WPCw w]">Bݏ͈; y )\JݎyY;c%dP]^:qy( Z5> ;y\N93| 0X 0:n 05U6 0   0Uy^  0U D+/Z 0U  0(u 0U AQwC(Go#UNH % 0:N4 m 0@c 1uh 0w 0T 0 0~ 02 0 0 1 72L 0D~~ 1 72E<:Default ParaXXXXXX0I.header     (#XXX   (#  \  `&Times New Roman0I.footer     (#XXX   (#  :8page number8z6Plain Text    K<6X9`(Courier NewKXXXS\  `&Times New RomanS    <6X9`(Courier New:8Body Text 2     ;1uM hp x (#;K<6X9`(Courier NewK  8.` hp x (#8XXXS\  `&Times New RomanS    ' CRIMINAL >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .     'CEUS.,  _  oXXLEGALRIGHTSPROPERTY,CIVILANDCONTRACTRIGHTS#X$XoL#(-2$ \!CEUS.,  b6 (-2$ \!CEUS.,  'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(-2$ \!CEUS.,  ($(-2$ \!CEUS.,  C<< c3|PDell Photo Printer 720PX,..,PX0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX(\$CEUS., o6U(;3$2#  0  .3  0  3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(O;$0  2#  a  .3  0` (#(#(b$0  0` (#(#2#   .3  0 ` (#` (#(xir$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#2#(  0  )3  0 (# (#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#2#(  a  )3  0h(#(#(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#2#(   )3  0h(#h(#($0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#2#  0  )3  0(#(#({$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#2#  a  )3  0p(#(# "#$%&'(xAGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List!i)(F$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#0h(#(#0h(#h(#0(#(#0p(#(#2#     )3  0p(#p(#  "#$%&'(xCEIMQUY]aAutoList11)a)-+ \!CEUS.,  _   8$XXdd8 II.GENERALCOMMENTSANDRECOMMENDATIONS    ) "#$%&'((Ax3!" 3"   3b2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXX(Sixtyfifthsession,2004):DiscriminationAgainst P  NonCitizens,A/59/18(2004)93atparas.24,29,32and34. 3b݌< (#(# Ќ  0  ... (#(# 0  [TheCommitteerecommends]...thattheStatespartiestotheConvention,asappropriateto  t theirspecificcircumstances,adoptthefollowingmeasures: `(#(# 0  ...L (#(# 0  24.Regulatetheburdenofproofincivilproceedingsinvolvingdiscriminationbasedon 8  race,colour,descent,andnationalorethnicoriginsothatonceanoncitizenhasestablished $  aprimafaciecasethatheorshehasbeenavictimofsuchdiscrimination,itshallbeforthe   respondenttoprovideevidenceofanobjectiveandreasonablejustificationforthe   differentialtreatment;t (#(# 0  ...` (#(# 0  29.Removeobstaclesthatpreventtheenjoymentofeconomic,socialandculturalrightsby L noncitizens,notablyintheareasofeducation,housing,employmentandhealth;8(#(# 0  ...$(#(# 0  32.Guaranteetheequalenjoymentoftherighttoadequatehousingforcitizensand  non-citizens,especiallybyavoidingsegregationinhousingandensuringthathousing p agenciesrefrainfromengagingindiscriminatorypractices;\(#(# 0  ...H(#(# 0  34.Takeeffectivemeasurestopreventandredresstheseriousproblemscommonlyfaced 4 bynoncitizenworkers,inparticularbynoncitizendomesticworkers,includingdebt   bondage,passportretention,illegalconfinement,rapeandphysicalassault; (#(# 0  ...(#(# " 3"   3= 2A3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment13(Twentyfirstsession,1984):Article14:EqualityBeforethe H! CourtsandtheRighttoaFairandPublicHearingbyanIndependentCourtEstablishedby 4" Law,A/39/40(1984)143atpara.2. 3= j ݌ #(#(# Ќ  0  ...$l!(#(# 0  2.Ingeneral,thereportsofStatespartiesfailtorecognizethatarticle14appliesnotonlyto %X" proceduresforthedeterminationofcriminalchargesagainstindividualsbutalsoto &D # procedurestodeterminetheirrightsandobligationsinasuitatlaw.Lawsandpractices '0!