ÿWPC³  ú€¯*.i¾"êgËÁÿéTývÕ¨ÆÕ˜åÛ«“ñú-ÉíœâŸ¿P¡à1¶%Eê ·ä ¨prÕ›WëÃS‰fBkÏÇšÿÎuÏ$'÷² Â0-‹éNù«»`ÂÃÍÜ|ÚÕ¡½ùCe«l†Êæ´¦ƒÆºÿ,Íǹ šN¾ÎGòôTŽTé!÷ HØ]ølŸÿooR­†\Õ5µßIæí¹G¼W£á›ï¼Ii¦þ¨B¡Á “˜£€ð¥Tÿ»†L1ѽr›}¢½¶“–7j—/Áß6üíÃ×…æÒo èø›DeO=¨Ë£ðæM’νÏ!NÇö„Tç&w§”g;S%,\äÒôšä@*ÿûE²ÕC˜¼rê Z0¤Â‰7!RÉM¥sÁ/p¾+~_$Ø7†—¯ÞˆpzÝk4üƒzòó“ Àÿ·ÅŠ„!8Ðpä÷õ£ïÐTó›5OVÜd"s@õ޽£7Gßì~Ã2M]ìÑ¡uäžð+.w¨e‘û£’ßeÉul0Ó× kù(š@^Ó3Héìð 0. 05DU6y 0:¯Úéé 0Uà ^  0U$ D+y Ƥ 0Uj 0(¿ 0Uç AQ<w 0(c‘ô#ÉUNÍ % 0:!N[4]q ms 1uŠ 0wÿ 0Šv 0  0´  0ÇT 0Û 0ïö 1‰å 0Dn§²(Y 72<ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€XXXÔÔ€XXXÔ0Iœÿÿ.headerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Óô\  `&Times New Roman0Iœÿÿ.footerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó8z‚ÿÿ6Plain TextÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÑ  ÑÓ  Ó<þ6X9`(Courier New:ÿÿ8page number'  >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .   (-2$§§Ý ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÜx²6‡ (-2$©©Ý ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(-2$££Ý ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””(-2$¢¢Ý ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à3|P˜HP PSC 2350 seriesTŽ––––TŽ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ö\$¡¡ÔCEUS.,ÔcC‚6p}.bk1ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à !"#$%&xè”Gaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù Ý ƒ 'ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼­¥»XXÔLANGUAGE€RIGHTSÔ#†XjÕX»¼­¥L#Ôi)Ý ƒö\!ÝÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÖ€)ÿÿÖÑ8€jÕXXdìdÈ8Ñò òòòIII.€JURISPRUDENCEóóó óÐ Œ ÐÌÓ  Óòòò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ôó óóóÐ dØ ÐÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”x3ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£‘ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔSeficÔ_Ô€v.€Denmarkóó€(32/2003),€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô,€A/60/18€(7€March€2005)€134€at€paras.€2.1„2.7,€7.2€andÐ < ° Ð8.݃3£‘¾ÝŒÐ( œ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.1€€On€22€July€2002,€the€petitioner€contacted€Fair€Insurance€A/S€to€purchase€insuranceÐ ì ` Ðcovering€loss€of€and€damage€to€his€car,€as€well€as€third-party€liability€insurance.€€He€was€toldÐ ØL  Ðthat€they€could€not€offer€him€insurance,€as€he€did€not€speak€Danish.€€The€conversation€tookÐ Ä8  Ðplace€in€English€and€the€sales€agent€fully€understood€his€request.а$ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.2€€In€late€July€2002,€the€petitioner€contacted€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€[Documentation€and€Advisory€CentreÐ ˆü  Ðon€Racial€Discrimination],€which€requested€confirmation€of€the€petitionerððs€allegations€fromÐ tè  ÐFair€Insurance€A/S.€€In€the€meantime,€the€petitioner€contacted€the€company€again€and€wasÐ `Ô  Ðrejected€on€the€same€grounds.€€By€letter€dated€23€September€2002,€Fair€Insurance€A/SÐ LÀ Ðconfirmed€that€the€language€requirement€was€necessary€to€obtain€any€insurance€offered€by€theÐ 8¬ Ðcompany€for€the€following€reasons:Ð$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àð ð...[to]€ensure€that€we€cover€the€need€of€the€customer€to€the€extent€that€we€can€ensureÐ üp Ðthat€both€the€coverage€of€the€insurance€and€the€prices€are€as€correct€as€possible.€Ð è\ Ðð ð...ensure€that€the€customer€understands€the€conditions€and€rights€connected€to€everyÐ ÔH Ðinsurance...ensure€that€the€customer€in€connection€with€a€damage€claim,€particularlyÐ À4 Ðwhen€it€is€critical€(accident,€fire,€etc.),€can€explain€what€has€happened€in€order€thatÐ ¬  Ðhe/she€can€be€given€the€right€treatment€and€compensation.И ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àð ðTo€fulfil€these€demands€it€is...of€the€utmost€importance€that€the€dialogue€with€theÐ pä Ðcustomers€is€carried€out€in€a€language€that€both€the€customer€and€we€are€familiar€withÐ \ Ð Ðand€that€for€the€time€being€we€can€only€fulfil€this€requirement€and€offer€service€to€ourÐ H!¼ Ðcustomers€in€DanishÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€reason€being€that€we€as€a€young€(3ðð€years)€and€relativelyÐ 4"¨ Ðsmall€company€have€limited€resources€to€employ€persons€in€our€customer€servicesÐ  #” Ðdepartment€with€knowledge€of€insurance€issues€in€languages€other€than€Danish€orÐ  $€  Ðdevelop€or€maintain€material€on€insurances€in€languages€other€than€Danish.ððÐø$l!` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.3€€On€8€October€2002,€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Danish€Financial€SupervisoryÐ Ð&D # ÐAuthority,€which€monitors€financial€companiesÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€By€letter€of€25€November€2002,€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐSupervisory€Authority€replied€that€the€complaint€should€be€made€to€the€Board€of€Appeal€ofÐ ¨("% ÐInsurances€(ð ðthe€Boardðð)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€However,€the€Supervisory€Authority€would€consider€whether€aÐ ”)#& Ðgeneral€policy€of€rejection€on€the€basis€of€language€was€in€accordance€with€Danish€lawÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ItÐ €*ô#' Ðpointed€out€that,€under€section€1€(1)€of€the€Instruction€on€Third-Party€Liability€Insurances€forÐ l+à$( ÐMotor€Vehicles€(No.€585,€9€July€2002),€the€company€was€legally€obliged€to€offer€anyÐ Œ Ðcustomer€public€liability€insurance.Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€On€12€December€2002,€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Board€and€specifically€askedÐ P Ä Ðwhether€the€language€requirement€was€compatible€with€the€Act€against€Discrimination.€€OnÐ < ° Ð31€January€2003,€the€Board€informed€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€that€it€was€highly€unlikely€that€it€would€considerÐ ( œ Ðthe€legality€of€the€requirement€in€regard€to€any€legislation€other€than€the€Act€on€InsuranceÐ  ˆ ÐAgreementsÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€However,€the€case€was€being€given€due€considerationÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€letter€also€containedÐ  t Ða€response,€dated€29€January€2003,€from€Fair€Insurance€A/S€to€the€Board,€which€stated€asÐ ì ` Ðfollows:ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àð ðRegarding€the€Act€on€Insurance€Agreements...we€are€clearly€aware€of€the€fact€thatÐ °$  Ðanybody€accepting€our€conditions€of€insurance€can€demand€to€be€offered€third-partyÐ œ  Ðliability€insuranceÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€We€regret€that€Emir€Ô_ÔSeficÔ_Ô€was€not€offered€[the]€third-party€liabilityÐ ˆü  Ðinsurance€that€he€could€have€claimedÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€On€this€basis,€we€have€explained€in€more€detailÐ tè  Ðto€our€employees€the€legal€rules€in€regard€to€the€liability€insurance.