authors,€the€Special€InvestigationsÐ  #” ÐUnit€of€the€Attorney-General's€office€established,€in€its€final€report€of€29€June€1994,€thatÐ  $€  ÐState€officials€were€responsible€for€the€victims'€detention€and€disappearance.€Moreover,€inÐ ø$l! Ðits€decision€of€27€February€1998,€which€the€Committee€had€before€it,€the€Human€RightsÐ ä%X" ÐDivision€of€the€Attorney-General's€Office€acknowledged€that€State€security€forces€hadÐ Ð&D # Ðdetained€and€killed€the€victims.€Considering,€furthermore,€that€the€State€party€has€not€refutedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthese€facts€and€that€it€has€not€taken€the€necessary€measures€against€the€persons€responsibleÐ ¨("% Ðfor€the€murder€of€the€victims,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€State€did€not€respect€orÐ ”)#& Ðguarantee€the€right€to€life€of€Gustavo€Coronel€Navarro,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega,€Ramð;ðnÐ €*ô#' ÐEmilio€Snchez,€Ramð;ðn€Emilio€Quintero€Ropero,€Luis€Honorio€Quintero€Ropero,€Ramð;ðnÐ l+à$( ÐVillegas€Tllez€and€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio,€in€violation€of€article€6,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ Œ Ðthe€Covenant.€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€With€regard€to€the€claim€under€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€takes€note€ofÐ P Ä Ðthe€authors'€allegations€that€the€detentions€were€illegal€in€the€absence€of€any€arrest€warrants.Ð < ° ÐBearing€in€mind€that€the€State€party€has€not€denied€this€fact,€and€since,€in€the€Committee'sÐ ( œ Ðopinion,€the€complaint€is€sufficiently€substantiated€by€the€documents€mentioned€in€paragraphÐ  ˆ Ð9.3,€the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant€inÐ  t Ðrespect€of€the€seven€victims.€Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€With€regard€to€the€authors'€allegations€of€a€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ Ä8  ÐCommittee€notes€that,€in€the€decision€of€27€February€1998€referred€to€in€the€precedingÐ °$  Ðparagraphs,€the€Attorney-General's€Office€acknowledged€that€the€victims€Gustavo€CoronelÐ œ  ÐNavarro,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega,€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio€and€Luis€HonorioÐ ˆü  ÐQuintero€Ropero€had€been€subjected€to€treatment€incompatible€with€article€7.€Taking€intoÐ tè  Ðaccount€the€circumstances€of€the€disappearance€of€the€four€victims€and€that€the€State€partyÐ `Ô  Ðhas€not€denied€that€they€were€subjected€to€treatment€incompatible€with€that€article,€theÐ LÀ ÐCommittee€concludes€that€the€four€victims€were€the€object€of€a€clear€violation€of€article€7€ofÐ 8¬ Ðthe€Covenant.€Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  à9.8€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€that€have€been€set€forthÐ üp Ðconstitute€violations€of€article€6,€paragraph€1;€article€7€in€respect€of€Gustavo€CoronelÐ è\ ÐNavarro,€Nahn€Elas€Snchez€Vega,€Luis€Ernesto€Ascanio€Ascanio€and€Luis€HonorioÐ ÔH ÐQuintero€Ropero;€article€9;€and€article€17€of€the€Covenant.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€anÐ ˜  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€victims'€relatives€with€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.Ð „ø ÐThe€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€conclude€without€delay€the€investigations€into€theÐ pä Ðviolation€of€articles€6€and€7€and€to€speed€up€the€criminal€proceedings€against€the€perpetratorsÐ \ Ð Ðin€the€ordinary€criminal€courts.€The€State€party€is€also€obliged€to€take€steps€to€prevent€similarÐ H!¼ Ðviolations€from€occurring€in€the€future.€Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€On€25€January,€2€February€and€10€February€1993,€respectively.€Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€See€the€Views€adopted€in€cases€Nos.€563/1993€(òòNydia€Bautista€de€Arellana€v.€Colombiaóó),Ð ¼'0!$ Ðon€27€October€1995,€para.€8.2,€and€612/1995€(òòArhuacos€v.€Colombiaóó),€29€July€1997,€para.Ð ¨("% Ð8.2.€Ð”)#&(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( ЇÓ€ +"$%&'()*(Hìpp+"$%&'()*ÓÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÊ—ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝPezoldova€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó€(757/1997),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(25€October€2002)€25Ð Œ Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/757/1997)€at€paras.€2.1„2.7,€7.1„7.3,€11.2„11.6,€12.1,€12.2€and€IndividualÐ xì ÐOpinion€by€Justice€Prafullachandra€Natwarlal€Bhagwati€(concurring),€39.݃"éÖÊ—˜ÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Mrs.€Pezoldova€was€born€on€1€October€1947€in€Vienna€as€the€daughter€and€lawfulÐ ( œ Ðheiress€of€Dr.€Jindrich€Schwarzenberg.€The€author€states€that€the€Nazi€German€GovernmentÐ  ˆ Ðhad€confiscated€all€of€her€family's€properties€in€Austria,€Germany,€and€Czechoslovakia,Ð  t Ðincluding€an€estate€in€Czechoslovakia€known€as€"the€Stekl"€in€1940.€She€states€that€theÐ ì ` Ðproperty€was€confiscated€because€her€adoptive€grandfather€Dr.€Adolph€Schwarzenberg€wasÐ ØL  Ðan€opponent€of€Nazi€policies.€He€left€Czechoslovakia€in€September€1939€and€died€in€ItalyÐ Ä8  Ðin€1950.€The€author's€father,€Jindrich,€was€arrested€by€the€Germans€in€1943€and€imprisonedÐ °$  Ðin€Buchenwald€from€where€he€was€released€in€1944.€He€went€into€exile€in€the€United€StatesÐ œ  Ðand€did€not€return€to€Czechoslovakia€after€the€war.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€After€the€Second€World€War,€the€family€properties€were€placed€under€NationalÐ `Ô  ÐAdministration€by€the€Czechoslovak€Government€in€1945.€Pursuant€to€the€Decrees€issuedÐ LÀ Ðby€the€Czechoslovak€President€Edward€Benes,€No.€12€of€21€June€1945€and€No.€108€of€25Ð 8¬ ÐOctober€1945,€houses€and€agricultural€property€of€persons€of€German€and€Hungarian€ethnicÐ $˜ Ðorigin€were€confiscated...€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€13€August€1947,€a€general€confiscation€law€No.€142/1947€was€enacted,€allowing€theÐ è\ ÐGovernment€to€nationalize,€in€return€for€compensation,€agricultural€land€over€50€hectares€andÐ ÔH Ðindustrial€enterprises€employing€more€than€200€workers.€This€law€was,€however,€not€appliedÐ À4 Ðto€the€Schwarzenberg€estate€because€on€the€same€day€a€òòlex€Ô_ÔspecialisÔ_Ôóó,€Law€No.€143/1947€(theÐ ¬  Ðso„called€"Lex€Schwarzenberg"),€was€promulgated,€providing€for€the€transfer€of€ownershipÐ ˜  Ðof€the€Schwarzenberg€properties€to€the€State€without€compensation,€notwithstanding€the€factÐ „ø Ðthat€the€properties€had€already€been€confiscated€pursuant€to€Benes'€Decrees€12€and€108.òò2óó/Ð pä ÐThe€author€contends€that€Law€No.€143/1947€was€unconstitutional,€discriminatory€andÐ \ Ð Ðarbitrary,€perpetuating€and€formalizing€the€earlier€persecution€of€the€Schwarzenberg€familyÐ H!¼ Ðby€the€Nazis.€According€to€the€author,€the€Law€did€not€automatically€affect€the€previousÐ 4"¨ Ðconfiscation€under€the€Benes'€Decrees.€However,€on€30€January€1948,€the€confiscation€of€theÐ  #” ÐSchwarzenberg€agricultural€lands€under€Decrees€Nos.€12€and€108€was€revoked.Ð  $€  ÐSchwarzenberg's€representative€was€informed€by€letter€of€12€February€1948,€and€the€partiesÐ ø$l! Ðwere€given€the€possibility€to€appeal€within€15€days.€The€author€submits€therefore€that€theÐ ä%X" Ðrevocation€only€took€effect€after€27€February€1948€(two€days€after€the€qualifying€date€25Ð Ð&D # ÐFebruary€1948€for€restitution€under€law€229/1991).€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€According€to€the€author,€the€transfer€of€the€property€was€not€automatic€upon€the€comingÐ ”)#& Ðinto€force€of€Law€No.€143/1947,€but€subject€to€the€intabulation€(writing€into€the€register)€inÐ €*ô#' Ðthe€public€register€of€the€transfer€of€the€relevant€rights€of€ownership.€In€this€context,€theÐ l+à$( Ðauthor€states€that€National€Administration€(see€paragraph€2.2)€remained€in€force€until€JuneÐ Œ Ð1948,€and€that€intabulation€of€the€properties€by€land€offices€and€Courts€shows€that,€at€theÐ xì Ðtime,€Law€No.€143/1947€was€not€considered€as€having€immediately€transferred€title.€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€Following€the€collapse€of€communist€administration€in€1989,€several€restitution€lawsÐ < ° Ðwere€enacted.€Pursuant€to€Law€No.€229/1991,òò3óó/€the€author€applied€for€restitution€to€theÐ ( œ Ðregional€land€authorities,€but€her€applications€for€restitution€were€rejected€by€decisions€of€14Ð  ˆ ÐFebruary,€20€May€and€19€July€1994.€Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.6€€The€Prague€City€Court,€by€decisions€of€27€June€1994€òò4óó/€and€28€February€1995,òò5óó/€refusedÐ ØL  Ðthe€author's€appeal€and€decided€that€the€ownership€of€the€properties€had€been€lawfully€andÐ Ä8  Ðautomatically€transferred€to€the€State€by€operation€of€Law€No.€143/1947,€on€13€August€1947.Ð °$  ÐSince€according€to€restitution€Law€No.€229/1991€the€qualifying€period€for€claims€ofÐ œ  Ðrestitution€started€on€25€February€1948,€the€Prague€City€Court€decided€that€the€author€wasÐ ˆü  Ðnot€entitled€to€claim€restitution.òò6óó/€The€Court€refused€the€author's€request€to€suspend€theÐ tè  Ðproceedings€in€order€to€request€the€Constitutional€Court€to€rule€on€the€allegedÐ `Ô  Ðunconstitutionality€and€invalidity€of€Law€No.€143/1947.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.7€€On€9€March€1995€the€author's€application€before€the€Constitutional€Court€concerning€theÐ $˜ ÐCity€Court's€decision€of€27€June€1994€was€rejected.€The€Court€upheld€the€City€Court'sÐ „ Ðdecision€that€ownership€had€been€transferred€to€the€State€automatically€by€operation€of€LawÐ üp ÐNo.€143/1947€and€refused€to€consider€whether€Law€No.€143/1947€was€unconstitutional€andÐ è\ Ðvoid.€The€author€did€not€appeal€the€City€Court's€decision€of€28€February€1995€to€theÐ ÔH ÐConstitutional€Court,€as€it€would€have€been€futile€in€light€of€the€outcome€of€the€first€appeal.€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à7.1€€By€submission€of€23€March€2002,€the€author€refers€to€the€Committee's€Views€in€case€No.Ð ˜  Ð774/1997€(òòBrok€v.€The€Czech€Republicóó),€and,€with€respect€to€the€issue€of€equal€access,€withinÐ „ø Ðthe€limits€of€the€admissibility€granted€for€issues€under€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant,Ð pä Ðalleges€that€the€Ministry€of€Agriculture€and€various€State€archives,€until€the€year€2001,Ð \ Ð Ðconsistently€denied€to€the€author€and€to€all€land€authorities€access€to€the€complete€file€on€theÐ H!¼ Ðconfiscation€procedures€against€her€grandfather€Dr.€Adolph€Schwarzenberg€and€his€appealsÐ 4"¨ Ðlodged€in€due€course...In€particular,€it€is€stated€that€as€late€as€2001€author's€counsel€wasÐ  #” Ðdenied€the€inspection€of€the€Schwarzenberg€file€by€the€director€for€legal€affairs€in€theÐ  $€  ÐMinistry,€Dr.€Jindrich€Urfus,€and€only€when€the€author€had€found€other€relevant€documentsÐ ø$l! Ðin€another€archive,€was€counsel€informed€by€the€Ministry,€on€11€May€2001,€that€the€fileÐ ä%X" Ðindeed€existed€and€he€was€allowed€to€inspect€it.€Moreover,€it€is€stated€that€on€5€October€1993Ð Ð&D # Ðthe€head€of€the€State€archive€in€Krumlov,€Dr.€Anna€Kubikova,€had€denied€the€author€the€useÐ ¼'0!$ Ðof€the€archive€in€the€presence€of€her€assistant€Ing.€Zaloha,€dismissing€her€with€the€words€"AllÐ ¨("% ÐCzech€citizens€are€entitled€to€use€this€archive€but€you€are€not€entitled€to€do€so."€The€authorÐ ”)#& Ðcomplains€that€such€denials€of€access€illustrate€the€inequality€of€treatment€to€which€she€hasÐ €*ô#' Ðbeen€subjected€by€the€Czech€authorities€since€1992.€Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à7.2€€The€documents€suppressed€prove€that,€in€fact,€the€Schwarzenberg€estate€was€confiscatedÐ Œ Ðpursuant€to€Presidential€Decree€No.€12/45.€The€authorities€of€the€State€party€not€onlyÐ xì Ðprevented€the€author€from€detecting€and€reporting€the€complete€facts€of€her€case€to€the€landÐ dØ Ðauthorities€and€courts€and€to€meet€the€deadlines€for€lodging€claims€according€to€laws€87/91Ð P Ä Ðand€243/92,€but€also€wilfully€misled€all€land€authorities€and€the€Human€Rights€Committee.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€On€29€November€2001,€the€Regional€Court€of€Ceske€Budejovice€(15€Co€633/2001„115)Ð  ˆ Ðas€court€of€appeal€confirmed€that€the€Schwarzenberg€estate€was€indeed€confiscated€pursuantÐ  t Ðto€Section€1,€par.€1,€lit€(a)€of€Decree€No.€12/45,€thus€underlining€the€inapplicability€of€LawÐ ì ` Ð143/47.€However,€the€Court€granted€no€redress€to€the€author,€because€according€to€the€author,Ð ØL  Ðthere€was€no€remedy€available€for€anybody€deemed€to€be€of€German€or€Hungarian€stock.€ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à11.2€€The€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€author€was€excluded€from€access€toÐ œ  Ðan€effective€remedy€in€a€discriminatory€manner.€According€to€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€allÐ ˆü  Ðpersons€are€equal€before€the€law€and€every€person€has€the€right€to€equal€protection€of€the€law.€Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.3€€The€Committee€notes€the€statement€of€the€author€that€the€essence€of€her€complaint€isÐ LÀ Ðthat€the€Czech€authorities€have€violated€her€right€to€equal€treatment€by€arbitrarily€denyingÐ 8¬ Ðher€right€to€restitution€on€the€basis€of€Laws€Nos.€229/1991€and€243/1992€with€the€argumentÐ $˜ Ðthat€the€properties€of€her€adoptive€grandfather€were€confiscated€under€Law€No.€143/1947€andÐ „ Ðnot€under€Benes'€Decrees€Nos.€12€and€108/1945€and€therefore€the€restitution€laws€of€1991Ð üp Ðand€1992€would€not€apply.€The€Committee€notes€further€the€author's€argument€that€the€StateÐ è\ Ðparty€constantly,€until€the€year€2001,€denied€her€access€to€the€relevant€files€and€archives,€soÐ ÔH Ðthat€only€then€could€documents€be€presented€that€would€prove€that,€in€fact,€the€confiscationÐ À4 Ðoccurred€on€the€basis€of€the€Benes'€Decrees€of€1945€and€not€of€Law€No.€143/1947,€with€theÐ ¬  Ðconsequence€that€the€author€would€be€entitled€to€restitution€under€the€laws€of€1991€and€1992.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.4€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€the€interpretation€and€application€ofÐ pä Ðdomestic€law€is€essentially€a€matter€for€the€courts€and€authorities€of€the€State€partyÐ \ Ð Ðconcerned.€However,€in€pursuing€a€claim€under€domestic€law,€the€individual€must€have€equalÐ H!¼ Ðaccess€to€remedies,€which€includes€the€opportunity€to€ascertain€and€present€the€true€facts,Ð 4"¨ Ðwithout€which€the€courts€would€be€misled.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ  #” Ðaddressed€the€allegation€of€the€author€that€she€was€denied€access€to€documents€which€wereÐ  $€  Ðcrucial€for€the€correct€decision€of€her€case.€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€by€the€StateÐ ø$l! Ðparty,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations.€Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.5€€In€this€context,€the€Committee€also€notes€that€by€decision€of€29€November€2001,€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐRegional€Court€of€Ceske€Budejovice€recognized€that€the€taking€of€Dr.€AdolphÐ ¨("% ÐSchwarzenberg's€property€had€been€effected€pursuant€to€Benes'€Decree€12/1945.€TheÐ ”)#& ÐCommittee€further€notes€that€on€30€January€1948€the€confiscation€of€the€SchwarzenbergÐ €*ô#' Ðagricultural€lands€under€Benes'€Decrees€Nos.€12€and€108/1945€was€revoked,€apparently€inÐ l+à$( Ðorder€to€give€way€for€the€application€of€Law€143/1947.€The€point€in€time€when€theÐ Œ Ðrevocation€became€effective€seems€not€to€have€been€clarified,€because€the€courts€proceededÐ xì Ðfrom€the€premise€that€Law€No.€143€was€the€only€applicable€legal€basis.€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.6€€It€is€not€the€task€of€the€Committee€but€of€the€courts€of€the€State€party€to€decide€onÐ < ° Ðquestions€of€Czech€Law.€The€Committee€finds,€however,€that€the€author€was€repeatedlyÐ ( œ Ðdiscriminated€against€in€being€denied€access€to€relevant€documents€which€could€have€provedÐ  ˆ Ðher€restitution€claims.€The€Committee€is,€therefore,€of€the€view€that€the€author's€rights€underÐ  t Ðarticle€26€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant€were€violated.€Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violationÐ Ä8  Ðof€article€26,€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.2€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ ˆü  Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€an€opportunity€to€fileÐ tè  Ða€new€claim€for€restitution€or€compensation.€The€State€party€should€review€its€legislation€andÐ `Ô  Ðadministrative€practices€to€ensure€that€all€persons€enjoy€both€equality€before€the€law€as€wellÐ LÀ Ðas€the€equal€protection€of€the€law.€Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Justice€Ô_ÔPrafullachandraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNatwarlalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô€(concurring)óóЄ(#(# ÐÌà0  àI€agree€with€the€Committee's€conclusion€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€articlesÐ è\ Ð26€and€2€of€the€Covenant.€However,€I€am€persuaded€that€there€is€also€a€violation€of€articleÐ ÔH Ð14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€which€stipulates€that€all€persons€shall€be€equal€before€theÐ À4 Ðcourts€and€tribunals€and€be€entitled€to€a€fair€and€public€hearing€of€their€rights€and€obligationsÐ ¬  Ðin€a€suit€at€law.€As€a€prerequisite€to€have€a€fair€and€meaningful€hearing€of€a€claim,€a€personÐ ˜  Ðshould€be€afforded€full€and€equal€access€to€public€sources€of€information,€including€landÐ „ø Ðregistries€and€archives,€so€as€to€obtain€the€elements€necessary€to€establish€a€claim.€The€authorÐ pä Ðhas€demonstrated€that€she€was€denied€such€equal€access,€and€the€State€party€has€failed€toÐ \ Ð Ðexplain€or€refute€the€author's€allegations.€Moreover,€the€protracted€legal€proceedings€in€thisÐ H!¼ Ðcase,€now€lasting€over€10€years,€have€not€yet€been€completed.€In€the€context€of€this€particularÐ 4"¨ Ðcase€and€in€the€light€of€previous€Czech€restitution€cases€already€adjudicated€by€theÐ  #” ÐCommittee,€the€apparent€reluctance€of€the€Czech€authorities€and€of€the€Czech€courts€toÐ  $€  Ðprocess€restitution€claims€fairly€and€expeditiously€also€entails€a€violation€of€the€spirit,€if€notÐ ø$l! Ðthe€letter€of€article€14.€It€should€also€be€remembered€that,€subsequent€to€the€entry€into€forceÐ ä%X" Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€Czech€Republic,€the€State€party€has€continued€to€apply€LawÐ Ð&D # ÐNo.€143/1947€(the€"law€Schwarzenberg")€which€targeted€exclusively€the€property€of€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðauthor's€family.€Such€ad€hominem€legislation€is€incompatible€with€the€Covenant,€as€a€generalÐ ¨("% Ðdenial€of€the€right€to€equality.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€I€believe€that€the€appropriate€remedyÐ ”)#& Ðshould€have€been€restitution€and€not€just€the€opportunity€of€resubmitting€a€claim€to€the€CzechÐ €*ô#' Ðcourts.€Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  àIn€1999€the€Committee€had€declared€this€communication€admissible,€insofar€as€it€might€raiseÐ Œ Ðissues€under€articles€26€and€2€of€the€Covenant.€I€do€not€think€that€this€necessarily€precludedÐ xì Ðthe€Committee€from€making€a€finding€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€since€the€State€party€wasÐ dØ Ðaware€of€all€elements€of€the€communication€and€could€have€addressed€the€article€14€issuesÐ P Ä Ðraised€by€the€author.€Of€course,€the€Committee€could€have€revised€its€admissibility€decisionÐ < ° Ðso€as€to€include€the€claims€under€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€and€requested€relevantÐ ( œ Ðobservations€from€the€State€party.€This,€however,€would€have€further€delayed€disposition€ofÐ  ˆ Ða€case€which€has€been€before€the€Courts€of€the€State€party€since€1992€and€before€theÐ  t ÐCommittee€since€1997.€Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€The€law€reads:€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à"1€(1)€The€ownership€of€the€property€of€the€so„called€primogeniture€branch€of€theÐ tè  ÐSchwarzenberg€family€in€Hlubok€nad€Vlatavou€„€as€far€as€it€is€situated€in€the€CzechoslovakÐ `Ô  ÐRepublic€„€is€transferred€by€law€to€the€county€of€Bohemia€...€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à"4€The€annexation€of€the€property€rights€as€well€as€all€other€rights€according€to€paragraph€1Ð $˜ Ðin€favour€of€the€county€of€Bohemia€will€be€dealt€with€by€the€courts€and€offices,€which€keepÐ „ Ðpublic€records€of€immobile€property€or€other€rights,€and€that€following€an€application€by€theÐ üp ÐNational€Committee€in€Prague.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à"5€(1)€The€property€is€transferred€into€the€ownership€of€the€county€of€Bohemia€withoutÐ À4 Ðcompensation€for€the€former€owners€ð8ð"Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€Act€No.€229/1991€enacted€by€the€Federal€Assembly€of€the€Czech€and€Slovak€FederalÐ „ø ÐRepublic€came€into€force€on€24€June€1991.€The€purpose€of€this€law€was€"to€alleviate€theÐ pä Ðconsequences€of€some€property€injuries€suffered€by€the€owners€of€agrarian€and€forestÐ \ Ð Ðproperty€in€the€period€from€1948€to€1989".€According€to€the€Act€persons€who€are€citizens€ofÐ H!¼ Ðthe€Czech€and€Slovak€Federal€Republic€who€reside€permanently€on€its€territory€and€whoseÐ 4"¨ Ðland€and€buildings€and€structures€belonging€to€their€original€farmstead€devolved€to€the€StateÐ  #” Ðor€other€legal€entities€between€25€February€1948€and€1€January€1990€are€entitled€to€restitutionÐ  $€  Ðof€this€former€property€òòinter€aliaóó€if€it€devolved€to€the€State€by€dispossession€withoutÐ ø$l! Ðcompensation€under€Law€No.€142/1947,€and€in€general€by€expropriation€withoutÐ ä%X" Ðcompensation.€By€judgement€of€13€December€1995€the€Constitutional€Court€„€held€that€theÐ Ð&D # Ðrequirement€of€permanent€residence€in€Act€No.€229/1991€was€unconstitutional.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò4óó/€€Concerning€the€"Stekl"€property.€Ð”)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò5óó/€€Concerning€properties€in€Krumlov€and€Klatovy.€Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  àòò6óó/€€The€Prague€City€Court€decided€that€the€author€was€not€an€"entitled€person"€under€sectionÐ Œ Ð4€(1)€of€Act€No.€229/1991€on€the€ground€that€the€transfer€of€the€Schwarzenberg€property€toÐ xì ÐCzechoslovakia€occurred€immediately€upon€the€promulgation€of€Act€No.€143/1947€on€13Ð dØ ÐAugust€1947,€before€the€qualifying€date€of€25€February€1948€prescribed€by€section€4€(1)€ofÐ P Ä ÐAct€no.€229/1991.€However,€before€the€judgement€by€the€Prague€City€Court,€theÐ < ° Ðinterpretation€had€been€that€the€material€date€was€the€date€of€intabulation€of€the€property,Ð ( œ Ðwhich€in€the€instant€case€occurred€after€25€February€1948.€In€this€context,€the€author€statesÐ  ˆ Ðthat€the€Constitutional€Court,€by€judgement€of€14€June€1995,€concerning€Act€No.€142/1947Ð  t Ðrecognized€that€until€1€January€1951€intabulation€had€been€necessary€for€the€transfer€ofÐ ì ` Ðproperty.€ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Pezoldova€v.€Czech€Republicóó€(757/1997),€ICCPR,€A/58/40Ð œ  Ðvol.€II€(25€October€2002)€25€(CCPR/C/76/D/757/1997)€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Nisuke€Ando,Ð ˆü  Ð38.Ð tè  ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖyëÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝC.€v.€Australiaóó€(900/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(28€October€2002)€188€Ð 8¬ Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/900/1999)€at€paras.€€8.2„8.5,€9€and€10.€Ýƒ"éÖyëÈëÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à8.2€€As€to€the€claims€relating€to€the€first€period€of€detention,€in€terms€of€article€9,€paragraphÐ è\ Ð1,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that,€in€order€to€avoid€a€characterization€ofÐ ÔH Ðarbitrariness,€detention€should€not€continue€beyond€the€period€for€which€the€State€party€canÐ À4 Ðprovide€appropriate€justification.òò69óó/€In€the€present€case,€the€author's€detention€as€a€non„Ð ¬  Ðcitizen€without€an€entry€permit€continued,€in€mandatory€terms,€until€he€was€removed€orÐ ˜  Ðgranted€a€permit.€While€the€State€party€advances€particular€reasons€to€justify€the€individualÐ „ø Ðdetention...the€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€thoseÐ pä Ðreasons€justify€the€author's€continued€detention€in€the€light€of€the€passage€of€time€andÐ \ Ð Ðintervening€circumstances.€In€particular,€the€State€party€has€not€demonstrated€that,€in€the€lightÐ H!¼ Ðof€the€author's€particular€circumstances,€there€were€not€less€invasive€means€of€achieving€theÐ 4"¨ Ðsame€ends,€that€is€to€say,€compliance€with€the€State€party's€immigration€policies,€by,€forÐ  #” Ðexample,€the€imposition€of€reporting€obligations,€sureties€or€other€conditions€which€wouldÐ  $€  Ðtake€account€of€the€author's€deteriorating€condition.€In€these€circumstances,€whatever€theÐ ø$l! Ðreasons€for€the€original€detention,€continuance€of€immigration€detention€for€over€two€yearsÐ ä%X" Ðwithout€individual€justification€and€without€any€chance€of€substantive€judicial€review€was,Ð Ð&D # Ðin€the€Committee's€view,€arbitrary€and€constituted€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.3€€As€to€the€author's€further€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€related€to€thisÐ ”)#& Ðperiod€of€detention,€the€Committee...observes€that€the€court€review€available€to€the€authorÐ €*ô#' Ðwas€confined€purely€to€a€formal€assessment€of€the€question€whether€the€person€in€questionÐ l+à$( Ðwas€a€"non„citizen"€without€an€entry€permit.€The€Committee€observes€that€there€was€noÐ Œ Ðdiscretion€for€a€court,€as€indeed€held€by€the€Full€Court€itself€in€its€judgement€of€15€JuneÐ xì Ð1994,€to€review€the€author's€detention€in€substantive€terms€for€its€continued€justification.€TheÐ dØ ÐCommittee€considers€that€an€inability€judicially€to€challenge€a€detention€that€was,€or€hadÐ P Ä Ðbecome,€contrary€to€article€9,€paragraph€1,€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€4.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.4€€As€to€the€author's€allegations€that€his€first€period€of€detention€amounted€to€a€breach€ofÐ  ˆ Ðarticle€7,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€psychiatric€evidence€emerging€from€examinations€ofÐ  t Ðthe€author€over€an€extended€period,€which€was€accepted€by€the€State€party's€courts€andÐ ì ` Ðtribunals,€was€essentially€unanimous€that€the€author's€psychiatric€illness€developed€as€a€resultÐ ØL  Ðof€the€protracted€period€of€immigration€detention.