ÿWPCW †šÞ±Hˆ¿ðçœÁÝÕµXZç ¦ôì“AO-Þ(D‰Û«øPܹIŒä¬)¿Ð#l9¦]Ñôø•r%Åõz|©6&•~-Áiì¢T—9> Š1É dxªl –­ÂmSV²íØýé…,@É>g!©ý€9¡šš6Â[üµœóè8ÿ9d& èƒÏ" 1u` 72Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ Õ 0Cc  0wj 0Šá 0 k 0´ 0Ç¿ 0Û† 0ïa 1‹PPPPP 0DÛÛÛ 08˜HP PSC 2350 seriesTŽ––––TŽ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)i) ºÝ ƒ =Î'ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÔ‡¼ûûXXÔò òLEGAL€RIGHTS€„€CRIMINAL€„€Equal€Treatmentó óÔ#†X<;X»¼ûÃI#Ô(.3=Î$§§Ý ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  Ýሲ6‡ cC‚6rtyBar€h3|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀô\  `‹&Times New Roman "#$%&'(y†*3MQUY]aeiâBullets List.(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à "#$%&'(p\Gaekosw{Bullet ListBullets List1.(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù<~~ÿÿ:Endnote RefeÔ US ÔÔ‡XXXÔÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔò òòòÔ UK Ôó óóóÔS‡ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ‡XXXÔÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  ÓÑ8€<;XXdìdÈ8ÑÖ€ÿÿÖò òòòIII.€JURISPRUDENCEóóó óÐ Œ ÐÌòòò òÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ôó óóóÐ dØ ÐÌÓ€  "#$%&'(.(†*y3ÓÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£‘ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔNarrainenÔ_Ô€v.€Norwayóó€(3/1991),€Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô,€A/49/18€(15€March€1994)€119Ð < ° Ð(Ô_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/42/D/3/1991)€at€paras.€2.1,€3.1,€3.2,€9.2„9.5€and€10.݃ 3£‘¾ÝŒÐ( œ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€is€of€Tamil€origin€and€was€born€in€Mauritius;€in€1972,€he€was€naturalized€andÐ ì ` Ðbecame€a€Norwegian€citizen.€€On€25€January€1990,€he€was€arrested€in€connection€with€aÐ ØL  Ðdrug-related€offence.€€On€8€February€1991,€before€the€Ô_ÔEidsivatingÔ_Ô€High€Court€(Court€ofÐ Ä8  ÐAppeal€-€"òòÔ_ÔLagmannsrettenÔ_Ôóó"),€a€jury€of€10€found€him€guilty€of€offences€against€section€162€ofÐ °$  Ðthe€Criminal€Code€(drug€trafficking),€and€the€author€was€sentenced€to€six€and€a€half€years'Ð œ  Ðimprisonment.€€The€author€appealed€to€the€Supreme€Court,€but€leave€to€appeal€was€deniedÐ ˆü  Ðin€early€March€1991.€€On€17€February€1992,€the€author€filed€a€petition€for€reopening€of€theÐ tè  Ðcase.€€By€order€of€8€July€1992,€the€Court€of€Appeal€refused€the€request.€€The€author€againÐ `Ô  Ðappealed€the€order€to€the€€Supreme€Court€which,€on€24€September€1992,€ruled€that€the€caseÐ LÀ Ðwas€not€to€be€reopened.€Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€author€claims€that€racist€considerations€played€a€significant€part€in€his€conviction,€asÐ „ Ðthe€evidence€against€him€would€not€have€supported€a€guilty€verdict.€€He€adds€that€he€couldÐ üp Ðnot€have€expected€to€obtain€a€fair€and€impartial€trial,€as€"all€members€of€the€jury€came€fromÐ è\ Ða€certain€part€of€Oslo€where€racism€is€at€its€peak".€€He€asserts€that€this€situation€violated€hisÐ ÔH Ðrights€under€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ À4 ÐDiscrimination.€Ð¬ (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€The€author€claims€that€other€factors€should€be€taken€into€consideration€in€assessingÐ „ø Ðwhether€he€was€the€victim€of€racial€discrimination.€€In€this€context,€he€mentions€the€amountÐ pä Ðof€time€spent€in€custody€prior€to€the€trial€(381€days),€out€of€which€a€total€of€nine€months€wereÐ \ Ð Ðallegedly€spent€in€isolation,€and€the€quality€of€his€legal€representation:€thus,€although€he€wasÐ H!¼ Ðassigned€legal€counsel€free€of€charge,€his€representative€"was€more€of€a€prosecutor€than€aÐ 4"¨ Ðlawyer€of€the€defence."€€Finally,€the€author€considers€that€a€previous€drug-related€conviction,Ð  #” Ðin€1983,€was€Ô_ÔdisproportionablyÔ_Ô€and€unreasonably€used€as€character€evidence€against€himÐ  $€  Ðduring€the€trial€in€1991.€Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€The€Committee€considers€that€in€the€present€case€the€principal€issue€before€it€is€whetherÐ Ð&D # Ðthe€proceedings€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔNarrainenÔ_Ô€respected€his€right,€under€article€5(a)€of€theÐ ¼'0!$ ÐConvention,€to€equal€treatment€before€the€tribunals,€without€distinction€as€to€race,€colour€orÐ ¨("% Ðnational€or€ethnic€origin.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€rule€laid€down€in€article€5(a)€appliesÐ ”)#& Ðto€all€types€of€judicial€proceedings,€including€trial€by€jury.€Other€allegations€put€forward€byÐ €*ô#' Ðthe€author€of€the€communication€are€in€the€Committee's€view€outside€the€scope€of€theÐ l+à$( ÐConvention.€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.3€€If€members€of€a€jury€are€suspected€of€displaying€or€voicing€racial€bias€against€theÐ dØ Ðaccused,€it€is€incumbent€upon€the€national€judicial€authorities€to€investigate€the€issue€and€toÐ P Ä Ðdisqualify€the€juror€if€there€is€a€suspicion€that€the€juror€might€be€Ô_ÔbiasedÔ_Ô.€Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€In€the€present€case,€the€inimical€remarks€made€by€juror€Ms.€J.€were€brought€to€theÐ  ˆ Ðattention€of€the€Ô_ÔEidsivatingÔ_Ô€High€Court,€which€duly€suspended€the€proceedings,€investigatedÐ  t Ðthe€issue€and€heard€testimony€about€the€allegedly€inimical€statement€of€Ms.€J.€€In€the€view€ofÐ ì ` Ðthe€Committee,€the€statement€of€Ms.€J.€may€be€seen€as€an€indication€of€racial€prejudice€and,Ð ØL  Ðin€the€light€of€the€provision€of€article€5(a)€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinionÐ Ä8  Ðthat€this€remark€might€have€been€regarded€as€sufficient€to€disqualify€the€juror.€€However,€theÐ °$  Ðcompetent€judicial€bodies€of€Norway€examined€the€nature€of€the€contested€remarks€and€theirÐ œ  Ðpotential€implications€for€the€course€of€the€trial.€Ðˆü (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€Taking€into€account€that€it€is€neither€the€function€of€the€Committee€to€interpret€theÐ `Ô  ÐNorwegian€rules€on€criminal€procedure€concerning€the€disqualification€of€jurors,€nor€to€decideÐ LÀ Ðas€to€whether€the€juror€had€to€be€disqualified€on€that€basis,€the€Committee€is€unable€toÐ 8¬ Ðconclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€a€breach€of€the€Convention€hasÐ $˜ Ðoccurred.€€However,€in€the€light€of€the€observations€made€in€paragraph€9.4,€the€Committee€Ð „ Ðmakes€the€following€recommendations€pursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€Committee€recommends€to€the€State€party€that€every€effort€should€be€made€toÐ ÔH Ðprevent€any€form€of€racial€bias€from€entering€into€judicial€proceedings€which€might€result€inÐ À4 Ðadversely€affecting€the€administration€of€justice€on€the€basis€of€equality€andÐ ¬  Ðnon-discrimination.€€Consequently,€the€Committee€recommends€that€in€criminal€cases€like€theÐ ˜  Ðone€it€has€examined€due€attention€be€given€to€the€impartiality€of€juries,€in€line€with€theÐ „ø Ðprinciples€underlying€article€5(a)€of€the€Convention.€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌÌòòò òÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ôó óóóÐ 4"¨ ÐÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3££ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòRobinson€v.€Jamaicaóó€(223/1987),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/44/40€(30€March€1989)€241€at€paras.€10.4€andÐ  $€  Ð11.݃ 3££ÐÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à10.4.€€The€refusal€of€the€trial€judge€to€order€an€adjournment€to€allow€the€author€to€have€legalÐ ¼'0!$ Ðrepresentation,€when€several€adjournments€had€already€been€ordered€when€the€prosecutionsÐ ¨("% Ðwitnesses€were€unavailable€or€unready,€raises€issues€of€fairness€and€equality€before€the€courts.€Ð ”)#& ÐThe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€dueÐ €*ô#' Ðto€inequality€of€arms€between€the€parties.Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€submitted€reveal€aÐ xì Ðviolation€of€article€14,€paragraphs€1€and€3€(d),€of€the€Covenant.ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£> ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝB.€d.€B.€et€al.€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(273/1989),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/44/40€(30€March€1989)€286€at€para.Ð ( œ Ð6.4.݃ 3£> n ݌Рˆ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à6.4€€...[Ô_ÔW]hileÔ_Ô€the€authors€have€complained€about€the€outcome€of€the€judicial€proceedings,Ð ØL  Ðthey€acknowledge€that€procedural€guarantees€were€observed€in€their€conduct.€€TheÐ Ä8  ÐCommittee€observes€that€article€14€of€the€Covenant€guarantees€procedural€equality€but€cannotÐ °$  Ðbe€interpreted€as€guaranteeing€equality€of€results€or€absence€of€error€on€the€part€of€theÐ œ  Ðcompetent€tribunal.€€Thus,€this€aspect€of€the€authorsðð€communication€falls€outside€the€scopeÐ ˆü  Ðof€the€application€of€article€14€and€is,€therefore,€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€OptionalÐ tè  ÐProtocol.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£®$ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔGuesdonÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(219/1986),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/45/40€vol.€II€(25€July€1990)€61€at€para.10.2.݃ 3£®$Û$ÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à10.2€€...The€Committee€observes,€as€it€has€done€on€a€previous€occasion,€òòcóó/€€that€article€14€isÐ è\ Ðconcerned€with€procedural€equality;€it€enshrines,òò€inter€aliaóó,€the€principle€of€equality€of€armsÐ ÔH Ðin€criminal€proceedings.€€The€provision€for€the€use€of€òòoneóó€official€court€language€by€StatesÐ À4 Ðparties€to€the€Covenant€does€not,€in€the€Committee's€opinion,€violate€article€14.€€Nor€does€theÐ ¬  Ðrequirement€of€a€fair€hearing€mandate€States€parties€to€make€available€to€a€citizen€whoseÐ ˜  Ðmother€tongue€differs€from€the€official€court€language,€the€services€of€an€interpreter,€if€thisÐ „ø Ðcitizen€is€capable€of€expressing€himself€adequately€in€the€official€language.€Only€if€the€accusedÐ pä Ðor€the€defence€witnesses€have€difficulties€in€understanding,€or€in€expressing€themselves€in€theÐ \ Ð Ðcourt€language,€must€the€services€of€an€interpreter€be€made€available.ÐH!¼(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  àòòcóó/€See€Communication€No.€273/1988€(òòB.€d.€B.€v.€Netherlandsóó,€decision€on€inadmissibility€ofÐ ä%X" Ð30€March€1989,€paragraph€6.4).ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à_________________м'0!$(#(# ÐÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£/,ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€del€Ô_ÔRoÔ_Ô€v.€Peru€óó(263/1987),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/48/40€vol.€II€(28€October€1992)€17Ð Œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/46/D/263/1987)€at€para.€5.2.݃ 3£/,\,ÝŒÐxì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à5.2€€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claim€that€he€was€not€treated€equally€before€theÐ < ° ÐPeruvian€courts,€and€that€the€State€party€has€not€refuted€his€specific€allegation€that€some€ofÐ ( œ Ðthe€judgeððs€involved€in€the€case€had€referred€to€its€political€implications...and€justified€theÐ  ˆ Ðcourtsðð€inaction€or€the€delays€in€the€judicial€proceedings€on€this€ground.