ððÐ`Ô ` (#` (# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.5€€On€10€January€2003,€the€Supervisory€Authority€informed€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€that€in€its€determinationÐ 8¬ Ðon€whether€Fair€Insurance€A/S€had€complied€with€ð ðupright€business€activity€and€goodÐ $˜ Ðpracticeðð,€its€assessment€would€be€based€on€section€3€of€the€Act€on€Financial€BusinessÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€OnÐ „ Ð11€March€2003,€it€informed€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€that€it€was€of€the€view€that€the€requirement€did€not€violateÐ üp Ðsection€3.€€The€Supervisory€Authority€did€not€consider€whether€the€language€requirementÐ è\ Ðviolated€any€other€legislation,€in€particular€the€Act€against€Discrimination.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐÔH(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.6€€On€12€December€2002,€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Commissioner€of€Police€ofÐ ¬  ÐCopenhagen€(ð ðthe€Commissionerðð).€€On€24€April€2003,€the€Commissioner€informed€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€thatÐ ˜  Ðð ðit€appears€from€the€material€received€that€the€possible€discrimination€only€consists€of€aÐ „ø Ðrequirement€that€the€customers€can€speak€Danish€in€order€for€the€company€to€arrange€theÐ pä Ðwork€routines€in€the€firm.€€Any€discrimination€based€on€this€explanation€and€being€objectivelyÐ \ Ð Ðmotivated€is€not€covered€by€the€prohibition€in€section€1€(1)€of€the€Act€against€DiscriminationÔL  ÔÔM  Ôðð.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à2.7€€On€21€May€2003,€Ô_ÔDRCÔ_Ô€filed€an€appeal€with€the€Regional€Public€Prosecutor€ofÐ  #” ÐCopenhagen€(ð ðthe€Prosecutorðð).€€On€13€June€2003,€the€Prosecutor€rejected€the€complaintÐ  $€  Ðunder€section€749€(1)€of€the€Administration€of€Justice€Act.€€He€explained€that€the€languageÐ ø$l! Ðrequirement€ð ðwas€not€based€on€the€customerððs€race,€ethnic€origin€or€the€like,€but€in€the€wishÐ ä%X" Ðto€be€able€to€communicate€with€the€customers€in€Danish,€as€the€company€has€no€employeesÐ Ð&D # Ðwho€in€regard€to€insurances€in€other€languages€than€Danish€have€skills.€€Discrimination€basedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðon€such€a€clear€linguistic€basis€combined€with€the€information€given€by€the€company€is€not€inÐ ¨("% Ðmy€opinion€covered€by€the€Act€on€the€prohibition€of€differential€treatment€based€on€race,€etc.€Ð ”)#& ÐMoreover,€it€is€my€view€that€Fair€Insurance€A/Sððs€acknowledgement€of€the€fact€that€theÐ €*ô#' Ðcompany€was€obliged€to€offer€a€third-party€liability€insurance€to€Emir€Ô_ÔSeficÔ_Ô,€in€accordanceÐ l+à$( Ðwith€the€Act€on€Insurance€Agreements,€is€of€no€relevance€in€regard€to...the€Act€on€theÐ Œ Ðprohibition€of€differential€treatment€based€on€race,€etc.€...I€have€based€this€on€the€informationÐ xì Ðprovided€by€Fair€Insurance€A/S€that€it€was€due€to€a€mistake€that€no€third-party€liabilityÐ dØ Ðinsurance€was€offered€to€Emir€Ô_ÔSeficÔ_Ôðð.ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€State€party€fulfilled€its€positive€obligationÐ ( œ Ðto€take€effective€action€against€reported€incidents€of€racial€discrimination,€with€regard€to€theÐ  ˆ Ðextent€to€which€it€investigated€the€petitionerððs€claim€in€this€Ô_Ôcase.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòògÔ_Ôóó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€The€petitioner€claims€thatÐ  t Ðthe€requirement€to€speak€Danish€as€a€prerequisite€for€the€receipt€of€car€insurance€is€not€anÐ ì ` Ðobjective€requirement€and€that€further€investigation€would€have€been€necessary€to€find€outÐ ØL  Ðthe€real€reasons€behind€this€policy.€€The€Committee€notes€that€it€is€not€contested€that€he€doesÐ Ä8  Ðnot€speak€DanishÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIt€observes€that€his€claim€together€with€all€the€evidence€provided€by€himÐ °$  Ðand€the€information€about€the€reasons€behind€Fair€Insurance€A/Sððs€policy€were€considered€byÐ œ  Ðboth€the€police€department€and€by€the€Public€ProsecutorÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€latter€considered€that€theÐ ˆü  Ðlanguage€requirement€ð ðwas€not€based€on€the€customerððs€race,€ethnic€origin€or€the€likeðð,€butÐ tè  Ðfor€the€purposes€of€communicating€with€its€customers.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€reasonsÐ `Ô  Ðprovided€by€Fair€Insurance€A/S€for€the€language€requirement,€including€the€ability€toÐ LÀ Ðcommunicate€with€the€customer,€the€lack€of€resources€for€a€small€company€to€employ€personsÐ 8¬ Ðspeaking€different€languages,€and€the€fact€that€it€is€a€company€operating€primarily€throughÐ $˜ Ðtelephone€contact€were€reasonable€and€objective€grounds€for€the€requirement€and€would€notÐ „ Ðhave€warranted€further€investigation.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐüp(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô8.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination...is€of€theÐ ÔH Ðopinion€that€the€facts€as€submitted€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€the€Convention€by€the€StateÐ À4 Ðparty.Ь (#(# Ðà0  à_________________И (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЄø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  àòògóó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔL.K.Ô_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€[ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔCase€No.€4/1991,€decision€adoÔ_ÔptedÔ_Ô€on€16€March€1993]ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€andÐ \ Ð ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòÔ_ÔHabassiÔ_Ô€v.€DenmarkóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€[ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔCase€No.€10/1997,€decision€adopted€on€17€March€1999].ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌÌò òòòÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ôó óóóÐ ø$l! ÐÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£½0ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔGuesdonÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(219/1986),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/45/40€vol.€II€(25€July€1990)€61€at€paras.€10.2„10.4Ð Ð&D # Ðand€11.݃3£½0ê0݌м'0!