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyÐ Ä8  Ðwas€aware,€at€least€from€August€1992€when€he€was€prescribed€tranquillisers,€of€psychiatricÐ °$  Ðdifficulties€the€author€faced.€Indeed,€by€August€1993,€it€was€evident€that€there€was€a€conflictÐ œ  Ðbetween€the€author's€continued€detention€and€his€sanity.€Despite€increasingly€seriousÐ ˆü  Ðassessments€of€the€author's€conditions€in€February€and€June€1994€(and€a€suicide€attempt),€itÐ tè  Ðwas€only€in€August€1994€that€the€Minister€exercised€his€exceptional€power€to€release€himÐ `Ô  Ðfrom€immigration€detention€on€medical€grounds€(while€legally€he€remained€in€detention).€AsÐ LÀ Ðsubsequent€events€showed,€by€that€point€the€author's€illness€had€reached€such€a€level€ofÐ 8¬ Ðseverity€that€irreversible€consequences€were€to€follow.€In€the€Committee's€view,€theÐ $˜ Ðcontinued€detention€of€the€author€when€the€State€party€was€aware€of€the€author's€mentalÐ „ Ðcondition€and€failed€to€take€the€steps€necessary€to€ameliorate€the€author's€mental€deteriorationÐ üp Ðconstituted€a€violation€of€his€rights€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.5€€As€to€the€author's€arguments€that€his€deportation€would€amount€to€a€violation€of€articleÐ À4 Ð7,€the€Committee€attaches€weight€to€the€fact€that€the€author€was€originally€granted€refugeeÐ ¬  Ðstatus€on€the€basis€of€a€well„founded€fear€of€persecution€as€an€Assyrian€Christian,€coupledÐ ˜  Ðwith€the€likely€consequences€of€a€return€of€his€illness.€In€the€Committee's€view,€the€StateÐ „ø Ðparty€has€not€established€that€the€current€circumstances€in€the€receiving€State€are€such€thatÐ pä Ðthe€grant€of€refugee€status€no€longer€holds€validity.€The€Committee€further€observes€that€theÐ \ Ð ÐAAT,€whose€decision€was€upheld€on€appeal,€accepted€that€it€was€unlikely€that€the€onlyÐ H!¼ Ðeffective€medication€(Clozaril)€and€back„up€treatment€would€be€available€in€Iran,€and€foundÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€author€"blameless€for€his€mental€illness"€which€"was€first€triggered€while€in€Australia".Ð  #” ÐIn€circumstances€where€the€State€party€has€recognized€a€protection€obligation€towards€theÐ  $€  Ðauthor,€the€Committee€considers€that€deportation€of€the€author€to€a€country€where€it€isÐ ø$l! Ðunlikely€that€he€would€receive€the€treatment€necessary€for€the€illness€caused,€in€whole€or€inÐ ä%X" Ðpart,€because€of€the€State€party's€violation€of€the€author's€rights€would€amount€to€a€violationÐ Ð&D # Ðof€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ ”)#& Ðof€articles€7€and€9,€paragraphs€1€and€4,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à10.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ Œ Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy.€As€to€the€violations€of€articlesÐ xì Ð7€and€9€suffered€by€the€author€during€the€first€period€of€detention,€the€State€party€should€payÐ dØ Ðthe€author€appropriate€compensation.€As€to€the€proposed€deportation€of€the€author,€the€StateÐ P Ä Ðparty€should€refrain€from€deporting€the€author€to€Iran.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ < ° Ðto€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  àòò68óó/€€òòLim€v.€Australiaóó€(1992)€176€CLR€1€(HCA).€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò69óó/€€òòA.€v.€Australiaóó,€op.€cit.,€at€para.€9.4.€Ð°$ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________М (#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ tè  ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ3 ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBaban€et€al.€v.€Australiaóó€(1014/2001),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(6€August€2003)€331Ð \Ð  Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/1014/2001)€at€paras.€7.2,€8€and€9.€Ýƒ"éÖ3  ÝŒÐH¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖÅ ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝZheludkov€v.€Ukraineóó€(726/1996),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(29€October€2002)€12Ð  € Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/726/1996)€at€paras.€2,€8.2„8.4,€9€and€10.݃"éÖÅ  ÝŒÐøl(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐD(#(# Ðà0  à2.€€The€author€states€that€her€son€was€arrested€on€4€September€1992€and€was€charged,Ð ¼0 Ðalongside€two€other€men,€with€the€rape€of€a€minor,€a€13„year„old€girl,€H.K.€The€rape€wasÐ ¨ Ðalleged€to€have€occurred€on€23€August€1992.€On€28€March€1994,€the€author's€son€wasÐ ” Ðconvicted€by€the€Ordzhonikidzevsky€District€Court€(Mariupol)€and€sentenced€to€seven€years'Ð €ô Ðimprisonment.€His€appeal€to€the€Donetsk€Regional€Court€was€dismissed€on€6€May€1994.€HisÐ là Ðsubsequent€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Ukraine€was€dismissed€on€28€June€1995.ÐX Ì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐD!¸(#(# Ðà0  à8.2€€The€Committee€must€decide€whether€the€State€party€violated€Mr.€Zheludkov's€rightsÐ 0"¤ Ðunder€articles€9,€paragraphs€2€and€3,€and€article€10,€paragraph€1€of€the€Covenant.€TheÐ # ÐCommittee€notes€the€author's€claim€that€her€son€was€held€for€more€than€50€days€withoutÐ $|  Ðbeing€informed€of€the€charges€against€him€and€that€he€was€not€brought€before€a€competentÐ ô$h! Ðjudicial€authority€during€this€period,€and€further,€that€medical€attention€was€insufficient,€andÐ à%T" Ðthat€he€was€allegedly€denied€access€to€the€information€in€his€medical€records.ÐÌ&@ #(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.3€€The€Committee€notes...the€author's€allegations€that€her€son€was€not€informed€of€theÐ ¤("% Ðprecise€charges€against€him€until€he€had€been€in€detention€for€50€days€and€that€he€was€notÐ )#& Ðbrought€before€a€judge€or€any€other€official€empowered€by€law€to€exercise€judicial€functionsÐ |*ð#' Ðduring€this€period.€The€State€party€has€not€contested€that€Mr.€Zheludkov€was€not€broughtÐ h+Ü$( Ðpromptly€before€a€judge€after€he€was€arrested€on€a€criminal€charge,€but€has€stated€that€he€wasÐ Œ Ðplaced€in€pre„trial€detention€by€decision€of€the€procurator€(òòprokuroróó).€The€State€party€has€notÐ xì Ðprovided€sufficient€information,€showing€that€the€procurator€has€the€institutional€objectivityÐ dØ Ðand€impartiality€necessary€to€be€considered€an€"officer€authorized€to€exercise€judicial€power"Ð P Ä Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€article€9,€paragraph€3€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€thereforeÐ < ° Ðconcludes€that€the€State€party€violated€the€author's€rights€under€paragraph€3€of€article€9€of€theÐ ( œ ÐCovenant.Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.4€€With€regard€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€in€respect€of€the€allegedÐ ì ` Ðvictim's€treatment€in€detention,€in€particular€as€to€his€medical€treatment€and€access€to€medicalÐ ØL  Ðrecords,€the€Committee€takes€note€of€the€State€party's€reply,€according€to€which€Mr.Ð Ä8  ÐZheludkov€received€medical€care€and€underwent€examinations€and€hospitalization€during€hisÐ °$  Ðstay€in€the€centre€and€the€prison,€and€that€a€medical€certificate€based€on€the€medical€recordsÐ œ  Ðwas€issued,€upon€request,€on€2€March€1994.€However,€these€statements€do€not€contradict€theÐ ˆü  Ðargument€presented€on€behalf€of€the€alleged€victim€that€despite€repeated€requests,€directÐ tè  Ðaccess€to€the€actual€medical€records€was€denied€by€the€State€party's€authorities.€TheÐ `Ô  ÐCommittee€is€not€in€a€position€to€determine€what€the€relevance€of€the€medical€records€inÐ LÀ Ðquestion€would€be€for€the€assessment€of€the€conditions€of€Mr.€Zheludkov's€detention,Ð 8¬ Ðincluding€medical€treatment€afforded€to€him.€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€for€suchÐ $˜ Ðdenial,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author'sÐ „ Ðallegations.€Therefore,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€communication,€the€CommitteeÐ üp Ðconcludes€that€the€consistent€and€unexplained€denial€of€access€to€medical€records€to€Mr.Ð è\ ÐZheludkov€must€be€taken€as€sufficient€ground€for€finding€a€violation€of€article€10,€paragraphÐ ÔH Ð1,€of€the€Covenant.ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ˜  Ðof€paragraph€3€of€article€9,€and€paragraph€1€of€article€10,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ „ø ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Zheludkov€is€entitled,€under€article€2,€paragraphÐ H!¼ Ð3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€entailing€compensation...Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖC ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRuiz€Agudo€v.€Spainóó€(864/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(31€October€2002)€134Ð ø$l! Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/864/1999)€at€paras.€2.1„2.3,€9.1,€10€and€11.݃"éÖC ’ ÝŒÐä%X"(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€From€1971€to€1983,€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€held€the€post€of€Director€of€the€Caja€RuralÐ ¨("% ÐProvincial€in€the€small€town€of€CehegÓÓn€(Murcia),€where€he€was€responsible€for€customerÐ ”)#& Ðrelations.€In€the€period€from€1981€to€1983,€75€fictitious€loan€policies,€which€duplicated€anÐ €*ô#' Ðequal€number€of€real€loans,€were€transacted€in€the€office€of€the€CehegÓÓn€bank.€In€other€words,Ð l+à$( Ðthere€were€bank€customers€who€signed€blank€loan€forms€that€were€later€completed€inÐ Œ Ðduplicate.€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€Ô_ÔCajaÔ_Ô€Rural€Provincial€was€taken€over€by€the€Caja€de€Ahorros€de€Murcia,€and€bothÐ P Ä Ðbanks€appeared€in€the€criminal€proceedings€opened€against€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€and€othersÐ < ° Ðas€private€complainant€or€injured€party.€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo's€counsel€immediately€askedÐ ( œ Ðfor€the€original€files€of€the€accounts,€which€the€author€kept€at€the€Ô_ÔCehegnÔ_Ô€bank€and€where,Ð  ˆ Ðaccording€to€the€complainant,€the€money€from€the€fictitious€loans€was€deposited,€to€beÐ  t Ðproduced€at€the€proceedings.€According€to€the€author€of€the€communication,€these€filesÐ ì ` Ðwould€have€shown€that€the€money€went€not€to€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€but€to€other€persons.€TheÐ ØL  Ðbank€submitted€a€computerized€version€of€the€files.€ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€Counsel€maintains€that,€although€proceedings€were€initiated€against€his€client€in€1983,Ð œ  Ðno€judgement€was€handed€down€until€1994.€The€judgement€was€eventually€passed€by€theÐ ˆü  Ðjudge€of€the€No.€1€Criminal€Court€of€Murcia,€sentencing€the€author€to€a€custodial€penalty€ofÐ tè  Ðtwo€years,€four€months€and€one€day€of€ordinary€imprisonment€with€a€fine€for€an€offence€ofÐ `Ô  Ðfraud,€and€to€a€further€identical€penalty€for€the€offence€of€falsifying€a€commercial€document.€ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à9.1€€...The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€expressly€confirmed€that€the€trial€ofÐ $˜ ÐAlfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€was€excessively€long,€and€that€this€was€stated€in€the€domestic€legalÐ „ Ðremedies;€however,€the€State€party€has€given€no€explanation€to€justify€such€a€delay.€TheÐ üp ÐCommittee€recalls€its€position€as€reflected€in€its€General€Comment€on€article€14,€whichÐ è\ Ðprovides€that€all€stages€of€judicial€proceedings€must€take€place€without€undue€delay€and€that,Ð ÔH Ðto€make€this€right€effective,€a€procedure€must€be€available€to€ensure€that€this€applies€in€allÐ À4 Ðinstances.€The€Committee€considers€that,€in€the€present€case,€a€delay€of€11€years€in€theÐ ¬  Ðjudicial€process€at€first€instance€and€of€more€than€13€years€until€the€rejection€of€the€appealÐ ˜  Ðviolates€the€author's€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant,€to€be€triedÐ „ø Ðwithout€undue€delay.€òò2óó/€The€Committee€further€considers€that€the€mere€possibility€ofÐ pä Ðobtaining€compensation€after,€and€independently€of,€a€trial€that€was€unduly€prolonged€doesÐ \ Ð Ðnot€constitute€an€effective€remedy.€ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à10.€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€constitute€violationsÐ  #” Ðby€Spain€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€theÐ ä%X" Ðobligation€to€provide€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation€for€the€excessive€lengthÐ Ð&D # Ðof€the€trial.€The€State€party€should€adopt€effective€measures€to€prevent€proceedings€fromÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbeing€unduly€prolonged€and€to€ensure€that€individuals€are€not€obliged€to€initiate€a€newÐ ¨("% Ðjudicial€action€to€claim€compensation.€Ð”)#&(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...€ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€See,€for€example,€communications€No.€614/1995,€òòSamuel€Thomas€v.€Jamaicaóó;€No.Ð xì Ð676/1996,€òòYasseen€and€Thomas€v.€Republic€of€Guyanaóó;€and€No.€526/1993,€òòHill€and€Hill€v.Ð dØ ÐSpainóó.€ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð< °(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ¨4ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBondarenko€v.€Belarusóó€(886/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(3€April€2003)€161Ð  t Ð(CCPR/C/77/D/886/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€10.2€and€12.݃"éÖ¨4ô4ÝŒÐì `(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€Mr.€Bondarenko€was€accused€of€murder€and€several€other€crimes,€found€guilty€asÐ °$  Ðcharged€and€sentenced€by€the€Minsk€Regional€Court€on€22€June€1998€to€death€by€firingÐ œ  Ðsquad.€€The€decision€was€confirmed€by€the€Supreme€Court€on€21€August€1998...Јü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à10.2€€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author's€claim€that€her€family€was€informed€of€neitherÐ `Ô  Ðthe€date,€nor€the€hour,€nor€the€place€of€her€son's€execution,€nor€of€the€exact€place€of€her€son'sÐ LÀ Ðsubsequent€burial,€has€remained€unchallenged.€€In€the€absence€of€any€challenge€to€this€claimÐ 8¬ Ðby€the€State€party,€and€any€other€pertinent€information€from€the€State€party€on€the€practiceÐ $˜ Ðof€execution€of€capital€sentences,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegation.€€TheÐ „ ÐCommittee€understands€the€continued€anguish€and€mental€stress€caused€to€the€author,€as€theÐ üp Ðmother€of€a€condemned€prisoner,€by€the€persisting€uncertainty€of€the€circumstances€that€ledÐ è\ Ðto€his€execution,€as€well€as€the€location€of€his€gravesite.€€The€Committee€considers€thatÐ ÔH Ðcomplete€secrecy€surrounding€the€date€of€execution,€and€the€place€of€burial€and€the€refusalÐ À4 Ðto€hand€over€the€body€for€burial€have€the€effect€of€intimidating€or€punishing€families€byÐ ¬  Ðintentionally€leaving€them€in€a€state€of€uncertainty€and€mental€distress.€€The€CommitteeÐ ˜  Ðconsiders€that€the€authorities'€initial€failure€to€notify€the€author€of€the€scheduled€date€for€theÐ „ø Ðexecution€of€her€son,€and€their€subsequent€persistent€failure€to€notify€her€of€the€location€ofÐ pä Ðher€son's€grave€amounts€to€inhuman€treatment€of€the€author,€in€violation€of€article€7€of€theÐ \ Ð ÐCovenant.ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à12.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ  #” Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€information€on€theÐ  $€  Ðlocation€where€her€son€is€buried,€and€compensation€for€the€anguish€suffered.€€The€State€partyÐ ø$l! Ðis€also€under€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ¼'0!$ ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖY@ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòLyashkevich€v.€Belarusóó€(887/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(3€April€2003)€169Ð ¤("% Ð(CCPR/C/77/D/887/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€9.2€and€11.݃"éÖY@¥@ÝŒÐ)#&(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÐ h+Ü$( ЇÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖýAÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòChambala€v.€Zambiaóó€(856/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(15€July€2003)€130Ð xì Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/856/1999)€at€paras.€2.2,€7.2,€7.3,€8€and€9.݃"éÖýAIBÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€After€detention€for€over€one€year€without€any€production€before€a€court€or€a€judicialÐ ( œ Ðofficer,€the€author€applied€for€release.€€On€22€September€1988,€the€High€Court€of€ZambiaÐ  ˆ Ðdecided€that€there€were€no€reasons€to€keep€him€in€detention.€€Nevertheless,€the€author€wasÐ  t Ðnot€released€until€December€1988,€when€the€President€revoked€his€detention.€€According€toÐ ì ` Ðthe€author,€the€maximum€prison€sentence€for€the€offence€he€was€charged€with€was€6€months.ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€With€regard€to€the€authorððs€allegation€that€he€was€subjected€to€arbitrary€detention,€theÐ °$  ÐCommittee€has€noted€that€the€author€was€detained€for€a€period€of€22€months,€dating€from€7Ð œ  ÐFebruary€1987,€a€claim€that€has€not€been€contested€by€the€State€party.€€€Moreover,€the€StateÐ ˆü  Ðparty€has€not€sought€to€justify€this€lengthy€detention€before€the€Committee.€€€Therefore,€theÐ tè  Ðdetention€was,€in€the€Committeeððs€view,€arbitrary€and€constituted€a€violation€of€article€9,Ð `Ô  Ðparagraph€1,€read€together€with€article€2,€paragraph€3.ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€authorððs€detention€for€the€further€two€monthsÐ $˜ Ðfollowing€the€High€Courtððs€determination€that€there€were€no€grounds€to€hold€him€in€detentionÐ „ Ðwas,€in€addition€to€being€arbitrary€in€terms€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€also€contrary€to€ZambianÐ üp Ðdomestic€law,€thus€giving€rise€to€a€violation€of€the€right€to€compensation€under€article€9,Ð è\ Ðparagraph€5.€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it,€disclose€violationsÐ ¬  Ðof€article€9,€paragraph€1,€read€together€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€and€of€article€9,€paragraphÐ ˜  Ð5,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ \ Ð Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€€In€view€of€the€fact€that€the€StateÐ H!¼ Ðparty€has€committed€itself€to€pay€compensation,€the€Committee€urges€the€State€party€to€grantÐ 4"¨ Ðas€soon€as€possible€compensation€to€the€author€for€the€period€that€he€was€arbitrarily€detainedÐ  #” Ðfrom€7€February€1987€to€December€1988.€€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensureÐ  $€  Ðthat€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ‰NÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝKang€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(878/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(15€July€2003)€152Ð ¼'0!$ Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/878/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.3,€2.5,€7.2,€7.3,€8€and€9.݃"éÖ‰NØN݌Ш("%(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€The€author,€along€with€other€acquaintances,€was€an€opponent€of€the€State€partyððsÐ l+à$( Ðmilitary€regime€of€the€1980s.€€In€1984,€he€distributed€pamphlets€criticizing€the€regime€andÐ Œ Ðthe€use€of€security€forces€to€harass€him€and€others.€€At€that€time,€he€also€made€anÐ xì Ðunauthorized€(and€therefore€criminal)€visit€to€North€Korea.€€In€January,€March€and€MayÐ dØ Ð1985,€he€distributed€dissident€publications€covering€numerous€political,€historical,€economicÐ P Ä Ðand€social€issues.€Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à2.3€€€In€January€1986,€the€author€was€tried€before€the€10th€Panel€of€the€Seoul€CriminalÐ  ˆ ÐDistrict€Court€for€alleged€violations€of€the€National€Security€Law,€as€part€of€a€spy€ring€caseÐ  t Ðin€which€15€persons€were€convicted€in€1985€and€1986.òò2óó/€€At€trial,€he€contended€that€hisÐ ì ` Ðconfessions€had€been€obtained€by€torture.€€On€20€January€1986,€the€court€relied€on€theÐ ØL  Ðauthorððs€confessions,€convicting€and€sentencing€him€to€life€imprisonment.€€The€court€foundÐ Ä8  Ðthat€he€had€ð ðbecome€a€member€of€an€anti„State€organizationðð,€and€that€dialogue€and€meetingÐ °$  Ðwith€other€regime€critics€constituted€a€ð ðcrime€of€praising,€encouraging€or€siding€with€the€anti„Ð œ  ÐState€organizationðð€and€ð ðcrime€of€meeting€with€a€member€of€the€anti„State€organizationðð.Ð ˆü  ÐThe€distribution€of€publications€was€said€to€amount€to€ð ðespionageðð.Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à2.5€€€After€his€conviction,€the€author€was€held€in€solitary€confinement.€€He€was€classified€asÐ LÀ Ða€communist€ð ðconfident€criminalððòò4óó/€€under€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð,€a€system€givenÐ 8¬ Ðlegal€foundation€by€the€1980€Penal€Administration€Law€and€designed€to€induce€change€to€aÐ $˜ Ðprisonerððs€political€opinion€by€the€provision€of€favourable€benefits€and€treatment€in€prison.€Ð „ ÐDue€to€this€classification,€he€was€not€eligible€for€more€favourable€treatment.€€On€14€MarchÐ üp Ð1991,€the€authorððs€detention€regime€was€reclassified€by€the€Regulation€on€the€ClassificationÐ è\ Ðand€Treatment€of€Convicts€(ððthe€1991€Regulationðð)€to€ð ðthose€who€have€not€shown€signs€ofÐ ÔH Ðrepentance€after€having€committed€crimes€aimed€at€destroying€the€free€and€democratic€basicÐ À4 Ðorder€by€denying€itðð.€€Moreover,€having€been€convicted€under€the€National€Security€Law,€theÐ ¬  Ðauthor€was€subject€to€an€especially€rigorous€parole€process.òò5óó/И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð€violates€his€rights€underÐ pä Ðarticles€18,€19€and€26,€the€Committee€notes€the€coercive€nature€of€such€a€system,€preservedÐ \ Ð Ðin€this€respect€in€the€succeeding€ð ðoath€of€law„abidance€systemðð,€which€is€applied€inÐ H!¼ Ðdiscriminatory€fashion€with€a€view€to€alter€the€political€opinion€of€an€inmate€by€offeringÐ 4"¨ Ðinducements€of€preferential€treatment€within€prison€and€improved€possibilities€of€parole.òò15óó/€Ð  #” ÐThe€Committee€considers€that€such€a€system,€which€the€State€party€has€failed€to€justify€asÐ  $€  Ðbeing€necessary€for€any€of€the€permissible€limiting€purposes€enumerated€in€articles€18€andÐ ø$l! Ð19,€restricts€freedom€of€expression€and€of€manifestation€of€belief€on€the€discriminatory€basisÐ ä%X" Ðof€political€opinion€and€thereby€violates€articles€18,€paragraph€1,€and€19,€paragraph€1,€bothÐ Ð&D # Ðin€conjunction€with€article€26.м'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€€As€to€the€authorððs€remaining€claims€under€article€10,€the€Committee€considers€that€hisÐ ”)#& Ðdetention€in€solitary€confinement€for€a€period€as€long€as€13€years,€of€which€more€than€eightÐ €*ô#' Ðwere€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€is€a€measure€of€such€gravity,€and€ofÐ l+à$( Ðsuch€fundamental€impact€on€the€individual€in€question,€that€it€requires€the€most€serious€andÐ Œ Ðdetailed€justification.€€The€Committee€considers€that€confinement€for€such€a€lengthy€period,Ð xì Ðapparently€on€the€sole€basis€of€his€presumed€political€opinion,€fails€to€meet€that€suchÐ dØ Ðparticularly€high€burden€of€justification,€and€constitutes€at€once€a€violation€of€article€10,Ð P Ä Ðparagraph€1,€protecting€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€author,€and€of€paragraph€3,€requiring€thatÐ < ° Ðthe€essential€aim€of€detention€be€reformation€and€social€rehabilitation.Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ  t Ðof€article€10,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€and€articles€18,€paragraph€1,€and€19,€paragraph€1,€inÐ ì ` Ðconjunction€with€26,€of€the€Covenant.€ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ °$  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€€The€Committee€notes€that,Ð œ  Ðalthough€the€author€has€been€released,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€provide€theÐ ˆü  Ðauthor€with€compensation€commensurate€with€the€gravity€of€the€breaches€in€question.€€TheÐ tè  ÐState€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€€In€1994,€the€Working€Group€on€Arbitrary€Detention€of€the€Commission€on€HumanÐ „ ÐRights€found,€in€the€absence€of€a€response€from€the€State€party,€the€imprisonment€of€two€ofÐ üp Ðthese€other€individuals€to€be€of€arbitrary€character.€(E/CN.4/1994/27,€at€95€òòet€seqóó.)Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€€ð ðConfident€criminalðð€is€not€specifically€defined,€but€appears€from€the€context€of€theÐ À4 Ðcommunication€to€be€a€prisoner€who€fails€to€comply€with€the€ideology€conversion€system€andÐ ¬  Ðits€renunciation€requirements...И (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò5óó/€€€Under€the€Parole€Administration€Law,€in€such€cases,€the€Parole€Examination€CommitteeÐ pä Ðð ðshall€examine€whether€the€convict€has€converted€the€[sic]€thought,€and,€when€deemedÐ \ Ð Ðnecessary,€shall€request€the€convict€to€submit€an€announcement€or€statement€of€conversionðð.€ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  àòò15óó/€€€See€the€comments€of€the€State€party€arguing€the€contrary€with€regard€to€the€CommitteeððsÐ  #” ÐConcluding€Observations€on€their€second€periodic€report.€(CCPR/C/79/Add.122,€at€para€2).Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖæmÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝSarma€v.€Sri€Lankaóó€(950/2000),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(16€July€2003)€248Ð ¼'0!$ Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/950/2000)€at€paras.€2.1„2.4,€10€and€11.€Ýƒ"éÖæm5n݌Ш("%(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€The€author€alleges€that,€on€23€June€1990,€at€about€8.30€a.m.,€during€a€military€operation,Ð l+à$( Ðhis€son,€himself€and€three€others€were€removed€by€army€members€from€their€family€residenceÐ Œ Ðin€Anpuvalipuram,€in€the€presence€of€the€author's€wife€and€others.€€The€group€was€thenÐ xì Ðhanded€over€to€other€members€of€the€military,€including€one€Corporal€Sarath,€at€anotherÐ dØ Ðlocation€(Ananda€Stores€Compound€Army€Camp).€€The€author's€son€was€apparentlyÐ P Ä Ðsuspected€of€being€a€member€of€the€LTTE€(Liberation€Tigers€of€Tamil€Eelam)€and€wasÐ < ° Ðbeaten€and€tortured.€€He€was€thereafter€taken€into€military€custody€at€Kalaimagal€SchoolÐ ( œ Ðallegedly€after€transiting€through€a€number€of€other€locations.€€There,€he€was€allegedlyÐ  ˆ Ðtortured,€hooded€and€forced€to€identify€other€suspects.€Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€the€meantime,€the€author€and€other€persons€arrested€were€also€transferred€toÐ ØL  ÐKalaimagal€School,€where€they€were€forced€to€parade€before€the€author's€hooded€son.