$ dealingwiththesemattersvarywidelyfromStatetoState.Thisdiversitymakesitallthe ("% morenecessaryforStatespartiestoprovideallrelevantinformationandtoexplainingreater )#& detailhowtheconceptsof"criminalcharge"and"rightsandobligationsinasuitatlaw"are *#' interpretedinrelationtotheirrespectivelegalsystems.l+$((#(# Ї" 3"   3L2A3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment28(Sixtyeighthsession,2000):Article3:EqualityofRights x BetweenMenandWomen,A/55/40vol.I(2000)133atpara.19. 3Ly݌d(#(# Ќ  0  ...< (#(# 0  19.Therightofeveryoneunderarticle16toberecognizedeverywhereasapersonbefore (  thelawisparticularlypertinentforwomen,whooftenseeitcurtailedbyreasonofsexor   maritalstatus.Thisrightimpliesthatthecapacityofwomentoownproperty,toenterinto  t acontractortoexerciseothercivilrightsmaynotberestrictedonthebasisofmaritalstatus  ` oranyotherdiscriminatoryground.Italsoimpliesthatwomenmaynotbetreatedasobjects L  tobegiven,togetherwiththepropertyofthedeceasedhusband,tohisfamily.Statesmust 8  provideinformationonlawsorpracticesthatpreventwomenfrombeingtreatedorfrom $  functioningasfulllegalpersonsandthemeasurestakentoeradicatelawsorpracticesthat   allowsuchtreatment. (#(# " 3"   32A3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment31(EightiethSession,2004):Article2:TheNatureoftheGeneral L LegalObligationImposedonStatesPartiestotheCovenant,A/59/40(2004)175atpara.8. 3݌8(#(# Ќ  0  ...(#(# 0  8.Thearticle2,paragraph1,obligationsarebindingonStatespartiesanddonot,assuch, p havedirecthorizontaleffectasamatterofinternationallaw.TheCovenantcannotbe \ viewedasasubstitutefordomesticcriminalorcivillaw.However,thepositiveobligations H onStatespartiestoensureCovenantrightswillonlybefullydischargedifindividualsare 4 protectedbytheState,notjustagainstviolationsofCovenantrightsbyitsagents,butalso   againstactscommittedbyprivatepersonsorentitiesthatwouldimpairtheenjoymentof   Covenantrightsinsofarastheyareamenabletoapplicationbetweenprivatepersonsor  entities.TheremaybecircumstancesinwhichafailuretoensureCovenantrightsasrequired p byarticle2wouldgiverisetoviolationsbyStatespartiesofthoserights,asaresultofStates \  parties'permittingorfailingtotakeappropriatemeasuresortoexerciseduediligenceto H! prevent,punish,investigateorredresstheharmcausedbysuchactsbyprivatepersonsor 4" entities.Statesareremindedoftheinterrelationshipbetweenthepositiveobligations  # imposedunderarticle2andtheneedtoprovideeffectiveremediesintheeventofbreach  $  underarticle2,paragraph3.TheCovenantitselfenvisagesinsomearticlescertainareas $l! wheretherearepositiveobligationsonStatespartiestoaddresstheactivitiesofprivate %X" personsorentities.Forexample,theprivacy-relatedguaranteesofarticle17mustbe &D # protectedbylaw.Itisalsoimplicitinarticle7thatStatespartieshavetotakepositive '0!$ measurestoensurethatprivatepersonsorentitiesdonotinflicttortureorcruel,inhumanor ("% degradingtreatmentorpunishmentonotherswithintheirpower.Infieldsaffectingbasic )#& aspectsofordinarylifesuchasworkorhousing,individualsaretobeprotectedfrom *#' discriminationwithinthemeaningofarticle26.l+$((#(# 0  ...(#(# " 3"   32A3  0    _CEDAW_ԀGeneralRecommendation25(Thirtiethsession,2004):Article4,Paragraph1: P  TemporarySpecialMeasures,A/59/38partI(2004)78atpara.38. 3 ݌< (#(# Ќ  0  ... (#(# 0  38.Statespartiesareremindedthattemporaryspecialmeasuresshouldbeadoptedto  t acceleratethemodificationandeliminationofculturalpracticesandstereotypicalattitudes  ` andbehaviourthatdiscriminateagainstoraredisadvantageousforwomen.Temporary L  specialmeasuresshouldalsobeimplementedintheareasofcreditandloans,sports,culture 8  andrecreation,andlegalawareness.Wherenecessary,suchmeasuresshouldbedirectedat $  womensubjectedtomultiplediscrimination,includingruralwomen. (#(# 0  ... (#(# " 3"   3D$2A3  0    CRCGeneralComment2(Thirtyfirstsession,2002):TheRoleofIndependentNational L HumanRightsInstitutionsinthePromotionandProtectionoftheRightsoftheChild, 8 A/59/41(2004)82atparas.13and14. 