$(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  à10.2€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€notion€of€a€ð ðfair€trialðð,€within€theÐ €*ô#' Ðmeaning€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€implies€that€the€accused€be€allowed,€in€criminalÐ l+à$( Ðproceedings,€to€express€himself€in€the€language€in€which€he€normally€expresses€himself,€andÐ Œ Ðthat€the€denial€of€an€interpreter€for€himself€and€his€witnesses€constitutes€a€violation€of€articleÐ xì Ð14,€paragraphs€3(e)€and€(f).€€The€Committee€observes,€as€it€has€done€on€a€previous€occasion,Ð dØ Ðòòcóó/€€that€article€14€is€concerned€with€procedural€equality;€it€enshrines,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€principleÐ P Ä Ðof€equality€of€arms€in€criminal€proceedings.€€The€provision€for€the€use€of€òòoneóó€official€courtÐ < ° Ðlanguage€by€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€does€not,€in€the€Committee's€opinion,€violateÐ ( œ Ðarticle€14.€€Nor€does€the€requirement€of€a€fair€hearing€mandate€States€parties€to€makeÐ  ˆ Ðavailable€to€a€citizen€whose€mother€tongue€differs€from€the€official€court€language,€theÐ  t Ðservices€of€an€interpreter,€if€this€citizen€is€capable€of€expressing€himself€adequately€in€theÐ ì ` Ðofficial€language.€€Only€if€the€accused€or€the€defence€witnesses€have€difficulties€inÐ ØL  Ðunderstanding,€or€in€expressing€themselves€in€the€court€language,€must€the€services€of€anÐ Ä8  Ðinterpreter€be€made€available.а$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.3€€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€French€courtÐ ˆü  Ðcomplied€with€the€obligations€under€article€14,€paragraph€1€in€conjunction€with€paragraphsÐ tè  Ð3€(e)€and€(f).€€The€author€has€not€shown€that€he,€or€the€witnesses€called€on€his€behalf,€wereÐ `Ô  Ðunable€to€address€the€tribunal€in€simple€but€adequate€French.€€In€this€context,€the€CommitteeÐ LÀ Ðnotes€that€the€notion€of€fair€trial€in€article€14,€paragraph€1,€òòÔ_ÔjunctoÔ_Ôóó€paragraph€3(f),€does€notÐ 8¬ Ðimply€that€the€accused€be€afforded€the€possibility€to€express€himself€in€the€language€which€heÐ $˜ Ðnormally€speaks€or€speak€with€a€maximum€of€ease.€€If€the€court€is€certain...that€the€accusedÐ „ Ðis€sufficiently€proficient€in€the€court's€language,€it€is€not€required€to€ascertain€whether€it€wouldÐ üp Ðbe€preferable€for€the€accused€to€express€himself€in€a€language€other€than€the€court€language.Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.4€€French€law€does€not,€as€such,€give€everyone€a€right€to€speak€his€own€language€in€court.€Ð À4 ÐThose€unable€to€speak€or€understand€French€are€provided€with€the€services€of€an€interpreter.€Ð ¬  ÐThis€service€would€have€been€available€to€the€author€had€the€facts€required€it;€as€they€did€not,Ð ˜  Ðhe€suffered€€no€discrimination€under€article€26€on€the€ground€of€his€language.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€submitted€do€not€sustainÐ \ Ð Ðthe€authorððs€claim€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1€and€3€(e)€and€(f),Ð H!¼ Ðor€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àòòcóó/€€See€Communication€No.€273/1988€(òòB.€d.€B.€v.€The€Netherlandsóó,€decision€on€inadmissibilityÐ ä%X" Ðof€30€March€1989,€paragraph€6.4).ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à_________________м'0!$(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ”)#& ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£‘AÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔCadoretÔ_Ô€and€Le€Ô_ÔBihanÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(221/1987€and€323/1988),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/46/40€(11€April€1991)Ð €*ô#' Ð219€at€paras.€5.6„5.8.݃3£‘A¾AÝŒÐl+à$((#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£.CÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔBarzhigÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(327/1988),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/46/40€(11€April€1991)€262Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/41/D/327/1988)€at€paras.€5.5„5.7.݃3£.C[CÝŒÐxì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÊDÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòDavidson€and€McIntyre€€v.€Canadaóó€(359/1989€and€385/1989),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/48/40€vol.€II€(31Ð < ° ÐMarch€1993)€91€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/47/D/359/1989/385/1989)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€4.4,€11.1,€11.3„11.5,Ð ( œ Ð13€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Kurt€Ô_ÔHerndlÔ_Ô€(concurring€in€part),€107,€Mr.€Ô_ÔBertilÔ_ÔÐ  ˆ ÐÔ_ÔWennergrenÔ_Ô,€108,€Mrs.€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Messrs.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€Marco€Ô_ÔTulioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBruniÔ_Ô€Celli€andÐ  t ÐÔ_ÔVojinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDimitrijevicÔ_Ô,€109.݃3£ÊD÷DÝŒÐì `(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€of€the€first€communication€(No.€359/1989),€Mr.€Ô_ÔBallantyneÔ_Ô€and€Ms.Ð °$  ÐDavidson,€sell€clothes€and€paintings€to€a€predominantly€English„speaking€clientele,€and€haveÐ œ  Ðalways€used€English€signs€to€attract€customers.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€author€of€the€second€communication€(No.€385/1989),€Mr.€McIntyre,€states€that€inÐ `Ô  ÐJuly€1988,€he€received€notice€from€the€Commissioner„Enquirer€of€the€"òòCommission€deÐ LÀ Ðprotection€de€la€langue€Ô_Ôfran aiseÔ_Ôóó"€that€following€a€"checkup"€it€had€been€ascertained€that€heÐ 8¬ Ðhad€installed€a€sign€carrying€the€firm€name€"Kelly€Funeral€Home"€on€the€grounds€of€hisÐ $˜ Ðestablishment,€which€constituted€an€infraction€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language.€€He€wasÐ „ Ðrequested€to€inform€the€Commissioner€within€15€days€in€writing€of€measures€taken€to€correctÐ üp Ðthe€situation€and€to€prevent€the€recurrence€of€a€similar€incident.€€The€author€has€sinceÐ è\ Ðremoved€his€company€sign.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à4.4€€Section€58€of€the€Charter,€as€modified€in€1989€by€section€1€of€Bill€No.€178,€now€reads:Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àð ð58.€€Public€signs€and€posters€and€commercial€advertising,€outside€or€intendedÐ „ø Ðfor€the€public€outside,€shall€be€solely€in€French...ððÐpä` Ð ` Ð  Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à11.1€€On€the€merits,€three€major€issues€are€before€the€Committee:€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(a)€€whether€Sec.58€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€byÐ  #” ÐBill€178,€Sec.1,€violates€any€right€that€the€authors€might€have€by€virtue€ofÐ  $€  Ðarticle€27;€Ðø$l!` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(b)€€whether€Sec.58€of€the€Charter€of€the€French€Language,€as€amended€byÐ Ð&D # ÐBill€178,€Sec.1,€violates€the€authors'€right€to€freedom€of€expression;€andм'0!$` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#àÔ_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€€whether€the€same€provision€is€compatible€with€the€authors'€right€toÐ ”)#& Ðequality€before€the€law.Ѐ*ô#'` Ð ` Ð  ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à11.2€€As€to€article€27,€the€Committee€observes€that€this€provision€refers€to€minorities€inÐ Œ ÐStates;€this€refers,€as€do€all€references€to€the€"State"€or€to€"States"€in€the€provisions€of€theÐ xì ÐCovenant,€to€ratifying€States.€€Further,€article€50€of€the€Covenant€provides€that€its€provisionsÐ dØ Ðextend€to€all€parts€of€Federal€States€without€any€limitations€or€exceptions.€€Accordingly,€theÐ P Ä Ðminorities€referred€to€in€article€27€are€minorities€within€such€a€State,€and€not€minorities€withinÐ < ° Ðany€province.€€A€group€may€constitute€a€majority€in€a€province€but€still€be€a€minority€in€aÐ ( œ ÐState€and€thus€be€entitled€to€the€benefits€of€article€27.€€English€speaking€citizens€of€CanadaÐ  ˆ Ðcannot€be€considered€a€linguistic€minority.€€The€authors€therefore€have€no€claim€under€articleÐ  t Ð27€of€the€Covenant.Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.3€€Under€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ Ä8  Ðexpression;€this€right€may€be€subjected€to€restrictions,€conditions€for€which€are€set€out€inÐ °$  Ðarticle€19,€paragraph€3.€€The€Government€of€Quebec€has€asserted€that€commercial€activityÐ œ  Ðsuch€as€outdoor€advertising€does€not€fall€within€the€ambit€of€article€19.€€The€Committee€doesÐ ˆü  Ðnot€share€this€opinion.€€Article€19,€paragraph€2,€must€be€interpreted€as€encompassing€everyÐ tè  Ðform€of€subjective€ideas€and€opinions€capable€of€transmission€to€others,€which€are€compatibleÐ `Ô  Ðwith€article€20€of€the€Covenant,€of€news€and€information,€of€commercial€expression€andÐ LÀ Ðadvertising,€of€works€of€art,€etc.;€it€should€not€be€confined€to€means€of€political,€cultural€orÐ 8¬ Ðartistic€expression.€€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€the€commercial€element€in€an€expressionÐ $˜ Ðtaking€the€form€of€outdoor€advertising€cannot€have€the€effect€of€removing€this€expressionÐ „ Ðfrom€the€scope€of€protected€freedom.€€The€Committee€does€not€agree€either€that€any€of€theÐ üp Ðabove€forms€of€expression€can€be€subjected€to€varying€degrees€of€limitation,€with€the€resultÐ è\ Ðthat€some€forms€of€expression€may€suffer€broader€restrictions€than€others.ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.4€€Any€restriction€of€the€freedom€of€expression€must€cumulatively€meet€the€followingÐ ¬  Ðconditions:€it€must€be€provided€for€by€law,€it€must€address€one€of€the€aims€enumerated€inÐ ˜  Ðparagraph€3€(a)€and€(b)€of€article€19,€and€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€the€legitimate€purpose.Ð „ø ÐWhile€the€restrictions€on€outdoor€advertising€are€indeed€provided€for€by€law,€the€issue€to€beÐ pä Ðaddressed€is€whether€they€are€necessary€for€the€respect€of€the€rights€of€others.€€The€rights€ofÐ \ Ð Ðothers€could€only€be€the€rights€of€the€Ô_ÔfrancophoneÔ_Ô€minority€within€Canada€under€article€27.Ð H!¼ ÐThis€is€the€right€to€use€their€own€language,€which€is€not€jeopardized€by€the€freedom€of€othersÐ 4"¨ Ðto€advertise€in€other€than€the€French€language.€€Nor€does€the€Committee€have€reason€toÐ  #” Ðbelieve€that€public€order€would€be€jeopardized€by€commercial€advertising€outdoors€in€aÐ  $€  Ðlanguage€other€than€French.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€seek€toÐ ø$l! Ðdefend€Bill€178€on€these€grounds.€€Any€constraints€under€paragraphs€3€(a)€and€3€(b)€of€articleÐ ä%X" Ð19€would€in€any€event€have€to€be€shown€to€be€necessary.€€The€Committee€believes€that€it€isÐ Ð&D # Ðnot€necessary,€in€order€to€protect€the€vulnerable€position€in€Canada€of€the€Ô_ÔfrancophoneÔ_Ô€group,Ð ¼'0!$ Ðto€prohibit€commercial€advertising€in€English.€€This€protection€may€be€achieved€in€other€waysÐ ¨("% Ðthat€do€not€preclude€the€freedom€of€expression,€in€a€language€of€their€choice,€of€thoseÐ ”)#& Ðengaged€in€such€fields€as€trade.€€For€example,€the€law€could€have€required€that€advertising€beÐ €*ô#' Ðin€both€French€and€English.€€A€State€may€choose€one€or€more€official€languages,€but€it€mayÐ l+à$( Ðnot€exclude,€outside€the€spheres€of€public€life,€the€freedom€to€express€oneself€in€a€languageÐ Œ Ðof€one's€choice.€€The€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€there€has€been€a€violation€ofÐ xì Ðarticle€19,€paragraph€2.€ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.5€€The€authors€have€claimed€a€violation€of€their€right,€under€article€26,€to€equality€beforeÐ < ° Ðthe€law;€the€Government€of€Quebec€has€contended€that€Sections€1€and€6€of€Bill€178€areÐ ( œ Ðgeneral€measures€applicable€to€all€those€engaged€in€trade,€regardless€of€their€language.€€TheÐ  ˆ ÐCommittee€notes€that€Sections€1€and€6€of€Bill€178€operate€to€prohibit€the€use€of€commercialÐ  t Ðadvertising€outdoors€in€other€than€the€French€language.€€This€prohibition€applies€to€FrenchÐ ì ` Ðspeakers€as€well€as€English€speakers,€so€that€a€French€speaking€person€wishing€to€advertiseÐ ØL  Ðin€English,€in€order€to€reach€those€of€his€of€her€clientele€who€are€English€speaking,€may€notÐ Ä8  Ðdo€so.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€authors€have€not€been€discriminated€againstÐ °$  Ðon€the€ground€of€their€language,€and€concludes€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€article€26Ð œ  Ðof€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à13.€€The€Committee€calls€upon€the€State€party€to€remedy€the€violation€of€article€19€of€theÐ `Ô  ÐCovenant€by€an€appropriate€amendment€to€the€law.ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  àC.€òòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Kurt€Ô_ÔHerndlÔ_ÔóóÐ$˜(#(# Ðà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  àWith€respect€to€the€Committee's€rationale€in€paragraph€11.2€of€its€Views,€the€communicationsÐ üp Ðin€my€opinion€do€not€raise€issues€under€article€27€of€the€Covenant.€€The€question€as€toÐ è\ Ðwhether€the€authors€can€or€cannot€be€considered€as€belonging€to€a€"minority"€in€the€sense€ofÐ ÔH Ðarticle€27€would€seem€to€be€moot€in€as€much€as€the€rights€that€the€authors€invoke€are€notÐ À4 Ð"minority€rights"€as€such,€but€rather€rights€pertaining€to€the€principle€of€freedom€ofÐ ¬  Ðexpression,€as€protected€by€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€which€obviously€must€be€taken€toÐ ˜  Ðinclude€commercial€advertising.