€€LaterÐ Ä8  Ðthat€day,€at€about€12.45€p.m.,€the€author's€son€was€taken€to€Plaintain€Point€Army€Camp,Ð °$  Ðwhile€the€author€and€others€were€released.€€The€author€informed€the€Police,€the€InternationalÐ œ  ÐCommittee€of€the€Red€Cross€(ICRC)€and€human€rights€groups€of€what€had€happened.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€€Arrangements€were€later€made€for€relatives€of€missing€persons€to€meet,€by€groups€ofÐ `Ô  Ð50,€with€Brigadier€Pieris,€to€learn€about€the€situation€of€the€missing€ones.€€During€one€ofÐ LÀ Ðthese€meetings,€in€May€1991,€the€author's€wife€was€told€that€her€son€was€dead.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€€The€author€however€claims€that,€on€9€October€1991€between€1:30€and€2€p.m.,€while€heÐ „ Ðwas€working€at€"City€Medicals€Pharmacy",€a€yellow€military€van€with€license€plate€No.€35Ð üp ÐSri€1919€stopped€in€front€of€the€pharmacy.€€An€army€officer€entered€and€asked€to€make€someÐ è\ Ðphotocopies.€€At€this€moment,€the€author€saw€his€son€in€the€van€looking€at€him.€€As€theÐ ÔH Ðauthor€tried€to€talk€to€him,€his€son€signalled€with€his€head€to€prevent€his€father€fromÐ À4 Ðapproaching.€Ð¬ (#(# Ðà0  à...И (#(# Ðà0  à10.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ „ø Ðof€articles€7€and€9€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€with€regard€toÐ pä Ðthe€authorððs€son€and€article€7€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€withÐ \ Ð Ðregard€to€the€author€and€his€wife.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ  #” Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€and€his€family€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€aÐ  $€  Ðthorough€and€effective€investigation€into€the€disappearance€and€fate€of€the€author's€son,€hisÐ ø$l! Ðimmediate€release€if€he€is€still€alive,€adequate€information€resulting€from€its€investigation,Ð ä%X" Ðand€adequate€compensation€for€the€violations€suffered€by€the€author's€son,€the€author€and€hisÐ Ð&D # Ðfamily...м'0!$(#(# ÐÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ¦}ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòAdrien€Mundyo€Buyso,€Thomas€Osthudi€Wongodi,€Ren€Sibu€Matubuka€et€al.€v.€DemocraticÐ Œ ÐRepublic€of€the€Congoóó€(933/2000),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(31€July€2003)€224Ð xì Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/933/2000)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€6.1€and€6.2.€Ýƒ"éÖ¦}ò}ÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€Under€Presidential€Decree€No.€144€of€6€November€1998,€315€judges€and€publicÐ ( œ Ðprosecutors,€including€the€above„mentioned€authors,€were€dismissed...Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€Contesting€the€legality€of€these€dismissals,€the€authors€filed€an€appeal,€followingÐ ì ` Ðnotification€and€within€the€three„month€period€established€by€law,€with€the€President€of€theÐ ØL  ÐRepublic€to€obtain€the€withdrawal€of€the€above„mentioned€decree.€€Having€received€noÐ Ä8  Ðresponse,€in€accordance€with€Ordinance€No.€82/017€of€31€March€1982€on€procedure€beforeÐ °$  Ðthe€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€the€68€judges€all€referred€their€applications€to€the€SupremeÐ œ  ÐCourt€during€the€period€from€April€to€December€1999.€€According€to€the€informationÐ ˆü  Ðprovided€by€the€authors,€it€appears,€first€of€all,€that€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic,Ð tè  Ðwho€was€required€to€give€his€views€within€one€month,€deliberately€failed€to€transmit€theÐ `Ô  Ðreportòò1óó/€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€until€19€September€2000€in€order€to€block€theÐ LÀ Ðappeal.€€Moreover€the€Supreme€Court,€by€a€ruling€of€26€September€2001,€decided€thatÐ 8¬ ÐPresidential€Decree€No.€144€was€an€act€of€Government€inasmuch€as€it€came€within€theÐ $˜ Ðcontext€of€government€policy€aimed€at€raising€moral€standards€in€the€judiciary€and€improvingÐ „ Ðthe€functioning€of€one€of€the€three€powers€of€the€State.€€The€Supreme€Court€consequentlyÐ üp Ðdecided€that€the€actions€taken€by€the€President€of€the€Republic,€as€the€political€authority,€toÐ è\ Ðexecute€national€policy€escaped€the€control€of€the€administrative€court€and€thus€declaredÐ ÔH Ðinadmissible€the€applications€by€the€authors.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€committed€aÐ ˜  Ðviolation€of€article€25€(c),€article€14,€paragraph€1,€article€9€and€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ „ø ÐCovenant.€€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.2€€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÐ H!¼ Ðthe€authors€are€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€which€should€include,€inter€alia:€€(a)€in€theÐ 4"¨ Ðabsence€of€a€properly€established€disciplinary€procedure€against€the€authors,€reinstatementÐ  #” Ðin€the€public€service€and€in€their€posts,€with€all€the€consequences€that€that€implies,€or,€ifÐ  $€  Ðnecessary,€in€similar€posts;òò7óó/€and€(b)€compensation€calculated€on€the€basis€of€an€amountÐ ø$l! Ðequivalent€to€the€salary€they€would€have€received€during€the€period€of€non„reinstatement.òò8óó/€Ð ä%X" ЀThe€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€inÐ Ð&D # Ðfuture€and,€in€particular,€that€a€dismissal€measure€can€be€taken€only€in€accordance€with€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant.Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЀ*ô#'(#(# ÐÔ_ÔÐ l+à$( Ðà0  àòò1óó/€€€The€authors€transmitted€a€copy€of€the€report€by€the€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office.€€In€theÐ Œ Ðreport,€the€Office€of€the€Attorney„General€of€the€Republic€requests€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ xì ÐJustice€to€declare,€first€and€foremost,€that€Presidential€Decree€No.€144€is€an€act€ofÐ dØ ÐGovernment€that€is€outside€its€jurisdiction;€and,€secondly,€that€this€decree€is€justified€becauseÐ P Ä Ðof€exceptional€circumstances.€€On€the€basis€of€accusations€made€by€both€the€population€andÐ < ° Ðforeigners€living€in€the€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo€against€allegedly€incompetent,Ð ( œ Ðirresponsible,€immoral€and€corrupt€judges,€as€well€as€of€the€missions€carried€out€by€judgesÐ  ˆ Ðin€this€regard,€the€Attorney-General€of€the€Republic€maintains€that€the€Head€of€State€issuedÐ  t ÐPresidential€Decree€No.€144€in€response€to€a€crisis€situation€characterized€by€war,€partialÐ ì ` Ðterritorial€occupation€and€the€need€to€intervene€as€a€matter€of€urgency€in€order€to€combatÐ ØL  Ðimpunity.€€He€stressed€that€it€was€materially€impossible€for€the€authorities€to€follow€theÐ Ä8  Ðordinary€disciplinary€procedure€and€that€the€urgency€of€the€situation,€the€collapse€of€theÐ °$  Ðjudiciary€and€action€to€combat€impunity€were€incompatible€with€any€decision€to€suspend€theÐ œ  Ðpunishment€of€the€judges€concerned.Јü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  àòò7óó/€€€Communications€No.€630/1995€òòÔ_ÔAbdoulayeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMazouÔ_Ô€v.€Cameroonóó;€No.€641/1995€òòÔ_ÔGedumbeÔ_ÔÐ `Ô  Ðv.€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congoóó;€and€No.€906/2000€òòFelix€Enrique€Ô_ÔChiraÔ_Ô€Vargas„Ð LÀ ÐÔ_ÔMachucaÔ_Ô€v.€Peruóó.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò8óó/€€€Communications€Nos.€422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990€òòÔ_ÔAdimayoÔ_Ô€M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,Ð „ ÐÔ_ÔSofianouÔ_Ô€T.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔYawoÔ_Ô€S.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô€v.€Togoóó;€No.€641/1995€òòÔ_ÔGedumbeÔ_Ô€v.€DemocraticÐ üp ÐRepublic€of€the€Congoóó;€and€No.€906/2000€òòFelix€Enrique€Ô_ÔChiraÔ_Ô€Vargas„Ô_ÔMachucaÔ_Ô€v.€Peruóó.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ¬  ÐÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖú—ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔPastukhovÔ_Ô€v.€Belarusóó€(814/1998),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(5€August€2003)€69Ð ” Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/78/D/814/1998)€at€paras.€7.3€and€9.݃"éÖú—F˜ÝŒÐ€ô(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖà™ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòJan€Ô_ÔFilipovichÔ_Ô€v.€Lithuaniaóó€(875/1999),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(4€August€2003)€145Ð D!¸ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/78/D/875/1999)€at€paras.€7.1€and€9.€Ýƒ"éÖà™,šÝŒÐ0"¤(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$| (#(# Ðà0  à7.1€€€As€to€the€author's€allegations€that€the€trial€went€on€for€too€long,€since€the€investigationÐ ô$h! Ðbegan€in€September€1991€and€the€court€of€first€instance€convicted€him€on€1€January€1996,Ð à%T" Ðthe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€State€party's€arguments€that€the€duration€of€the€proceedingsÐ Ì&@ # Ðshould€be€calculated€as€from€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Protocol€forÐ ¸',!$ ÐLithuania€on€20€February€1992.€€The€Committee€nevertheless€notes€that,€although€theÐ ¤("% Ðinvestigation€began€before€the€entry€into€force,€the€proceedings€continued€until€1996.€€TheÐ )#& ÐCommittee€also€takes€note€of€the€fact€that€the€State€party€has€not€given€any€explanation€ofÐ |*ð#' Ðthe€reason€why€four€years€and€four€months€elapsed€between€the€start€of€the€investigation€andÐ h+Ü$( Ðthe€conviction€in€first€instance.€€Considering€that€the€investigation€ended,€according€to€theÐ Œ Ðinformation€available€to€the€Committee,€following€the€report€by€the€forensic€medicalÐ xì Ðcommission€and€that€the€case€was€not€so€complex€as€to€justify€a€delay€of€four€years€and€fourÐ dØ Ðmonths,€or€three€years€and€2€months€after€the€preparation€of€the€forensic€medical€report,€theÐ P Ä ÐCommittee€concludes€that€there€was€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô.€Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ  ˆ Ðconstitutes€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ØL  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.€€TheÐ Ä8  ÐState€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€future.€Ð°$ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________М (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЈü (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€Article€104€of€the€Criminal€Code.Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ ¥ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòCabal€and€Ô_ÔPasiniÔ_Ô€v.€Australiaóó€(1020/2002),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(7€August€2003)€346€Ð üp Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/78/D/1020/2002)€at€paras.€8.3,€9€and€10.šÝƒ"éÖ ¥ì¥ÝŒÐè\(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à8.3€€€As€to€the€issues€raised€by€the€authorsðð€detention€for€an€hour€in€a€triangular€ð ðcageðð,€theÐ ¬  ÐCommittee€notes€the€State€partyððs€justification€that€this€holding€cell€was€the€only€one€capableÐ ˜  Ðof€holding€two€persons€at€the€time,€and€that€the€authors€requested€to€be€placed€together.€€InÐ „ø Ðthe€Committeeððs€view,€a€failure€to€have€a€cell€sufficiently€adequate€to€hold€two€persons€isÐ pä Ðinsufficient€explanation€for€requiring€two€prisoners€to€alternately€stand€and€sit,€even€if€onlyÐ \ Ð Ðfor€an€hour,€within€such€enclosure.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€thisÐ H!¼ Ðincident€to€disclose€a€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à9€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ  $€  Ðreveal€a€violation€by€Australia€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ø$l! ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€concludes€that€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðauthors€are€entitled€to€an€effective€remedy€of€compensation€for€both€authors.€€The€State€partyÐ ¨("% Ðis€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€of€the€Covenant€do€not€occur€in€theÐ ”)#& Ðfuture.Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ»­ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô€v.€Australia€óó(1069/2002),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€October€2003)€301Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/79/D/1069/2002)€at€paras.€9.3,€9.5,€10€and€11.݃"éÖ»­®ÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€€Concerning€Mrs.€Ô_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô€and€her€children,€the€Committee€observes€that€Mrs.Ð < ° ÐÔ_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô€has€been€detained€in€immigration€detention€for€two€years€and€ten€months,€andÐ ( œ Ðcontinues€to€be€detained,€while€the€children€remained€in€immigration€detention€for€two€yearsÐ  ˆ Ðand€eight€months€until€their€release€on€interim€orders€of€the€Family€Court.€WhateverÐ  t Ðjustification€there€may€have€been€for€an€initial€detention€for€the€purposes€of€ascertainingÐ ì ` Ðidentity€and€other€issues,€the€State€party€has€not,€in€the€Committee's€view,€demonstrated€thatÐ ØL  Ðtheir€detention€was€justified€for€such€an€extended€period.€Taking€into€account€in€particularÐ Ä8  Ðthe€composition€of€the€Ô_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô€family,€the€State€party€has€not€demonstrated€that€other,€lessÐ °$  Ðintrusive,€measures€could€not€have€achieved€the€same€end€of€compliance€with€the€StateÐ œ  Ðparty's€immigration€policies€by,€for€example,€imposition€of€reporting€obligations,€sureties€orÐ ˆü  Ðother€conditions€which€would€take€into€account€the€family's€particular€circumstances.€As€aÐ tè  Ðresult,€the€continuation€of€immigration€detention€for€Mrs.€Ô_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô€and€her€children€forÐ `Ô  Ðlength€of€time€described€above,€without€appropriate€justification,€was€arbitrary€and€contraryÐ LÀ Ðto€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à9.5€€€As€to€the€children,€the€Committee€observes€that€until€the€decision€of€the€Full€Bench€ofÐ „ Ðthe€Family€Court€on€19€June€2003,€which€held€that€it€had€jurisdiction€under€child€welfareÐ üp Ðlegislation€to€order€the€release€of€children€from€immigration€detention,€the€children€were€inÐ è\ Ðthe€same€position€as€their€mother,€and€suffered€a€violation€of€their€rights€under€article€9,Ð ÔH Ðparagraph€4,€up€to€that€moment€on€the€same€basis.€The€Committee€considers€that€the€abilityÐ À4 Ðfor€a€court€to€order€a€child's€release€if€considered€in€its€best€interests,€which€subsequentlyÐ ¬  Ðoccurred€(albeit€on€an€interim€basis),€is€sufficient€review€of€the€substantive€justification€ofÐ ˜  Ðdetention€to€satisfy€the€requirements€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant.€Accordingly,Ð „ø Ðthe€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€with€respect€to€the€children€came€to€an€end€with€theÐ pä ÐFamily€Court's€finding€of€jurisdiction€to€make€such€orders.€Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ 4"¨ Ðreveal€violations€by€Australia€of€articles€9,€paragraphs€1€and€4,€and€24,€paragraph€1,€and,Ð  #” Ðpotentially,€of€articles€17,€paragraph€1,€and€23,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ ä%X" Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy.€As€to€the€violation€of€articleÐ Ð&D # Ð9,€paragraphs€1€and€4,€continuing€up€to€the€present€time€with€respect€to€Mrs€Ô_ÔBakhtiyariÔ_Ô,€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐState€party€should€release€her€and€pay€her€appropriate€compensation.€So€far€as€concerns€theÐ ¨("% Ðviolations€of€articles€9€and€24€suffered€in€the€past€by€the€children,€which€came€to€an€end€withÐ ”)#& Ðtheir€release€on€25€August€2003,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€pay€appropriateÐ €*ô#' Ðcompensation€to€the€children...Ðl+à$((#(# ЇÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ‰¿ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝWilson€v.€The€Philippines€óó(868/1999),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(30€October€2003)€48Ð xì Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/79/D/868/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.3,€2.4„2.10,€7.2„7.5,€8€and€9.݃"éÖ‰¿Ø¿ÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€16€September€1996,€the€author€was€forcibly€arrested€without€warrant€as€a€result€ofÐ ( œ Ða€complaint€of€rape€filed€by€the€biological€father€of€the€author's€twelve€year€old€step-daughterÐ  ˆ Ðand€transferred€to€a€police€station.€He€was€not€advised€of€his€rights,€and,€not€speaking€theÐ  t Ðlocal€language,€was€unaware€as€to€the€reasons€for€what€was€occurring.€At€the€police€station,Ð ì ` Ðhe€was€held€in€a€4€x€4€ft€cage€with€three€others,€and€charged€on€the€second€day€withÐ ØL  Ðattempted€rape€of€his€stepdaughter.€He€was€then€transferred€to€Valenzuela€municipal€jail,Ð Ä8  Ðwhere€the€charge€was€changed€to€rape.€There€he€was€beaten€and€ill-treated€in€a€"concreteÐ °$  Ðcoffin".€This€16€x€16€ft€cell€held€40€prisoners€with€a€6€inch€air€gap€some€10€ft€from€the€floor.Ð œ  ÐOne€inmate€was€shot€by€a€drunken€guard,€and€the€author€had€a€gun€placed€to€his€head€onÐ ˆü  Ðseveral€occasions€by€guards.€The€bottoms€of€his€feet€were€struck€by€a€guard's€baton,€and€otherÐ tè  Ðinmates€struck€him€on€the€guards'€orders.€He€was€ordered€to€strike€other€prisoners€and€wasÐ `Ô  Ðbeaten€when€he€refused€to€do€so.€He€was€also€constantly€subjected€to€extortion€by€otherÐ LÀ Ðinmates€with€the€acquiescence€and€in€some€instances€on€the€direct€instruction€of€the€prisonÐ 8¬ Ðauthorities,€and€beaten€when€he€refused€to€pay€or€perform€the€directed€act(s).€There€was€noÐ $˜ Ðrunning€water,€insufficient€sanitary€conditions€(a€single€non-flush€bowl€in€the€cell€for€allÐ „ Ðdetainees),€no€visiting€facility,€and€severe€food€rationing.€Nor€was€he€segregated€fromÐ üp Ðconvicted€prisoners.€Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à2.3€€On€30€September€1998€the€author€was€convicted€of€rape€and€sentenced€to€death,€as€wellÐ À4 Ðas€to€P50,000€indemnity,€by€the€Regional€Trial€Court€of€Valenzuela...Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€€The€author€was€then€placed€on€death€row€in€Muntinlupa€prison,€where€1,000€death€rowÐ „ø Ðprisoners€were€kept€in€three€dormitories.€Foreign€inmates€were€continually€extorted€by€otherÐ pä Ðinmates€with€the€acquiescence,€and€sometimes€at€the€direction€of,€prison€authorities.€TheÐ \ Ð Ðauthor€refers€to€media€reports€that€the€prison€was€controlled€by€gangs€and€corrupt€officials,Ð H!¼ Ðat€whose€mercy€the€author€remained€throughout€his€confinement€on€death€row.€SeveralÐ 4"¨ Ðhigh-ranking€prison€officials€were€sentenced€for€extortion€of€prisoners,€and€large€amountsÐ  #” Ðof€weapons€were€found€in€cells.€The€author€was€pressured€and€tortured€to€provide€gangs€andÐ  $€  Ðofficials€with€money.€There€were€no€guards€in€the€dormitory€or€cells,€which€contained€overÐ ø$l! Ð200€inmates€and€remained€unlocked€at€all€times.€His€money€and€personal€effects€had€beenÐ ä%X" Ðremoved€from€him€en€route€to€the€prison,€and€for€three€weeks€he€had€no€visitors,€andÐ Ð&D # Ðtherefore€no€basic€necessities€such€as€soap€or€bedding.€Food€comprised€unwashed€rice€andÐ ¼'0!$ Ðother€inappropriate€substances.€Sanitation€consisted€of€two€non-flushing€toilet€bowls€in€anÐ ¨("% Ðarea€which€was€also€a€200-person€communal€shower.€Ð”)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€The€author€was€forced€to€pay€for€the€8€x€8€ft€area€in€which€he€slept€and€financially€toÐ l+à$( Ðsupport€the€eight€others€with€him.€He€was€forced€to€sleep€alongside€drug-derangedÐ Œ Ðindividuals€and€persons€who€deliberately€and€constantly€deprived€him€of€sleep.€He€wasÐ xì Ðforcibly€tattooed€with€a€permanent€gang€mark.€Inmates€were€stretched€out€on€a€bench€onÐ dØ Ðpublic€display€and€beaten€with€wood€across€the€thighs,€or€otherwise€"taught€a€lesson".€TheÐ P Ä Ðauthor€states€he€lived€in€constant€fear€coming€close€to€death€and€suicidal€depression,Ð < ° Ðwatching€six€inmates€walk€to€their€execution€while€five€others€died€violent€deaths.€FearingÐ ( œ Ðdeath€after€a€"brutally€unfair€and€biased"€trial,€he€suffered€severe€physical€and€psychologicalÐ  ˆ Ðdistress€and€felt€"total€helplessness€and€hopelessness".€As€a€result,€he€is€"destroyed€bothÐ  t Ðfinancially€and€in€many€ways€emotionally".€Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.6€€On€21€December€1999,€i.e.€subsequent€to€the€submission€of€the€communication€underÐ Ä8  Ðthe€Optional€Protocol,€the€Supreme€Court,€considering€the€case€on€automatic€review,€setÐ °$  Ðaside€the€conviction,€finding€it€based€on€allegations€"not€worthy€of€credence",€and€orderedÐ œ  Ðthe€author's€immediate€release.€The€Solicitor-General€had€filed€a€brief€with€the€CourtÐ ˆü  Ðrecommending€acquittal€on€the€basis€that€material€contradictions€in€witness€testimony,€asÐ tè  Ðwell€as€the€physical€evidence€to€the€contrary,€justified€the€conclusion€that€the€author's€guiltÐ `Ô  Ðhad€not€been€shown€beyond€reasonable€doubt.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.7€€On€22€December€1999,€on€his€release€from€death€row,€the€Bureau€of€Immigration€liftedÐ $˜ Ða€Hold€Departure€Order,€on€condition€that€the€author€paid€fees€and€fines€amounting€toÐ „ ÐP22,740€for€overstaying€his€tourist€visa.€The€order€covered€the€entirety€of€his€detention,€andÐ üp Ðif€he€had€not€paid,€he€would€not€have€been€allowed€to€leave€the€country€for€the€UnitedÐ è\ ÐKingdom.€The€ruling€was€confirmed€after€an€appeal€by€the€British€Ambassador€to€theÐ ÔH ÐPhilippines,€and€subsequent€efforts€directed€from€the€United€Kingdom€to€the€Bureau€ofÐ À4 ÐImmigration€and€the€Supreme€Court€in€order€to€recover€these€fees€proved€similarlyÐ ¬  Ðunavailing.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.8€€€Upon€his€return€to€the€United€Kingdom,€the€author€sought€compensation€pursuant€toÐ pä ÐPhilippine€Republic€Act€7309.€The€Act€creates€a€Board€of€Claims€under€the€Department€ofÐ \ Ð ÐJustice€for€victims€of€unjust€imprisonment€or€detention,€compensation€being€calculable€byÐ H!¼ Ðmonth.€Upon€inquiry,€he€was€informed€on€21€February€2001€that€on€1€January€2001,€he€hadÐ 4"¨ Ðbeen€awarded€P14,000,€but€that€he€would€be€required€to€claim€it€in€person€in€the€Philippines.Ð  #” ÐOn€12€March€2001,€he€wrote€to€the€Board€of€Claims€seeking€reconsideration€of€quantum,€onÐ  $€  Ðthe€basis€that€according€to€the€legal€scale€40€months€in€prison€should€result€in€a€sum€ofÐ ø$l! ÐP40,000.€On€23€April€2001,€he€was€informed€that€the€amount€claimed€was€ð ðsubject€toÐ ä%X" Ðavailability€of€fundsðð€and€that€the€person€liable€for€the€author's€misfortune€was€theÐ Ð&D # Ðcomplainant€accusing€him€of€rape.€No€further€clarification€on€the€discrepancy€of€the€awardÐ ¼'0!$ Ðwas€received.€Ð¨("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.9€€€On€9€August€2001,€after€applying€for€a€tourist€visa€to€visit€his€family,€the€author€wasÐ €*ô#' Ðinformed€that€as€a€result€of€having€overstayed€his€tourist€visa€and€having€been€convicted€ofÐ l+à$( Ða€crime€involving€moral€turpitude,€he€had€been€placed€on€a€Bureau€of€Immigration€watchlist.Ð Œ ÐWhen€he€inquired€why€the€conviction€should€have€such€effect€after€it€had€been€quashed,€heÐ xì Ðwas€informed€that€to€secure€travel€certification€he€would€have€to€attend€the€Bureau€ofÐ dØ ÐImmigration€in€the€Philippines€itself.€ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.10€€€The€author€also€sought€to€lodge€a€civil€suit€for€reparation,€on€the€basis€that€theÐ ( œ Ðadministrative€remedy€for€compensation€outline€above€would€not€take€into€account€the€extentÐ  ˆ Ðof€physical€and€psychological€suffering€involved.€He€was€not€eligible€for€legal€aid€in€theÐ  t ÐPhilippines,€and€from€outside€the€country€was€unable€to€secure€pro€bono€legal€assistance.€Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€As€to€the€author's€claims€relating€to€the€imposition€of€the€death€penalty,€includingÐ Ä8  Ðpassing€of€sentence€of€death€for€an€offence€that€under€the€law€of€the€State€party,€enactedÐ °$  Ðsubsequent€to€capital€punishment€having€once€been€removed€from€the€criminal€code,€carriedÐ œ  Ðmandatory€capital€punishment,€without€allowing€the€sentencing€court€to€pay€due€regard€toÐ ˆü  Ðthe€specific€circumstances€of€the€particular€offence€and€offender,€the€Committee€observesÐ tè  Ðthat€the€author€is€no€longer€subject€to€capital€punishment,€as€his€conviction€and€hence€theÐ `Ô  Ðimposition€of€capital€punishment€was€annulled€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€late€December€1999,Ð LÀ Ðafter€the€author€had€spent€almost€15€months€in€imprisonment€following€sentence€of€death.Ð 8¬ ÐIn€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€it€appropriate€to€address€the€remainingÐ $˜ Ðissues€related€to€capital€punishment€in€the€context€of€the€author's€claims€under€article€7€ofÐ „ Ðthe€Covenant€instead€of€separately€determining€them€under€article€6.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€articles€7€and€10€regarding€his€treatment€in€detention€andÐ ÔH Ðthe€conditions€of€detention,€both€before€and€after€conviction,€the€Committee€observes€thatÐ À4 Ðthe€State€party,€rather€than€responding€to€the€specific€allegations€made,€has€indicated€thatÐ ¬  Ðthey€require€further€investigation.€In€the€circumstances,€therefore,€the€Committee€is€obligedÐ ˜  Ðto€give€due€weight€to€the€author's€allegations,€which€are€detailed€and€particularized.€TheÐ „ø ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€conditions€of€detention€described,€as€well€as€the€violent€andÐ pä Ðabusive€behaviour€both€of€certain€prison€guards€and€of€other€inmates,€as€apparentlyÐ \ Ð Ðacquiesced€in€by€the€prison€authorities,€are€seriously€in€violation€of€the€author's€right,€as€aÐ H!¼ Ðprisoner,€to€be€treated€with€humanity€and€in€with€respect€for€his€inherent€dignity,€in€violationÐ 4"¨ Ðof€article€10,€paragraph€1.€As€at€least€some€of€the€acts€of€violence€against€the€author€wereÐ  #” Ðcommitted€either€by€the€prison€guards,€upon€their€instigation€or€with€their€acquiescence,€thereÐ  $€  Ðwas€also€a€violation€of€article€7.€There€is€also€a€specific€violation€of€article€10,€paragraph€2,Ð ø$l! Ðarising€from€the€failure€to€segregate€the€author,€pre-trial,€from€convicted€prisoners.€Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€€As€to€the€claims€concerning€the€author's€mental€suffering€and€anguish€as€a€consequenceÐ ¼'0!$ Ðof€being€sentenced€to€death,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€authors'€mental€condition€wasÐ ¨("% Ðexacerbated€by€his€treatment€in,€as€well€as€the€conditions€of,€his€detention,€and€resulted€inÐ ”)#& Ðdocumented€long-term€psychological€damage€to€him.