€€The€CommitteeÐ  t Ðrecalls€that€the€right€to€be€tried€by€an€independent€and€impartial€tribunal€is€an€absolute€rightÐ ì ` Ðthat€may€suffer€no€exception.€€It€considers€that€the€Supreme€Courtððs€position€in€the€authorððsÐ ØL  Ðcase€was,€and€remains,€incompatible€with€this€requirement...ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£G1ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHoelenÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlands€óó(873/1999),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(3€November€1999)€240€atÐ ˆü  Ðparas.€2,€3.1,€4.2€and€5.݃ 3£G1w1ÝŒÐtè (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à2.€€On€8€May€1993,€the€author€participated€in€a€demonstration€which€ended€in€violentÐ 8¬ Ðdisturbances.€€On€8€June€1993,€the€author€was€found€guilty€by€a€single€judge€of€the€DistrictÐ $˜ ÐCourt€at€The€Hague€for€having€committed€acts€of€violence€against€police€personnel€byÐ „ Ðthrowing€stones.€€He€was€sentenced€to€a€fine€of€Ô_ÔNGLÔ_Ô€750€and€a€suspended€sentence€of€twoÐ üp Ðweeksðð€imprisonment.€€His€appeal€was€heard€on€13€October€1994,€9€and€10€February€1995,Ð è\ Ðand€rejected€by€the€Court€of€Appeal€on€24€February€1995.€€His€further€(cassation)€appeal€wasÐ ÔH Ðrejected€on€20€February€1996.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€author€claims€that€his€right€to€equality€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant€has€beenÐ ˜  Ðviolated,€because€no€police€officers€were€prosecuted€after€the€disturbances,€althoughÐ „ø Ðindependent€reports€had€established€that€the€police€had€used€unreasonable€violence.Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à4.2€€The€Committee€recalls€that€the€prosecution€of€one€person€and€the€failure€to€prosecuteÐ H!¼ Ðanother€as€such€does€not€raise€an€issue€of€equality€before€the€law,€since€each€case€has€to€beÐ 4"¨ Ðjudged€on€its€own€merits.€òò1óó/€€The€authorððs€allegations€and€the€material€before€the€CommitteeÐ  #” Ðdo€not€substantiate€the€authorððs€claim€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€26€in€thisÐ  $€  Ðrespect.Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à5.€€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decides:€€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à(a)€€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€articles€2€and€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol...Ш("%(#(# Ðà0  à__________________Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  àNotesЀ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  àòò1óó/€€See€the€Committeeððs€decision€declaring€inadmissible€communication€No.€579/1994Ð Œ Ð(òòÔ_ÔWerenbeckÔ_Ô€v.€Australiaóó),€27€March€1997,€CPR/C/59/D/579/1994,€para.€9.9.Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£†<ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝGomez€v.€Spain€óó(701/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(20€July€2000)€102€at€paras.€3.1€andÐ ( œ Ð11.2.݃ 3£†<¶<݌Рˆ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€authorððs€complaint€concerns€primarily€the€right€to€an€effective€appeal€againstÐ ØL  Ðconviction€and€sentence.€€He€argues€that€the€Spanish€Criminal€Procedure€Act€(òòLey€deÐ Ä8  ÐÔ_ÔEnjuiciamientoÔ_Ô€Criminalóó)€violates€articles€14,€paragraph€5,€and€26€of€the€Covenant€becauseÐ °$  Ðthose€charged€with€the€most€serious€crimes€have€their€cases€heard€by€a€single€judge€(òòÔ_ÔJuzgadoÔ_ÔÐ œ  Ðde€Ô_ÔInstruccið;ðnÔ_Ôóó),€who€conducts€all€the€pertinent€investigations€and,€once€he€considers€the€caseÐ ˆü  Ðready€for€the€hearing,€refers€it€to€the€Provincial€Court€(òòÔ_ÔAudienciaÔ_Ô€Provincialóó),€where€a€panelÐ tè  Ðof€three€judges€is€in€charge€of€proceedings€and€hands€down€the€sentence.€€Their€decision€isÐ `Ô  Ðsubject€to€judicial€review€proceedings€only€on€very€limited€legal€grounds.€€There€is€noÐ LÀ Ðpossibility€of€a€re-evaluation€of€the€evidence€by€the€Court€of€Cassation,€as€all€factualÐ 8¬ Ðdeterminations€by€the€lower€court€are€final.€€By€contrast,€those€convicted€of€less€seriousÐ $˜ Ðcrimes€for€which€sentences€of€less€than€six€yearsðð€imprisonment€have€been€imposed€have€theirÐ „ Ðcases€investigated€by€a€single€judge€(òòÔ_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔInstruccið;ðnÔ_Ôóó)€who,€when€the€case€is€ready€forÐ üp Ðthe€hearing,€refers€it€to€a€single€judge€ad€quo€(òòÔ_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€de€lo€Penalóó),€whose€decision€may€beÐ è\ Ðappealed€before€the€Provincial€Court€(òòÔ_ÔAudienciaÔ_Ô€Provincialóó),€thus€ensuring€an€effectiveÐ ÔH Ðreview€not€only€of€the€application€of€the€law,€but€also€of€the€facts.ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à11.2€€With€regard€to€the€allegation€that€article€26€of€the€Covenant€was€violated€because€theÐ ˜  ÐSpanish€system€provides€for€various€types€of€remedy€depending€on€the€seriousness€of€theÐ „ø Ðoffence,€the€Committee€considers€that€different€treatment€for€different€offences€does€notÐ pä Ðnecessarily€constitute€discrimination.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€author€has€notÐ \ Ð Ðsubstantiated€the€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:ó óóóÐ  #” ÐÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£@HÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔSineiroÔ_Ô€Fernandezš€v.€Spain€óó(1007/2001),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(7€August€2003)€325Ð  $€  Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/78/D/1007/2001)€at€para.€6.4.݃ 3£@HmHÝŒÐø$l!(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£ëIÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝThompson€v.€Saint€Vincent€and€the€Grenadinesóó€(806/1998),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(18Ð ¼'0!$ ÐOctober€2000)€93€at€paras.€2.1,€3.1,€3.2,€8.2,€8.3€and€10.݃ 3£ëIJ݌Ш("%(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€was€arrested€on€19€December€1993€and€charged€with€the€murder€of€Ô_ÔDððAndreÔ_ÔÐ l+à$( ÐÔ_ÔOlliviereÔ_Ô,€a€four-year€old€girl€who€had€disappeared€the€day€before.€€The€High€Court€(CriminalÐ Œ ÐDivision)€convicted€him€as€charged€and€sentenced€him€to€death€on€21€June€1995.€€His€appealÐ xì Ðwas€dismissed€on€15€January€1996...€ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€Counsel€claims€that€the€imposition€of€the€sentence€of€death€in€the€authorððs€caseÐ < ° Ðconstitutes€cruel€and€unusual€punishment,€because€under€the€law€of€St.€Vincent€the€deathÐ ( œ Ðsentence€is€the€mandatory€sentence€for€murder.€€He€also€points€out€that€no€criteria€exist€forÐ  ˆ Ðthe€exercise€of€the€power€of€pardon,€nor€has€the€convicted€person€the€opportunity€to€makeÐ  t Ðany€comments€on€any€information€which€the€Governor-General€may€have€received€in€thisÐ ì ` Ðrespect.òò1óó/€€In€this€context,€counsel€argues€that€the€death€sentence€should€be€reserved€for€theÐ ØL  Ðmost€serious€of€crimes€and€that€a€sentence€which€is€indifferently€imposed€in€every€categoryÐ Ä8  Ðof€capital€murder€fails€to€retain€a€proportionate€relationship€between€the€circumstances€of€theÐ °$  Ðactual€crime€and€the€offender€and€the€punishment.€€It€therefore€becomes€cruel€and€unusualÐ œ  Ðpunishment.€€He€argues€therefore€that€it€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€7€of€the€Covenant.Јü (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€The€above€is€also€said€to€constitute€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€since€theÐ `Ô  Ðmandatory€nature€of€the€death€sentence€does€not€allow€the€judge€to€impose€a€lesser€sentenceÐ LÀ Ðtaking€into€account€any€mitigating€circumstances.€€Furthermore,€considering€that€the€sentenceÐ 8¬ Ðis€mandatory,€the€discretion€at€the€stage€of€the€exercise€of€the€prerogative€of€mercy€violatesÐ $˜ Ðthe€principle€of€equality€before€the€law.€Ð„(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à8.2€€Counsel€has€claimed€that€the€mandatory€nature€of€the€death€sentence€and€its€applicationÐ è\ Ðin€the€authorððs€case,€constitutes€a€violation€of€articles€6€(1),€7€and€26€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÐ ÔH ÐState€party€has€replied€that€the€death€sentence€is€only€mandatory€for€murder,€which€is€theÐ À4 Ðmost€serious€crime€under€the€law,€and€that€this€in€itself€means€that€it€is€a€proportionateÐ ¬  Ðsentence.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€mandatory€imposition€of€the€death€penalty€under€theÐ ˜  Ðlaws€of€the€State€party€is€based€solely€upon€the€category€of€crime€for€which€the€offender€isÐ „ø Ðfound€guilty,€without€regard€to€the€defendantððs€personal€circumstances€or€the€circumstancesÐ pä Ðof€the€particular€offence.€€The€death€penalty€is€mandatory€in€all€cases€of€ð ðmurderðð€(intentionalÐ \ Ð Ðacts€of€violence€resulting€in€the€death€of€a€person).€€The€Committee€considers€that€such€aÐ H!¼ Ðsystem€of€mandatory€capital€punishment€would€deprive€the€author€of€the€most€fundamentalÐ 4"¨ Ðof€rights,€the€right€to€life,€without€considering€whether€this€exceptional€form€of€punishmentÐ  #” Ðis€appropriate€in€the€circumstances€of€his€or€her€case.€€The€existence€of€a€right€to€seek€pardonÐ  $€  Ðor€commutation,€as€required€by€article€6,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant,€does€not€secureÐ ø$l! Ðadequate€protection€to€the€right€to€life,€as€these€discretionary€measures€by€the€executive€areÐ ä%X" Ðsubject€to€a€wide€range€of€other€considerations€compared€to€appropriate€judicial€review€of€allÐ Ð&D # Ðaspects€of€a€criminal€case.€€The€Committee€finds€that€the€carrying€out€of€the€death€penalty€inÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€authorððs€case€would€constitute€an€arbitrary€deprivation€of€his€life€in€violation€or€article€6,Ð ¨("% Ðparagraph1,€of€the€Covenant.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.3€€The€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€counselððs€arguments€related€to€the€mandatoryÐ l+à$( Ðnature€of€the€death€penalty,€based€on€articles€6€(2),€7,€14€(5)€and€26€of€the€Covenant€do€notÐ Œ Ðraise€issues€that€would€be€separate€from€the€above€finding€of€a€violation€of€article€6€(1).Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  à10.€€Under€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€the€obligationÐ P Ä Ðto€provide€Mr.€Thompson€with€an€effective€and€appropriate€remedy,€including€commutation.€Ð < ° ÐThe€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€theÐ ( œ Ðfuture.Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð t(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐì `(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€Under€section65€of€the€Constitution,€the€Governor€General€may€exercise€the€prerogativeÐ Ä8  Ðof€mercy,€in€accordance€with€the€advice€of€the€Minister€who€acts€as€Chairman€of€the€AdvisoryÐ °$  ÐCommittee€on€the€prerogative€of€mercy.€€The€Advisory€Committee€consists€of€the€ChairmanÐ œ  Ð(one€of€the€Cabinet€Ministers),€the€Attorney-General€and€three€to€four€other€membersÐ ˆü  Ðappointed€by€the€Governor€General€on€the€advice€of€the€Prime€Minister.€€Of€the€three€or€fourÐ tè  ÐCommittee€members€at€least€one€shall€be€a€Minister€and€one€other€shall€be€a€medicalÐ `Ô  Ðpractitioner.