€€On€this€account,€as€the€Committee€rightly€states€in€Ð „ø Ðparagraphs€€11.3€and€€11.4€of€€its€Views,€there€has€been€violation€of€a€provision€of€theÐ pä ÐCovenant,€i.e.€article€19.€Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  àD.€òòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔBertilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWennergrenÔ_ÔóóÐ4"¨(#(# ÐÌà0  àI€concur€with€the€Committee's€findings...that€the€authors€have€no€claim€under€article€27€of€theÐ  $€  ÐCovenant,€but€I€do€so€because€a€prohibition€to€use€any€other€language€than€French€forÐ ø$l! Ðcommercial€outdoor€advertising€in€Quebec€does€not€infringe€on€any€of€the€rights€protectedÐ ä%X" Ðunder€article€27.€€It€is,€under€the€circumstances,€of€no€relevance,€whether€English€speakingÐ Ð&D # Ðpersons€in€Quebec€are€entitled€to€the€protection€of€article€27€or€not.€€I€feel,€however,€that...theÐ ¼'0!$ Ðissue€of€what€constitutes€a€minority€in€a€State€must€be€decided€on€a€case€by€case€basis,€dueÐ ¨("% Ðregard€being€given€to€the€particular€circumstances€of€each€case.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  àE.€òòIndividual€Opinion€by€Mrs.€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Messrs.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€Marco€Ô_ÔTulioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBruniÔ_Ô€CelliÐ l+à$( Ðand€Ô_ÔVojinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDimitrijevicÔ_ÔóóÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  àIt€may€be€correct€to€conclude€that€the€authors€are€not€members€of€a€linguistic€minority€whoseÐ dØ Ðright€to€use€their€own€language€in€community€with€the€other€members€of€their€group€haveÐ P Ä Ðbeen€violated€by€the€Quebec€laws€in€question.€€This€conclusion€can€be€supported€by€referenceÐ < ° Ðto€the€general€application€of€those€laws€-€they€apply€to€all€languages€other€than€French€-€andÐ ( œ Ðto€their€specific€purpose€-€which€attracts€the€protection€of€article€19.Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  àMy€difficulty€with€the€decision€is€that€it€interprets€the€term€"minorities"€in€article€27€solely€onÐ ì ` Ðthe€basis€of€the€number€of€members€of€the€group€in€question€in€the€State€party.€€The€reasoningÐ ØL  Ðis€that€because€English€speaking€Canadians€are€not€a€numerical€minority€in€Canada€theyÐ Ä8  Ðcannot€be€a€minority€for€the€purposes€of€article€27.€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  àI€do€not€agree,€however,€that€persons€are€necessarily€excluded€from€the€protection€of€articleÐ ˆü  Ð27€where€their€group€is€an€ethnic,€linguistic€or€cultural€minority€in€an€autonomous€provinceÐ tè  Ðof€a€State,€but€is€not€clearly€a€numerical€minority€in€the€State€itself,€taken€as€a€whole€entity.Ð `Ô  ÐThe€criteria€for€determining€what€is€a€minority€in€a€State€(in€the€sense€of€article€27)€has€notÐ LÀ Ðyet€been€considered€by€the€Committee,€and€does€not€need€to€be€foreclosed€by€a€decision€inÐ 8¬ Ðthe€present€matter,€which€can€in€any€event€be€determined€on€other€grounds.€€The€history€ofÐ $˜ Ðthe€protection€of€minorities€in€international€law€shows€that€the€question€of€definition€has€beenÐ „ Ðdifficult€and€controversial€and€that€many€different€criteria€have€been€proposed.€€For€example,Ð üp Ðit€has€been€argued€that€factors€other€than€strictly€numerical€ones€need€to€be€taken€intoÐ è\ Ðaccount.€€Alternatively,€article€50,€which€envisages€the€application€of€the€Covenant€to€"partsÐ ÔH Ðof€federal€States"€could€affect€the€interpretation€of€article€27.ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àTo€take€a€narrow€view€of€the€meaning€of€minorities€in€article€27€could€have€the€result€that€aÐ ˜  ÐState€party€would€have€no€obligation€under€the€Covenant€to€ensure€that€a€minority€in€anÐ „ø Ðautonomous€province€had€the€protection€of€article€27€where€it€was€not€clear€that€the€groupÐ pä Ðin€question€was€a€minority€in€the€State€considered€as€a€whole€entity.€€These€questions€do€notÐ \ Ð Ðneed€to€be€finally€resolved€in€the€present€matter€and€are€better€deferred€until€the€properÐ H!¼ Ðcontext€arises.Ð4"¨(#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Davidson€and€McIntyre€€v.€Canadaóó€(359/1989€andÐ  $€  Ð385/1989),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/48/40€vol.€II€(31€March€1993)€91€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/47/D/359/1989/385/1989)€atÐ ø$l! ÐIndividual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔBirameÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNdiayeÔ_Ô,€105.Ð ä%X" ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ ¼'0!$ ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¶€ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòSinger€v.€Canadaóó€(455/1991),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(26€July€1994)€155Ð ¨("% Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/455/1991)€at€paras.€12.1€and€12.2.݃3£¶€ã€ÝŒÐ”)#&(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£S‚ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô€v.€Norwayóó€(451/1991),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/49/40€vol.€II€(15€July€1994)€146Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/451/1991)€at€paras.€9.4€and€9.5.€€Ýƒ3£S‚€‚ÝŒÐxì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à9.4€€Article€14€of€the€Covenant€protects€the€right€to€a€fair€trial.€€An€essential€element€of€thisÐ < ° Ðright€is€that€an€accused€must€have€adequate€time€and€facilities€to€prepare€his€defence,€as€isÐ ( œ Ðreflected€in€paragraph€3(b)€of€article€14.€€Article€14,€however,€does€not€contain€an€explicitÐ  ˆ Ðright€of€an€accused€to€have€direct€access€to€all€documents€used€in€the€preparation€of€the€trialÐ  t Ðagainst€him€in€a€language€he€can€understand.€€The€question€before€the€Committee€is€whether,Ð ì ` Ðin€the€specific€circumstances€of€the€author's€case,€the€failure€of€the€State€party€to€provideÐ ØL  Ðwritten€translations€of€all€the€documents€used€in€the€preparation€of€the€trial€has€violated€Mr.Ð Ä8  ÐÔ_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô's€right€to€a€fair€trial,€more€specifically€his€right€under€article€14,€paragraph€3(b),€toÐ °$  Ðhave€adequate€facilities€to€prepare€his€defence.М (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€In€the€opinion€of€the€Committee,€it€is€important€for€the€guarantee€of€fair€trial€that€theÐ tè  Ðdefence€has€the€opportunity€to€familiarize€itself€with€the€documentary€evidence€against€anÐ `Ô  Ðaccused.