€In€view€of€these€aggravating€factorsÐ €*ô#' Ðconstituting€further€compelling€circumstances€beyond€the€mere€length€of€time€spent€by€theÐ l+à$( Ðauthor€in€imprisonment€under€a€sentence€of€death,òò13óó/€the€Committee€concludes€that€theÐ Œ Ðauthor's€suffering€under€a€sentence€of€death€amounted€to€an€additional€violation€of€article€7.Ð xì ÐNone€of€these€violations€were€remedied€by€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€to€annul€the€author'sÐ dØ Ðconviction€and€death€sentence€after€he€had€spent€almost€15€months€of€imprisonment€underÐ P Ä Ða€sentence€of€death.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.5€€As€to€the€author's€claims€under€article€9€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ  ˆ Ðcontested€the€factual€submissions€of€the€author.€Hence,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€theÐ  t Ðinformation€submitted€by€the€author.€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€author€was€notÐ ì ` Ðinformed,€at€the€time€of€arrest,€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest€and€was€not€promptly€informedÐ ØL  Ðof€the€charges€against€him;€that€the€author€was€arrested€without€a€warrant€and€hence€inÐ Ä8  Ðviolation€of€domestic€law;€and€that€after€the€arrest€the€author€was€not€brought€promptlyÐ °$  Ðbefore€a€judge.€Consequently,€there€was€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€of€theÐ œ  ÐCovenant.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ `Ô  Ðreveal€violations€by€the€Philippines€of€article€7,€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€3,€and€articleÐ LÀ Ð10,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ „ Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€In€respect€of€the€violations€ofÐ üp Ðarticle€9€the€State€party€should€compensate€the€author.€As€to€the€violations€of€articles€7€andÐ è\ Ð10€suffered€while€in€detention,€including€subsequent€to€sentence€of€death,€the€CommitteeÐ ÔH Ðobserves€that€the€compensation€provided€by€the€State€party€under€its€domestic€law€was€notÐ À4 Ðdirected€at€these€violations,€and€that€compensation€due€to€the€author€should€take€due€accountÐ ¬  Ðboth€of€the€seriousness€of€the€violations€and€the€damage€to€the€author€caused.€In€this€context,Ð ˜  Ðthe€Committee€recalls€the€duty€upon€the€State€party€to€undertake€a€comprehensive€andÐ „ø Ðimpartial€investigation€of€the€issues€raised€in€the€course€of€the€author's€detention,€and€to€drawÐ pä Ðthe€appropriate€penal€and€disciplinary€consequences€for€the€individuals€found€responsible.Ð \ Ð ÐAs€to€the€imposition€of€immigration€fees€and€visa€exclusion,€the€Committee€takes€the€viewÐ H!¼ Ðthat€in€order€to€remedy€the€violations€of€the€Covenant€the€State€party€should€refund€to€theÐ 4"¨ Ðauthor€the€moneys€claimed€from€him.€All€monetary€compensation€thus€due€to€the€author€byÐ  #” Ðthe€State€party€should€be€made€available€for€payment€to€the€author€at€the€venue€of€his€choice,Ð  $€  Ðbe€it€within€the€State€party's€territory€or€abroad.€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligationÐ ø$l! Ðto€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóм'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  àòò13óó/€€òòJohnson€v.€Jamaica€óócase€No.€588/1994,€Views€adopted€on€22€March€1996;€òòFrancis€v.Ð ”)#& ÐJamaica€óócase€No.€606/1994,€Views€adopted€on€25€June€1995.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðl+à$((#(# ЇÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ…þÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòMartinez€Muoz€v.€Spain€óó(1006/2001),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(30€October€2003)€198Ð xì Ð(CCPR/C/79/D/1006/2001)€at€paras.€€7.1€and€7.2.݃"éÖ…þÑþÝŒÐdØ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à7.1€€The€author€claims€that€there€were€undue€delays€in€his€trial,€since€almost€five€yearsÐ ( œ Ðelapsed€between€the€date€of€the€incident€and€the€hearing.€€The€Committee€notes€that€theÐ  ˆ Ðcircumstances€of€the€case€involved€a€flagrant€offence,€and€that€the€evidence€required€littleÐ  t Ðpolice€investigation€and,€as€the€author€points€out,€the€low€level€of€complexity€of€theÐ ì ` Ðproceedings€did€not€justify€the€delay.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€constant€jurisprudence€thatÐ ØL  Ðexceptional€reasons€must€be€shown€to€justify€delays€-€in€this€case,€five€years€-€until€trial.€€InÐ Ä8  Ðthe€absence€of€any€justification€advanced€by€the€State€party€for€the€delay,€the€CommitteeÐ °$  Ðconcludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.М (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.2€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ tè  Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequateÐ `Ô  Ðcompensation.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€the€necessary€measures€toÐ LÀ Ðensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ²ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòKurbanova€v.€Tajikistan€óó(1096/2002),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(6€November€2003)€354Ð üp Ð(CCPR/C/79/D/1096/2002)€at€paras.€8€and€9.݃"éÖ²þÝŒÐè\(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ¬  Ðof€the€rights€of€Mr.€Kurbanov€under€article€7,€article€9,€paragraphs€2€and€3,€article€10,€articleÐ ˜  Ð14,€paragraph€1€and€paragraph€3€(a)€and€(g),€and€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€author's€son€is€entitled€to€anÐ \ Ð Ðeffective€remedy€entailing€compensation€and€a€new€trial€before€an€ordinary€court€and€withÐ H!¼ Ðall€the€guarantees€of€article€14,€or,€should€this€not€be€possible,€release.€The€State€party€isÐ 4"¨ Ðunder€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌÌòòò òFor€dissenting€opinions€in€this€context€generally,€see:ó óóóÐ ä%X" ÐÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖô ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòHendricks€v.€Guyanaóó€(838/1998),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(28€October€2002)€113Ð Ì&@ # Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/838/1998)€at€€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen.݃"éÖô @ ݌и',!$(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÌÌÐ h+Ü$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ¹ ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòPryce€v.€Jamaicaóó€(793/1998),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(15€March€2004)10€at€paras.€6.2€andÐ Œ Ð8.݃"éÖ¹  ÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€has€made€specific€and€detailed€allegationsÐ < ° Ðconcerning€his€punishment.€€The€State€party€has€not€responded€to€these€allegations.€€TheÐ ( œ ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author€was€sentenced€to€six€strokes€of€the€tamarind€switch€andÐ  ˆ Ðrecalls€its€jurisprudenceòò3óó/,€that,€irrespective€of€the€nature€of€the€crime€that€is€to€be€punished,Ð  t Ðhowever€brutal€it€may€be,€corporal€punishment€constitutes€cruel,€inhuman€and€degradingÐ ì ` Ðtreatment€or€punishment€contrary€to€article€7€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€finds€that€theÐ ØL  Ðimposition€of€a€sentence€of€whipping€with€the€tamarind€switch€on€the€author€constituted€aÐ Ä8  Ðviolation€of€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€7,€as€did€the€manner€in€which€the€sentence€wasÐ °$  Ðexecuted.М (#(# Ðà0  à...Јü (#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô8.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ tè  Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy€including€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€underÐ `Ô  Ðan€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future€and€to€repealÐ LÀ Ðdomestic€legislative€provisions€that€allow€for€corporal€punishment.Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЄ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  àòò3óó/€€See€òòMalcolm€Higginson€v.€Jamaicaóó,€communication€No.€792/1998,€where€the€author€wasÐ è\ Ðsubjected€to€receive€6€strokes€of€the€tamarind€switch,€and€see€also€òòGeorge€Osbourne€v.Ð ÔH ÐJamaicaóó,€communication€No.€759/1997,€where€the€author€was€sentenced€to€15€yearsððÐ À4 Ðimprisonment€with€hard€labour€and€was€subjected€to€receive€10€strokes€of€the€tamarindÐ ¬  Ðswitch.И (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖÌÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòLobban€v.€Jamaica€óó(797/1998),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(16€March€2004)€15€at€paras.€8.1„8.3Ð H!¼ Ðand€10.݃"éÖÌÝŒÐ4"¨(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à8.1€€The€author€has€claimed€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€on€the€ground€ofÐ ø$l! Ðthe€conditions€of€detention€to€which€he€was€subjected€while€detained€on€death€row€at€St.Ð ä%X" ÐCatherineððs€District€Prison.€€In€substantiation€of€his€claim,€the€author€has€invoked€reports€ofÐ Ð&D # Ðseveral€non-governmental€organizations.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€refers€to€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðinhuman€and€degrading€prison€conditions€in€general,€such€as€the€complete€lack€of€mattressesÐ ¨("% Ðand€very€poor€quality€of€food€and€drink,€the€lack€of€integral€sanitation€in€the€cells€and€openÐ ”)#& Ðsewers€and€piles€of€refuse,€as€well€as€the€absence€of€a€doctor.€€In€addition,€he€has€madeÐ €*ô#' Ðspecific€allegations,€stating€that€he€is€detained€23€hours€a€day€in€a€cell€with€no€mattress,€otherÐ l+à$( Ðbedding€or€furniture,€that€his€cell€has€no€natural€light,€that€sanitation€is€inadequate,€and€thatÐ Œ Ðhis€food€is€poor.€€He€is€not€permitted€to€work€or€to€undertake€education.€€In€addition,€heÐ xì Ðclaims€that€there€is€a€general€lack€of€medical€assistance,€and€that€from€1996€he€suffered€fromÐ dØ Ðulcers,€gastro-enteritis,€and€haemorrhoids,€for€which€he€received€no€treatment.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.2€€The€Committee€notes€that€with€regard€to€these€allegations,€the€State€party€has€disputedÐ ( œ Ðonly€that€there€are€inadequate€medical€facilities,€that€the€author€received€regular€medicalÐ  ˆ Ðtreatment€from€1997€and€that€now€he€has€a€mattress,€receives€nutritious€food,€and€that€theÐ  t Ðsewage€disposal€system€works€satisfactorily.€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€the€authorÐ ì ` Ðwas€detained€in€1987€and€transferred€to€death€row€in€June€1988,€and€from€there€to€theÐ ØL  ÐGeneral€Penitentiary€after€commutation€of€his€death€sentence,€and€that€it€does€not€transpireÐ Ä8  Ðfrom€the€State€partyððs€submission€that€his€conditions€of€detention€were€compatible€withÐ °$  Ðarticle€10€prior€to€January€1997.€€The€rest€of€the€authorððs€allegations€stand€undisputed€and,Ð œ  Ðin€these€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€article€10,€paragraph€1,€has€been€violated.€Ð ˆü  ÐIn€light€of€this€finding,€in€respect€of€article€10,€a€provision€of€the€Covenant€dealingÐ tè  Ðspecifically€with€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€and€encompassing€for€suchÐ `Ô  Ðpersons€the€elements€set€out€generally€in€article€7,€it€is€not€necessary€separately€to€considerÐ LÀ Ðthe€claims€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.3€€The€author€has€claimed€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€on€accountÐ „ Ðof€a€delay€of€11€days€between€the€time€of€his€arrest€and€the€time€when€he€was€brought€beforeÐ üp Ða€judge€or€judicial€officers.€€After€its€investigation,€the€State€party€did€not€refute€that€theÐ è\ Ðauthor€was€detained€for€11€days,€though€denying€that€this€delay€constitutes€a€violation€of€theÐ ÔH ÐCovenant.€€In€the€absence€of€any€plausible€justification€for€a€delay€of€11€days€between€arrestÐ À4 Ðand€production€of€the€author€before€a€judge€or€judicial€officer,€the€Committee€finds€that€thisÐ ¬  Ðdelay€constituted€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ pä Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€which€should€include€compensation.€€The€StateÐ \ Ð Ðparty€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖG(ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòShin€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(926/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(16€March€2004)€118€at€paras.Ð  $€  Ð2.1,€2.4,€7.2,€8€and€9.݃"éÖG(“(ÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Between€July€1986€and€10€August€1987,€the€author,€a€professional€artist,€painted€aÐ ¼'0!$ Ðcanvas-mounted€picture€sized€130€cm€by€160€cm.€€The€painting,€entitled€ð ðRice€PlantingÐ ¨("% Ð(Monaeki)ðð€was€subsequently€described€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€the€following€terms:Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àÔL  ÔÔM  Ôð ðThe€painting€as€a€whole€portrays€the€Korean€peninsula€in€that€its€upper€right€partÐ l+à$( Ðsketches€Baek-Doo-San,€while€its€lower€part€portrays€the€southern€sea€with€waves.€Ð Œ ÐIt€is€divided€into€lower€and€upper€parts€each€of€which€portrays€a€different€scene.€€TheÐ xì Ðlower€part€of€the€painting€describes€a€rice-planting€farmer€ploughing€a€field€using€aÐ dØ Ðbull€which€tramps€down€on€E.€T.€[the€movie€character€ððExtraterrestialðð],€symbolizingÐ P Ä Ðforeign€power€such€as€the€so-called€American€and€Japanese€imperialism,€Rambo,Ð < ° Ðimported€tobacco,€Coca€Cola,€Mad€Hunter,€Japanese€samurai,€Japanese€singing€andÐ ( œ Ðdancing€girls,€the€then€[United€Statesðð]€President€Ronald€Reagan,€the€then€[Japanese]Ð  ˆ ÐPrime€Minister€Nakasone,€the€then€President€[of€the€Republic€of€Korea]€Doo€HwanÐ  t ÐChun€who€symbolizes€a€fascist€military€power,€tanks€and€nuclear€weapons€whichÐ ì ` Ðsymbolize€the€U.S.€armed€forces,€as€well€as€men€symbolizing€the€landed€class€andÐ ØL  Ðcomprador€capitalist€class.€€The€farmer,€while€ploughing€a€field,€sweeps€them€outÐ Ä8  Ðinto€the€southern€sea€and€brings€up€wire-entanglements€of€the€38th€parallel.€€TheÐ °$  Ðupper€part€of€the€painting€portrays€a€peach€in€a€forest€of€leafy€trees€in€the€upper€leftÐ œ  Ðpart€of€which€two€pigeons€roost€affectionately.€€In€the€lower€right€part€of€the€forestÐ ˆü  Ðis€drawn€Bak-Doo-San,€reputed€to€be€the€Sacred€Mountain€of€Rebellion€[located€inÐ tè  Ðthe€Democratic€Peopleððs€Republic€of€Korea€(DPRK)],€on€the€left€lower€part€of€whichÐ `Ô  Ðflowers€are€in€full€blossom€and€a€straw-roofed€house€as€well€as€a€lake€is€portrayed.€Ð LÀ ÐRight€below€the€house€are€shown€farmers€setting€up€a€feast€in€celebration€ofÐ 8¬ Ðfully-ripened€grains€and€a€fruitful€year€and€either€sitting€around€a€table€or€dancing,Ð $˜ Ðand€children€with€an€insect€net€leaping€about.ððЄ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àThe€author€states€that€as€soon€as€the€picture€was€completed,€it€was€distributed€in€variousÐ è\ Ðforms€and€was€widely€publicized.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à2.4€€On€13€August€1999,€the€author€was€convicted€and€sentenced€to€probation,€with€the€courtÐ ¬  Ðordering€confiscation€of€the€picture.€€On€26€November€1999,€the€Supreme€Court€dismissedÐ ˜  Ðthe€authorððs€appeal€against€conviction,€holding€simply€that€ð ðthe€lower€court€decisionÐ „ø Ð[convicting€the€author]€was€reasonable€because€it€followed€the€previous€ruling€of€theÐ pä ÐSupreme€Court€overturning€the€lower€courtððs€original€decisionðð.€€With€the€conclusion€ofÐ \ Ð Ðproceedings€against€the€author,€the€painting€was€thus€ready€for€destruction€following€itsÐ H!¼ Ðearlier€seizure.Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ð #”(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.2€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€picture€painted€by€the€author€plainly€falls€within€theÐ  $€  Ðscope€of€the€right€of€freedom€of€expression€protected€by€article€19,€paragraph€2;€it€recalls€thatÐ ø$l! Ðthis€provision€specifically€refers€to€ideas€imparted€ð ðin€the€form€of€artðð.€€Even€if€theÐ ä%X" Ðinfringement€of€the€authorððs€right€to€freedom€of€expression,€through€confiscation€of€hisÐ Ð&D # Ðpainting€and€his€conviction€for€a€criminal€offence,€was€in€the€application€of€the€law,€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐCommittee€observes€that€the€State€party€must€demonstrate€the€necessity€of€these€measuresÐ ¨("% Ðfor€one€of€the€purposes€enumerated€in€article€19€(3).€€As€a€consequence,€any€restriction€onÐ ”)#& Ðthat€right€must€be€justified€in€terms€of€article€19€(3),€i.e.€besides€being€provided€by€law€it€alsoÐ €*ô#' Ðmust€be€necessary€for€respect€of€the€right€or€reputations€of€others,€or€for€the€protection€ofÐ l+à$( Ðnational€security€or€public€order€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòordreóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòpublicóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€or€of€public€health€and€morals€(ð ðtheÐ Œ Ðenumerated€purposesðð).Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ P Ä Ðof€article€19,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  ˆ Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation€for€hisÐ  t Ðconviction,€annulment€of€his€conviction,€and€legal€costs.€€In€addition,€as€the€State€party€hasÐ ì ` Ðnot€shown€that€any€infringement€on€the€authorððs€freedom€of€expression,€as€expressed€throughÐ ØL  Ðthe€painting,€is€justified,€it€should€return€the€painting€to€him€in€its€original€condition,€bearingÐ Ä8  Ðany€necessary€expenses€incurred€thereby.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoidÐ °$  Ðsimilar€violations€in€the€future.М (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖRAÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòTelitsin€v.€Russian€Federationóó€(888/1999),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€March€2004)€60€atÐ `Ô  Ðparas.€7.6,€7.7€and€9.݃"éÖRAžAÝŒÐLÀ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à7.6€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€Committee€cannot€do€otherwise€than€accord€due€weight€to€the€authorððsÐ „ Ðarguments€in€respect€of€her€sonððs€body€as€it€was€handed€over€to€the€family,€which€raiseÐ üp Ðquestions€about€the€circumstances€of€his€death.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authorities€ofÐ è\ Ðthe€State€party€have€not€carried€out€a€proper€investigation€into€Mr.€Telitsinððs€death,€inÐ ÔH Ðviolation€of€article€6,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.7€€In€view€of€the€findings€under€article€6,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ ˜  Ðfinds€that€there€was€a€violation€of€article€7,€as€well€as€of€the€provisions€of€article€10,Ð „ø Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ H!¼ Ðauthor,€who€has€lost€her€son,€is€entitled€to€an€effective€remedy.€€The€Committee€invites€theÐ 4"¨ ÐState€party€to€take€effective€measures€(a)€to€conduct€an€appropriate,€thorough€and€transparentÐ  #” Ðinquiry€into€the€circumstances€of€the€death€of€Mr.€Vladimir€Nikolayevich€Telitsin;€and€(b)Ð  $€  Ðto€grant€the€author€appropriate€compensation.€€The€State€party€is,€moreover,€under€anÐ ø$l! Ðobligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€again.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌÌÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ]IÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòArutyunyan€v.€Uzbekistanóó€(917/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€March€2004)€96€at€paras.Ð Œ Ð6.2,€6.3€and€8.݃"éÖ]I©IÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€The€Committee€notes€the€allegation€that€Mr.€Arutyunyan€was€kept€òòincommunicado€óóforÐ < ° Ðtwo€weeks€after€his€transfer€to€Tashkent.€€In€substantiation,€the€author€claims€that€the€familyÐ ( œ Ðtried,€unsuccessfully,€to€obtain€information€in€this€regard€from€the€Office€of€theÐ  ˆ ÐAttorney-General.€€In€these€circumstances,€and€taking€into€account€the€particular€nature€ofÐ  t Ðthe€case€and€the€fact€that€no€information€was€provided€by€the€State€party€on€this€issue,€theÐ ì ` ÐCommittee€concludes€that€Mr.€Arutyunyanððs€rights€under€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ØL  ÐCovenant€have€been€violated.€€In€the€light€of€this€finding€in€respect€of€article€10,€a€provisionÐ Ä8  Ðof€the€Covenant€dealing€specifically€with€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€andÐ °$  Ðencompassing€for€such€persons€the€elements€set€out€generally€in€article€7,€it€is€not€necessaryÐ œ  Ðto€separately€consider€the€claims€arising€under€article€7.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔЈü (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.3€€The€author€alleges€that€her€brotherððs€right€to€defence€was€violated,€because€once€counselÐ `Ô  Ðof€his€choice€was€allowed€to€represent€him,€the€latter€was€prevented€from€seeing€himÐ LÀ Ðconfidentially;€counsel€was€allowed€to€examine€the€Tashkent€City€Courtððs€records€onlyÐ 8¬ Ðshortly€before€the€hearing€in€the€Supreme€Court...€€In€the€absence€of€any€pertinentÐ $˜ Ðobservations€from€the€State€party€on€this€claim,€the€Committee€considers€that€article€14,Ð „ Ðparagraph€3€(d)€has€been€violated€in€the€instant€case.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐüp(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ÔH Ðobligation€to€provide€Mr.€Arutyunyan€with€an€effective€remedy,€which€could€include€€Ð À4 Ðconsideration€of€a€further€reduction€of€his€sentence€and€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€alsoÐ ¬  Ðunder€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.И (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ TÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝAhani€v.€Canada€óó(1051/2002),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€March€2004)€260€at€paras.€1.1,Ð \ Ð Ð2.1,€2.2,€11€and€12.݃"éÖ TZTÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à1.1€€The€author€of€the€communication,€initially€dated€10€January€2002,€is€Mansour€Ahani,Ð  #” Ða€citizen€of€the€Islamic€Republic€of€Iran€(ð ðIranðð)€and€born€on€31€December€1964.€€At€the€timeÐ  $€  Ðof€submission,€he€was€detained€in€Hamilton€Wentworth€Detention€Centre,€Hamilton€Ontario,Ð ø$l! Ðpending€conclusion€of€legal€proceedings€in€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada€concerning€hisÐ ä%X" Ðdeportation.€€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Canada€of€articles€2,€6,€7,€9,€13€andÐ Ð&D # Ð14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€author€is€represented€byÐ ¼'0!$ Ðcounsel.Ш("%(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€14€October€1991,€the€author€arrived€in€Canada€from€Iran€and€claimed€protectionÐ €*ô#' Ðunder€the€Convention€on€the€Status€of€Refugees€and€its€Protocol,€based€on€his€politicalÐ l+à$( Ðopinion€and€membership€in€a€particular€social€group.€€He€contended,€on€various€occasions,Ð Œ Ð(i)€that€he€had€been€beaten€by€members€of€the€Islamic€Revolutionary€Committee€in€Iran€forÐ xì Ðbeing€intoxicated,€(ii)€that€his€return€to€Iran€would€endanger€his€life€due€to€his€knowledge€ofÐ dØ ÐIranian€covert€operations€and€personnel,€knowledge€which€he€had€acquired€as€a€forcedÐ P Ä Ðconscript€in€the€foreign€assassins€branch€of€the€Iranian€Foreign€Ministry,€(iii)€that€he€hadÐ < ° Ðbeen€jailed€for€four€years€as€a€result€of€refusing€to€carry€out€a€drug€raid€which€was€in€fact€aÐ ( œ Ðraid€on€the€home€of€an€Iranian€dissident,€with€women€and€children,€in€Pakistan,€and€(iv)€thatÐ  ˆ Ðhe€had€been€released€after€pretending€to€repent.€€On€1€April€1992,€the€Immigration€andÐ  t ÐRefugee€Board€determined€that€the€author€was€a€Convention€refugee€based€on€his€politicalÐ ì ` Ðopinion€and€membership€in€a€particular€social€group.ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€On€17€June€1993,€the€Solicitor-General€of€Canada€and€the€Minister€of€Employment€andÐ °$  ÐImmigration,€having€considered€security€intelligence€reports€stating€that€the€author€wasÐ œ  Ðtrained€to€be€an€assassin€by€the€Iranian€Ministry€of€Intelligence€and€Security€(ð ðMISðð),€bothÐ ˆü  Ðcertified,€under€section€40€(1)€of€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòImmigrationóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òòActóó€(ð ðthe€Actðð),€that€they€were€of€theÐ tè  Ðopinion€that€the€author€was€inadmissible€to€Canada€under€section€19€(1)€of€the€Act€as€thereÐ `Ô  Ðwere€reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that€he€would€engage€in€terrorism,€that€he€was€a€memberÐ LÀ Ðof€an€organization€that€would€engage€in€terrorism€and€that€he€had€engaged€in€terrorism.€€OnÐ 8¬ Ðthe€same€date,€the€certificate€was€filed€with€the€Federal€Court,€while€the€author€was€servedÐ $˜ Ðwith€a€copy€of€the€certificate€and,€pursuant€to€section€40€(1)€(2)€(b)€of€the€Act,€he€was€takenÐ „ Ðinto€mandatory€detention,€where€he€remained€until€his€deportation€nine€years€later.Ðüp(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ ÔH Ðreveal€violations€by€Canada€of€article€9,€paragraph€4,€and€article€13,€in€conjunction€withÐ À4 Ðarticle€7,€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€conclusion€that€the€State€partyÐ ¬  Ðbreached€its€obligations€under€the€Optional€Protocol€by€deporting€the€author€before€theÐ ˜  ÐCommitteeððs€determination€of€his€claim.€€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ \ Ð Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.€€In€theÐ H!¼ Ðlight€of€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€State€party,€having€failed€to€determineÐ 4"¨ Ðappropriately€whether€a€substantial€risk€of€torture€existed€such€as€to€foreclose€the€authorððsÐ  #” Ðdeportation,€is€under€an€obligation€(a)€to€make€reparation€to€the€author€if€it€comes€to€lightÐ  $€  Ðthat€torture€was€in€fact€suffered€subsequent€to€deportation,€and€(b)€to€take€such€steps€as€mayÐ ø$l! Ðbe€appropriate€to€ensure€that€the€author€is€not,€in€the€future,€subjected€to€torture€as€a€resultÐ ä%X" Ðof€the€events€of€his€presence€in,€€and€removal€from,€the€State€party...ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖˆiÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòSmirnova€v.€Russian€Federation€óó(712/1996),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(5€July€2004)€1€at€paras.€Ð Œ Ð10.1,€10.5,€11€and€12.݃"éÖˆiÔiÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à10.1€€With€regard€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€she€was€denied€access€to€a€Court€to€challenge€theÐ < ° Ðlawfulness€of€her€detention€on€27€August€1995,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party,€inÐ ( œ Ðits€observations€dated€23€November€2000,€refers€only€to€the€fact€that€the€authorððs€complaintÐ  ˆ Ðabout€the€lawfulness€of€her€detention€dated€27€August€1995€reached€the€Tver€inter-municipalÐ  t ÐCourt€in€Moscow€on€1€September€1995€(although€it€was€not€considered€until€13€September),Ð ì ` Ðand€that€the€judge€declined€to€entertain€it.