€€Before€deciding€on€the€exercise€of€the€prerogative€of€mercy€in€any€death€penaltyÐ LÀ Ðcase,€the€Committee€shall€obtain€a€written€report€of€the€case€from€the€trial€judge€(or€the€ChiefÐ 8¬ ÐJustice,€if€a€report€from€the€trial€judge€cannot€be€obtained)€together€with€such€otherÐ $˜ Ðinformation€derived€from€the€record€of€the€case€or€elsewhere€as€he€may€require.Є(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðüp(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£tdÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝKavanagh€v.€Irelandóó€(819/1998),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(4€April€2001)€122€at€paras.€2.1„Ð À4 Ð2.3,€3.2„3.4,€3.6,€10.1„10.3,€11,€12€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Louis€Henkin,€RajsoomerÐ ¬  ÐLallah,€Cecilia€Medina€Quiroga,€Ahmed€Tawfik€Khalil€and€Patrick€Vella€(concurring),€136Ð ˜  Ðat€paras.€1€and€2.݃ 3£td¤d݌Єø(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð\ Ð(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Article€38(3)€of€the€Irish€Constitution€provides€for€the€establishment€by€law€of€SpecialÐ H!¼ ÐCourts€for€the€trial€of€offences€in€cases€where€it€may€be€determined,€according€to€law,€thatÐ 4"¨ Ðthe€ordinary€courts€are€"inadequate€to€secure€the€effective€administration€of€justice€and€theÐ  #” Ðpreservation€of€public€peace€and€order".€On€26€May€1972,€the€Government€exercised€itsÐ  $€  Ðpower€to€make€a€proclamation€pursuant€to€Section€35(2)€of€the€Offences€Against€the€StateÐ ø$l! ÐAct€1939€(the€Act)€which€led€to€the€establishment€of€the€Special€Criminal€Court€for€the€trialÐ ä%X" Ðof€certain€offences.€Section€35(4)€and€(5)€of€the€Act€provide€that€if€at€any€time€theÐ Ð&D # ÐGovernment€or€the€Parliament€is€satisfied€that€the€ordinary€courts€are€again€adequate€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðsecure€the€effective€administration€of€justice€and€the€preservation€of€public€peace€and€order,Ð ¨("% Ða€rescinding€proclamation€or€resolution,€respectively,€shall€be€made€terminating€the€SpecialÐ ”)#& ÐCriminal€Court€regime.€To€date,€no€such€rescinding€proclamation€or€resolution€has€beenÐ €*ô#' Ðpromulgated.€Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à2.2€€By€virtue€of€s.€47(1)€of€the€Act,€a€Special€Criminal€Court€has€jurisdiction€over€aÐ Œ Ð"scheduled€offence"€(i.e.€an€offence€specified€in€a€list)€where€the€Attorney-General€"thinksÐ xì Ðproper"€that€a€person€so€charged€should€be€tried€before€the€Special€Criminal€Court€rather€thanÐ dØ Ðthe€ordinary€courts...€The€Special€Criminal€Court€also€has€jurisdiction€over€non-scheduledÐ P Ä Ðoffences€where€the€Attorney-General€certifies,€under€s.47(2)€of€the€Act,€that€in€his€or€herÐ < ° Ðopinion€the€ordinary€courts€are€"inadequate€to€secure€the€effective€administration€of€justiceÐ ( œ Ðin€relation€to€the€trial€of€such€person€on€such€charge".€The€Director€of€Public€ProsecutionsÐ  ˆ Ð(DPP)€exercises€these€powers€of€the€Attorney-General€by€delegated€authority.€Ð t(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€In€contrast€to€the€ordinary€courts€of€criminal€jurisdiction,€which€employ€juries,€SpecialÐ ØL  ÐCriminal€Courts€consist€of€three€judges€who€reach€a€decision€by€majority€vote.€The€SpecialÐ Ä8  ÐCriminal€Court€also€utilises€a€procedure€different€from€that€of€the€ordinary€criminal€courts,Ð °$  Ðincluding€that€an€accused€cannot€avail€himself€or€herself€of€preliminary€examinationÐ œ  Ðprocedures€concerning€the€evidence€of€certain€witnesses.€Ðˆü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à3.2€€On€19€July€1994,€the€author€was€arrested€on€seven€charges€related€to€the€incident;€namelyÐ `Ô  Ðfalse€imprisonment,€robbery,€demanding€money€with€menaces,€conspiracy€to€demand€moneyÐ LÀ Ðwith€menaces,€and€possession€of€a€firearm€with€intent€to€commit€the€offence€of€falseÐ 8¬ Ðimprisonment.€Six€of€those€charges€were€non-scheduled€offences,€and€the€seventh€chargeÐ $˜ Ð(possession€of€a€firearm€with€intent€to€commit€the€offence€of€false€imprisonment)€was€aÐ „ Ð'scheduled€offence'.€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.3€€On€20€July€1994€the€author€was€charged€directly€before€the€Special€Criminal€Court€withÐ ÔH Ðall€seven€offences€by€order€of€the€Director€of€Public€Prosecution€(DPP),€dated€15€July€1994,Ð À4 Ðpursuant€to€s.47(1)€and€(2)€of€the€Act,€for€the€scheduled€offences€and€the€non-scheduledÐ ¬  Ðoffences€respectively.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.4€€On€14€November€1994,€the€author€sought€leave€from€the€High€Court€to€apply€for€judicialÐ pä Ðreview€of€the€DPP's€order.€The€High€Court€granted€leave€that€same€day€and€the€author€hadÐ \ Ð Ðhis€application€heard€in€June€1995.€The€author€contended€that€the€offences€with€which€he€wasÐ H!¼ Ðcharged€had€no€subversive€or€paramilitary€connection€and€that€the€ordinary€courts€wereÐ 4"¨ Ðadequate€to€try€him.€The€author€challenged€the€1972€proclamation€on€the€basis€that€there€wasÐ  #” Ðno€longer€a€reasonably€plausible€factual€basis€for€the€opinion€on€which€it€was€grounded,€andÐ  $€  Ðsought€a€declaration€to€that€effect.€He€also€sought€to€quash€the€DPP's€certification€in€respectÐ ø$l! Ðof€the€non-scheduled€offences,€on€the€grounds€that€the€DPP€was€not€entitled€to€certifyÐ ä%X" Ðnon-scheduled€offences€for€trial€in€the€Special€Criminal€Court€if€they€did€not€have€a€subversiveÐ Ð&D # Ðconnection.€In€this€connection,€he€contended€that€the€Attorney-General's€representation€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€Human€Rights€Committee€at€its€48th€session€that€the€Special€Criminal€Court€wasÐ ¨("% Ðnecessitated€by€the€ongoing€campaign€in€relation€to€Northern€Ireland€gave€rise€to€a€legitimateÐ ”)#& Ðexpectation€that€only€offences€connected€with€Northern€Ireland€would€be€put€before€theÐ €*ô#' ÐCourt.€He€further€contended€that€the€decision€to€try€him€before€the€Special€Criminal€CourtÐ l+à$( Ðconstituted€unfair€discrimination€against€him.€ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à3.6€€Concerning€the€contention€that€the€author€was€subject€to€a€mode€of€trial€different€fromÐ dØ Ðthose€charged€with€similar€offences€but€who€were€not€certified€for€trial€before€the€SpecialÐ P Ä ÐCriminal€Court,€the€High€Court€found€that€the€author€had€not€established€that€such€aÐ < ° Ðdifference€in€treatment€was€invidious...Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à10.1€€The€author€claims€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€in€that,€byÐ  t Ðsubjecting€him€to€a€Special€Criminal€Court€which€did€not€afford€him€a€jury€trial€and€the€rightÐ ì ` Ðto€examine€witnesses€at€a€preliminary€stage,€he€was€not€afforded€a€fair€trial.€The€authorÐ ØL  Ðaccepts€that€neither€jury€trial€nor€preliminary€examination€is€in€itself€required€by€the€Covenant,Ð Ä8  Ðand€that€the€absence€of€either€or€both€of€these€elements€does€not€necessarily€render€a€trialÐ °$  Ðunfair,€but€he€€claims€that€all€of€the€circumstances€of€his€trial€before€a€Special€Criminal€CourtÐ œ  Ðrendered€his€trial€unfair.€In€the€€Committee's€view,€trial€before€courts€other€than€the€ordinaryÐ ˆü  Ðcourts€is€not€necessarily,€òòper€seóó,€a€violation€of€the€entitlement€to€a€fair€hearing€and€the€factsÐ tè  Ðof€the€present€case€do€not€show€that€there€has€been€such€a€violation.€Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.2€€The€author's€claim€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€the€requirement€of€equality€beforeÐ 8¬ Ðthe€courts€and€tribunals,€contained€in€article€14,€paragraph€1,€parallels€his€claim€of€violationÐ $˜ Ðof€his€right€under€article€26€to€equality€before€the€law€and€to€the€equal€protection€of€the€law.Ð „ ÐThe€DPP's€decision€to€charge€the€author€before€the€Special€Criminal€Court€resulted€in€theÐ üp Ðauthor€facing€an€extra-ordinary€trial€procedure€before€an€extra-ordinarily€constituted€court.Ð è\ ÐThis€distinction€deprived€the€author€of€certain€procedures€under€domestic€law,€distinguishingÐ ÔH Ðthe€author€from€others€charged€with€similar€offences€in€the€ordinary€courts.€Within€theÐ À4 Ðjurisdiction€of€the€State€party,€trial€by€jury€in€particular€is€considered€an€important€protection,Ð ¬  Ðgenerally€available€to€accused€persons.€Under€article€26,€the€State€party€is€therefore€requiredÐ ˜  Ðto€demonstrate€that€such€a€decision€to€try€a€person€by€another€procedure€was€based€uponÐ „ø Ðreasonable€and€objective€grounds.€In€this€regard,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party'sÐ pä Ðlaw,€in€the€Offences€Against€the€State€Act,€sets€out€a€number€of€specific€offences€which€canÐ \ Ð Ðbe€tried€before€a€Special€Criminal€Court€at€the€DPP's€option.€It€provides€also€that€any€otherÐ H!¼ Ðoffence€may€be€tried€before€a€Special€Criminal€Court€if€the€DPP€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ 4"¨ Ðordinary€courts€are€"inadequate€to€secure€the€effective€administration€of€justice".€TheÐ  #” ÐCommittee€regards€it€as€problematic€that,€even€assuming€that€a€truncated€criminal€system€forÐ  $€  Ðcertain€serious€offences€is€acceptable€so€long€as€it€is€fair,€Parliament€through€legislation€setÐ ø$l! Ðout€specific€serious€offences€that€were€to€come€within€the€Special€Criminal€Court's€jurisdictionÐ ä%X" Ðin€the€DPP's€unfettered€discretion€("thinks€proper"),€and€goes€on€to€allow,€as€in€the€author'sÐ Ð&D # Ðcase,€any€other€offences€also€to€be€so€tried€if€the€DPP€considers€the€ordinary€courtsÐ ¼'0!$ Ðinadequate.€No€reasons€are€required€to€be€given€for€the€decisions€that€the€Special€CriminalÐ ¨("% ÐCourt€would€be€"proper",€or€that€the€ordinary€courts€are€"inadequate",€and€no€reasons€for€theÐ ”)#& Ðdecision€in€the€particular€case€have€been€provided€to€the€Committee.€Moreover,€judicialÐ €*ô#' Ðreview€of€the€DPP's€decisions€is€effectively€restricted€to€the€most€exceptional€and€virtuallyÐ l+à$( Ðundemonstrable€circumstances.€ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.3€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€State€party€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€the€decisionÐ dØ Ðto€try€the€author€before€the€Special€Criminal€Court€was€based€upon€reasonable€and€objectiveÐ P Ä Ðgrounds.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€author's€right€under€article€26€toÐ < ° Ðequality€before€the€law€and€to€the€equal€protection€of€the€law€has€been€violated.€In€view€ofÐ ( œ Ðthis€finding€with€regard€to€article€26,€it€is€unnecessary€in€this€case€to€examine€the€issue€ofÐ  ˆ Ðviolation€of€equality€"before€the€courts€and€tribunals"€contained€in€article€14,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ  t Ðthe€Covenant.€Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à11.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ Ä8  Ðof€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ ˆü  Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€The€State€party€is€also€under€anÐ tè  Ðobligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future€:€it€should€ensure€thatÐ `Ô  Ðpersons€are€not€tried€before€the€Special€Criminal€Court€unless€reasonable€and€objectiveÐ LÀ Ðcriteria€for€the€decision€are€provided.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Louis€Henkin,€Rajsoomer€Lallah,€Cecilia€Medina€Quiroga,€AhmedÐ „ ÐTawfik€Khalil€and€Patrick€VellaóóÐüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à1.