€€However,€this€does€not€entail€that€an€accused€who€does€not€understand€theÐ LÀ Ðlanguage€used€in€court,€has€the€right€to€be€furnished€with€translations€of€all€relevantÐ 8¬ Ðdocuments€in€a€criminal€investigation,€provided€that€the€relevant€documents€are€madeÐ $˜ Ðavailable€to€his€counsel.€€The€Committee€notes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô€was€represented€by€aÐ „ ÐNorwegian€lawyer€of€his€choice,€who€had€access€to€the€entire€file,€and€that€the€lawyer€had€theÐ üp Ðassistance€of€an€interpreter€in€his€meetings€with€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô.€€Defence€counsel€therefore€hadÐ è\ Ðopportunity€to€familiarize€himself€with€the€file€and,€if€he€thought€it€necessary,€to€read€outÐ ÔH ÐNorwegian€documents€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô€during€their€meetings,€so€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô€could€takeÐ À4 Ðnote€of€its€contents€through€interpretation.€€If€counsel€would€have€deemed€the€time€availableÐ ¬  Ðto€prepare€the€defence€(just€over€six€weeks)€inadequate€to€familiarize€himself€with€the€entireÐ ˜  Ðfile,€he€could€have€requested€a€postponement€of€the€trial,€which€he€did€not€do.€€TheÐ „ø ÐCommittee€concludes€that,€in€the€particular€circumstances€of€the€case,€Mr.€Ô_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô's€rightÐ pä Ðto€a€fair€trial,€more€specifically€his€right€to€have€adequate€facilities€to€prepare€his€defence,€wasÐ \ Ð Ðnot€violated.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£›ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔKulominÔ_Ô€v.€Hungaryóó€(521/1992),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/51/40€vol.€II€(22€March€1996)€73Ð  $€  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/50/D/521/1992)€at€para.€11.4.݃3£›ÈÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à11.4€€The€author€has€further€claimed€that€he€was€not€allowed€to€study€Hungarian€while€inÐ ¼'0!$ Ðpolice€custody€and€that€he€was€not€allowed€to€correspond€with€his€family€and€friends.€€TheÐ ¨("% ÐState€party€denied€the€allegations,€stating€that€the€author€requested€permission€for€reading€onÐ ”)#& Ð9€November€1988,€which€request€was€granted,€and€there€is€no€trace€of€a€request€concerningÐ €*ô#' Ðcorrespondence,€but€that€no€records€of€the€inmatesððs€correspondence€are€kept.€€In€theÐ l+à$( Ðcircumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€sustain€a€finding€that€theÐ Œ Ðauthor€was€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€10€of€the€Covenant.Ðxì(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£s”ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝHill€€v.€Spainóó€(526/1993),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/52/40€vol.€II€(2€April€1997)€5Ð < ° Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/59/D/526/1993)€at€para.€14.1.݃3£s”£”ÝŒÐ( œ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝšÌà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à14.1€€With€regard€to€the€right€of€everyone€charged€with€a€criminal€offence€to€have€adequateÐ ì ` Ðtime€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence,€the€authors€have€stated€that€they€hadÐ ØL  Ðlittle€time€with€their€legal€aid€lawyer€and€that€when€the€latter€visited€them€for€only€20€minutesÐ Ä8  Ðtwo€days€before€the€trial,€he€did€not€have€the€case€file€or€any€paper€for€taking€notes.€TheÐ °$  ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€State€party€contests€this€allegation€and€points€out€that€the€authorsÐ œ  Ðhad€counsel€of€their€own€choosing.€€Moreover,€in€order€to€allow€the€legal€aid€lawyer€toÐ ˆü  Ðprepare€the€case,€the€hearing€was€adjourned.€€The€authors€have€also€alleged€that€even€thoughÐ tè  Ðthey€do€not€speak€Spanish,€the€State€party€failed€to€provide€them€with€translations€of€manyÐ `Ô  Ðdocuments€that€would€have€helped€them€to€better€understand€the€charges€against€them€andÐ LÀ Ðto€organize€their€defence.€€The€Committee€refers€to€its€prior€jurisprudence€òò2óó/€€and€recalls€thatÐ 8¬ Ðthe€right€to€fair€trial€does€not€entail€that€an€accused€who€does€not€understand€the€languageÐ $˜ Ðused€in€Court,€has€the€right€to€be€furnished€with€translations€of€all€relevant€documents€in€aÐ „ Ðcriminal€investigation,€provided€that€the€relevant€documents€are€made€available€to€his€counsel.€Ð üp ÐBased€on€the€records,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€facts€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€articleÐ è\ Ð14,€paragraph€3(b),€of€the€Covenant.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóЬ (#(# Ðà0  à...И (#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€Views€in€Communication€No.€451/1991,€òòÔ_ÔHarwardÔ_Ô€v.€Norwayóó,€adopted€on€15€July€1994,Ð „ø Ðparas.€9.4€and€9.5.Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£SžÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔDiergaardtÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Namibia€óó(760/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(25€July€2000)€140€atÐ  #” Ðparas.€10.9,€10.10,€12€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€DavidÐ  $€  ÐÔ_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô€and€Cecilia€Medina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô€(concurring),€156.݃3£Sž€žÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à10.9€€The€authors€have€claimed€that€they€were€forced€to€use€English€during€the€proceedingsÐ ¼'0!$ Ðin€court,€although€this€is€not€their€mother€tongue.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€CommitteeÐ ¨("% Ðconsiders€that€the€authors€have€not€shown€how€the€use€of€English€during€the€courtÐ ”)#& Ðproceedings€has€affected€their€right€to€a€fair€hearing.€€The€Committee€is€therefore€of€theÐ €*ô#' Ðopinion€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€reveal€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1.Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à10.10€€The€authors€have€also€claimed€that€the€lack€of€language€legislation€in€Namibia€has€hadÐ Œ Ðas€a€consequence€that€they€have€been€denied€the€use€of€their€mother€tongue€in€administration,Ð xì Ðjustice,€education€and€public€life.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authors€have€shown€that€theÐ dØ ÐState€party€has€instructed€civil€servants€not€to€reply€to€the€authorsðð€written€or€oralÐ P Ä Ðcommunications€with€the€authorities€in€the€Afrikaans€language,€even€when€they€are€perfectlyÐ < ° Ðcapable€of€doing€so.