€€It€transpires€from€the€submissions€that€the€trialÐ ØL  Ðjudge€did€not€entertain€the€complaint€on€the€basis€that€the€investigation€had€been€completed,Ð Ä8  Ðand€that€therefore€the€Court€was€not€competent€to€hear€the€authorððs€petition.€€The€right€of€aÐ °$  Ðperson€deprived€of€her€liberty€to€take€proceedings€before€a€court€to€challenge€the€lawfulnessÐ œ  Ðof€her€detention€is€a€substantive€right,€and€entails€more€than€the€right€to€file€a€petition€-€itÐ ˆü  Ðcontemplates€a€right€for€a€proper€review€by€a€court€of€the€lawfulness€of€the€detention.€Ð tè  ÐAccordingly,€the€Committee€finds€a€violation€by€the€State€party€of€article€9€(4).€€Similarly,Ð `Ô  Ðgiven€that€the€decision€of€the€judge€not€to€entertain€the€authorððs€petition€on€13€SeptemberÐ LÀ Ðwas€made€òòex€parteóó,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€author€was€not€brought€promptlyÐ 8¬ Ðbefore€a€judge,€in€violation€of€article€9€(3).€€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€with€concernÐ $˜ Ðthe€State€partyððs€submission€of€29€March€1999€that€its€criminal€procedure€laws,€at€least€atÐ „ Ðthat€time,€made€no€provision€for€a€person€in€police€custody€to€be€brought€before€a€judge€orÐ üp Ðother€judicial€officer.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à10.5€€The€authorððs€original€communication€raised€issues€under€articles€7€and€10,€paragraphÐ À4 Ð1,€of€the€Covenant€insofar€as€she€claims€that€the€physical€circumstances€of€her€detentionÐ ¬  Ðamounted€to€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.€€The€author€has€providedÐ ˜  Ða€detailed€account€of€the€circumstances€of€her€detention.€€In€response,€the€State€partyÐ „ø Ðsubmitted€that€the€author€was€provided€with€medical€assistance€during€her€detention.€€It€didÐ pä Ðnot€provide€details€of€the€physical€conditions€in€which€the€author€was€detained.€€Accordingly,Ð \ Ð Ðthe€Committee€cannot€do€otherwise€than€afford€due€weight€to€the€authorððs€claims.€€TheÐ H!¼ ÐCommittee,€in€accordance€with€its€jurisprudence,€considers€that€the€burden€of€proof€cannotÐ 4"¨ Ðrest€solely€with€the€author€of€the€communication,€considering€that€the€author€and€the€StateÐ  #” Ðparty€do€not€always€have€equal€access€to€the€evidence.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÐ  $€  Ðis€of€the€view€that€the€conditions€of€the€authorððs€detention€as€described€in€her€complaint€wereÐ ø$l! Ðincompatible€with€the€State€partyððs€obligations€under€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ä%X" ÐConvention.€€In€light€of€this€finding€in€respect€of€article€10,€a€provision€of€the€CovenantÐ Ð&D # Ðdealing€specifically€with€the€situation€of€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€and€encompassingÐ ¼'0!$ Ðfor€such€persons€the€elements€set€out€generally€in€article€7,€it€is€not€necessary€separately€toÐ ¨("% Ðconsider€the€claims€arising€under€article€7€of€the€Covenant.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...finds€that€the€State€party€violated€article€9,€paragraphsÐ l+à$( Ð3€and€4,€and€article€10€(1)€of€the€Covenant.€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ dØ Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€effective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation€for€theÐ P Ä Ðviolations€suffered.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€toÐ < ° Ðensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€recur.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ­|ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòDugin€v.€Russian€Federation€óó(815/1998),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(5€€July€2004)€34€at€paras.Ð ì ` Ð9.3€and€11.݃"éÖ­|ù|ÝŒÐØL (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€The€author€claims€that€his€rights€under€article€14€were€violated€because€he€did€not€haveÐ œ  Ðthe€opportunity€to€cross-examine€Chikin€on€his€evidence,€summon€the€expert€and€callÐ ˆü  Ðadditional€witnesses.€€While€efforts€to€locate€Chikin€proved€to€be€ineffective€for€reasons€notÐ tè  Ðexplained€by€the€State€party,€very€considerable€weight€was€given€to€his€statement,€althoughÐ `Ô  Ðthe€author€was€unable€to€cross-examine€this€witness.€€Furthermore,€the€Orlov€Court€did€notÐ LÀ Ðgive€any€reasons€as€to€why€it€refused€the€authorððs€request€to€summon€the€expert€and€callÐ 8¬ Ðadditional€witnesses.€€These€factors,€taken€together,€lead€the€Committee€to€the€conclusionÐ $˜ Ðthat€the€courts€did€not€respect€the€requirement€of€equality€between€prosecution€and€defenceÐ „ Ðin€producing€evidence€and€that€this€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€Consequently,€theÐ üp ÐCommittee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€14€have€been€violated.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ À4 Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€compensation€and€his€immediateÐ ¬  Ðrelease.И (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖõƒÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMulezi€v.€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congoóó€(962/2001),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(6€JulyÐ \ Ð Ð2004)€159€at€paras.€5.2„5.4,€6€and€7.݃"éÖõƒD„ÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à5.2€€With€regard€to€the€complaint€of€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4,€of€theÐ  $€  ÐCovenant,€the€Committee€notes€the€authorððs€statement€that€no€warrant€was€issued€for€hisÐ ø$l! Ðarrest€and€that€he€was€taken€to€the€Gemena€military€camp€under€false€pretences.€€Mr.€MuleziÐ ä%X" Ðalso€maintains€that€he€was€arbitrarily€detained€without€charge€from€27€December€1997Ð Ð&D # Ðonwards,€first€at€Gemena,€for€two€weeks,€and€then€at€the€Mbandaka€military€camp,€for€16Ð ¼'0!$ Ðmonths.€€It€is€clear€from€the€authorððs€statements€that€he€was€unable€to€appeal€to€a€court€forÐ ¨("% Ða€prompt€determination€of€the€lawfulness€of€his€detention.€€The€Committee€considers€thatÐ ”)#& Ðthese€statements,€which€the€State€party€has€not€contested€and€which€the€author€hasÐ €*ô#' Ðsufficiently€substantiated,€warrant€the€finding€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€9,Ð l+à$( Ðparagraphs€1,€2€and€4,€of€the€Covenant.€€On€the€same€basis,€the€Committee€concludes,Ð Œ Ðhowever,€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€5,€as€it€does€not€appear€thatÐ xì Ðthe€author€has€in€fact€claimed€compensation€for€unlawful€arrest€or€detention.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.3€€As€to€the€complaint€of€a€violation€of€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ < ° ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author€has€given€a€detailed€account€of€the€treatment€he€wasÐ ( œ Ðsubjected€to€during€his€detention,€including€acts€of€torture€or€ill-treatment€and,€subsequently,Ð  ˆ Ðthe€deliberate€denial€of€proper€medical€attention€despite€his€loss€of€mobility.€€Indeed,€he€hasÐ  t Ðprovided€a€medical€certificate€attesting€to€the€sequelae€of€such€treatment.€€Under€theÐ ì ` Ðcircumstances,€and€in€the€absence€of€any€counter-argument€from€the€State€party,€theÐ ØL  ÐCommittee€finds€that€the€author€was€a€victim€of€multiple€violations€of€article€7€of€theÐ Ä8  ÐCovenant,€prohibiting€torture€and€cruel,€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment.€€The€CommitteeÐ °$  Ðconsiders€that€the€conditions€of€detention€described€in€detail€by€the€author€also€constitute€aÐ œ  Ðviolation€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à5.4€€With€regard€to€alleged€violations€of€articles€6,€paragraph€1,€and€23,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ `Ô  ÐCovenant,€the€Committee€notes€the€authorððs€statement€that€his€wife€was€beaten€by€soldiers,Ð LÀ Ðthat€Commander€Mortos€refused€her€request€to€travel€to€Bangui€to€receive€medical€attention,Ð 8¬ Ðand€that€she€died€three€days€later.€€The€Committee€considers€that€these€statements,€which€theÐ $˜ ÐState€party€has€not€contested€although€it€had€the€opportunity€to€do€so,€and€which€the€authorÐ „ Ðhas€sufficiently€substantiated,€warrant€the€finding€that€there€have€been€violations€of€articlesÐ üp Ð6,€paragraph€1,€and€23,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€as€to€the€author€and€his€wife.Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€violations€byÐ À4 Ðthe€Democratic€Republic€of€the€Congo€of€articles€6,€paragraph€1;€7;€9,€paragraphs€1,€2€andÐ ¬  Ð4;€10,€paragraph€1;€and€23,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.И (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€has€an€obligation€toÐ pä Ðensure€that€the€author€has€an€effective€remedy€available.€€The€Committee€therefore€urges€theÐ \ Ð ÐState€party€(a)€to€conduct€a€thorough€investigation€of€the€unlawful€arrest,€detention€andÐ H!¼ Ðmistreatment€of€the€author€and€the€killing€of€his€wife;€(b)€to€bring€to€justice€those€responsibleÐ 4"¨ Ðfor€these€violations;€and€(c)€to€grant€Mr.€Mulezi€appropriate€compensation€for€the€violations.€Ð  #” ÐThe€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similarÐ  $€  Ðviolations€do€not€occur€in€future.Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ©–ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòSvetik€v.€Belarusóó€(911/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(8€July€2004)€at€paras.€7.2,€7.3€and€9.݃"éÖ©–õ–݌м'0!$(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.2€€The€author€claims€that€his€right€under€article€19€has€been€violated,€as€he€was€subjectedÐ €*ô#' Ðto€an€administrative€penalty€for€the€sole€expression€of€his€political€opinion.€€The€State€partyÐ l+à$( Ðonly€objects€that€the€author€was€sentenced€in€compliance€with€the€applicable€law,€and€that,Ð Œ Ðpursuant€to€paragraph€3€of€article€19,€the€rights€protected€by€paragraph€2€are€subject€toÐ xì Ðlimitations.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€article€19€allows€restrictions€only€to€the€extent€thatÐ dØ Ðthey€are€provided€by€law€and€only€if€they€are€necessary€(a)€for€respect€of€the€rights€andÐ P Ä Ðreputation€of€others;€and€(b)€for€the€protection€of€national€security€or€public€order€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòordreÐ < ° ÐpublicóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€or€of€public€health€or€morals.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò6óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€Committee€thus€has€to€decide€whether€or€notÐ ( œ Ðpunishing€a€call€to€boycott€a€particular€election€is€a€permissible€limitation€of€the€freedom€ofÐ  ˆ Ðexpression.Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€The€Committee€recalls€that€according€to€article€25€(b),€every€citizen€has€the€right€to€vote.€Ð ØL  ÐIn€order€to€protect€this€right,€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€should€prohibit€intimidation€orÐ Ä8  Ðcoercion€of€voters€by€penal€laws€and€those€laws€should€be€strictly€enforced€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò7óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€TheÐ °$  Ðapplication€of€such€laws€constitutes,€in€principle,€a€lawful€limitation€of€the€freedom€ofÐ œ  Ðexpression,€necessary€for€respect€of€the€rights€of€others.€€However,€intimidation€and€coercionÐ ˆü  Ðmust€be€distinguished€from€encouraging€voters€to€boycott€an€election.€€The€Committee€notesÐ tè  Ðthat€voting€was€not€compulsory€in€the€State€party€concerned€and€that€the€declaration€signedÐ `Ô  Ðby€the€author€did€not€affect€the€possibility€of€voters€to€freely€decide€whether€or€nor€toÐ LÀ Ðparticipate€in€the€particular€election.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€in€the€circumstances€ofÐ 8¬ Ðthe€present€case€the€limitation€of€the€liberty€of€expression€did€not€legitimately€serve€one€ofÐ $˜ Ðthe€reasons€enumerated€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant€and€that€the€authorððsÐ „ Ðrights€under€article€19,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant€have€been€violated.Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ÔH Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation€amountingÐ À4 Ðto€a€sum€not€less€than€the€present€value€of€the€fine€and€any€legal€costs€paid€by€the€author€òò9óó/.€Ð ¬  ÐThe€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.И (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  àòò6óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee,€òòinter€aliaóó,€communication€No.€574/1994,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòKim€v.€Republic€of€KoreaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€dated€3Ð H!¼ ÐNovember€1998;€communication€No.€628/1995,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòPark€v.€Republic€of€KoreaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€dated€20Ð 4"¨ ÐOctober€1998;€communication€No.€780/1997,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLaptsevich€v.€BelarusóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€dated€13€AprilÐ  #” Ð2000.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ $€ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò7óó/€€For€the€proposed€remedy,€see€communication€No.€780/1997,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLaptsevich€v.€BelarusóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,Ð ä%X" ÐViews€dated€13€April€2000.ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò8óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€No.€25€(1996),€para.€11.Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Д)#&(#(# ÐÌÔ_ÔÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖi©ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòPerterer€v.€Austriaóó€(1015/2001),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(8€July€2004)€231€at€paras.€10.2„Ð Œ Ð10.4,€10.7€and€12.݃"éÖi©µ©ÝŒÐxì(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à10.2€€With€regard€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€several€members€of€the€trial€senate€in€the€thirdÐ < ° Ðset€of€proceedings€were€biased€against€him,€either€because€of€their€previous€participation€inÐ ( œ Ðthe€proceedings,€the€fact€that€they€had€already€been€challenged€by€the€author,€or€because€ofÐ  ˆ Ðtheir€continued€employment€with€the€municipality€of€Saalfelden,€the€Committee€recalls€thatÐ  t Ðð ðimpartialityðð€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€implies€that€judges€must€notÐ ì ` Ðharbour€preconceptions€about€the€matter€put€before€them,€and€that€a€trial€flawed€by€theÐ ØL  Ðparticipation€of€a€judge€who,€under€domestic€statutes,€should€have€been€disqualified€cannotÐ Ä8  Ðnormally€be€considered€to€be€fair€and€impartial€òò18óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€fact€thatÐ °$  ÐMr.€Cecon€resumed€chairmanship€of€the€trial€senate€after€having€been€challenged€by€theÐ œ  Ðauthor€during€the€same€set€of€proceedings,€pursuant€to€section€124,€paragraph€3,€of€theÐ ˆü  ÐFederal€Civil€Servants€Act,€raises€doubts€about€the€impartial€character€of€the€third€trialÐ tè  Ðsenate.€€These€doubts€are€corroborated€by€the€fact€that€Mr.€Maier€was€appointed€substituteÐ `Ô  Ðchairman€and€temporarily€even€chaired€the€senate,€despite€the€fact€that€the€author€hadÐ LÀ Ðpreviously€brought€criminal€charges€against€him.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.3€€The€Committee€observes€that,€if€the€domestic€law€of€a€State€party€provides€for€a€rightÐ „ Ðof€a€party€to€challenge,€without€stating€reasons,€members€of€the€body€competent€to€adjudicateÐ üp Ðdisciplinary€charges€against€him€or€her,€this€procedural€guarantee€may€not€be€renderedÐ è\ Ðmeaningless€by€the€reappointment€of€a€chairperson€who,€during€the€same€stage€ofÐ ÔH Ðproceedings,€had€already€relinquished€chairmanship,€based€on€the€exercise€by€the€partyÐ À4 Ðconcerned€of€its€right€to€challenge€senate€members.€Ð¬ (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.4€€The€Committee€also€notes€that,€in€its€decision€of€6€March€2000,€the€AppealsÐ „ø ÐCommission€failed€to€address€the€question€of€whether€the€decision€of€the€DisciplinaryÐ pä ÐCommission€of€23€September€1999€had€been€influenced€by€the€above€procedural€flaw,€andÐ \ Ð Ðto€that€extent€merely€endorsed€the€findings€of€the€Disciplinary€Commission€òò19óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€Moreover,Ð H!¼ Ðwhile€the€Administrative€Court€examined€this€question,€it€only€did€so€summarily€òò20óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€In€theÐ 4"¨ Ðlight€of€the€above,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€third€trial€senate€of€the€DisciplinaryÐ  #” ÐCommission€did€not€possess€the€impartial€character€required€by€article€14,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ  $€  Ðthe€Covenant€and€that€the€appellate€instances€failed€to€correct€this€procedural€irregularity.€Ð ø$l! ÐIt€concludes€that€the€authorððs€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€to€an€impartial€tribunal€hasÐ ä%X" Ðbeen€violated.ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à...м'0!$(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à10.7€€Regarding€the€length€of€the€disciplinary€proceedings,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ ¨("% Ðright€to€equality€before€the€courts,€as€guaranteed€by€article€14,€paragraph€1,€entails€a€numberÐ ”)#& Ðof€requirements,€including€the€condition€that€the€procedure€before€the€national€tribunals€mustÐ €*ô#' Ðbe€conducted€expeditiously€enough€so€as€not€to€compromise€the€principles€of€fairness€andÐ l+à$( Ðequality€of€arms.€€The€Committee€observes€that€responsibility€for€the€delay€of€57€months€toÐ Œ Ðadjudicate€a€matter€of€minor€complexity€lies€with€the€authorities€of€Austria.€€It€also€observesÐ xì Ðthat€non-fulfilment€of€this€responsibility€is€neither€excused€by€the€absence€of€a€request€forÐ dØ Ðthe€transfer€of€competence€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòDevolutionsantragóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€nor€by€the€authorððs€failure€to€lodge€aÐ P Ä Ðcomplaint€about€undue€delay€of€proceedings€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòSumnisbeschwerdeóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€as€it€was€primarilyÐ < ° Ðcaused€by€the€State€partyððs€failure€to€conduct€the€first€two€sets€of€proceedings€in€accordanceÐ ( œ Ðwith€domestic€procedural€law.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€right€to€equalityÐ  ˆ Ðbefore€the€courts€and€tribunals€has€been€violated.Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à12.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ØL  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€payment€of€adequateÐ Ä8  Ðcompensation.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€theÐ °$  Ðfuture.М (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Јü (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  àòò18óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee€communication€No.€387/1989,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòArvo€O.€Karttunen€v.€FinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adopted€on€23Ð LÀ ÐOctober€1992,€at€para.€7.2.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò19óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee€page€3€of€the€decision€of€6€March€2000€of€the€Appeals€Commission,€No.Ð „ Ð11-12294/94-2000.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐüp(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò20óó/€€See€pages€7€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòet€seqóó.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€the€decision€of€29€November€2000€of€the€Administrative€Court,Ð ÔH ÐNo.€Zl.€2000/09/0079-6.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖcÄÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòNallaratnam€v.€Sri€Lankaóó€(1033/2001),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(21€July€2004)€246€at€paras.Ð pä Ð7.2„7.6.݃"éÖcįÄÝŒÐ\ Ð(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€As€to€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(f),€due€to€the€absence€of€anÐ  #” ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòexternalóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôinterpreter€during€the€authorððs€alleged€confession,€the€Committee€notes€that€thisÐ  $€  Ðprovision€provides€for€the€right€to€an€interpreter€during€the€court€hearing€only,€a€right€whichÐ ø$l! Ðwas€granted€to€the€author€òò15óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€However,€as€clearly€appears€from€the€court€proceedings,€theÐ ä%X" Ðconfession€took€place€in€the€sole€presence€of€the€two€investigating€officers€-€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔAssistantÐ Ð&D # ÐSuperintendent€of€PoliceÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€and€the€Police€Constable;€the€latter€typed€the€statement€andÐ ¼'0!$ Ðprovided€interpretation€between€Tamil€and€Sinhalese.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€theÐ ¨("% Ðauthor€was€denied€a€fair€trial€in€accordance€with€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€byÐ ”)#& Ðsolely€relying€on€a€confession€obtained€in€such€circumstances.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à7.3€€€As€to€the€delay€between€conviction€and€the€final€dismissal€of€the€authorððs€appeal€by€theÐ Œ ÐSupreme€Court€(29€September€1995€to€28€January€2000)€in€case€No.€6825/1994,€which€hasÐ xì Ðremained€unexplained€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€notes€with€reference€to€its€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòrationeÐ dØ ÐtemporisóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€decision€in€paragraph€6.3€above,€that€more€than€two€years€of€this€period,€from€3Ð P Ä ÐJanuary€1998€to€28€January€2000,€relate€to€the€time€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€OptionalÐ < ° ÐProtocol.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€the€rights€contained€in€article€14,Ð ( œ Ðparagraphs€3€(c),€and€5,€read€together,€confer€a€right€to€review€of€a€decision€at€trial€withoutÐ  ˆ Ðdelay€òò16óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€delay€in€the€instant€caseÐ  t Ðviolates€the€authorððs€right€to€review€without€delay€and€consequently€finds€a€violation€ofÐ ì ` Ðarticle€14,€paragraphs€3€(c),€and€5€of€the€Covenant.ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€€On€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),€inÐ °$  Ðthat€he€was€forced€to€sign€a€confession€and€subsequently€had€to€assume€the€burden€of€proofÐ œ  Ðthat€it€was€extracted€under€duress€and€was€not€voluntary,€the€Committee€must€consider€theÐ ˆü  Ðprinciples€underlying€the€right€protected€in€this€provision.€€It€refers€to€its€previousÐ tè  Ðjurisprudence€that€the€wording,€in€article€14,€paragraph€3€(g),€that€no€one€shall€ð ðbe€compelledÐ `Ô  Ðto€testify€against€himself€or€confess€guiltðð,€must€be€understood€in€terms€of€the€absence€of€anyÐ LÀ Ðdirect€or€indirect€physical€or€psychological€coercion€from€the€investigating€authorities€on€theÐ 8¬ Ðaccused€with€a€view€to€obtaining€a€confession€of€guilt€òò17óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€Committee€considers€thatÐ $˜ Ðit€is€implicit€in€this€principle€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòthe€prosecutionóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€prove€that€the€confession€was€made€withoutÐ „ Ðduress...€€The€Committee€concludes€that€by€placing€the€burden€of€proof€that€his€confessionÐ üp Ðwas€made€under€duress€on€the€author,€the€State€party€violated€article€14,€paragraphs€2,€andÐ è\ Ð3€(g),€read€together€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€and€7€of€the€Covenant.€€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.5€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ ¬  Ðof€articles€14,€paragraphs€1,€2,€3,€(c),€and€14,€paragraph€(g),€read€together€with€articles€2,Ð ˜  Ðparagraph€3,€and€7€of€the€Covenant.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.6€€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ \ Ð Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€and€appropriate€remedy,€includingÐ H!¼ Ðrelease€or€retrial€and€compensation.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoid€similarÐ 4"¨ Ðviolations€in€the€future€and€should€ensure€that€the€impugned€sections€of€the€PTA€are€madeÐ  #” Ðcompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.€Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  àòò15óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòB.d.B.€v.€NetherlandsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€273/1988,€decision€of€30€March€1989,€and€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòYves€CadoretÐ ¼'0!$ Ðv.€FranceóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€221/1987,€decision€of€11€April€1991€and€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHerve€Le€Bihan€v.€FranceóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€caseÐ ¨("% ÐNo.€323/1988,€decision€of€9€November€1989.€Ð”)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò16óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLubuto€v.€ZambiaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€390/1990,€Views€adopted€on€31€October€1995;€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòNeptune€v.Ð l+à$( ÐTrinidad€and€TobagoóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€523/1992,€Views€adopted€on€16€July€1996ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô;€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòSam€Thomas€v.Ð Œ ÐJamaicaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€614/95,€Views€adopted€on€31€March€1999;€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòClifford€McLawrence€v.Ð xì ÐJamaicaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€702/96,€Views€adopted€on€18€July€1997;€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòJohnson€v.€JamaicaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.Ð dØ Ð588/1994,€Views€adopted€on€22€March€1996.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò17óó/€€òòBerry€v.€JamaicaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€330/1988,€Views€adopted€on€4€July€1994.Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖõÞÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòKankanamge€v.