€€While€the€complaint€of€the€author€can€be€viewed€in€the€perspective€of€Article€26€underÐ ÔH Ðwhich€States€are€bound,€in€their€legislative,€judicial€and€executive€behaviour,€to€ensure€thatÐ À4 Ðeveryone€is€treated€equally€and€in€a€non-discriminatory€manner,€unless€otherwise€justified€onÐ ¬  Ðreasonable€and€objective€criteria,€we€are€of€the€view€that€there€has€also€been€a€violation€of€theÐ ˜  Ðprinciple€of€equality€enshrined€in€Article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð„ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.€€Article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€in€its€very€first€sentence,€entrenches€the€principleÐ \ Ð Ðof€equality€in€the€judicial€system€itself.€That€principle€goes€beyond€and€is€additional€to€theÐ H!¼ Ðprinciples€consecrated€in€the€other€paragraphs€of€Article€14€governing€the€fairness€of€trials,Ð 4"¨ Ðproof€of€guilt,€procedural€and€evidential€safeguards,€rights€of€appeal€and€review€and,€finally,Ð  #” Ðthe€prohibition€against€double€jeopardy.€That€principle€of€equality€is€violated€where€allÐ  $€  Ðpersons€accused€of€committing€the€very€same€offence€are€not€tried€by€the€normal€courtsÐ ø$l! Ðhaving€jurisdiction€in€the€matter,€but€are€tried€by€a€special€court€at€the€discretion€of€theÐ ä%X" ÐExecutive.€This€remains€so€whether€the€exercise€of€discretion€by€the€Executive€is€or€is€notÐ Ð&D # Ðreviewable€by€the€courts.м'0!$(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£‰™ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝCheban€v.€The€Russian€Federationóó€(790/1997)€,€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(24€July€2001)€88Ð €*ô#' Ðat€paras.€2.1,€3.3€and€7.2„7.4.݃ 3£‰™¹™ÝŒÐl+à$((#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€authors€were€convicted€on€17€February€1995,€by€the€Moscow€City€Court,€of€criminalÐ dØ Ðacts€committed€on€24€January€1994,€consisting€of€rape€of€a€minor€(who€was€aged€13€at€theÐ P Ä Ðtime€of€the€incident),€accompanied€by€violence€and€threats,€and€of€acting€in€concert€by€priorÐ < ° Ðagreement€to€commit€the€crimes.€At€the€time€of€the€offences€of€which€they€were€convicted,Ð ( œ Ðthe€authors€were€all€aged€between€15€and€16€years€and€were€attending€a€boarding€school€inÐ  ˆ ÐMoscow...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à3.3€€The€facts€as€stated€by€the€authors€may€also€imply€claims€that€the€State€party€committedÐ ØL  Ðbreaches€of€article€14,€paragraph€4,€and€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€As€regards€article€14,Ð Ä8  Ðparagraph€4,€the€facts€as€stated€by€the€authors€suggest€that€the€court€did€not€take€into€accountÐ °$  Ðthe€age€of€the€accused.€The€authors€sought€on€several€occasions€to€invoke€article€20€of€theÐ œ  ÐRussian€Constitution,€1993,€which€provides€that€cases€in€which€an€accused€subject€to€theÐ ˆü  Ðdeath€penalty€may,€at€his€request,€be€tried€before€a€jury.€Denial€of€a€jury€trial€to€the€authorsÐ tè  Ðmight€also€raise€an€issue€under€article€26€because€of€a€difference€in€treatment€between€themÐ `Ô  Ðand€other€accused€persons€who€received€a€jury€trial.€ÐLÀ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8¬(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€The€claim€of€discrimination€made€by€the€authors€is€that€they€were€denied€a€jury€trial,Ð $˜ Ðwhile€a€jury€trial€was€granted€to€some€other€accused€persons€in€courts€of€the€State€party.€TheÐ „ ÐCommittee€notes€that€while€the€Covenant€contains€no€provision€asserting€a€right€to€a€jury€trialÐ üp Ðin€criminal€cases,€if€such€a€right€is€provided€under€the€domestic€law€of€the€State€party,€and€isÐ è\ Ðgranted€to€some€persons€charged€with€crimes,€it€must€be€granted€to€others€similarly€situatedÐ ÔH Ðon€an€equal€basis.€If€distinctions€are€made,€they€must€be€based€on€objective€and€reasonableÐ À4 Ðgrounds.€Ð¬ (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€The€authors€claim€that€they€should€have€been€afforded€a€trial€by€jury,€afforded€to€allÐ „ø Ðaccused€persons€liable€to€the€death€penalty.€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€in€theÐ pä Ðpresent€case€the€authors€were€juveniles€at€the€time€the€crimes€were€committed€and€thus€theyÐ \ Ð Ðwere€not€subject€to€the€death€penalty€according€to€domestic€legislation.€ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€Another€possible€claim€of€violation€of€article€26€is€that€trial€by€jury€was€made€availableÐ  #” Ðin€trials€in€some€parts€of€the€country€but€not€in€Moscow€where€the€authors€were€tried€andÐ  $€  Ðconvicted.€The€Committee€notes€that€under€the€Constitution€of€the€State€party€the€availabilityÐ ø$l! Ðof€jury€trial€is€governed€by€federal€law,€but€there€was€no€federal€law€on€the€subject.€The€factÐ ä%X" Ðthat€a€State€party€that€is€a€federal€union€permits€differences€among€the€federal€units€in€respectÐ Ð&D # Ðof€jury€trial€does€not€in€itself€constitute€a€violation€of€article€26.òò2óó/€As€the€authors€haveÐ ¼'0!$ Ðprovided€no€information€on€cases€in€which€jury€trials€have€been€held€in€non-capital€cases€inÐ ¨("% Ðthe€city€of€Moscow,€the€Committee€cannot€conclude€that€the€State€party€violated€article€26.€Ð”)#&(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ѐ*ô#'(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐl+à$((#(# Їà0  àòò1óó/€€The€communication€contains€no€direct€presentation€of€the€facts€by€either€the€authors€orÐ Œ Ðcounsel.€Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€The€Russian€Constitution€provides€in€its€Article€5€that€Regions,€and€cities€with€federalÐ P Ä Ðstatus,€are€equal€units€("subjects")€of€the€Russian€Federation,€have€their€own€legislativeÐ < ° Ðauthority,€and€can€enact€their€own€legislation.€(Article€65€enumerates€the€units€of€theÐ ( œ ÐFederation.€Moscow€city€and€Moscow€Region,€are€equal€and€separate€"subjects"€of€theÐ  ˆ ÐRussian€Federation.)€See€also€Core€document,€HRI/CORE/1/Add.52,25€October€1995,Ð  t Ðparagraphs€24€and€30.€Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐØL (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£<­ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝTeesdale€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(677/1996)€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(1€April€2002)€36Ð œ  Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/677/1996)€at€paras.€2.1,€3.9€and€9.8.݃ 3£<­l­ÝŒÐˆü (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð`Ô (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€On€28€May€1988,€the€author€was€detained€by€the€police€and€taken€to€hospital.€On€31€MayÐ LÀ Ð1988€he€was€discharged€from€the€hospital€and€on€2€June€1988€he€was€formally€charged€withÐ 8¬ Ðthe€murder€of€his€cousin€"Lucky"€Teesdale€on€27€May€1988.€After€a€trial,€which€started€onÐ $˜ Ð6€October€1989,€the€author€was€convicted€and€sentenced€to€death€on€2€November€1989€byÐ „ Ðthe€San€Fernando€Assizes€Court.€He€applied€for€leave€to€appeal€against€conviction€andÐ üp Ðsentence.€The€Court€of€Appeal€of€Trinidad€and€Tobago€dismissed€the€author's€appeal€on€22Ð è\ ÐMarch€1994,€with€reasons€given€on€26€October€1994.€On€13€March€1995,€the€JudicialÐ ÔH ÐCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€dismissed€his€petition€for€special€leave€to€appeal.€On€8€MarchÐ À4 Ð1996,€a€warrant€for€execution€on€13€March€was€read€out€to€the€author.€On€11€March,€theÐ ¬  Ðauthor€filed€a€constitutional€motion€to€the€High€Court€against€the€execution;€the€High€CourtÐ ˜  Ðgranted€a€stay€of€execution.€€The€Attorney€General€withdrew€the€case€from€the€High€CourtÐ „ø Ðand€presented€it€before€the€Advisory€Committee€on€the€Power€of€Pardon.€On€26€June,€theÐ pä Ðauthor€was€informed€that€the€President€had€commuted€his€death€sentence€to€75€yearsÐ \ Ð Ðimprisonment€with€hard€labour.€It€is€submitted€that€all€domestic€remedies€have€beenÐ H!¼ Ðexhausted.€Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à3.9€€With€regard€to€the€commutation€of€his€death€sentence€in€June€1996,€the€author€complainsÐ  $€  Ðthat€the€decision€of€the€President€to€sentence€him€to€75€years€of€imprisonment€with€hardÐ ø$l! Ðlabour€was€unlawful€and€discriminatory.€The€author€refers€to€the€decision€of€the€JudicialÐ ä%X" ÐCommittee€of€the€Privy€Council€in€the€cases€of€òòEarl€Pratt€and€Ivan€Morganóó€and€of€òòLincolnÐ Ð&D # ÐAnthony€Guerraóó,€and€claims€that€his€sentence€should€have€been€commuted€to€lifeÐ ¼'0!$ Ðimprisonment.€The€author€submits€that€53€other€prisoners,€who€had€been€on€death€row€forÐ ¨("% Ðmurder€for€more€than€five€years,€saw€their€sentence€commuted€to€life€imprisonment,€whichÐ ”)#& Ðaccording€to€the€author,€means€that€they€will€be€released€after€an€average€period€of€12€to€15Ð €*ô#' Ðyears,€whereas€such€parole€is€not€available€to€him.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à9.8€€Concerning€the€author's€claim€that€he€is€a€victim€of€discrimination€because€of€theÐ xì Ðcommutation€of€his€death€sentence€to€75€years€of€imprisonment€with€hard€labour,€theÐ dØ ÐCommittee€notes€that€according€to€€information€provided€by€the€author,€the€State€party€inÐ P Ä Ð1996€€commuted€death€sentences€of€prisoners€who€had€been€on€death€row€for€more€then€fiveÐ < ° Ðyears€to€life€imprisonment€in€53€cases,€on€the€basis€of€constitutional€provisions€onÐ ( œ Ðcommutation€of€death€sentences.€The€Committee€recalls€its€established€jurisprudence€thatÐ  ˆ Ðarticle€26€of€the€Covenant€prohibits€discrimination€in€law€and€in€fact€in€any€field€regulated€andÐ  t Ðprotected€by€public€authorities.€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€decision€to€commute€aÐ ì ` Ðdeath€sentence€and€the€determination€of€a€term€of€imprisonment€is€within€the€discretion€of€theÐ ØL  ÐPresident€and€that€he€exercises€this€discretion€on€the€basis€of€many€factors.€€Although€theÐ Ä8  Ðauthor€has€referred€to€53€cases€where€the€death€penalty€was€commuted€to€life€imprisonment,Ð °$  Ðhe€has€not€provided€information€on€the€number€or€nature€of€cases€where€death€sentences€wereÐ œ  Ðcommuted€to€imprisonment€with€hard€labor€for€a€fixed€term.€The€Committee€is€thereforeÐ ˆü  Ðunable€to€make€a€finding€that€the€exercise€of€this€discretion€in€the€author's€case€was€€arbitraryÐ tè  Ðand€in€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinions€in€this€context,€seeóó€òòTeesdale€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(677/1996)€ICCPR,Ð 8¬ ÐA/57/40€vol.€II€(1€April€2002)€36€(CCPR/C/74/D/677/1996)€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€DavidÐ $˜ ÐKretzmer€and€Ivan€Shearer€(partly€dissenting)€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€YrigoyenÐ „ Ð(partly€dissenting).Ð üp ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£ÁÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRodrguez€Orejuela€v.€Colombiaóó€(848/1999)€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(23€July€2002)€172Ð À4 Ð(CCPR/C/75/D/848/1999)€at€paras.€2.1„2.3,€3.1,€3.2€and€7.2.݃ 3£Á8Á݌Ь (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Mr.€Miguel€Ô_ÔððngelÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRodrguezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOrejuelaÔ_Ô€was€charged€with,€among€other€activities,€theÐ pä Ðoffence€of€engaging€in€drug€trafficking€on€13€May€1990...Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€a€judgement€handed€down€by€the€Bogota€Regional€Court€on€21€February€1997,€theÐ 4"¨ Ðauthor€was€sentenced€to€23€years'€imprisonment€and€a€fine.€He€appealed€against€the€sentenceÐ  #” Ðbefore€the€National€Court,€which,€in€a€judgement€of€4€July€1997,€upheld€the€conviction€at€firstÐ  $€  Ðinstance€but€reduced€the€sentence€to€21€years'€imprisonment€and€a€lower€fine.€An€appeal€wasÐ ø$l! Ðlodged€on€20€October€1997€before€the€Colombian€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€which€upheldÐ ä%X" Ðthe€conviction€on€18€January€2001.€ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€Both€the€Ô_ÔBogotÔ_Ô€Regional€Court€and€the€National€Court€were€established€by€EmergencyÐ ¨("% ÐGovernment€Decree€No.€2790€of€20€November€1990€(Defence€of€Justice€Statute),€and€wereÐ ”)#& Ðincorporated€in€the€new€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€enacted€by€Decree€No.€2700€of€30Ð €*ô#' ÐNovember€1991,€which€entered€into€force€on€1€July€1992,€and€which€was€repealed€by€LawÐ l+à$( ÐNo.€600€of€2000€which€is€currently€in€force.€Article€457€on€the€confidentiality€of€proceedingsÐ Œ Ðheld€in€closed€court€was€repealed€by€Law€No.€504€of€1999.€Article€9€of€Decree€No.€2790Ð xì Ðestablished€the€public€order€judges€and€granted€them€competence€to€hear€offences€providedÐ dØ Ðfor€in€the€"Drugs€Statute".òò2óó/€This€article€was€given€permanent€legal€character€by€means€ofÐ P Ä ÐDecree€No.€2271€of€1991.€The€above„mentioned€Decree€No.€2790€withdrew€competence€toÐ < ° Ðtry€offences€provided€for€in€the€"Drugs€Statute"€from€"district€criminal€courts€and€districtÐ ( œ Ðcourts€exercising€mixed€jurisdiction"€as€specialized€jurisdictions€and€established€the€"publicÐ  ˆ Ðorder,€faceless€or€emergency€jurisdiction",€which€was€converted€into€secret€"regional€justice"Ð  t Ðafter€its€entry€into€force€on€1€July€1992.€Ðì `(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€author€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€because€Decrees€No.Ð Ä8  Ð2790€of€20€November€1990€and€No.€2700€of€30€November€1991€were€applied€ex€post€factoÐ °$  Ðagainst€him.€In€particular,€he€claims€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€CovenantÐ œ  Ðbecause€neither€the€Ô_ÔBogotÔ_Ô€Prosecution€Commission,€which€conducted€the€investigation€andÐ ˆü  Ðbrought€the€charges€against€the€author,€nor€the€Ô_ÔBogotÔ_Ô€Regional€Court,€which€handed€downÐ tè  Ðthe€judgement€against€the€author,€nor€the€National€Court€existed€at€the€time€the€offences€wereÐ `Ô  Ðcommitted,€i.e.€on€13€May€1990.€The€author€maintains€that€the€Prosecution€CommissionÐ LÀ Ðbegan€the€investigation€in€1993€and€brought€charges€against€him€before€the€Ô_ÔBogotÔ_Ô€RegionalÐ 8¬ ÐCourt€for€an€offence€allegedly€committed€on€13€May€1990.€He€states€that€the€court€isÐ $˜ Ðtherefore€an€unlawful€ad€hoc€body€or€special€commission.€Ð„(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€The€author€maintains€that€the€court€competent€to€try€this€case€would€have€been€the€CaliÐ è\ ÐCircuit€Court€of€Criminal€and€Mixed€Jurisdiction€as€a€specialized€court,€since€it€was€courtsÐ ÔH Ðin€that€category€that€were€competent€in€drug„trafficking€matters€at€the€time€the€offence€wasÐ À4 Ðcommitted.€However,€since€this€court€was€abolished€on€15€July€1991,€the€competent€courtÐ ¬  Ðwould€have€been€the€Cali€Circuit€Criminal€Court,€which€is€a€court€of€ordinary€jurisdiction.Ð ˜  ÐThe€competent€court€at€second€instance,€at€the€appeal€stage,€would€have€been€the€Cali€HigherÐ „ø ÐJudicial€District€Court.€The€author€states€that€the€guarantee€of€a€competent,€independent€andÐ pä Ðimpartial€judge€or€court€has€been€ignored€as€he€was€tried€by€members€of€an€institutionÐ \ Ð Ðestablished€subsequent€to€the€commission€of€the€offence.€He€likewise€claims€that€the€right€toÐ H!¼ Ðbe€tried€in€conformity€with€laws€that€predated€the€act€of€which€he€was€accused€and€theÐ 4"¨ Ðguarantee€enshrined€in€article€14€of€the€Covenant€that€all€persons€shall€be€equal€before€theÐ  #” Ðcourts€has€been€breached,€as€he€has€been€tried€under€the€restrictive€emergency€provisionsÐ  $€  Ðintroduced€subsequent€to€the€offence.€Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€The€author€claims€a€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€because€he€wasÐ Ð&D # Ðdeprived€of€his€right€to€be€tried€by€the€court€that€would€have€been€competent€at€the€time€thatÐ ¼'0!$ Ðthe€alleged€offence€was€committed,€and€was€charged€in,€and€tried€at€first€and€second€instanceÐ ¨("% Ðby,€courts€whose€jurisdiction€was€established€subsequent€to€the€events€in€question.€In€thisÐ ”)#& Ðrespect,€the€Committee€notes€the€State€party's€explanations€to€the€effect€that€the€law€inÐ €*ô#' Ðquestion€was€established€in€order€to€ensure€the€proper€administration€of€justice,€which€wasÐ l+à$( Ðunder€threat€at€the€time.€The€Committee€considers€that€the€author€has€not€demonstrated€howÐ Œ Ðthe€entry€into€force€of€new€procedural€rules€and€the€fact€that€these€are€applicable€from€theÐ xì Ðtime€of€their€entry€into€force€constitute€in€themselves€a€violation€of€the€principle€of€aÐ dØ Ðcompetent€court€and€the€principle€of€the€equality€of€all€persons€before€the€courts,€asÐ P Ä Ðestablished€in€article€14,€paragraph€1.€Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð( œ(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€This€article€stipulates€that€the€competence€of€the€public€order€courts€responsible€forÐ ì ` Ðhearing€cases€shall€include€ongoing€actions€and€proceedings€for€punishable€acts€assigned€toÐ ØL  Ðthem€under€the€article,€regardless€of€the€time€when€they€were€perpetrated,€and€relatedÐ Ä8  Ðoffences.€It€further€stipulates€that€in€every€case€favourable€substantive€law€or€procedural€lawÐ °$  Ðhaving€substantive€effects€of€the€same€character€shall€have€primacy€over€unfavourable€law.€Ðœ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Јü (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£9ÞÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRuiz€Agudo€v.€Spainóó€(864/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(31€October€2002)€134Ð LÀ Ð(CCPR/C/76/D/864/1999)€at€paras.€2.1„2.3,€3.3€and€9.4.݃ 3£9ÞiÞÝŒÐ8¬(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Є(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€From€1971€to€1983,€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€held€the€post€of€Director€of€the€Caja€RuralÐ üp ÐProvincial€in€the€small€town€of€Ô_ÔCehegnÔ_Ô€(Murcia),€where€he€was€responsible€for€customerÐ è\ Ðrelations.€In€the€period€from€1981€to€1983,€75€fictitious€loan€policies,€which€duplicated€anÐ ÔH Ðequal€number€of€real€loans,€were€transacted€in€the€office€of€the€Ô_ÔCehegnÔ_Ô€bank.€In€other€words,Ð À4 Ðthere€were€bank€customers€who€signed€blank€loan€forms€that€were€later€completed€inÐ ¬  Ðduplicate.€Ð˜ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€Ô_ÔCajaÔ_Ô€Rural€Provincial€was€taken€over€by€the€Caja€de€Ahorros€de€Murcia,€and€bothÐ pä Ðbanks€appeared€in€the€criminal€proceedings€opened€against€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€and€othersÐ \ Ð Ðas€private€complainant€or€injured€party.€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo's€counsel€immediately€asked€forÐ H!¼ Ðthe€original€files€of€the€accounts,€which€the€author€kept€at€the€Ô_ÔCehegnÔ_Ô€bank€and€where,Ð 4"¨ Ðaccording€to€the€complainant,€the€money€from€the€fictitious€loans€was€deposited,€to€beÐ  #” Ðproduced€at€the€proceedings.€According€to€the€author€of€the€communication,€these€files€wouldÐ  $€  Ðhave€shown€that€the€money€went€not€to€Alfonso€Ruiz€Agudo€but€to€other€persons.€The€bankÐ ø$l! Ðsubmitted€a€computerized€version€of€the€files.€Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€Counsel€maintains€that,€although€proceedings€were€initiated€against€his€client€in€1983,€noÐ ¼'0!$ Ðjudgement€was€handed€down€until€1994.€The€judgement€was€eventually€passed€by€the€judgeÐ ¨("% Ðof€the€No.€1€Criminal€Court€of€Murcia,€sentencing€the€author€to€a€custodial€penalty€of€twoÐ ”)#& Ðyears,€four€months€and€one€day€of€ordinary€imprisonment€with€a€fine€for€an€offence€of€fraud,Ð €*ô#' Ðand€to€a€further€identical€penalty€for€the€offence€of€falsifying€a€commercial€document.€Ðl+à$((#(# Ðà0  à...ÐŒ(#(# Ðà0  à3.3€€He€also€points€out€that€there€was€no€verbatim€record€of€the€statements€of€witnesses,Ð xì Ðexperts,€parties€and€counsel€but€only€a€summary€drawn€up€by€the€clerk€of€the€court,€so€thatÐ dØ Ðthe€proceedings,€according€to€the€author,€lacked€essential€guarantees.€Moreover,€the€accusingÐ P Ä Ðparties€were€at€a€clear€advantage€in€the€proceedings.€He€mentions€article€790,€paragraph€1,Ð < ° Ðof€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act,€maintaining€that€the€rules€of€summary€proceedings€infringeÐ ( œ Ðthe€basic€principle€of€equality€of€arms€in€judicial€proceedings.€Ð ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð t(#(# Ðà0  à9.4€€...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_Ô€Committee€takes€note€of€the€author's€contention€that€the€summary€proceeding,Ð ì ` Ðin€particular€article€790€of€the€Criminal€Procedure€Act,€infringes€the€principle€of€equality€ofÐ ØL  Ðarms.€The€Committee€finds€that€the€author,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€and€documentationÐ Ä8  Ðsubmitted,€has€not€substantiated€his€complaint€for€the€purposes€of€determining€that€there€wasÐ °$  Ða€violation€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€in€this€respect.€Ðœ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£píÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòWeiss€v.€Austriaóó€(1086/2002),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(3€April€2003)€375Ð `Ô  Ð(CCPR/C/77/D/1086/2002)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.3,€2.8,€2.11„2.14,€2.16,€9.6€and€10.1.݃ 3£pííÝŒÐLÀ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€In€a€trial€beginning€on€1€November€1998€in€the€District€Court€of€Florida,€the€author€wasÐ „ Ðtried€on€numerous€charges€of€fraud,€racketeering€and€money€laundering.€€€He€was€representedÐ üp Ðthroughout€the€trial€by€counsel€of€his€choice.€€On€29€October€1999,€as€jury€deliberations€wereÐ è\ Ðabout€to€begin,€the€author€fled€the€courtroom€and€escaped.€€On€1€November€1999,€the€authorÐ ÔH Ðwas€found€guilty€on€all€charges...€ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  à...Ь (#(# Ðà0  à2.3€€€On€24€October€2000,€the€author€was€arrested€in€Vienna,€Austria,€pursuant€to€anÐ ˜  Ðinternational€arrest€warrant,€and€on€27€October€2000€transferred€to€extradition€detention...Єø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðpä(#(# Ðà0  à2.8€€€On€8€May€2002,€the€Upper€Regional€Court...found€that€the€author's€extradition€wasÐ \ Ð Ðadmissible€on€all€counts€except€that€of€"perjury€while€a€defendant"€(for€which€the€author€hadÐ H!¼ Ðbeen€sentenced€to€10€years€imprisonment).€€€In€conformity€with€the€Supreme€Court's€decision,Ð 4"¨ Ðthe€Court€concluded€that€the€author€had€enjoyed€a€fair€trial€and€that€his€sentence€would€notÐ  #” Ðbe€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading.€€It€did€not€address€the€issue€of€the€author's€right€to€an€appeal.Ð  $€  ÐOn€10€May€2002,€the€Minister€of€Justice€allowed€the€author's€extradition€to€the€United€States,Ð ø$l! Ðwithout€reference€to€any€issues€as€to€the€author's€human€rights.òò3óó/Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à2.11€€On€24€May,€the€author...petitioned€the€Administrative€Court,€challenging€the€Minister'sÐ ¼'0!$ Ðdecision€to€extradite€him€and€seeking€an€injunction€to€stay€the€author's€extradition,€pendingÐ ¨("% Ðdecision€on€the€substantive€challenge.€€The€stay€was€granted€and€referred€to€the€Ministry€ofÐ ”)#& ÐJustice€and€the€Vienna€Regional€Criminal€Court.€Ð€*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à2.12€€€On€26€May,€an€attempt€was€made€to€surrender€the€author.€€After€a€telephone€call€byÐ Œ Ðthe€ranking€officer€of€the€airport€police€to€the€president€of€the€Administrative€Court,€theÐ xì Ðauthor€was€returned€to€a€detention€facility€in€light€of€the€stay€issued€by€the€AdministrativeÐ dØ ÐCourt€and€the€author's€poor€health.€€On€6€June€2002,€the€investigating€judge€of€the€ViennaÐ P Ä ÐRegional€Criminal€Court€considered€the€Administrative€Court€to€be€"incompetent"€toÐ < ° Ðentertain€any€proceedings€or€to€bar€implementation€of€the€extradition,€and€directed€that€theÐ ( œ Ðauthor€be€surrendered.€€On€9€June€2002,€the€author€was€transferred€by€officials€of€the€author'sÐ  ˆ Ðprison€and€of€the€Ministries€of€Justice€and€the€Interior,€to€the€jurisdiction€of€United€StatesÐ  t Ðmilitary€authorities€at€Vienna€airport,€and€returned€to€the€United€States.Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.13€€€At€the€time€the€author€was€extradited,€two€sets€of€proceedings€remained€pending€beforeÐ Ä8  Ðthe€Constitutional€Court,€neither€of€which€had€suspensive€effect€under€the€State€party's€law.€Ð °$  ÐFirstly,€on€25€April€2002,€the€author€had€lodged€a€constitutional€motion€attacking€theÐ œ  Ðconstitutionality€of€various€provisions€of€the€State€party's€extradition€law,€as€well€as€of€theÐ ˆü  Ðextradition€treaty€with€the€United€States...Secondly,€on€17€May€2002,€he€had€lodged€aÐ tè  Ð"negative€competence€challenge"...to€resolve€the€question€whether€the€issue€of€a€right€to€anÐ `Ô  Ðappeal€must€be€resolved€by€administrative€decision€or€by€the€courts,€as€both€the€UpperÐ LÀ ÐRegional€Court€as€well€as€the€Minister€of€Justice€had€declined€to€deal€with€the€issue.€Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.14€€On€13€June€2002,€the€Administrative€Court€decided,€given€that€the€author€had€beenÐ „ Ðremoved€in€violation€of€the€Court's€stay€on€execution,€that€the€proceedings€had€been€deprivedÐ üp Ðof€any€object€and€suspended€them.€€The€Court€observed€that€the€purpose€of€its€order€to€stayÐ è\ Ðextradition€was€to€preserve€the€rights€of€the€author€pending€the€main€proceedings,€and€thatÐ ÔH Ðas€a€result€no€action€could€be€taken€to€the€author's€detriment€on€the€basis€of€the€Minister'sÐ À4 Ðchallenged€decision.€€As€a€consequence,€the€author's€surrender€had€no€sufficient€legal€basis.€Ð¬ (#(# Ðà0  à...И (#(# Ðà0  à2.16€€€On€12€December€2002,€the€Constitutional€Court€decided€in€the€author's€favour,€holdingÐ „ø Ðthat€the€Upper€Regional€Court€should€examine€all€admissibility€issues€concerning€the€author'sÐ pä Ðhuman€rights,€including€issues€of€a€right€to€an€appeal.€€Thereafter,€the€Minister's€formalÐ \ Ð Ðdecision€to€extradite€should€consider€any€other€issues€of€human€dignity€that€might€arise.€€€TheÐ H!¼ ÐCourt€also€found€that€the€author's€inability,€under€the€State€party's€extradition€law,€further€toÐ 4"¨ Ðchallenge€a€decision€of€the€Upper€Regional€Court€finding€his€extradition€admissible€wasÐ  #” Ðcontrary€to€rule€of€law€principles€and€unconstitutional.€Ð $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à9.6€€€Concerning€the€author's€claim€that,€in€the€proceedings€before€the€State€party's€courts,Ð ä%X" Ðhe€was€denied€the€right€to€equality€before€the€law,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€authorÐ Ð&D # Ðobtained,€after€submission€of€the€case€to€the€Committee,€a€stay€from€the€Administrative€CourtÐ ¼'0!$ Ðto€prevent€his€extradition€until€the€Court€had€resolved€the€author's€challenge€to€the€Minister'sÐ ¨("% Ðdecision€directing€his€extradition.€€The€Committee€observes€that€although€the€order€to€stayÐ ”)#& Ðwas€duly€communicated€to€the€relevant€officials,€the€author€was€transferred€to€United€StatesÐ €*ô#' Ðjurisdiction€after€several€attempts,€in€violation€of€the€Court's€stay.€€The€Court€itself,€after€theÐ l+à$( Ðevent,€observed€that€the€author€had€been€removed€from€the€country€in€violation€of€the€Court'sÐ Œ Ðstay€on€execution€and€that€there€was€no€legal€foundation€for€the€extradition;€accordingly,€theÐ xì Ðproceedings€had€become€moot€and€deprived€of€object€in€the€light€of€the€author's€extradition,Ð dØ Ðand€would€not€be€further€pursued.€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ P Ä Ðfound€that€the€author's€inability€to€appeal€an€adverse€judgment€of€the€Upper€Regional€Court,Ð < ° Ðin€circumstances€where€the€Prosecutor€could,€and€did,€appeal€an€earlier€judgment€of€theÐ ( œ ÐUpper€Regional€Court€finding€the€author's€extradition€inadmissible,€was€unconstitutional.€€TheÐ  ˆ ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€author's€extradition€in€breach€of€a€stay€issued€by€theÐ  t ÐAdministrative€Court€and€his€inability€to€appeal€an€adverse€decision€of€the€Upper€RegionalÐ ì ` ÐCourt,€while€the€Prosecutor€was€so€able,€amount€to€a€violation€of€the€author's€right€underÐ ØL  Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€to€equality€before€the€courts,€taken€together€with€the€right€to€anÐ Ä8  Ðeffective€and€enforceable€remedy€under€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð°$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.1€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€CommitteeÐ ˆü  Ðreveal€violations€by€Austria€of€article€14,€paragraph€1€(first€sentence),€taken€together€withÐ tè  Ðarticle€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€reiterates€its€conclusion€that€theÐ `Ô  ÐState€party€breached€its€obligations€under€the€Optional€Protocol€by€extraditing€the€authorÐ LÀ Ðbefore€allowing€the€Committee€to€address€whether€he€would€thereby€suffer€irreparable€harm,Ð 8¬ Ðas€alleged.Ð$˜(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Є(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐüp(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  àòò3óó/€€€The€author€provides€the€terms€of€the€Treaty€which€provide:€"Convictions€in€absentia.€ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#àð ðIf€the€person€sought€has€been€found€guilty€in€absentia,€the€executive€authority€of€theÐ ¬  ÐRequested€State€may€refuse€extradition€unless€the€Requesting€State€provides€it€withÐ ˜  Ðsuch€information€or€assurances€as€the€Requested€State€considers€sufficient€toÐ „ø Ðdemonstrate€that€the€person€was€afforded€an€adequate€opportunity€to€present€aÐ pä Ðdefence€or€that€there€are€adequate€remedies€or€additional€proceedings€available€to€theÐ \ Ð Ðperson€after€surrender.ððÐH!¼` (#` (# Ðà0  à...Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  àòò25óó/€€€See,€for€example,€òòMaleki€v.€Italyóó€[Case€No.€699/1996,€Views€adopted€on€15€July€1999].Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£nÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòKang€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(878/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(15€July€2003)€152Ð Ð&D # Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/878/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€2.5€and€7.2.݃ 3£n›ÝŒÐ¼'0!$(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Д)#&(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€The€author,€along€with€other€acquaintances,€was€an€opponent€of€the€State€partyððsÐ €*ô#' Ðmilitary€regime€of€the€1980s.€€In€1984,€he€distributed€pamphlets€criticizing€the€regime€and€theÐ l+à$( Ðuse€of€security€forces€to€harass€him€and€others.€€At€that€time,€he€also€made€an€unauthorizedÐ Œ Ð(and€therefore€criminal)€visit€to€North€Korea.€€In€January,€March€and€May€1985,€heÐ xì Ðdistributed€dissident€publications€covering€numerous€political,€historical,€economic€and€socialÐ dØ Ðissues.€ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€€The€author€was€arrested€without€warrant€on€1€July€1985€by€the€Agency€for€NationalÐ ( œ ÐSecurity€Planning€(ANSP).€€He€was€held€òòincommunicado€óóand€interrogated€in€ANSPÐ  ˆ Ðdetention,€suffering€ð ðtorture€and€other€mistreatmentsðð,€over€36€days.€€Under€torture,€heÐ  t Ðconfessed€to€joining€the€North€Korean€Labour€Party€and€receiving€instructions€for€espionageÐ ì ` Ðfrom€North€Korea.€€Only€on€5€August€1985,€was€a€judicial€warrant€issued€for€his€arrest.Ð ØL  ÐRemaining€in€detention,€he€was€formally€indicted€on€4€September€1985€for€alleged€violationsÐ Ä8  Ðof€the€National€Security€Law€of€31€December€1980.òò1óó/€€€These€allegations€encompassedÐ °$  Ðmeeting€with€another€member€of€a€spy€ring,€ð ðenemy„benefitting€activitiesðð€in€favour€of€NorthÐ œ  ÐKorea,€gathering€and€divulging€state€or€military€secrets€(espionage),€and€conspiracy.€Ðˆü (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðtè (#(# Ðà0  à2.5€€€After€his€conviction,€the€author€was€held€in€solitary€confinement.€€He€was€classified€asÐ `Ô  Ða€communist€ð ðconfident€criminalððòò4óó/€€under€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð,€a€system€givenÐ LÀ Ðlegal€foundation€by€the€1980€Penal€Administration€Law€and€designed€to€induce€change€to€aÐ 8¬ Ðprisonerððs€political€opinion€by€the€provision€of€favourable€benefits€and€treatment€in€prison.€Ð $˜ ÐDue€to€this€classification,€he€was€not€eligible€for€more€favourable€treatment.€€On€14€MarchÐ „ Ð1991,€the€authorððs€detention€regime€was€reclassified€by€the€Regulation€on€the€ClassificationÐ üp Ðand€Treatment€of€Convicts€(ððthe€1991€Regulationðð)€to€ð ðthose€who€have€not€shown€signs€ofÐ è\ Ðrepentance€after€having€committed€crimes€aimed€at€destroying€the€free€and€democratic€basicÐ ÔH Ðorder€by€denying€itðð.€€Moreover,€having€been€convicted€under€the€National€Security€Law,€theÐ À4 Ðauthor€was€subject€to€an€especially€rigorous€parole€process.òò5óó/Ь (#(# Ðà0  à...И (#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð€violates€his€rights€underÐ „ø Ðarticles€18,€19€and€26,€the€Committee€notes€the€coercive€nature€of€such€a€system,€preservedÐ pä Ðin€this€respect€in€the€succeeding€ð ðoath€of€law„abidance€systemðð,€which€is€applied€inÐ \ Ð Ðdiscriminatory€fashion€with€a€view€to€alter€the€political€opinion€of€an€inmate€by€offeringÐ H!¼ Ðinducements€of€preferential€treatment€within€prison€and€improved€possibilities€of€parole.òò15óó/€Ð 4"¨ ÐThe€Committee€considers€that€such€a€system,€which€the€State€party€has€failed€to€justify€asÐ  #” Ðbeing€necessary€for€any€of€the€permissible€limiting€purposes€enumerated€in€articles€18€and€19,Ð  $€  Ðrestricts€freedom€of€expression€and€of€manifestation€of€belief€on€the€discriminatory€basis€ofÐ ø$l! Ðpolitical€opinion€and€thereby€violates€articles€18,€paragraph€1,€and€19,€paragraph€1,€both€inÐ ä%X" Ðconjunction€with€article€26.ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à__________________м'0!$(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóШ("%(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€€The€Law€was€enacted€by€the€ð ðNational€Security€Legislative€Councilðð,€an€unelected€bodyÐ €*ô#' Ðorganized€as€a€legislature€following€the€1980€military€coup€dððtat.€Forming€or€joining€anÐ l+à$( Ðð ðanti„State€organizationðð,€and€espionage€or€other€activities€under€instruction€of€an€anti„StateÐ Œ Ðorganization€are€punishable€with€heavy€penalties€under€articles€3€and€4,€respectively.€Ðxì(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐdØ(#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€€ð ðConfident€criminalðð€is€not€specifically€defined,€but€appears€from€the€context€of€theÐ P Ä Ðcommunication€to€be€a€prisoner€who€fails€to€comply€with€the€ideology€conversion€system€andÐ < ° Ðits€renunciation€requirements...Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò5óó/€€€Under€the€Parole€Administration€Law,€in€such€cases,€the€Parole€Examination€CommitteeÐ  t Ðð ðshall€examine€whether€the€convict€has€converted€the€[sic]€thought,€and,€when€deemedÐ ì ` Ðnecessary,€shall€request€the€convict€to€submit€an€announcement€or€statement€of€conversionðð.€ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  àòò15óó/€€€See€the€comments€of€the€State€party€arguing€the€contrary€with€regard€to€theÐ °$  ÐCommitteeððs€Concluding€Observations€on€their€second€periodic€report.Ð œ  Ð(CCPR/C/79/Add.122,€at€para€2).Јü (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðtè (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£#,ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBaumgarten€v.€Germanyóó€(960/2000),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(31€July€2003)€261Ð 8¬ Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/960/2000)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€3.1,€3.2,€4.1,€4.2€and€10.€Ýƒ 3£#,P,ÝŒÐ$˜(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€€From€1979€until€his€retirement€in€February€1990,€the€author€was€Deputy€Minister€ofÐ è\ ÐDefence€and€Head€of€Border€Troops€(òòChef€der€Grenztruppenóó)€of€the€former€GermanÐ ÔH ÐDemocratic€Republic€(GDR).ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€€On€10€September€1996,€the€Regional€Court€of€Berlin€(òòLandgericht€Berlinóó)€convictedÐ ˜  Ðthe€author€of€homicideòò2óó/€€and€attempted€homicide€in€several€cases€occurring€between€1980Ð „ø Ðand€1989,€sentencing€him€to€a€prison€term€of€six€years€and€six€months.€€The€Court€found€thatÐ pä Ðthe€author€was€responsible€for€the€killing€or€attempted€killing€of€the€persons€concerned,€who,Ð \ Ð Ðupon€attempting€to€cross€the€border€between€the€former€GDR€and€the€Federal€Republic€ofÐ H!¼ ÐGermany€(FRG)€including€West€Berlin,€were€shot€by€border€guards€or€set€off€mines.€€On€30Ð 4"¨ ÐApril€1997,€the€Federal€Court€(òòBundesgerichtshofóó)€dismissed€the€authorððs€appeal.€€TheÐ  #” ÐFederal€Constitutional€Court€(òòBundesverfassungsgerichtóó)€rejected€his€constitutional€motion€Ð  $€  Ðon€21€July€1997,€holding€that€the€previous€court€decisions€did€not€violate€constitutional€law.€Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä%X"(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€€Between€1949€and€1961,€approximately€two€and€a€half€million€Germans€fled€from€theÐ Ð&D # ÐGerman€Democratic€Republic€to€the€Federal€Republic€of€Germany,€including€West€Berlin.€Ð ¼'0!$ ÐTo€stop€this€flow€of€refugees,€the€GDR€started€construction€of€the€Berlin€Wall€on€13€AugustÐ ¨("% Ð1961€and€reinforced€security€installations€along€the€inner„German€border,€in€particular€byÐ ”)#& Ðinstalling€landmines,€later€replaced€by€SM„70€fragmentation€mines.€€Hundreds€of€persons€lostÐ €*ô#' Ðtheir€lives€attempting€to€cross€the€border,€either€because€they€set€off€mines,€or€because€theyÐ l+à$( Ðwere€shot€by€East€German€border€guards.ÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€€Following€German€reunification,€public€prosecutors€started€to€investigate€the€killings€ofÐ dØ Ðpersons€at€the€former€inner„German€border€on€the€basis€of€the€Treaty€on€the€EstablishmentÐ P Ä Ðof€a€Unified€Germany€of€31€August€1990€(òòEinigungsvertrag)óó.€€The€Unification€Treaty,€takenÐ < ° Ðtogether€with€the€Unification€Treaty€Act€of€23€September€1990€declares,€in€the€transitionalÐ ( œ Ðprovisions€relating€to€the€Criminal€Code€(articles€315€to€315c€of€the€Introductory€Act€to€theÐ  ˆ ÐCriminal€Code),€that,€as€a€rule,€the€law€of€the€place€where€an€offence€was€committed€remainsÐ  t Ðapplicable€for€acts€that€occurred€prior€to€the€time€when€unification€became€effective.€ForÐ ì ` Ðoffences€committed€in€the€former€GDR,€the€Criminal€Code€of€the€former€GDR€remainsÐ ØL  Ðapplicable.€€Pursuant€to€section€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Criminal€Code€(FRG),€the€law€of€theÐ Ä8  ÐFRG€is€applicable€only€if€it€is€more€lenient€than€that€of€the€GDR.а$ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðœ (#(# Ðà0  à4.1€€€The€Berlin€Regional€Court,€in€its€judgment€of€10€September€1996,€found€that,€based€onÐ ˆü  Ðthe€provisions€on€homicide€of€the€GDR€Criminal€Code,€the€author€was€responsible€for€theÐ tè  Ðdeaths€or€injuries€inflicted€on€persons€trying€to€cross€the€border€at€the€inner„German€borderÐ `Ô  Ðor,€respectively,€the€Berlin€Wall,€by€virtue€of€his€annual€orders,€triggering€a€chain€ofÐ LÀ Ðsubsequent€orders€and,€thereby,€inciting€the€acts€committed€by€border€guards€in€the€cases€atÐ 8¬ Ðissue.€While€the€Court€recognized€that€it€was€not€the€authorððs€direct€intention€to€cause€theÐ $˜ Ðdeath€of€border€violators,€it€argued€that€he€was€fully€aware,€and€accepted,€that,€as€a€directÐ „ Ðconsequence€of€the€application€of€these€orders,€persons€attempting€to€cross€the€border€couldÐ üp Ðlose€their€lives.€€It€rejected€the€authorððs€claim€that€he€had€erred€about€the€prohibited€natureÐ è\ Ðof€his€orders,€since€such€error€was€avoidable,€given€his€high€military€rank,€his€competenciesÐ ÔH Ðand€the€fact€that€his€orders€manifestly€violated€the€right€to€life,€thereby€infringing€the€criminalÐ À4 Ðlaws€of€the€GDR.€€It€held€that€the€authorððs€acts€were€neither€justified€by€the€pertinent€serviceÐ ¬  Ðregulations€issued€by€the€Minister€of€National€Defence,€nor€under€article€27,€paragraph€2,€ofÐ ˜  Ðthe€State€Border€Act,€arguing€that€these€legal€justifications€were€invalid€because€theyÐ „ø Ðmanifestly€violated€basic€principles€of€justice€and€internationally€protected€human€rights,€asÐ pä Ðenshrined€in€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.2€€€The€Court€argued€that,€by€giving€priority€to€the€inviolability€of€the€GDRððs€state€bordersÐ 4"¨ Ðover€the€right€to€life€of€unarmed€fugitives€who€attempted€to€cross€the€inner„German€border,Ð  #” Ðthese€grounds€of€justification€violated€legal€principles€based€on€the€intrinsic€worth€and€dignityÐ  $€  Ðof€the€human€person€and€recognized€by€the€community€of€nations.€The€Court€concluded€thatÐ ø$l! Ðin€such€a€case,€the€positive€law€had€to€be€superseded€by€considerations€of€justice.€Such€aÐ ä%X" Ðfinding€did€not€constitute€a€breach€of€the€principle€of€non„retroactivity€in€article€103,Ð Ð&D # Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€German€Basic€Law€(òòGrundgesetzóó),€since€the€expectation€that€the€law,€asÐ ¼'0!$ Ðapplied€in€GDR€state€practice,€would€continue€to€be€applied€so€as€to€broadly€construe€a€legalÐ ¨("% Ðjustification€contrary€to€human€rights,€did€not€merit€protection€of€the€law.€The€CourtÐ ”)#& Ðdismissed€order€no.€101€as€a€lawful€excuse,€holding€that€under€article€258,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ €*ô#' ÐCriminal€Code€(GDR),€criminal€responsibility€was€not€excluded€where€the€execution€of€anÐ l+à$( Ðorder€manifestly€violated€recognized€rules€of€public€international€law€or€a€criminal€statute.€Ð Œ ÐIn€assessing€the€punishment,€the€Court€balanced€the€following€aspects:€(1)€the€totalitarianÐ xì Ðstructure€of€the€GDR€which€left€the€author€only€with€a€limited€scope€of€action,€(2)€theÐ dØ Ðauthorððs€high€age€and€his€expressions€of€regret€for€the€victims,€(3)€the€considerable€lapse€ofÐ P Ä Ðtime€since€the€commission€of€the€acts,€(4)€his€(albeit€avoidable)€error€as€to€the€unlawfulnessÐ < ° Ðof€his€acts€(in€his€favor),€and€(5)€his€participation,€at€a€high€level€of€hierarchy,€in€theÐ ( œ Ðmaintenance€and€increased€sophistication€of€the€€system€of€border€control€(to€his€detriment).€Ð  ˆ ÐBased€on€the€relevant€provisions€of€the€Criminal€Code€(FRG),€which€were€more€lenient€thanÐ  t Ðthe€corresponding€norms€of€the€Criminal€Code€(GDR),€the€Court€decided€to€impose€aÐ ì ` Ðreduced€sentence.€ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÄ8 (#(# Ðà0  à10.€€€With€regard€to€the€author's€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€theÐ °$  ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€Treaty€on€the€Establishment€of€a€Unified€Germany€provides€for€theÐ œ  Ðapplicability€of€the€criminal€law€of€the€former€GDR€to€all€acts€committed€on€the€territory€ofÐ ˆü  Ðthe€former€GDR,€prior€to€the€unification€becoming€effective.€€The€Committee€takes€note€ofÐ tè  Ðthe€author's€allegation€that€certain€provisions€of€the€State€partyððs€law€that€would€have€beenÐ `Ô  Ðapplied€on€the€use€of€firearms€by€officials€of€the€FRG€had€not€been€applied€in€his€case.€Ð LÀ ÐHowever,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€author€has€failed€to€demonstrate€that€persons€inÐ 8¬ Ða€similar€situation€in€the€former€GDR€or€FRG€have,€in€fact,€been€treated€differently.€Ð $˜ ÐTherefore,€the€Committee€concludes€that€he€has€not€substantiated€his€claim€and€considers€thatÐ „ Ðthere€has€been€no€violation€of€article€26€in€this€respect.Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðè\(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€€The€English€translations€of€these€excerpts€are€based€on€the€translations€provided€by€theÐ ¬  ÐState€party.И (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Єø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£¼PÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòDugin€v.€Russian€Federationóó€(815/1998),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(5€€July€2004)€34€at€paras.Ð H!¼ Ð2.1,€2.2,€3.1,€3.2,€9.3,€10€and€11.݃ 3£¼PéPÝŒÐ4"¨(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð $€ (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.1€€On€the€evening€of€21€October€1994,€the€author€and€his€friend€Yuri€Egurnov€wereÐ ø$l! Ðstanding€near€a€bus€stop€when€two€adolescents€carrying€beer€bottles€passed€by.€€The€authorÐ ä%X" Ðand€his€friend,€both€of€whom€were€drunk,€verbally€provoked€Aleksei€Naumkin€and€DimitriiÐ Ð&D # ÐChikin€in€order€to€start€a€fight.€€When€Naumkin€tried€to€defend€himself€with€a€piece€of€glassÐ ¼'0!$ Ðand€injured€the€authorððs€hand,€the€author€and€his€accomplice€hit€him€on€the€head€and,€whenÐ ¨("% Ðhe€fell€down,€they€kicked€him€in€the€head€and€on€his€body.€€Naumkin€died€half€an€hour€later.Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€On€30€June€1995,€Dugin€and€Egurnov€were€found€guilty€by€the€Orlov€òòoblastnoióóÐ l+à$( Ð(regional)€court€of€premeditated€murder€with€aggravating€circumstances.€€The€judgement€wasÐ Œ Ðbased€on€the€testimony€of€the€author,€his€accomplice,€several€eyewitnesses€and€the€victim,Ð xì ÐChikin,€several€forensic€reports€and€the€crime€scene€report.€€Dugin€and€Egurnov€were€eachÐ dØ Ðsentenced€to€12€yearsðð€imprisonment€in€a€correctional€labour€colony.ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à...€Ð< °(#(# Ðà0  à3.1€€The€authorððs€counsel€states€that€the€surviving€victim,€Chikin,€was€not€present€during€theÐ ( œ Ðproceedings€in€the€Orlov€court,€even€though€the€court€took€into€account€the€statement€he€hadÐ  ˆ Ðmade€during€the€investigation.€€According€to€counsel,€Chikin€gave€contradictory€testimonyÐ  t Ðin€his€statements,€but€as€Chikin€did€not€appear€in€court,€Dugin€could€not€cross-examine€himÐ ì ` Ðon€these€matters,€and€was€thus€deprived€of€his€rights€under€article€14,€paragraph€3€(e),€of€theÐ ØL  ÐCovenant.ÐÄ8 (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à3.2€€Counsel€further€claims€that€the€presumption€of€innocence€under€article€14,€paragraph€2,Ð œ  Ðof€the€Covenant€was€not€respected€in€the€authorððs€case.€€He€bases€this€statement€on€theÐ ˆü  Ðforensic€expertððs€reports€and€conclusions€of€22€and€26€October,€9€November,€20€DecemberÐ tè  Ð1994€and€7€February€1995,€which€were,€in€his€opinion,€vague€and€not€objective.€€He€states,Ð `Ô  Ðwithout€further€explanation,€that€he€had€posed€questions€to€which€the€court€had€had€noÐ LÀ Ðanswer.€€He€therefore€requested€the€court€to€have€the€forensic€expert€appear€to€provideÐ 8¬ Ðclarification€and€comments,€and€to€allow€him€to€lead€additional€evidence.€€The€court€deniedÐ $˜ Ðhis€request.Є(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðüp(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€The€author€claims€that€his€rights€under€article€14€were€violated€because€he€did€not€haveÐ è\ Ðthe€opportunity€to€cross-examine€Chikin€on€his€evidence,€summon€the€expert€and€callÐ ÔH Ðadditional€witnesses.€€While€efforts€to€locate€Chikin€proved€to€be€ineffective€for€reasons€notÐ À4 Ðexplained€by€the€State€party,€very€considerable€weight€was€given€to€his€statement,€althoughÐ ¬  Ðthe€author€was€unable€to€cross-examine€this€witness.€€Furthermore,€the€Orlov€Court€did€notÐ ˜  Ðgive€any€reasons€as€to€why€it€refused€the€authorððs€request€to€summon€the€expert€and€callÐ „ø Ðadditional€witnesses.€€These€factors,€taken€together,€lead€the€Committee€to€the€conclusion€thatÐ pä Ðthe€courts€did€not€respect€the€requirement€of€equality€between€prosecution€and€defence€inÐ \ Ð Ðproducing€evidence€and€that€this€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€Consequently,€theÐ H!¼ ÐCommittee€concludes€that€the€authorððs€rights€under€article€14€have€been€violated.Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð #”(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ  $€  Ðof€article€14€of€the€Covenant.Ðø$l!(#(# ЀÌà0  à11.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a)€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ Ð&D # Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€compensation€and€his€immediateÐ ¼'0!$ Ðrelease.Ш("%(#(# ÐÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£ÍcÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòNazarov€v.€Uzbekistanóó€(911/2000),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(6€July€2004)€91€at€paras.€6.3,Ð Œ Ð7€and€8.݃ 3£ÍcúcÝŒÐxì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à6.3€€The€author...alleges€that€the€State€party€violated€article€14,€and€points€to€a€number€ofÐ < ° Ðcircumstances€which€he€claims,€as€a€matter€of€evidence,€point€clearly€to€the€authorððsÐ ( œ Ðinnocence.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€jurisprudence€and€notes€that€it€is€generally€not€for€itself,Ð  ˆ Ðbut€for€the€courts€of€States€parties,€to€review€or€to€evaluate€facts€and€evidence,€unless€it€canÐ  t Ðbe€ascertained€that€the€conduct€of€the€trial€or€the€evaluation€of€facts€and€evidence€wasÐ ì ` Ðmanifestly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€However€in€the€current€case€theÐ ØL  Ðauthor€claims€that€the€State€party€violated€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€in€that€the€Court€deniedÐ Ä8  Ðthe€authorððs€request€for€the€appointment€of€an€expert€to€determine€the€geographical€origin€ofÐ °$  Ðthe€hemp,€which€may€have€constituted€crucial€evidence€for€the€trial.€€In€this€respect,€theÐ œ  ÐCommittee€has€noted€that€in€the€court€decision€submitted€before€it,€the€court€when€denyingÐ ˆü  Ðthis€request€gave€no€justification.€€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€from€the€State€party,€theÐ tè  ÐCommittee€considers€that€this€denial€did€not€respect€the€requirement€of€equality€between€theÐ `Ô  Ðprosecution€and€defence€in€producing€evidence,€and€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€TheÐ LÀ ÐCommittee€therefore€decides€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€of€article€14€of€theÐ 8¬ ÐCovenant.Ð$˜(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violation€ofÐ üp Ðarticles€6€and€14,€paragraph€3€(d),€of€the€Covenant.Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€authorððs€son€is€entitled€toÐ À4 Ðan€effective€remedy,€including€the€commutation€of€his€death€sentence.€€The€State€party€is€alsoÐ ¬  Ðunder€an€obligation€to€take€measures€to€prevent€similar€violations€in€the€future.И (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚ 3£ãmÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòMulai€v.€Guyanaóó€(811/1998),€ICCPR,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(20€July€2004)€29€at€paras.€6.1„6.3,€7Ð \ Ð Ðand€8.݃ 3£ãmnÝŒÐH!¼(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€independence€and€impartiality€of€a€tribunal€are€importantÐ  $€  Ðaspects€of€the€right€to€a€fair€trial€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ø$l! ÐCovenant.€€In€a€trial€by€jury,€the€necessity€to€evaluate€facts€and€evidence€independently€andÐ ä%X" Ðimpartially€also€applies€to€the€jury;€it€is€important€that€all€the€jurors€be€placed€in€a€position€inÐ Ð&D # Ðwhich€they€may€assess€the€facts€and€the€evidence€in€an€objective€manner,€so€as€to€be€able€toÐ ¼'0!$ Ðreturn€a€just€verdict.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€Committee€recalls€that€where€attempts€at€juryÐ ¨("% Ðtampering€come€to€the€knowledge€of€either€of€the€parties,€these€alleged€improprieties€shouldÐ ”)#& Ðhave€been€challenged€before€the€court€òò4óó/.Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à6.2€€In€the€present€case,€the€author€submits€that€the€foreman€of€the€jury€at€the€retrial€informedÐ Œ Ðthe€police€and€the€Chief€Justice,€on€26€February€1996,€that€someone€had€sought€to€influenceÐ xì Ðhim.€€The€author€claims€that€it€was€the€duty€of€the€judge€to€conduct€an€inquiry€into€this€matterÐ dØ Ðto€ascertain€whether€any€injustice€could€have€been€caused€to€Bharatraj€and€Lallman€Mulai,Ð P Ä Ðthus€depriving€them€of€a€fair€trial.€€In€addition,€the€author€complains€that€the€incident€was€notÐ < ° Ðdisclosed€to€the€defence€although€both€the€judge€and€the€prosecution€were€made€aware€of€itÐ ( œ Ðby€the€foreman€of€the€jury,€and€that€unlike€in€some€other€trials€the€trial€against€the€twoÐ  ˆ Ðbrothers€was€not€aborted€as€a€consequence€of€the€incident.€€The€Committee€notes€thatÐ  t Ðalthough€it€is€not€in€the€position€to€establish€that€the€performance€and€the€conclusions€reachedÐ ì ` Ðby€the€jury€and€the€foreman€in€fact€reflected€partiality€and€bias€against€Bharatraj€and€LallmanÐ ØL  ÐMulai,€and€although€it€appears€from€the€material€before€it€that€the€Court€of€Appeal€dealt€withÐ Ä8  Ðthe€issue€of€possible€bias,€it€did€not€address€that€part€of€the€grounds€of€appeal€that€related€toÐ °$  Ðthe€right€of€Bharatraj€and€Lallman€Mulai€to€equality€before€the€courts,€as€enshrined€in€articleÐ œ  Ð14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€and€on€the€strength€of€which€the€defence€might€have€movedÐ ˆü  Ðfor€the€trial€to€be€aborted.€€Consequently,€the€Committee€finds€that€there€was€a€violation€ofÐ tè  Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.3€€In€accordance€with€its€consistent€practice€the€Committee€takes€the€view€that€theÐ 8¬ Ðimposition€of€a€sentence€of€death€upon€conclusion€of€a€trial€in€which€the€provisions€of€theÐ $˜ ÐCovenant€have€not€been€respected,€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€€In€theÐ „ Ðcircumstances€of€the€current€case€the€State€party€has€violated€the€rights€of€Bharatraj€andÐ üp ÐLallman€Mulai€under€article€6€of€the€Covenant.Ðè\(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€reveal€violations€ofÐ À4 Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€1,€and€article€6€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ ¬  ÐRights.И (#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€under€anÐ pä Ðobligation€to€provide€Bharatraj€and€Lallman€Mulai€with€an€effective€remedy,€includingÐ \ Ð Ðcommutation€of€their€death€sentences.€€The€State€party€is€also€under€an€obligation€to€avoidÐ H!¼ Ðsimilar€violations€in€the€future.€Ð4"¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð #”(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ $€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò4óó/€€See€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòWillard€Collins€v.€JamaicaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€240/1987,€Views€adopted€on€1€November€1991,Ð ä%X" Ðpara.€8.4.ÐÐ&D #(#(# Ðà0  à_________________м'0!$(#(# ÐÌÌÌÐ l+à$( ЇÝ"‚ 3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚ 3£Ã€ÝÔ2†*ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRouse€v.€The€PhilippinesÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1089/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô25€July€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô123ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€paraÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð Œ Ð6.3.݃ 3£Ã€ó€ÝŒÐxì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐP Ä(#(# Ðà0  à6.3€€With€regard€to€the€alleged€violation€of€equality€before€the€courts€(art.€14,€para.€1),€theÐ < ° ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€author€has€complained€about€the€outcome€of€the€judicialÐ ( œ Ðproceedings,€compared€to€the€outcome€of€another€similar€case.€€The€Committee€notes€thatÐ  ˆ Ðthe€State€party€contends€that€the€circumstances€of€the€case€referred€to€by€the€author€wereÐ  t Ðcompletely€different€from€those€of€the€authorððs.€€The€Committee€further€observes€that€articleÐ ì ` Ð14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€guarantees€procedural€equality€but€cannot€be€interpretedÐ ØL  Ðas€guaranteeing€equality€of€results€in€proceedings€before€the€competent€tribunal.€€This€aspectÐ Ä8  Ðof€the€authorððs€communication€falls€outside€the€scope€of€application€of€article€14,€paragraphÐ °$  Ð1,€and€is,€therefore,€inadmissible€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòratione€materiaeóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol...Ðœ (#(# ÐÓ=ÓÌ