€€These€instructions€barring€the€use€of€Afrikaans€do€not€relate€merely€toÐ ( œ Ðthe€issuing€of€public€documents€but€even€to€telephone€conversations.€€In€the€absence€of€anyÐ  ˆ Ðresponse€from€the€State€party€the€Committee€must€give€due€weight€to€the€allegation€of€theÐ  t Ðauthors€that€the€circular€in€question€is€intentionally€targeted€against€the€possibility€to€useÐ ì ` ÐAfrikaans€when€dealing€with€public€authorities.€€Consequently,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÐ ØL  Ðauthors,€as€Afrikaans€speakers,€are€victims€of€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...а$ (#(# Ðà0  à12.€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€State€party€is€under€the€obligation€to€provide€the€authors€and€the€other€membersÐ œ  Ðof€their€community€an€effective€remedy€by€allowing€its€officials€to€respond€in€other€languagesÐ ˆü  Ðthan€the€official€one€in€a€nondiscriminatory€manner.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ tè  Ðto€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Ô_ÔEckartÔ_Ô€Klein,€David€Ô_ÔKretzmerÔ_Ô€and€Cecilia€MedinaÐ 8¬ ÐÔ_ÔQuirogaÔ_ÔóóÐ$˜(#(# ÐÌà0  àWe€agree€with€the€Committeeððs€Views€in€this€matter.€€However,€we€consider€that€theÐ üp Ðinstruction€given€by€the€State€party€to€civil€servants€not€to€respond€in€the€Afrikaans€language,Ð è\ Ðeven€if€they€have€the€personal€capacity€to€do€so,€restricts€the€freedom€of€the€authors€toÐ ÔH Ðreceive€and€impart€information€in€that€language€(art.€19,€para.€2€of€the€Covenant).€€In€theÐ À4 Ðabsence€of€a€justification€for€this€restriction,€which€meets€the€criteria€set€out€in€paragraph€3Ð ¬  Ðof€article€19,€we€consider€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€the€authorsðð€right€to€freedom€ofÐ ˜  Ðexpression€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant.Єø(#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinions€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔDiergaardtÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Namibia€óó(760/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,Ð \ Ð ÐA/55/40€vol.€II€(25€July€2000)€140€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔAbdalfattahÔ_Ô€Amor,€149,€IndividualÐ H!¼ ÐOpinion€by€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€151,€Individual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔP.N.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€Lord€Ô_ÔColvilleÔ_Ô,€and€MaxwellÐ 4"¨ ÐÔ_ÔYaldenÔ_Ô,€152€at€paras.€2„6€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔRajsoomerÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔLallahÔ_Ô,€158€at€paras.€5„8.Ð  #” ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£ ±ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIgnataneÔ_Ô€v.€Latviaóó€(884/1999),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(25€July€2001)€191€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,Ð ä%X" Ð2.6„2.8€and€7.3„7.5.݃3£ ±P±ÝŒÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€At€the€time€of€the€events€in€question,€Ms.€Ô_ÔIgnataneÔ_Ô€was€a€teacher€in€Riga.€In€1993,€sheÐ ”)#& Ðhad€appeared€before€a€certification€board€to€take€a€Latvian€language€test€and€hadÐ €*ô#' Ðsubsequently€been€awarded€a€language€aptitude€certificate€stating€that€she€had€level€3Ð l+à$( Ðproficiency€(the€highest€level).€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€1997,€the€author€stood€for€local€elections€to€be€held€on€9€March€1997,€as€a€candidateÐ dØ Ðof€the€Movement€of€Social€€Justice€and€Equal€Rights€in€Latvia€list.€On€11€February€1997,€sheÐ P Ä Ðwas€struck€off€the€list€by€decision€of€the€Riga€Election€Commission,€on€the€basis€of€an€opinionÐ < ° Ðissued€by€the€State€Language€Board€(Ô_ÔSLBÔ_Ô)€to€the€effect€that€she€did€not€have€the€€requiredÐ ( œ Ðproficiency€in€the€official€language.€Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à2.6€€The€author€has€submitted€to€the€Committee€a€translation€of€articles€9,€17€and€22€of€theÐ ì ` ÐLaw€on€Elections€to€Town€Councils€and€Municipal€Councils,€of€13€January€1994.€Article€9Ð ØL  Ðof€the€Law€lists€the€categories€of€people€who€may€not€stand€for€local€elections.€According€toÐ Ä8  Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€7,€no€one€who€does€not€have€level€3€(higher)€proficiency€in€the€StateÐ °$  Ðlanguage€may€stand€for€election.€According€to€article€17,€if€anyone€standing€for€election€is€notÐ œ  Ða€graduate€of€a€school€in€which€Latvian€is€the€language€of€instruction,€a€copy€of€his€or€herÐ ˆü  Ðlanguage€aptitude€certificate€showing€higher€€level€(3)€proficiency€in€the€State€language€mustÐ tè  Ðbe€attached€to€the€"candidate's€application".€The€author's€counsel€has€explained€that€the€copyÐ `Ô  Ðof€the€certificate€is€required€to€enable€Ô_ÔSLBÔ_Ô€to€check€its€authenticity,€not€its€validity.€ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.7€€According€to€article€22,€only€the€Election€Commission€registering€a€list€of€candidates€isÐ $˜ Ðcompetent€to€alter€the€list,€and€then€only:€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(1)€By€striking€a€candidate€from€the€list€if:€...Ðè\` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€The€conditions€mentioned€under€article€9€of€the€present€Law€are€applicableÐ À4 Ðto€the€candidate€...€and,€in€cases€covered€by€paragraph€1€(a),€(b)€and€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€of€theÐ ¬  Ðpresent€article,€a€candidate€may€be€struck€off€the€list€on€the€basis€of€an€opinionÐ ˜  Ðfrom€the€relevant€institution€or€by€court€decision.€Ð„ø` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àIn€the€case€of€a€candidate€who:€...€Ð\ Ð` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(8)€Does€not€meet€the€requirements€corresponding€to€the€higher€level€(3)€ofÐ 4"¨ Ðlanguage€proficiency€in€the€State€language,€that€fact€must€be€certified€by€anÐ  #” Ðopinion€of€the€Ô_ÔSLBÔ_Ô.€Ð $€ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à2.8€€Lastly,€Ms.€Ô_ÔIgnataneÔ_Ô€recalls€that,€according€to€statements€made€by€the€Ô_ÔSLBÔ_Ô€at€the€timeÐ ä%X" Ðof€the€case€hearings,€the€certification€board€in€the€Ministry€of€Education€had€receivedÐ Ð&D # Ðcomplaints€about€her€proficiency€in€Latvian.€It€so€happens,€the€author€says,€that€it€was€justÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthat€Ministry€that,€in€1996,€had€been€involved€in€a€widely€publicized€controversy€surroundingÐ ¨("% Ðthe€closure€of€No.€9€secondary€school€in€Riga,€where€she€was€the€head€teacher.€The€schoolÐ ”)#& Ðwas€a€Russian-language€school€and€its€closure€had€Ô_ÔhadÔ_Ô€a€very€bad€effect€on€the€RussianÐ €*ô#' Ðminority€in€Latvia.