€Sri€Lankaóó€(909/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€July€2004)€71€at€paras.Ð ØL  Ð9.2,€9.4,€10€and€11.݃"éÖõÞAßÝŒÐÄ8 (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€On€the€merits,€the€Committee€first€notes€that,€according€to€the€material€submitted€by€theÐ ˆü  Ðparties,€three€indictments€were€served€on€the€author€on€26€June€1996,€31€March€1997€and€30Ð tè  ÐSeptember€1997€respectively.€€At€the€time€of€the€final€submissions€made€by€the€parties,€noneÐ `Ô  Ðof€these€indictments€had€been€finally€adjudicated€by€the€High€Court.€€The€indictments€wereÐ LÀ Ðthus€pending€for€a€period€of€several€years€from€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð 8¬ ÐIn€the€absence€of€any€explanation€by€the€State€party€that€would€justify€the€procedural€delaysÐ $˜ Ðand€although€the€author€has€not€raised€such€a€claim€in€his€initial€communication,€theÐ „ ÐCommittee,€consistent€with€its€previous€jurisprudence,€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€proceedingsÐ üp Ðhave€been€unreasonably€prolonged,€and€are€therefore€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3Ð è\ Ð(c),€of€the€Covenant.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à9.4€€So€far€as€a€violation€of€article€19€is€concerned,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ ¬  Ðindictments€against€Mr.€Kankanamge€all€related€to€articles€in€which€he€allegedly€defamedÐ ˜  Ðhigh€State€party€officials€and€are€directly€attributable€to€the€exercise€of€his€profession€ofÐ „ø Ðjournalist€and,€therefore,€to€the€exercise€of€his€right€to€freedom€of€expression.€€Having€regardÐ pä Ðto€the€nature€of€the€authorððs€profession€and€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,Ð \ Ð Ðincluding€the€fact€that€previous€indictments€against€the€author€were€either€withdrawn€orÐ H!¼ Ðdiscontinued,€the€Committee€considers€that€to€keep€pending,€in€violation€of€article€14,Ð 4"¨ Ðparagraph€3€(c),€the€indictments€for€the€criminal€offence€of€defamation€for€a€period€of€severalÐ  #” Ðyears€after€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€State€party€left€the€author€inÐ  $€  Ða€situation€of€uncertainty€and€intimidation,€despite€the€authorððs€efforts€to€have€themÐ ø$l! Ðterminated,€and€thus€had€a€chilling€effect€which€unduly€restricted€the€authorððs€exercise€of€hisÐ ä%X" Ðright€to€freedom€of€expression.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€aÐ Ð&D # Ðviolation€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€read€together€with€article€2(3).м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ”)#& Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c),€and€article€19€read€together€with€article€2€(3)€of€theÐ €*ô#' ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à11.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ Œ Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy€including€appropriateÐ xì Ðcompensation.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€theÐ dØ Ðfuture.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ "ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ1îÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòGirjadat€Siewpersaud€et€al.€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(938/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29Ð  ˆ ÐJuly€2004)€132€at€paras.€6.1„6.3,€7€and€8.݃"éÖ1î}î݌Рt(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐØL (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.1€€With€regard€to€the€authorsðð€claims€under€article€9,€paragraph€3,€the€Committee€notes€theÐ Ä8  Ðauthors€were€arrested€in€April€1985,€that€their€trial€began€on€4€January€1988,€and€that€theÐ °$  Ðauthors€were€kept€in€pre-trial€detention€throughout€this€period.€€That€their€pre-trial€detentionÐ œ  Ðlasted€34€months€is€uncontested.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€pursuant€to€article€9,€paragraphÐ ˆü  Ð3,€anyone€arrested€or€detained€on€a€criminal€charge€shall€be€entitled€to€trial€within€aÐ tè  Ðreasonable€time€or€to€release.€€What€period€constitutes€a€ð ðreasonable€timeðð€within€theÐ `Ô  Ðmeaning€of€article€9,€paragraph€3,€must€be€assessed€on€a€case-by-case€basis.€€A€delay€ofÐ LÀ Ðalmost€three€years,€during€which€the€authors€were€kept€in€custody€cannot€be€deemedÐ 8¬ Ðcompatible€with€article€9,€paragraph€3,€in€the€absence€of€special€circumstances€justifyingÐ $˜ Ðsuch€delay.€€The€Committee€finds€that,€in€the€absence€of€any€explanation€from€the€StateÐ „ Ðparty,€a€delay€of€over€34€months€in€bringing€the€author€to€trial€is€incompatible€with€articleÐ üp Ð9,€paragraph€3.Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.2€€As€to€the€claim€of€a€delay€of€4€years€and€10€months€between€conviction€and€dismissalÐ À4 Ðof€the€appeal,€counsel€has€invoked€article€9,€paragraph€3,€but€as€the€issues€raised€clearlyÐ ¬  Ðrelate€to€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c)a€and€5,€the€Committee€will€examine€them€under€thatÐ ˜  Ðarticle.€€The€Committee€considers€that€a€delay€of€4€years€and€10€months€between€theÐ „ø Ðconclusion€of€the€trial€on€19€January€1988€and€the€dismissal€of€the€authorsðð€appeal€on€29Ð pä ÐMarch€1993€is€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€in€the€absence€of€anyÐ \ Ð Ðexplanation€from€the€State€party€justifying€the€delay.€€The€Committee€accordingly€concludesÐ H!¼ Ðthat€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€5€in€conjunction€with€paragraph€3€(c),Ð 4"¨ Ðof€the€Covenant.€€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.3€€As€to€the€authorsðð€claim€that€their€conditions€during€each€stage€of€their€imprisonmentÐ ø$l! Ðviolated€articles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€the€Committee€must€give€due€consideration€to€themÐ ä%X" Ðin€the€absence€of€any€pertinent€State€party€observation€in€this€respect.€€The€CommitteeÐ Ð&D # Ðconsiders€that€the€authorsðð€conditions€of€detention...violate€their€right€to€be€treated€withÐ ¼'0!$ Ðhumanity€and€with€respect€for€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person,€and€are€thereforeÐ ¨("% Ðcontrary€to€article€10,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€€In€the€light€of€this€finding€in€respect€ofÐ ”)#& Ðarticle€10,€a€provision€of€the€Covenant€dealing€specifically€with€the€situation€of€personsÐ €*ô#' Ðdeprived€of€their€liberty€and€encompassing€for€such€persons€the€elements€set€out€generallyÐ l+à$( Ðin€article€7,€it€is€not€necessary€separately€to€consider€the€claims€arising€under€article€7€of€theÐ Œ ÐCovenant.Ðxì(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ P Ä Ðof€articles€9,€paragraph€3,€10,€paragraph€1,€and€article€14,€paragraph€5€in€conjunction€withÐ < ° Ðparagraph€3€(c),€of€the€Covenant.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ  t Ðobligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.€Ð ì ` ÐIn€the€light€of€the€long€period€spent€by€the€authors€in€deplorable€conditions€of€detention€thatÐ ØL  Ðviolate€article€10€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€should€consider€release€of€the€authors.€€TheÐ Ä8  ÐState€party€should,€in€any€event,€improve€the€conditions€of€detention€in€its€prisons€withoutÐ °$  Ðdelay.М (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ!"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ¢ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòKhomidov€v.€Tajikistanóó€(1117/2002),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(29€July€2004)€363€at€paras.Ð `Ô  Ð6.2„6.6,€7€and€8.݃"éÖ¢îÝŒÐLÀ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€detailed€description€of€the€acts€of€torture€to€whichÐ „ Ðher€son€was€subjected€to€make€him€confess€guilt.€€She€has€identified€by€name€several€of€theÐ üp Ðindividuals€alleged€to€have€participated€in€the€above€events.€€In€the€circumstances,€and€in€theÐ è\ Ðabsence€of€any€explanations€from€the€State€party€in€this€respect,€due€weight€must€be€givenÐ ÔH Ðto€her€allegations.€€As€the€author€has€provided€detailed€information€of€specific€forms€ofÐ À4 Ðphysical€and€psychological€torture€inflicted€upon€her€son€during€pre-trial€detention...theÐ ¬  ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€facts€as€submitted€disclose€a€violation€of€article€7€of€theÐ ˜  ÐCovenant.€€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à6.3€€The€author€has€claimed€that€her€son€was€detained€for€one€month,€during€which€time€heÐ \ Ð Ðwas€not€informed€of€the€charges€against€him,€and€that€her€sonððs€detention€was€illegal,€in€thatÐ H!¼ Ðhe€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge€or€other€official€officer€authorized€by€law€toÐ 4"¨ Ðexercise€judicial€power€to€review€the€legality€of€his€detention.€€In€the€absence€of€any€StateÐ  #” Ðparty€observations,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€authorððs€allegations.€€Accordingly,€theÐ  $€  ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraphs€1€andÐ ø$l! Ð2,€of€the€Covenant.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô6.4€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claims€that€her€son€was€legally€represented€onlyÐ ¼'0!$ Ðone€month€after€being€charged€with€several€crimes€and€all€meetings€between€him€and€theÐ ¨("% Ðlawyer€subsequently€assigned€by€the€investigation€were€held€in€investigatorsðð€presence,€inÐ ”)#& Ðviolation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b).€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€authorððsÐ €*ô#' Ðsubmissions€concerning€the€time€and€conditions€in€which€her€son€was€assisted€by€a€lawyerÐ l+à$( Ðbefore€the€trial€adversely€affected€the€possibilities€of€the€authorððs€son€to€prepare€his€defence.€Ð Œ ÐIn€the€absence€of€any€explanations€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ xì Ðfacts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€Mr.€Khomidovððs€rights€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b),Ð dØ Ðof€the€Covenant.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.5€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€trial€of€Mr.€Khomidov€was€unfair,Ð ( œ Ðas€the€court€did€not€fulfil€its€obligation€of€impartiality€and€independence...€€It€has€noted€alsoÐ  ˆ Ðthe€authorððs€contention€that€her€sonððs€lawyer€requested€the€court€to€call€witnesses€on€hisÐ  t Ðbehalf,€and€to€have€Mr.€Khomidov€examined€by€a€doctor€to€evaluate€his€injuries€sustainedÐ ì ` Ðas€a€result€of€the€torture€to€which€he€was€subjected€to€make€him€confess€guilt.€€The€judgeÐ ØL  Ðdenied€his€request€without€providing€any€reason.€€In€the€absence€of€any€pertinent€State€partyÐ Ä8  Ðinformation€on€this€claim,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€aÐ °$  Ðviolation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€1,€and€3€(e)€and€(g),€of€the€Covenant.М (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ tè  Ðof€articles€7;€9,€paragraphs€1€and€2;€14,€paragraphs€1,€and€3€(b),€(e)€and€(g),€read€togetherÐ `Ô  Ðwith€article€6,€of€the€Covenant.ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ $˜ Ðobligation€to€provide€Mr.€Khomidov€with€an€effective€remedy,€entailing€commutation€of€hisÐ „ Ðsentence€to€death,€compensation,€and€a€new€trial€with€all€the€guarantees€of€article€14,€or,Ð üp Ðshould€this€not€be€possible,€release.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€measuresÐ è\ Ðto€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.€€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ""ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ–ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝEl€Ghar€v.€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1107/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2€November€2004)Ð ˜  ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ô156ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€2.1,€2.2,€€8€and€9.݃"éÖ–å݌Єø(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.1€€The€author,€of€Libyan€nationality,€has€lived€all€her€life€in€Morocco€with€her€divorcedÐ H!¼ Ðmother€and€holds€a€residence€permit€for€that€country.€€As€a€student€of€French€law€at€theÐ 4"¨ ÐHassan€II€University€faculty€of€law€in€Casablanca,€she€wished€to€continue€her€studies€inÐ  #” ÐFrance€and€to€specialize€in€international€law.€€To€that€end,€she€has€been€applying€to€theÐ  $€  ÐLibyan€Consulate€in€Morocco€for€a€passport€since€1998.Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€author€claims€that€all€her€applications€have€been€denied,€without€any€lawful€orÐ Ð&D # Ðlegitimate€grounds.€€She€notes€that€although€she€is€an€adult,€she€attached€to€her€applicationÐ ¼'0!$ Ðform€an€authorization€from€her€father,€who€is€resident€in€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya,€thatÐ ¨("% Ðwas€certified€by€the€Libyan€Ministry€of€Foreign€Affairs€in€order€to€obtain€any€officialÐ ”)#& Ðdocument€required.€€She€adds€that€in€September€2002€the€Libyan€consul€stated,€withoutÐ €*ô#' Ðgiving€any€details,€that€on€the€basis€of€the€pertinent€regulations€he€could€not€issue€her€aÐ l+à$( Ðpassport,€but€could€only€provide€her€with€a€temporary€travel€document€allowing€her€to€travelÐ Œ Ðto€the€Libyan€Arab€Jamahiriya.Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ P Ä Ðof€article€12,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant€insofar€as€the€author€was€denied€a€passportÐ < ° Ðwithout€any€valid€justification€and€subjected€to€an€unreasonable€delay,€and€as€a€result€wasÐ ( œ Ðprevented€from€travelling€abroad€to€continue€her€studies.Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ ì ` Ðobligation€to€ensure€that€the€author€has€an€effective€remedy,€including€compensation.€€TheÐ ØL  ÐCommittee€urges€the€State€party€to€issue€the€author€with€a€passport€without€further€delay.€Ð Ä8  ÐThe€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similarÐ °$  Ðviolations€do€not€recur€in€future.М (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ#"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔL  ÔÝ‚"éÖmÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔM  ÔTerrð;ðn€v.€Spain€óóÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1073/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô5€November€2004)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô111ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€paras.€2.1,Ð `Ô  Ð7.1,€7.4,€8€and€9.݃"éÖmÚÝŒÐLÀ(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.1€€The€author€was€a€member€of€the€Regional€Assembly€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòCortesóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€of€Castilla-La€Mancha.€Ð „ ÐHe€was€tried€by€the€Supreme€Court€for€forging€of€a€private€document€and€sentenced€on€6Ð üp ÐOctober€1994€to€two€yearsðð€imprisonment€and€100,000€pesetas€in€compensation.Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.1€€The€Committee€must€decide€whether€the€authorððs€conviction€at€first€instance€by€theÐ À4 ÐSupreme€Court€with€no€possibility€of€review€of€the€conviction€and€sentence€constitutes€aÐ ¬  Ðviolation€of€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.И (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.4€€The€State€party€contends€that€in€situations€such€as€the€authorððs,€if€an€individual€is€triedÐ pä Ðby€the€highest€ordinary€criminal€court,€the€guarantee€set€out€in€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€theÐ \ Ð ÐCovenant€does€not€apply;€the€absence€of€a€right€to€review€by€a€higher€tribunal€is€offset€by€theÐ H!¼ Ðfact€of€being€tried€by€the€highest€court,€and€this€situation€is€common€in€many€States€partiesÐ 4"¨ Ðto€the€Covenant.€€Article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant€stipulates€that€everyone€convictedÐ  #” Ðof€a€crime€shall€have€the€right€to€his€conviction€and€sentence€being€reviewed€by€a€higherÐ  $€  Ðtribunal€according€to€law.€€The€Committee€points€out€that€ð ðaccording€to€lawðð€is€not€intendedÐ ø$l! Ðto€mean€that€the€very€existence€of€a€right€to€review€is€left€to€the€discretion€of€the€StatesÐ ä%X" Ðparties.€€Although€the€State€partyððs€legislation€provides€in€certain€circumstances€for€the€trialÐ Ð&D # Ðof€an€individual,€because€of€his€position,€by€a€higher€court€than€would€normally€be€the€case,Ð ¼'0!$ Ðthis€circumstance€alone€cannot€impair€the€defendantððs€right€to€review€of€his€conviction€andÐ ¨("% Ðsentence€by€a€court.€€The€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violationÐ ”)#& Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant€with€regard€to€the€facts€submitted€in€theÐ €*ô#' Ðcommunication.Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ xì Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€requiredÐ < ° Ðto€furnish€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ$"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ-ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝGorji„Dinka€v.€CameroonÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1134/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô17€March€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô194ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€atÐ ì ` ÐparasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€5.1„5.6,€6€and€7.݃"éÖ-ì-ÝŒÐØL (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à5.1€€The€first€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€authorððs€detention€from€31€MayÐ œ  Ð1985€to€3€February€1986€was€arbitrary.€€In€accordance€with€the€Committeeððs€constantÐ ˆü  Ðjurisprudence,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò10óó/€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ð ðarbitrarinessðð€is€not€to€be€equated€with€ð ðagainst€the€lawðð,€but€must€beÐ tè  Ðinterpreted€more€broadly€to€include€elements€of€inappropriateness,€injustice,€lack€ofÐ `Ô  Ðpredictability€and€due€process€of€law.€€This€means€that€remand€in€custody€must€not€only€beÐ LÀ Ðlawful€but€reasonable€and€necessary€in€all€the€circumstances,€for€example€to€prevent€flight,Ð 8¬ Ðinterference€with€evidence€or€the€recurrence€of€crime€òò11óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€State€party€has€not€invokedÐ $˜ Ðany€such€elements€in€the€instant€case.€€The€Committee€further€recalls€the€authorððsÐ „ Ðuncontested€claim€that€it€was€only€after€his€arrest€on€31€May€1985€and€his€rearrest€on€9€JuneÐ üp Ð1985€that€President€Biya€filed€criminal€charges€against€him,€allegedly€without€any€legal€basisÐ è\ Ðand€with€the€intention€to€influence€the€outcome€of€the€trial€before€the€Military€Tribunal.€Ð ÔH ÐAgainst€this€background,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€authorððs€detention€between€31€MayÐ À4 Ð1985€and€3€February€1986€was€neither€reasonable€nor€necessary€in€the€circumstances€of€theÐ ¬  Ðcase,€and€thus€in€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.И (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à5.2€€With€regard€to€the€conditions€of€detention,€the€Committee€takes€note€of€the€authorððsÐ pä Ðuncontested€allegation€that€he€was€kept€in€a€wet€and€dirty€cell€without€a€bed,€table€or€anyÐ \ Ð Ðsanitary€facilities.€€It€reiterates€that€persons€deprived€of€their€liberty€may€not€be€subjected€toÐ H!¼ Ðany€hardship€or€constraint€other€than€that€resulting€from€the€deprivation€of€liberty€and€thatÐ 4"¨ Ðthey€must€be€treated€in€accordance€with,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòinter€aliaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€the€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€theÐ  #” ÐTreatment€of€Prisoners€(1957)€òò12óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€In€the€absence€of€State€party€information€on€theÐ  $€  Ðconditions€of€the€authorððs€detention,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€rights€underÐ ø$l! Ðarticle€10,€paragraph€1,€were€violated€during€his€detention€between€31€May€1985€and€the€dayÐ ä%X" Ðof€his€hospitalization.ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.3€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authorððs€claim€that€he€was€initially€kept€in€a€cell€with€20Ð ¨("% Ðmurder€convicts€at€the€headquarters€of€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòBrigade€mixte€mobileóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€has€not€been€challenged€byÐ ”)#& Ðthe€State€party,€which€has€not€adduced€any€exceptional€circumstances€which€would€haveÐ €*ô#' Ðjustified€its€failure€to€segregate€the€author€from€such€convicts€in€order€to€emphasize€his€statusÐ l+à$( Ðas€an€unconvicted€person.€€The€Committee€therefore€finds€that€the€authorððs€rights€underÐ Œ Ðarticle€10,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Covenant€were€breached€during€his€detention€at€the€BMMÐ xì Ðheadquarters.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.4€€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€his€house€arrest€between€7€February€1986€and€28€MarchÐ < ° Ð1988€was€arbitrary,€in€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ ( œ Ðtakes€note€of€the€letter€dated€15€May€1987€from€the€Department€of€Political€Affairs€of€theÐ  ˆ ÐMinistry€of€Territorial€Administration,€which€criticized€the€authorððs€behaviour€during€hisÐ  t Ðhouse€arrest.€€This€confirms€that€the€author€was€indeed€under€house€arrest.€€The€CommitteeÐ ì ` Ðfurther€notes€that€this€house€arrest€was€imposed€on€him€after€his€acquittal€and€release€byÐ ØL  Ðvirtue€of€a€final€judgement€of€the€Military€Tribunal.€€The€Committee€recalls€that€article€9,Ð Ä8  Ðparagraph€1,is€applicable€to€all€forms€of€deprivation€of€libertyÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò13óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€and€observes€that€theÐ °$  Ðauthorððs€house€arrest€was€unlawful€and€therefore€arbitrary€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case,Ð œ  Ðand€thus€in€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1.Јü (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à5.5€€In€the€absence€of€any€exceptional€circumstances€adduced€by€the€State€party,€which€wouldÐ `Ô  Ðhave€justified€any€restrictions€on€the€authorððs€right€to€liberty€of€movement,€the€CommitteeÐ LÀ Ðfinds€that€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€12,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€were€violatedÐ 8¬ Ðduring€his€house€arrest,€which€was€itself€unlawful€and€arbitrary.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à5.6€€As€regards€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€removal€of€his€name€from€the€votersðð€registerÐ üp Ðviolates€his€rights€under€article€25€(b)€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€observes€that€theÐ è\ Ðexercise€of€the€right€to€vote€and€to€be€elected€may€not€be€suspended€or€excluded€except€onÐ ÔH Ðgrounds€established€by€law€which€are€objective€and€reasonable...€€In€the€absence€of€anyÐ À4 Ðobjective€and€reasonable€grounds€to€justify€the€authorððs€deprivation€of€his€right€to€vote€andÐ ¬  Ðto€be€elected,€the€Committee€concludes,€on€the€basis€of€the€material€before€it,€that€theÐ ˜  Ðremoval€of€the€authorððs€name€from€the€votersðð€register€amounts€to€a€violation€of€his€rightsÐ „ø Ðunder€article€25€(b)€of€the€Covenant.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€violations€ofÐ H!¼ Ðarticles€9,€paragraph€1;€10,€paragraphs€1€and€2€(a);€€12,€paragraph€1;€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôand€25€(b)€of€theÐ 4"¨ ÐCovenant.Ð #”(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à7.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ ø$l! Ðeffective€remedy,€including€compensation€and€assurance€of€the€enjoyment€of€his€civil€andÐ ä%X" Ðpolitical€rights.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€preventÐ Ð&D # Ðsimilar€violations€in€the€future.м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóД)#&(#(# Ðà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  àòò10óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee€communication€No.€305/1988,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòVan€Alphen€v.€The€NetherlandsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adopted€onÐ l+à$( Ð23€July€1990,€para.€5.8;€communication€No.€458/1991,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòMukong€v.€CameroonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adoptedÐ Œ Ðon€21€July€1994,€para.€9.8.Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò11óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSeeòò€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôibidóó.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò12óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€No.€21€[44]€on€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôart.€10,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€paras.€3€and€5.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò13óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€No.€8€[16]€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôon€art.€9,€pÔL  ÔÔM  Ôara.€1.Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðì `(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ%"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ„OÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòMarques€v.€Angola€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1128/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô29€March€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô181ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€paras.€6.6,Ð °$  Ð6.8,€6.9,€7€and€8.݃"éÖ„OÐO݌М (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à6.6€€With€respect€to€the€authorððs€claim€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€the€Committee€recallsÐ `Ô  Ðthat€this€provision€governs€the€granting€of€compensation€for€arrest€or€detention€that€isÐ LÀ Ðð ðunlawfulðð€either€under€domestic€law€or€within€the€meaning€of€the€Covenant.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò18óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€It€recallsÐ 8¬ Ðthat€the€circumstances€of€the€authorððs€arrest€and€detention€gave€rise€to€violations€of€articleÐ $˜ Ð9,€paragraphs€1€to€4,€of€the€Covenant,€and€notes€the€authorððs€uncontested€argument€that€theÐ „ ÐState€partyððs€failure€to€bring€him€before€a€judge€during€his€40-day€detention€also€violatedÐ üp Ðarticle€38€of€the€Angolan€Constitution.€€Against€this€background,€the€Committee€deems€itÐ è\ Ðappropriate€to€deal€with€the€issue€of€compensation€in€the€remedial€paragraph.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô6.8€€The€Committee€refers€to€its€jurisprudence€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôany€restriction€on€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ ¬  Ðexpression€must€cumulatively€meet€the€following€conditions€set€out€in€paragraph€3€of€articleÐ ˜  Ð19:€€it€must€be€provided€for€by€law,€it€must€serve€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€in€article€19,Ð „ø Ðparagraph€3€(a)€and€(b),€and€it€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€one€of€these€purposes.€€TheÐ pä ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€authorððs€final€conviction€was€based€on€article€43€of€the€Press€Law,Ð \ Ð Ðin€conjunction€with€section€410€of€the€Criminal€Code.€€Even€if€it€were€assumed€that€his€arrestÐ H!¼ Ðand€detention,€or€the€restrictions€on€his€travel,€had€a€basis€in€Angolan€law,€and€that€theseÐ 4"¨ Ðmeasures,€as€well€as€his€conviction,€pursued€a€legitimate€aim,€such€as€protecting€theÐ  #” ÐPresidentððs€rights€and€reputation€or€public€order,€it€cannot€be€said€that€the€restrictions€wereÐ  $€  Ðnecessary€to€achieve€one€of€these€aims.€€The€Committee€observes€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôthe€requirement€ofÐ ø$l! Ðnecessity€implies€an€element€of€proportionality,€in€the€sense€that€the€scope€of€the€restrictionÐ ä%X" Ðimposed€on€freedom€of€expression€must€be€proportional€to€the€value€which€the€restrictionÐ Ð&D # Ðserves€to€protect.€€Given€the€paramount€importance,€in€a€democratic€society,€of€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔtÔL  ÔÔM  Ôhe€right€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðfreedom€of€expression€and€of€a€free€and€uncensored€press€or€other€media,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò20óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€the€severity€ofÐ ¨("% Ðthe€sanctions€imposed€on€the€author€cannot€be€considered€as€a€proportionate€measure€toÐ ”)#& Ðprotect€public€order€or€the€honour€and€the€reputation€of€the€President,€a€public€figure€who,Ð €*ô#' Ðas€such,€is€subject€to€criticism€and€opposition.€€In€addition,€the€Committee€considers€it€anÐ l+à$( Ðaggravating€factor€that€the€authorððs€proposed€truth€defence€against€the€libel€charge€was€ruledÐ Œ Ðout€by€the€courts.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€aÐ xì Ðviolation€of€article€19.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.9€€The€last€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€authorððs€prevention€from€leavingÐ < ° ÐAngola€on€12€December€2000€and€the€subsequent€confiscation€of€his€passport€were€inÐ ( œ Ðviolation€of€article€12€of€the€Covenant.€€It€notes€the€authorððs€contention€that€his€passport€wasÐ  ˆ Ðconfiscated€without€justification€or€legal€basis,€as€his€bail€restrictions€no€longer€applied,€andÐ  t Ðthat€he€was€denied€access€to€information€about€his€entitlement€to€travel.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€the€absence€ofÐ ì ` Ðany€justification€advanced€by€the€State€party,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€authorððs€rightsÐ ØL  Ðunder€article€12,€paragraph€1,€have€been€violated.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.€€The€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔHumanÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€violations€ofÐ œ  Ðarticle€9,€paragraphs€1,€2,€3€and€4,€and€of€articles€12€and€19€of€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔaccordanceÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ `Ô  Ðeffective€remedy,€including€compensation€for€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôhis€arbitrary€arrest€and€detention,€as€well€as€forÐ LÀ Ðthe€violations€of€his€rights€under€articles€12€and€19€of€the€CovenantÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€The€State€party€is€underÐ 8¬ Ðan€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Є(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐüp(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  àòò18óó/€€See€communication€No.€560/1993,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòA.€v.€AustraliaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adopted€on€3€April€1997,€atÐ ÔH Ðpara.€9.5.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò20óó/€€See€Human€Rights€Committee,€general€comment€No.€25€[57],€12€July€1996,€at€para.€25.И (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ&"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖiÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòArutyuniantz€v.€UzbekistanóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(971/2001),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(30€March€2005)€68€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð H!¼ Ð6.4„6.6,€7€and€8.݃"éÖi\iÝŒÐ4"¨(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à6.4€€The€Committee...recalls€its€general€comment€No.€13,€which€reiterates€that€by€reason€ofÐ ø$l! Ðthe€principle€of€presumption€of€innocence,€the€burden€of€proof€for€any€criminal€charge€is€onÐ ä%X" Ðthe€prosecution,€and€the€accused€must€have€the€benefit€of€the€doubt.€€His€guilt€cannot€beÐ Ð&D # Ðpresumed€until€the€charge€has€been€proved€beyond€reasonable€doubt.€€From€the€informationÐ ¼'0!$ Ðbefore€the€Committee,€which€has€not€been€challenged€in€substance€by€the€State€party,€itÐ ¨("% Ðtranspires€that€the€charges€and€the€evidence€against€the€author€left€room€for€considerableÐ ”)#& Ðdoubt.€€Incriminating€evidence€against€a€person€provided€by€an€accomplice€charged€with€theÐ €*ô#' Ðsame€crime€should,€in€the€Committeeððs€opinion,€be€treated€with€caution,€particularly€inÐ l+à$( Ðcircumstances€where€the€accomplice€has€changed€his€account€of€the€facts€on€severalÐ Œ Ðoccasions.€€There€is€no€information€before€the€Committee€that,€despite€their€having€beingÐ xì Ðraised€by€the€authorððs€son,€the€trial€court€or€the€Supreme€Court€took€these€matters€intoÐ dØ Ðaccount.€ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.5€€The€Committee€is€mindful€of€its€jurisprudence€that€it€is€generally€not€for€itself,€but€forÐ ( œ Ðthe€courts€of€States€parties,€to€review€or€to€evaluate€facts€and€evidence,€or€to€examine€theÐ  ˆ Ðinterpretation€of€domestic€legislation€by€national€courts€and€tribunals,€unless€it€can€beÐ  t Ðascertained€that€the€conduct€of€the€trial€or€the€evaluation€of€facts€and€evidence€orÐ ì ` Ðinterpretation€of€legislation€was€manifestly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò3óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€ForÐ ØL  Ðthe€reasons€set€out€above,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€authorððs€trial€in€the€present€caseÐ Ä8  Ðsuffered€from€such€defects.а$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à6.6€€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€from€the€State€party,€the€above€concerns€raiseÐ ˆü  Ðconsiderable€doubt€as€to€the€authorððs€sonððs€guilt€in€relation€to€the€murders€for€which€he€wasÐ tè  Ðconvicted.€€From€the€material€available€to€it,€the€Committee€considers€that€Mr.€ArutyuniantzÐ `Ô  Ðwas€not€afforded€the€benefit€of€this€doubt€in€the€criminal€proceedings€against€him.€€In€theÐ LÀ Ðcircumstances,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€trial€did€not€respect€the€principleÐ 8¬ Ðof€presumption€of€innocence,€in€violation€of€article€14€(2).€Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ üp Ðof€article€14€(2)€of€the€Covenant.€Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ À4 Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€compensation€and€either€his€retrial€orÐ ¬  Ðhis€release.€Ð˜ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# Ðà0  àNotesÐpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò3óó/€€See€communication€No.€842/1998,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòRomanov€v.€UkraineóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€inadmissibility€decision€of€30Ð H!¼ ÐOctober€2003.Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð #”(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ'"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ@yÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòKhalilov€v.€TajikistanÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(973/2001),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(30€March€2005)€74€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€7.7,Ð ä%X" Ð8€and€9.݃"éÖ@yŒyÝŒÐÐ&D #(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔШ("%(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.7€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€Tajik€authorities,€including€theÐ ”)#& ÐSupreme€Court,€have€consistently€ignored€her€requests€for€information€and€systematicallyÐ €*ô#' Ðrefused€to€reveal€any€detail€about€her€sonððs€situation€or€whereabouts.€€The€CommitteeÐ l+à$( Ðunderstands€the€continued€anguish€and€mental€stress€caused€to€the€author,€as€the€mother€ofÐ Œ Ða€condemned€prisoner,€by€the€persisting€uncertainty€of€the€circumstances€that€led€to€hisÐ xì Ðexecution,€as€well€as€the€location€of€his€gravesite.€€The€secrecy€surrounding€the€date€ofÐ dØ Ðexecution,€and€the€place€of€burial€have€the€effect€of€intimidating€or€punishing€families€byÐ P Ä Ðintentionally€leaving€them€in€a€state€of€uncertainty€and€mental€distress.€€The€CommitteeÐ < ° Ðconsiders€that€the€authoritiesðð€initial€failure€to€notify€the€author€of€the€execution€of€her€sonÐ ( œ Ðamounts€to€inhuman€treatment€of€the€author,€in€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò10óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ì ` Ðof€Mr.€Khalilovððs€rights€under€articles€6,€paragraph€1;€7;€10,€paragraph€1;€and€14,€paragraphsÐ ØL  Ð2,€3€(g)€and€5,€of€the€Covenant,€and€a€violation€of€article€7€in€the€authorððs€own€respect.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ œ  Ðto€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€information€on€the€location€whereÐ ˆü  Ðher€son€is€buried,€and€compensation€for€the€anguish€suffered.€€The€State€party€is€also€underÐ tè  Ðan€obligation€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à_________________ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòNotesóóÐ8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  àòò10óó/€€€See€communications€Nos.€886/1999,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòBondarenko€v.€BelarusóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€and€887/1999,Ð „ ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLyashkevich€v.€BelarusóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adopted€on€April€2003.Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðè\(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ("ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖê…ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝFernando€v.€Sri€LankaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1189/2003)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô31€March€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô226ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð ¬  Ð9.2,€10€and€11.݃"éÖê…9†ÝŒÐ˜ (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€The€Committee€notes€that€courts€notably€in€Common€Law€jurisdictions€haveÐ \ Ð Ðtraditionally€enjoyed€authority€to€maintain€order€and€dignity€in€court€debates€by€the€exerciseÐ H!¼ Ðof€a€summary€power€to€impose€penalties€for€ð ðcontempt€of€court.ðð€But€here,€the€onlyÐ 4"¨ Ðdisruption€indicated€by€the€State€party€is€the€repetitious€filing€of€motions€by€the€author,€forÐ  #” Ðwhich€an€imposition€of€financial€penalties€would€have€evidently€been€sufficient,€and€oneÐ  $€  Ðinstance€of€ð ðrais[ing]€his€voiceðð€in€the€presence€of€the€court€and€refusing€thereafter€toÐ ø$l! Ðapologize.€€The€penalty€imposed€was€a€one€year€term€of€ð ðRigorous€Imprisonmentðð.€€NoÐ ä%X" Ðreasoned€explanation€has€been€provided€by€the€court€or€the€State€party€as€to€why€such€aÐ Ð&D # Ðsevere€and€summary€penalty€was€warranted,€in€the€exercise€of€a€courtððs€power€to€maintainÐ ¼'0!$ Ðorderly€proceedings.€€Article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€forbids€any€ð ðarbitraryððÐ ¨("% Ðdeprivation€of€liberty.€€The€imposition€of€a€draconian€penalty€without€adequate€explanationÐ ”)#& Ðand€without€independent€procedural€safeguards€falls€within€that€prohibition.€€The€fact€thatÐ €*ô#' Ðan€act€constituting€a€violation€of€article€9,€paragraph€1€is€committed€by€the€judicial€branchÐ l+à$( Ðof€government€cannot€prevent€the€engagement€of€the€responsibility€of€the€State€party€as€aÐ Œ Ðwhole.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€detention€was€arbitrary,€in€violation€ofÐ xì Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€1.€€In€the€light€of€this€finding€in€the€present€case,€the€Committee€does€notÐ dØ Ðneed€to€consider€the€question€whether€provisions€of€article€14€may€have€any€application€toÐ P Ä Ðthe€exercise€of€the€power€of€criminal€contempt.€€Similarly,€the€Committee€does€not€need€toÐ < ° Ðconsider€whether€or€not€there€was€a€violation€of€article€19.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€violated€articlesÐ  t Ð9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ Ä8  Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€adequate€remedy,€including€compensation,€andÐ °$  Ðto€make€such€legislative€changes€as€are€necessary€to€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð œ  ÐThe€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.Јü (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ)"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ`“ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòLee€v.€Republic€of€Korea€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1119/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô20€July€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô174ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€paras.Ð LÀ Ð7.2,€7.3,€8€and€9ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.݃"éÖ`“¬“ÝŒÐ8¬(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Є(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€authorððs€conviction€for€his€membershipÐ üp Ðin€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€unreasonably€restricted€his€freedom€of€association,€thereby€violatingÐ è\ Ðarticle€22€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€observes€that,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôin€accordance€with€article€22,Ð ÔH Ðparagraph€2,€any€restriction€on€the€right€to€freedom€of€association€to€be€valid€mustÐ À4 Ðcumulatively€meet€the€following€conditions:€€(a)€it€must€be€provided€by€law;€(b)€it€may€onlyÐ ¬  Ðbe€imposed€for€one€of€the€purposes€set€out€in€paragraph€2;€and€(c)€it€must€be€ð ðnecessary€inÐ ˜  Ða€democratic€societyðð€for€achieving€one€of€these€purposes.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€reference€to€a€ð ðdemocraticÐ „ø Ðsocietyðð€indicates,€in€the€Committeeððs€view,€that€the€existence€and€functioning€of€a€pluralityÐ pä Ðof€associations,€including€those€which€peacefully€promote€ideas€not€favourably€received€byÐ \ Ð Ðthe€government€or€the€majority€of€the€population,€is€one€of€the€foundations€of€a€democraticÐ H!¼ ÐsocietyÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€Therefore,€the€existence€of€any€reasonable€and€objective€justification€for€limitingÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€freedom€of€association€is€not€sufficientÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€State€party€must€further€demonstrate€thatÐ  #” Ðthe€prohibition€of€the€association€and€the€criminal€prosecution€of€individuals€for€membershipÐ  $€  Ðin€such€organizations€are€in€fact€necessary€to€avert€a€real,€and€not€only€hypothetical€dangerÐ ø$l! Ðto€the€national€security€or€democratic€order€and€that€less€intrusive€measures€would€beÐ ä%X" Ðinsufficient€to€achieve€this€purpose.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€authorððs€conviction€was€based€on€article€7,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€of€the€NationalÐ ¨("% ÐSecurity€LawÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€decisive€question€which€must€therefore€be€considered€is€whether€thisÐ ”)#& Ðmeasure€was€necessary€for€achieving€one€of€the€purposes€set€out€in€article€22,€paragraph€2ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ €*ô#' ÐThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€invoked€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôthe€need€to€protect€national€securityÐ l+à$( Ðand€its€democratic€order€against€the€threat€posed€by€the€DPRK.€€However,€it€has€not€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔspecifiedÐ Œ Ðthe€precise€nature€of€the€threat€allegedly€posed€by€the€authorððs€becoming€a€member€ofÐ xì ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€Committee€notes€that€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€theÐ dØ ÐRepublic€of€Korea,€declaring€this€association€an€ð ðenemy-benefiting€groupðð€in€1997,€wasÐ P Ä Ðbased€on€article€7,€paragraph€1,€of€the€National€Security€Law€which€prohibits€support€forÐ < ° Ðassociations€which€ð ðmayðð€endanger€the€existence€and€security€of€the€State€or€its€democraticÐ ( œ ÐorderÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€It€also€notes€that€the€State€party€and€its€courts€have€not€shown€that€punishing€theÐ  ˆ Ðauthor€for€his€membership€in€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€in€particular€after€its€endorsement€of€theÐ  t Ðð ðJune€15€North-South€Joint€Declarationðð€(2000),€was€necessary€to€avert€a€real€danger€to€theÐ ì ` Ðnational€security€and€democratic€order€of€the€Republic€of€KoreaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€Committee€thereforeÐ ØL  Ðconsiders€that€the€State€party€has€not€shown€that€the€authorððs€conviction€was€necessary€toÐ Ä8  Ðprotect€national€security€or€any€other€purpose€set€out€in€article€22,€paragraph€2ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€It€concludesÐ °$  Ðthat€the€restriction€on€the€authorððs€right€to€freedom€of€association€was€incompatible€with€theÐ œ  Ðrequirements€of€article€22,€paragraph€2,€and€thus€violated€article€22,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ˆü  ÐCovenant.Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violationÐ LÀ Ðof€article€22,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð8¬(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ „ Ðeffective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€theÐ üp ÐState€party€amend€article€7€of€the€National€Security€Law,€with€a€view€to€making€it€compatibleÐ è\ Ðwith€the€Covenant.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsÐ ÔH Ðdo€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ*"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÝ‚"éÖ5ªÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòRatiani€v.€GeorgiaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô975/2001ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô21ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔJulyÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô82€at€paraÔL  ÔÔM  Ôs.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€11.2,€11.3,Ð „ø Ð12€and€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô13.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô݃"éÖ5ª•ªÝŒÐpä(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à11.2€€As€to€the€claim€that€the€author€was€unable€to€appeal€his€conviction€by€the€SupremeÐ H!¼ ÐCourt,€the€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€article€14,€paragraph€5,€requires€there€toÐ 4"¨ Ðbe€an€available€appellate€procedure€which€should€entail€a€full€review€of€the€conviction€andÐ  #” Ðsentence,€together€with€a€due€consideration€of€the€case€at€first€instance...€€The€CommitteeÐ  $€  Ðnotes€that€the€State€party€itself€does€not€refer€to€this€process€as€being€equivalent€to€a€right€ofÐ ø$l! Ðappeal;€rather,€it€is€referred€to€merely€as€a€ð ðsupervisory€complaintðð.€€The€Committee€recallsÐ ä%X" Ðits€previous€jurisprudence€that€a€request€for€a€ð ðsupervisoryðð€review€which€amounts€to€aÐ Ð&D # Ðdiscretionary€review,€and€which€offers€only€the€possibility€of€an€extraordinary€remedy,€doesÐ ¼'0!$ Ðnot€constitute€a€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòrightóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€to€have€oneððs€conviction€and€sentence€reviewed€by€a€higher€tribunalÐ ¨("% Ðaccording€to€law.€From€the€material€before€the€Committee,€it€appears€that€the€supervisoryÐ ”)#& Ðcomplaint€process€in€this€instance€is€of€such€a€nature.€€Accordingly,€based€on€the€informationÐ €*ô#' Ðbefore€it,€the€Committee€considers€that€this€process€does€not€amount€to€a€right€of€appeal€forÐ l+à$( Ðthe€purpose€of€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant€òò6óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐŒ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à11.3€€Secondly,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€author€could€apply€to€the€Supreme€Court€forÐ dØ Ða€review€of€his€case,€through€the€Prosecutor€General,€if€he€could€identify€new€circumstancesÐ P Ä Ðwhich€called€into€question€the€correctness€of€the€original€decision.€€However,€the€CommitteeÐ < ° Ðdoes€not€consider€that€such€a€process€meets€the€requirements€of€article€14,€paragraph€5;€theÐ ( œ Ðright€of€appeal€entails€a€full€review€by€a€higher€tribunal€of€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòexistingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€conviction€andÐ  ˆ Ðsentence€at€first€instance.€€The€possibility€of€applying€to€a€Court€to€review€a€conviction€onÐ  t Ðthe€basis€of€new€evidence€is€by€definition€something€other€than€a€review€of€an€existingÐ ì ` Ðconviction,€as€an€existing€conviction€is€based€on€evidence€which€existed€at€the€time€it€wasÐ ØL  Ðhanded€down.€€Similarly,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€possibility€of€applying€forÐ Ä8  Ðrehabilitation€cannot€in€principle€be€considered€an€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòappealóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôof€an€earlier€conviction,€for€theÐ °$  Ðpurposes€of€article€14,€paragraph€5.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€reviewÐ œ  Ðmechanisms€invoked€in€this€case€do€not€meet€the€requirements€of€article€14,€paragraph€5,€andÐ ˆü  Ðthat€the€State€party€violated€the€authorððs€right€to€have€his€conviction€and€sentence€reviewedÐ tè  Ðby€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ 8¬ Ðof€article€14,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à13.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ üp Ðappropriate€remedy.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€grant€the€author€appropriateÐ è\ Ðcompensation,€and€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€reoccurÐ ÔH Ðin€the€future.€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóИ (#(# Ðà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò6óó/€€See€communication€No.€836/1998,€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòGelazauskas€v.€LithuaniaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Views€adopted€17€MarchÐ pä Ð2003.€Note€also€that€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€has€determined€that€aÐ \ Ð Ðððsupervisoryðð€appeal€of€this€nature€does€not€constitute€an€ððeffective€remedyðð€for€itsÐ H!¼ Ðadmissibility€requirements,€due€to€its€discretionary€nature;€see€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòTumilovich€v.€RussiaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€No.Ð 4"¨ Ð47033/99,€22€June€1999€(dec);€and€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòPitkevich€v.€RussiaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔNo.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô47936/99,€8€February€2001€(dec).Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ+"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ'ÀÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòRouse€v.€The€PhilippinesÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1089/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô25€July€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô123ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€paras.Ð Ð&D # Ð7.2,€7.4,€7.7,€7.8,€8€and€9.݃"éÖ'ÀsÀ݌м'0!$(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.2€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€that€it€is€generally€for€the€courts€of€States€partiesÐ €*ô#' Ðto€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€facts€and€evidence€in€a€particular€case,€unless€it€can€beÐ l+à$( Ðascertained€that€the€evaluation€was€clearly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€theÐ Œ Ðpresent€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€judge€convicted€the€author€òòinter€alia€óóon€evidenceÐ xì Ðthat€the€accounts€made€by€the€alleged€victim,€although€made€out€of€court,€were€not€simpleÐ dØ Ðhearsay.€€In€addition,€the€judge€did€not€admit€the€affidavit€of€desistance€of€the€alleged€victimÐ P Ä Ðas€evidence€while€she€admitted€his€first€statement,€although€both€were€equally€confirmed€byÐ < ° Ðwitnesses€who€did€not€have€a€personal€knowledge€of€the€facts.€€Finally,€the€author€had€toÐ ( œ Ðovercome€doubtful€evidence,€and€even€evidence€that€was€not€presented€in€court€(the€youthfulÐ  ˆ Ðlooks€of€the€21-year-old€witness,€as€well€as€the€minor€age€of€the€alleged€victim).€€In€theÐ  t Ðcircumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€courtððs€choice€of€admissible€evidence,€inÐ ì ` Ðparticular€in€the€absence€of€any€evidence€confirmed€by€the€alleged€victim,€as€well€as€itsÐ ØL  Ðevaluation€thereof,€were€clearly€arbitrary,€in€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1€of€theÐ Ä8  ÐCovenant.а$ (#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô...М (#(# Ðà0  à7.4€€In€relation€to€the€alleged€undue€delays€in€the€proceedings,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ ˆü  ÐSupreme€Court€delivered€its€judgement€of€10€February€2003,€that€is€over€41€months€after€theÐ tè  Ðappeal€was€lodged€on€3€September€1999,€complemented€by€appeal€briefs,€the€last€of€whichÐ `Ô  Ðis€dated€25€May€2000.€€There€was€thus€a€delay€of€two€years€and€eight€months€between€theÐ LÀ Ðlast€appeal€brief€and€the€Supreme€Courtððs€judgement.€€Altogether,€there€was€a€delay€of€sixÐ 8¬ Ðand€a€half€years€between€the€authorððs€arrest€and€the€judgement€of€the€Supreme€Court.€€On€theÐ $˜ Ðstrength€of€the€material€before€the€Committee,€these€delays€cannot€be€attributed€to€theÐ „ Ðauthorððs€appeals.