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à7.3€€According€to€the€State€party€participation€in€public€affairs€requires€a€high€level€ofÐ xì Ðproficiency€in€the€State€language€and€a€language€requirement€for€standing€as€a€candidate€inÐ dØ Ðelections€is€hence€reasonable€and€objective.€The€Committee€notes€that€article€25€secures€toÐ P Ä Ðevery€citizen€the€right€and€the€opportunity€to€be€elected€at€genuine€periodic€elections€withoutÐ < ° Ðany€of€the€distinctions€mentioned€in€article€2,€including€language.€Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€The€Committee€notes€that,€in€this€case,€the€decision€of€a€single€inspector,€taken€a€fewÐ  t Ðdays€before€the€elections€and€€contradicting€a€language€aptitude€certificate€issued€some€yearsÐ ì ` Ðearlier,€for€an€unlimited€period,€by€a€board€of€Latvian€language€specialists,€was€enough€forÐ ØL  Ðthe€Election€Commission€to€decide€to€strike€the€author€off€the€list€of€candidates€for€theÐ Ä8  Ðmunicipal€elections.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€contest€the€validityÐ °$  Ðof€the€certificate€as€it€€relates€to€the€author's€professional€position,€but€argues€on€the€basis€ofÐ œ  Ðthe€results€of€the€inspector's€review€in€the€matter€of€€the€author's€eligibility.€The€CommitteeÐ ˆü  Ðalso€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€contested€counsel's€argument€that€Latvian€law€does€notÐ tè  Ðprovide€for€separate€levels€of€proficiency€in€the€official€language€in€order€to€stand€for€election,Ð `Ô  Ðbut€applies€the€standards€and€certification€used€in€other€instances.€The€results€of€the€reviewÐ LÀ Ðled€to€the€author's€being€prevented€from€exercising€her€right€to€participate€in€public€life€inÐ 8¬ Ðconformity€with€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€first€examination,Ð $˜ Ðin€1993,€was€conducted€in€accordance€with€formal€requirements€and€was€assessed€by€fiveÐ „ Ðexperts,€whereas€the€1997€review€was€conducted€in€an€ad€hoc€manner€and€assessed€by€aÐ üp Ðsingle€individual.€The€annulment€of€the€author's€candidacy€pursuant€to€a€review€that€was€notÐ è\ Ðbased€on€objective€criteria€and€which€the€State€party€has€not€demonstrated€to€be€procedurallyÐ ÔH Ðcorrect€is€not€compatible€with€the€State€party's€obligations€under€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.5€€The€Committee€concludes€that€Mrs.€Ignatane€has€suffered€specific€injury€in€beingÐ ˜  Ðprevented€from€standing€for€the€local€elections€in€the€city€of€Riga€in€1997,€because€of€havingÐ „ø Ðbeen€struck€off€the€list€of€candidates€on€the€basis€of€€insufficient€proficiency€in€the€officialÐ pä Ðlanguage.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€considers€that€the€author€is€a€victim€of€a€violationÐ \ Ð Ðof€article€25,€in€conjunction€with€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÏÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòShukuru€Juma€v.€Australiaóó€(984/2001),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(28€July€2003)€521Ð  $€  Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/984/2001)€at€paras.€2.2,€2.3€and€7.3.݃3£ÏAÏÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à2.2€€€From€the€time€of€his€arrest€to€the€final€appeal€of€his€case€the€author€was€not€providedÐ ¼'0!$ Ðwith€interpretation€facilities,€despite€his€requests€for€an€interpreter€at€each€stage€of€theÐ ¨("% Ðproceedings.€€He€claims€that€he€requested€the€assistance€of€an€interpreter€prior€to€theÐ ”)#& Ðinterview€with€the€police,€and€that€he€requested€interpretation€from€his€lawyer€during€the€trialÐ €*ô#' Ðat€first€instance.€€During€the€Court€of€Appeal€hearing,€the€author€was€provided€access€to€anÐ l+à$( Ðinterpreter€to€conduct€interpretation€by€telephone€conference.€€However,€the€author€refusedÐ Œ Ðthis€facility€as€the€interpreter€was€not€in€the€courtroom€and€he€believed€that€he€could€not€trustÐ xì Ðhim/her.€€He€states€that€he€refused€to€talk€to€the€interpreter,€as€ð ðthe€police€had€forced€meÐ dØ Ðagainst€my€will€to€give€a€record€of€interview€and€I€was€assaulted€by€...[a€Detective]€of€theÐ P Ä ÐQueensland€policeðð.òò1óó/Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€€In€his€application€for€special€leave€to€appeal€to€the€High€Court,€the€author€alleged€thatÐ  ˆ Ðhe€was€"forcedðð€to€accept€a€legal€aid€lawyer€who€was€only€assigned€to€his€case€on€theÐ  t Ðmorning€of€the€appeal,€and€was,€therefore,€unfamiliar€with€it.€€In€addition,€the€lawyer€refusedÐ ì ` Ðto€refer€to€the€points€of€law€raised€in€the€application€prepared€by€the€author.€€Also€during€theÐ ØL  Ðhearing,€the€author€alleges€that€one€of€the€judges€asked€on€three€occasions€where€theÐ Ä8  Ðinterpreter€was€but€his€counsel€merely€responded€that€he€knew€the€case.а$ (#(# Ðà0  à...М (#(# Ðà0  à7.3€€€With€respect€to€the€claim€that€the€author€was€denied€the€services€of€an€interpreter,€theÐ ˆü  ÐCommittee€finds€that€the€author€has€failed€to€substantiate€his€claim€sufficiently,€for€theÐ tè  Ðpurposes€of€admissibility.€€It€notes€from€the€documentation€provided€that€the€author€couldÐ `Ô  Ðexpress€himself€adequately€in€English,€that€he€did€not€apply€for€an€interpreter€during€the€trialÐ LÀ Ðat€which€he€gave€evidence,€that€he€refused€the€assistance€of€an€interpreter€during€the€CourtÐ 8¬ Ðof€Appeal€hearing€at€which€he€represented€himself,€and€that€he€concedes€in€his€response€toÐ $˜ Ðthe€State€partyððs€submission€that€ð ðhe€could€express€himself€reasonablyðð€in€the€EnglishÐ „ Ðlanguage.€€The€Committee€reaffirms€that€the€requirement€of€a€fair€hearing€does€not€obligateÐ üp ÐStates€parties€to€make€the€services€of€an€interpreter€available€òòex€officioóó€or€upon€applicationÐ è\ Ðto€a€person€whose€mother€tongue€differs€from€the€official€court€language,€if€such€person€isÐ ÔH Ðotherwise€capable€of€expressing€himself€adequately€in€the€official€language€of€the€court.òò17óó/Ð À4 ÐThe€Committee€therefore€finds€this€part€of€the€claim€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€theÐ ¬  Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€pursuant€to€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.И (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐpä(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€€No€further€information€on€this€point€is€provided€and€the€author€does€not€specifically€stateÐ H!¼ Ðit€as€a€claim.Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  àòò17óó/€€€Communication€No.€219/1986,€òòGuesdon€v.€Franceóó,€Views€adopted€on€€25€July€1990.Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àÔ_Ô_________________Ô_ÔÐä%X"(#(# ÐÌ