€€In€the€absence€of€any€pertinent€explanation€from€the€State€party,€theÐ üp ÐCommittee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€3€(c).Ðè\(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à7.7€€In€relation€to€the€alleged€violation€of€the€right€to€be€free€from€arbitrary€arrest€andÐ À4 Ðdetention,€it€is€uncontested€that€the€author€was€arrested€without€a€warrant.€€The€State€partyÐ ¬  Ðhas€neither€contested€this€allegation€nor€given€any€justification€for€arresting€the€authorÐ ˜  Ðwithout€a€warrant.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€author€was€the€victim€of€a€violationÐ „ø Ðof€article€9,€paragraph€1.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.8€€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€under€article€7,€the€Committee€recalls€that€States€parties€areÐ H!¼ Ðunder€an€obligation€to€observe€certain€minimum€standards€of€detention,€which€includeÐ 4"¨ Ðprovision€of€medical€care€and€treatment€for€sick€prisoners,€in€accordance€with€rule€22€(2)€ofÐ  #” Ðthe€Standard€Minimum€Rules€for€the€Treatment€of€Prisoners.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò3óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€It€is€apparent€from€theÐ  $€  Ðauthorððs€uncontested€account€that€he€suffered€from€severe€pain€due€to€aggravated€kidneyÐ ø$l! Ðproblems,€and€that€he€was€not€able€to€obtain€proper€medical€treatment€from€the€prisonÐ ä%X" Ðauthorities.€€As€the€author€suffered€such€pain€for€a€considerable€amount€of€time,€from€2001Ð Ð&D # Ðup€to€his€release€in€September€2003,€the€Committee€finds€that€he€was€the€victim€of€cruel€andÐ ¼'0!$ Ðinhuman€treatment€in€violation€of€article€7.€€In€the€light€of€this€finding,€it€is€unnecessary€toÐ ¨("% Ðconsider€the€authorððs€additional€claim€under€article€7.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔД)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ l+à$( Ðof€articles€14,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôparagraphs€1€and€3€(c)€and€(e);€9,€paragraph€1;€and€7€of€the€InternationalÐ Œ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ðxì(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ P Ä Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€including€adequate€compensation,Ð < ° Ðòòinter€alia€óófor€the€time€of€his€detention€and€imprisonment.Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòNotesóóÐ t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  àòò3óó/€€Adopted€by€the€First€United€Nations€Congress€on€the€Prevention€of€Crime€and€theÐ ØL  ÐTreatment€of€Offenders,€held€at€Geneva€in€1955,€and€approved€by€the€Economic€and€SocialÐ Ä8  ÐCouncil€in€its€resolutions€663€C€(XXIV)€of€31€July€1957€and€2076€(LXII)€of€13€May€1977;Ð °$  Ðsee€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHuman€Rights:€A€Compilation€of€International€InstrumentsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(United€Nations€publication,Ð œ  ÐSales€No.€E.02.XIV.4),€chap.€J,€sect.€34.Јü (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðtè (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ,"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ<ÚÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòMarik€v.€Czech€RepublicóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô945/2000ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€volÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€IÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26€July€2005ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô54€at€paras.€2.1,Ð 8¬ Ð2.2,€2.4,€6.2,€7€and€8.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô݃"éÖ<ÚˆÚÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.1€€In€1969,€the€author€emigrated€from€Czechoslovakia€to€the€United€States€with€his€family.€Ð è\ ÐHe€later€became€a€United€States€citizen.€€In€1972,€he€was€convicted€of€fleeing€the€country€byÐ ÔH Ðthe€Plzen€District€Court;€his€property€was€confiscated,€òòinter€aliaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôhis€two€houses€in€LetkovÐ À4 Ðand€in€Plzen.Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€On€23€April€1990,€the€Czech€and€Slovak€Republic€passed€Act€No.€119/1990€Coll.€onÐ „ø ÐJudicial€Rehabilitation,€which€rendered€null€and€void€all€sentences€handed€down€byÐ pä ÐCommunist€courts€for€political€reasons.€€Persons€whose€property€had€been€confiscated€were,Ð \ Ð Ðunder€section€23.2€of€the€Act,€eligible€to€recover€their€property,€subject€to€conditions€to€beÐ H!¼ Ðspelled€out€in€a€separate€restitution€law.€€Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à2.4€€In€1994,€the€author€filed€two€separate€restitution€claims€with€regard€to€his€houses€inÐ  $€  ÐLetkov€and€Plzen.€€In€the€first€case€(the€Letkov€property),€the€Plzen-mesto€District€CourtÐ ø$l! Ðrefused€the€restitution€claim€on€13€November€1995,€because€the€author€did€not€fulfil€theÐ ä%X" Ðcitizenship€requirement€during€the€initial€period€open€for€restitution€claims,€i.e.€1€OctoberÐ Ð&D # Ð1991€at€the€latest.€€It€also€found€that€the€third€requirement€for€restitution,€concerning€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðunlawfulness€of€the€current€owners€acquisition,€was€not€met€in€the€case.€€This€decision€wasÐ ¨("% Ðconfirmed€by€the€Plzen€Regional€Court€on€25€March€1996.€€The€authorððs€appeal€to€theÐ ”)#& ÐSupreme€Court€was€dismissed€on€20€August€1997€on€the€ground€that€he€did€not€fulfil€theÐ €*ô#' Ðprecondition€of€citizenship€in€1991.€€The€judgement€confirmed€that€the€new€established€timeÐ l+à$( Ðframe€did€not€change€this€original€requirement€but€gave€non-residents€additional€time€toÐ Œ Ðlodge€their€restitution€claims.€€It€did€not€consider€the€other€requirements.€€A€further€appealÐ xì Ðto€the€Constitutional€Court€was€rejected€on€12€May€1998.ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô6.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€application€to€the€author€of€Act€87/1991Ð < ° Ðamounted€to€a€violation€of€his€right€to€equality€before€the€law€and€to€equal€protection€of€theÐ ( œ Ðlaw,€contrary€to€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ì ` Ðof€article€26€of€the€International€Covenant.ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ °$  Ðobligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy,€which€may€be€compensation,€andÐ œ  Ðin€the€case€of€the€Plzen€property,€restitution,€or,€in€the€alternative€compensation.€€TheÐ ˆü  ÐCommittee€reiterates€that€the€State€party€should€review€its€legislation€to€ensure€that€allÐ tè  Ðpersons€enjoy€both€equality€before€the€law€and€equal€protection€of€the€law.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ-"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÝ‚"éÖCëÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòFijalkovska€v.€PolandÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1061/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26€July€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô103ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€8.3,Ð $˜ Ð8.4,€9€andÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô10.݃"éÖCë£ë݌Є(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðè\(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô8.3€€Concerning€the€possible€arbitrary€nature€of€the€authorððs€committal,€the€Committee€findsÐ ÔH Ðit€difficult€to€reconcile€the€State€partyððs€view€that€although€the€author€was€recognized,€inÐ À4 Ðaccordance€with€the€Act,€to€suffer€from€deteriorating€mental€health€and€inability€to€provideÐ ¬  Ðfor€her€basic€needs,€she€was€at€the€same€time€considered€to€be€legally€capable€of€acting€onÐ ˜  Ðher€own€behalf.€€As€to€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€ð ðmental€illness€cannot€be€equated€toÐ „ø Ða€lack€of€legal€capacityðð,€the€Committee€considers€that€confinement€of€an€individual€to€aÐ pä Ðpsychiatric€institution€amounts€to€an€acknowledgement€of€that€individualððs€diminishedÐ \ Ð Ðcapacity,€legal€and€otherwise.€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€State€party€has€a€particularÐ H!¼ Ðobligation€to€protect€vulnerable€persons€within€its€jurisdiction,€including€the€mentallyÐ 4"¨ Ðimpaired.€€It€considers€that€as€the€author€suffered€from€diminished€capacity€that€might€haveÐ  #” Ðaffected€her€ability€to€take€part€effectively€in€the€proceedings€herself,€the€court€should€haveÐ  $€  Ðbeen€in€a€position€to€ensure€that€she€was€assisted€or€represented€in€a€way€sufficient€toÐ ø$l! Ðsafeguard€her€rights€throughout€the€proceedings.€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€authorððsÐ ä%X" Ðsister€was€not€in€a€position€to€provide€such€assistance€or€representation,€as€she€had€herselfÐ Ð&D # Ðrequested€the€committal€order€in€the€first€place.€€The€Committee€acknowledges€thatÐ ¼'0!$ Ðcircumstances€may€arise€in€which€an€individualððs€mental€health€is€so€impaired€that€so€as€toÐ ¨("% Ðavoid€harm€to€the€individual€or€others,€the€issuance€of€a€committal€order,€without€assistanceÐ ”)#& Ðor€representation€sufficient€to€safeguard€her€rights,€may€be€unavoidable.€€In€the€present€case,Ð €*ô#' Ðno€such€special€circumstances€have€been€advanced.€€For€these€reasons,€the€Committee€findsÐ l+à$( Ðthat€the€authorððs€committal€was€arbitrary€under€article€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.ÐŒ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à8.4€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€although€a€committal€order€may€be€appealed€to€a€court,Ð dØ Ðthereby€allowing€the€individual€to€challenge€the€order,€in€this€case,€the€author,€who€had€notÐ P Ä Ðeven€been€served€with€a€copy€of€the€order,€nor€been€assisted€or€represented€by€anyone€duringÐ < ° Ðthe€hearing€who€could€have€informed€her€of€such€a€possibility,€had€to€wait€until€after€herÐ ( œ Ðrelease€before€becoming€aware€of€the€possibility€of,€and€actually€pursuing,€such€an€appeal.€Ð  ˆ ÐHer€appeal€was€ultimately€dismissed€as€having€been€filed€outside€the€statutory€deadline.€€InÐ  t Ðthe€Committeeððs€view,€the€authorððs€right€to€challenge€her€detention€was€rendered€ineffectiveÐ ì ` Ðby€the€State€partyððs€failure€to€serve€the€committal€order€on€her€prior€to€the€deadline€to€lodgeÐ ØL  Ðan€appeal.€€Therefore,€in€the€circumstances€of€the€case,€the€Committee,€finds€a€violation€ofÐ Ä8  Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant.а$ (#(# Ðà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€violated€article€9,Ð ˆü  Ðparagraphs€1€and€4,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ LÀ Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€adequate€remedy,€including€compensation,€andÐ 8¬ Ðto€make€such€legislative€changes€as€are€necessary€to€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð $˜ ÐThe€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoid€similar€violations€in€the€future.Є(#(# ÐÌÌò òòòCATóóó óÐ ÔH ÐÌÝ"‚"éÖ."ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖÜþÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòRadivoje€Ristic€v.€Yugoslaviaóó€(113/1998),€CAT,€A/56/44€(11€May€2001)€115€at€paras.2.1,Ð ¬  Ð2.2,€3.1,€9.8€and€9.9.݃"éÖÜþ(ÿ݌И (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€alleges€that€on€13€February€1995€three€policemen€(Dragan€Riznic,€Ugljeð±ðaÐ \ Ð ÐIvanovic€and€Dragan€Novakovic)€arrested€Milan€Ristic€in€ð°ðabac€while€looking€for€a€murderÐ H!¼ Ðsuspect.€€One€of€the€officers€struck€his€son€with€a€blunt€object,€presumably€a€pistol€or€rifleÐ 4"¨ Ðbutt,€behind€the€left€ear,€killing€him€instantly.€€The€officers€moved€the€body€and,€with€a€bluntÐ  #” Ðinstrument,€broke€both€thighbones.€€It€was€only€then€that€they€called€an€ambulance€and€theÐ  $€  Ðon„duty€police€investigation€team,€which€included€a€forensic€technician.Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€policemen€told€the€investigators€that€Milan€Ristic€had€committed€suicide€byÐ Ð&D # Ðjumping€from€the€roof€of€a€nearby€building€...м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€author€considers€that€first€the€police€and,€subsequently,€the€judicial€authorities€failedÐ ”)#& Ðto€ensure€a€prompt€and€impartial€investigation.€€All€domestic€remedies€were€exhaustedÐ €*ô#' Ðwithout€the€court€ever€having€ordered€or€formally€instituted€proper€investigativeÐ l+à$( Ðproceedings...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à9.8€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€State€party€has€violated€its€obligationsÐ dØ Ðunder€articles€12€and€13€of€the€Convention€to€investigate€promptly€and€effectively€allegationsÐ P Ä Ðof€torture€or€severe€police€brutality.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.9€€With€regard€to€allegations€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€the€Committee€finds€that€in€theÐ  ˆ Ðabsence€of€proper€criminal€investigation,€it€is€not€possible€to€determine€whether€the€rightsÐ  t Ðto€compensation€of€the€alleged€victim€or€his€family€have€been€violated.€€Such€an€assessmentÐ ì ` Ðcan€only€be€made€after€the€conclusion€of€proper€investigations.€€The€Committee€thereforeÐ ØL  Ðurges€the€State€party€to€carry€out€such€investigations€without€delay.ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ/"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝòòÝ‚"éÖ< ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝHajrizi€Dzemajl€et€al.€v.€Serbia€and€Montenegroóó€(161/2000),€CAT,€A/58/44€(21Ð ˆü  ÐNovember2002)€85€(CAT/C/29/D/161/2000)€at€paras.€3.10,€9.2,€9.6,€10€and€11.݃"éÖ< ‹ ÝŒÐtè (#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à3.10€€The€complainants...allege€a€violation€of€article€13€read€alone€and/or€taken€together€withÐ 8¬ Ðarticle€16,€paragraph€1,€because€"their€right€to€complain€and€to€have€[their]€case€promptly€andÐ $˜ Ðimpartially€examined€by€[the]€competent€authorities"€was€violated.€They€also€allege€aÐ „ Ðviolation€of€article€14€read€alone€and/or€taken€together€with€article€16,€paragraph€1,€becauseÐ üp Ðof€the€absence€of€redress€and€of€fair€and€adequate€compensation.€Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€As€to€the€legal€qualification€of€the€facts€that€have€occurred€on€15€April€1995,€as€theyÐ À4 Ðwere€described€by€the€complainants,€the€Committee€first€considers€that€the€burning€andÐ ¬  Ðdestruction€of€houses€constitute,€in€the€circumstances,€acts€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degradingÐ ˜  Ðtreatment€or€punishment.€The€nature€of€these€acts€is€further€aggravated€by€the€fact€that€someÐ „ø Ðof€the€complainants€were€still€hidden€in€the€settlement€when€the€houses€were€burnt€andÐ pä Ðdestroyed,€the€particular€vulnerability€of€the€alleged€victims€and€the€fact€that€the€acts€wereÐ \ Ð Ðcommitted€with€a€significant€level€of€racial€motivation.€Moreover,€the€Committee€considersÐ H!¼ Ðthat€the€complainants€have€sufficiently€demonstrated€that€the€police€(public€officials),Ð 4"¨ Ðalthough€they€had€been€informed€of€the€immediate€risk€that€the€complainants€were€facing€andÐ  #” Ðhad€been€present€at€the€scene€of€the€events,€did€not€take€any€appropriate€steps€in€order€toÐ  $€  Ðprotect€the€complainants,€thus€implying€"acquiescence"€in€the€sense€of€article€16€of€theÐ ø$l! ÐConvention.€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€has€reiterated€on€many€instances€its€concernsÐ ä%X" Ðabout€"inaction€by€police€and€law„enforcement€officials€who€fail€to€provide€adequateÐ Ð&D # Ðprotection€against€racially€motivated€attacks€when€such€groups€have€been€threatened"€...€Ð ¼'0!$ ÐAlthough€the€acts€referred€to€by€the€complainants€were€not€committed€by€public€officialsÐ ¨("% Ðthemselves,€the€Committee€considers€that€they€were€committed€with€their€acquiescence€andÐ ”)#& Ðconstitute€therefore€a€violation€of€article€16,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€by€the€StateÐ €*ô#' Ðparty.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à9.6€€Concerning€the€alleged€violation€of€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€notesÐ xì Ðthat€the€scope€of€application€of€the€said€provision€only€refers€to€torture€in€the€sense€of€articleÐ dØ Ð1€of€the€Convention€and€does€not€cover€other€forms€of€ill„treatment.€Moreover,€article€16,Ð P Ä Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Convention€while€specifically€referring€to€articles€10,€11,€12,€and€13,€doesÐ < ° Ðnot€mention€article€14€of€the€Convention.€Nevertheless,€article€14€of€the€Convention€does€notÐ ( œ Ðmean€that€the€State€party€is€not€obliged€to€grant€redress€and€fair€and€adequate€compensationÐ  ˆ Ðto€the€victim€of€an€act€in€breach€of€article€16€of€the€Convention.€The€positive€obligations€thatÐ  t Ðflow€from€the€first€sentence€of€article€16€of€the€Convention€include€an€obligation€to€grantÐ ì ` Ðredress€and€compensate€the€victims€of€an€act€in€breach€of€that€provision.€The€Committee€isÐ ØL  Ðtherefore€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€observe€its€obligations€under€article€16Ð Ä8  Ðof€the€Convention€by€failing€to€enable€the€complainants€to€obtain€redress€and€to€provide€themÐ °$  Ðwith€fair€and€adequate€compensation.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€16,Ð tè  Ðparagraph€1,€12€and€13€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ `Ô  ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€In€pursuance€of€rule€111,€paragraph€5,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€urges€theÐ $˜ ÐState€party€to€conduct€a€proper€investigation€into€the€facts€that€occurred€on€15€April€1995,Ð „ Ðprosecute€and€punish€the€persons€responsible€for€those€acts€and€provide€the€complainantsÐ üp Ðwith€redress,€including€fair€and€adequate€compensation€and€to€inform€it,€within€90€days€fromÐ è\ Ðthe€date€of€the€transmittal€of€this€decision,€of€the€steps€it€has€taken€in€response€to€the€viewsÐ ÔH Ðexpressed€above.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ0"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBrada€v.€France€óó(195/2002),€CAT,€A/60/44€(17€May€2005)€127€at€paras.€13.5,€13.6,€14€andÐ „ø Ð15.݃"éÖLÝŒÐpä(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à13.5€€The€Committee€observes,€turning€to€the€issue€under€article€3€of€the€Convention,€thatÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€Bordeaux€Administrative€Court€of€Appeal,€following€the€complainantððs€expulsion,€foundÐ  #” Ðupon€consideration€of€the€evidence€presented€that€the€complainant€was€at€risk€of€treatmentÐ  $€  Ðin€breach€of€article€3€of€the€European€Convention,€a€finding€which€would/could€encompassÐ ø$l! Ðtorture...The€decision€to€expel€him€was€thus,€as€a€matter€of€domestic€law,€unlawful.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à13.6€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€State€party€is€generally€bound€by€the€findings€of€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐCourt€of€Appeal,€with€the€State€party€observing€simply€that€the€Court€had€not€considered€theÐ ¨("% ÐStateððs€brief€to€the€Court,€which€arrived€after€the€relevant€litigation€deadlines.€€TheÐ ”)#& ÐCommittee€considers,€however,€that€this€default€on€the€part€of€the€State€party€cannot€beÐ €*ô#' Ðimputed€to€the€complainant€and,€moreover,€that€whether€the€Courtððs€consideration€wouldÐ l+à$( Ðhave€been€different€remains€speculative.€€As€the€State€party€itself€states...and€with€which€theÐ Œ ÐCommittee€agrees,€the€judgment€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€which€includes€the€conclusion€thatÐ xì Ðhis€expulsion€occurred€in€breach€of€article€3€of€the€European€Convention,€cannot,€on€theÐ dØ Ðbasis€of€the€information€before€the€Committee,€be€regarded€as€clearly€arbitrary€or€tantamountÐ P Ä Ðto€a€denial€of€justice.€€As€a€result,€the€Committee€also€concludes€that€the€complainant€hasÐ < ° Ðestablished€that€his€removal€was€in€breach€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ( œ ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à14.€€The€Committee€against€Torture...considers€that€the€deportation€of€the€complainant€toÐ ì ` ÐAlgeria€constituted€a€breach€of€articles€3€and€22€of€the€Convention.ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô15.€€Pursuant€to€rule€112,€paragraph€5,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€wishes€to€beÐ °$  Ðinformed,€within€90€days,€of€the€steps€the€State€party€has€taken€in€response€to€the€viewsÐ œ  Ðexpressed€above,€including€measures€of€compensation€for€the€breach€of€article€3€of€theÐ ˆü  ÐConvention€and€determination,€in€consultation€with€the€country€(also€a€State€party€to€theÐ tè  ÐConvention)€to€which€the€complainant€was€returned,€of€his€current€whereabouts€and€state€ofÐ `Ô  Ðwell„being.ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚"éÖ1"ÝÔ€X,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÝ‚"éÖ‡*ÝÔ2HìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòGuridi€v.€Spain€óó(212/2002),€CAT,€A/60/44€(17€May€2005)€147€at€paras.€2.1„2.4,€2.6,€6.8,€7Ð „ Ðand€8.݃"éÖ‡*Ó*ÝŒÐüp(#(# ЌԀX,rXXX,rÔÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.1€€On€22€January€1992,€the€Spanish€Civil€Guard€launched€a€police€operation€in€VizcayaÐ À4 ÐProvince€to€dismantle€the€so„called€ð ðBizkaia€combat€unitðð€of€the€organization€Euskadi€TaÐ ¬  ÐAskatasuna€(ETA).€€In€all,€43€people€were€arrested€between€then€and€2€April€1992;€many€ofÐ ˜  Ðthem€have€reportedly€been€tortured€and€held€òòincommunicadoóó.€€The€complainant€was€arrestedÐ „ø Ðon€22€January€1992€by€Civil€Guard€officers€as€part€of€these€operations.Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€complainant€alleges€that,€in€the€course€of€his€transfer€to€the€Civil€Guard€station,€theÐ H!¼ Ðofficers€took€him€to€open€ground€where€they€subjected€him€to€severe€abuse.€€He€was€stripped,Ð 4"¨ Ðhandcuffed,€dragged€along€the€ground€and€beaten.€€He€states€that€after€six€hours€ofÐ  #” Ðinterrogation,€he€had€to€be€taken€to€hospital€because€his€pulse€rate€was€very€high,€he€couldÐ  $€  Ðnot€speak,€he€was€exhausted€and€unconscious,€and€was€bleeding€from€his€mouth€and€nose.€Ð ø$l! ÐThe€hospital€doctors€ascertained€that€he€had€injuries€to€his€head,€face,€eyelids,€nose,€back,Ð ä%X" Ðstomach,€hip,€arms€and€legs.€€He€also€had€a€neck€injury€which€left€him€unable€to€move.€€TheÐ Ð&D # Ðcomplainant€maintains€that€this€serious€ill„treatment€can€be€categorized€as€torture€within€theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðmeaning€of€article€1€of€the€Convention.Ш("%(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€The€complainant€filed€suit€with€the€Vizcaya€Provincial€Court€alleging€that€he€had€beenÐ €*ô#' Ðtortured,€and€on€7€November€1997€the€Court€found€three€Civil€Guards€guilty€of€torture.€€EachÐ l+à$( Ðofficer€received€a€prison€sentence€of€four€years,€two€months€and€one€day,€was€disqualifiedÐ Œ Ðfrom€serving€in€State€security€agencies€and€units€for€six€years€and€one€day,€and€suspendedÐ xì Ðfrom€duty€for€the€duration€of€his€prison€sentence.€€Under€the€terms€of€the€sentence,€the€CivilÐ dØ ÐGuards€were€ordered€to€pay€compensation€of€500,000€pesetas€to€the€complainant.€€The€CourtÐ P Ä Ðheld€that€the€injuries€sustained€by€the€complainant€had€been€caused€by€the€Civil€Guards€inÐ < ° Ðthe€area€of€open€country€where€he€was€taken€following€his€arrest.Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€The€Public€Prosecutorððs€Office€appealed€the€sentence€to€the€Supreme€Court,€asking€forÐ  t Ðthe€charges€to€be€reviewed€and€the€sentences€reduced.€€In€its€judgement€of€30€SeptemberÐ ì ` Ð1998,€the€Supreme€Court€decided€to€reduce€the€Civil€Guardsðð€prison€sentence€to€one€year.€Ð ØL  ÐIn€its€judgement,€the€Court€held€that€the€Civil€Guards€had€assaulted€the€complainant€with€aÐ Ä8  Ðview€to€obtaining€a€confession€about€his€activities€and€the€identities€of€other€individualsÐ °$  Ðbelonging€to€the€Bizkaia€combat€unit.€€It€took€the€view€that€ð ðfact„findingðð€torture€of€a€degreeÐ œ  Ðexceeding€cruel€or€degrading€treatment€had€been€established,€but€held€that€the€injuriesÐ ˆü  Ðsuffered€by€the€complainant€had€not€required€medical€or€surgical€attention:€€the€first€aid€theÐ tè  Ðcomplainant€had€received€was€sufficient.€€The€Court€considered€that€a€sentence€of€one€yearððsÐ `Ô  Ðimprisonment€was€in€proportion€to€the€gravity€of€the€offence.ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.6€€The€Ministry€of€Justice€initiated€proceedings€to€have€the€three€convicted€Civil€GuardsÐ $˜ Ðpardoned.€€The€Council€of€Ministers,€at€its€meeting€of€16€July€1999,€granted€pardons€to€theÐ „ Ðthree€Civil€Guards,€suspending€them€from€any€form€of€public€office€for€one€month€and€oneÐ üp Ðday.€€Notwithstanding€this€suspension,€the€Ministry€of€the€Interior€kept€one€of€the€CivilÐ è\ ÐGuards€on€active€duty€in€a€senior€post.€€The€pardons€were€granted€by€the€King€in€decreesÐ ÔH Ðpublished€in€Spainððs€Official€Gazette.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.8€€As€to€the€alleged€violation€of€article€14,€the€State€party€indicates€that€the€complainantÐ ˜  Ðreceived€the€full€amount€of€compensation€ordered€by€the€trial€court€and€claims€that€theÐ „ø ÐConvention€has€therefore€not€been€violated.€€However,€article€14€of€the€Convention€not€onlyÐ pä Ðrecognizes€the€right€to€fair€and€adequate€compensation€but€also€imposes€on€States€the€dutyÐ \ Ð Ðto€guarantee€compensation€for€the€victim€of€an€act€of€torture.€€The€Committee€considers€thatÐ H!¼ Ðcompensation€should€cover€all€the€damages€suffered€by€the€victim,€which€includes,€amongÐ 4"¨ Ðother€measures,€restitution,€compensation€and€rehabilitation€of€the€victim,€as€well€asÐ  #” Ðmeasures€to€guarantee€the€non„repetition€of€the€violations,€always€bearing€in€mind€theÐ  $€  Ðcircumstances€of€each€case.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€ofÐ ø$l! Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Committee€against€Torture...decides€that€the€facts€before€it€constitute€a€violation€ofÐ ¼'0!$ Ðarticles€2,€4€and€14€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€orÐ ¨("% ÐDegrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€pursuance€of€rule€112,€paragraph€5,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€urges€theÐ l+à$( ÐState€party€to€ensure€in€practice€that€persons€responsible€for€acts€of€torture€are€appropriatelyÐ Œ Ðpunished,€to€ensure€that€the€complainant€receives€full€redress€and€to€inform€it,€within€90€daysÐ xì Ðfrom€the€date€of€the€transmittal€of€this€decision,€of€all€steps€taken€in€response€to€the€viewsÐ dØ Ðexpressed€above.ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