3D$q$݌$(#(# Ќ  0  ...p(#(# 0  13._NHRIs_Ԁ[nationalhumanrightsinstitutions]musthavethepowertoconsiderindividual \ complaintsandpetitionsandcarryoutinvestigations,includingthosesubmittedonbehalf H ofordirectlybychildren.Inordertobeabletoeffectivelycarryoutsuchinvestigations,they 4 musthavethepowerstocompelandquestionwitnesses,accessrelevantdocumentary   evidenceandaccessplacesofdetention.Theyalsohaveadutytoseektoensurethat   childrenhaveeffectiveremediesindependentadvice,advocacyandcomplaintsprocedures  foranybreachesoftheirrights.Whereappropriate,_NHRIs_Ԁshouldundertakemediationand p conciliationofcomplaints.\ (#(# 0  14._NHRIs_Ԁshouldhavethepowertosupportchildrentakingcasestocourt,includingthe 4" power(a)totakecasesconcerningchildrensissuesinthenameofthe_NHRI_Ԁand(b)to  # interveneincourtcasestoinformthecourtaboutthehumanrightsissuesinvolvedinthe  $  case.$l!(#(# " 3"   3n+2A3  0    CRCGeneralComment3(Thirtysecondsession,2003):HIV/AIDSandtheRightsofthe '0!$ Child,A/59/41(2004)89atparas.3133. 3n++݌("%(#(# Ќ  0  ...*#'(#(# 0  31.SpecialattentionmustbegiventochildrenorphanedbyAIDSandtochildrenfrom l+$( affectedfamilies,includingchildheadedhouseholds,astheseimpactonvulnerabilitytoHIV  infection.ForchildrenfromfamiliesaffectedbyHIV/AIDS,thestigmatizationandsocial x isolationtheyexperiencemaybeaccentuatedbytheneglectorviolationoftheirrights,in d particulardiscriminationresultinginadecreaseorlossofaccesstoeducation,healthand P  socialservices.TheCommitteewishestounderlinethenecessityofprovidinglegal, <  economicandsocialprotectiontoaffectedchildrentoensuretheiraccesstoeducation, (  inheritance,shelterandhealthandsocialservices,aswellastomakethemfeelsecurein   disclosingtheirHIVstatusandthatoftheirfamilymemberswhenthechildrendeemit  t appropriate.Inthisrespect,Statespartiesareremindedthatthesemeasuresarecriticaltothe  ` realizationoftherightsofchildrenandtogivingthemtheskillsandsupportnecessaryto L  reducetheirvulnerabilityandriskofbecominginfected.8 (#(# 0  32.TheCommitteewishestoemphasizethecriticalimplicationsofproofofidentityfor   childrenaffectedbyHIV/AIDS,asitrelatestosecuringrecognitionasapersonbeforethe   law,safeguardingtheprotectionofrights,inparticulartoinheritance,education,healthand t  othersocialservices,aswellastomakingchildrenlessvulnerabletoabuseandexploitation, `  particularlyifseparatedfromtheirfamiliesduetoillnessordeath.Inthisrespect,birth L registrationiscriticaltoensuringtherightsofthechildandisalsonecessarytominimizethe 8 impactofHIV/AIDSonthelivesofaffectedchildren.Statespartiesare,therefore,reminded $ oftheirobligationunderarticle7oftheConventiontoensurethatsystemsareinplacefor  theregistrationofeverychildatorimmediatelyafterbirth.p(#(# 0  33.ThetraumaHIV/AIDSbringstothelivesoforphansoftenbeginswiththeillnessand H deathofoneoftheirparents,andisfrequentlycompoundedbytheeffectsofstigmatization 4 anddiscrimination.Inthisrespect,Statespartiesareparticularlyremindedtoensurethat   bothlawandpracticesupporttheinheritanceandpropertyrightsoforphans,withparticular   attentiontotheunderlyinggenderbaseddiscriminationwhichmayinterferewiththe  fulfilmentoftheserights.Consistentwiththeirobligationsunderarticle27ofthe p Convention,Statespartiesmustalsosupportandstrengthenthecapacityoffamiliesand \  communitiesofchildrenorphanedbyAIDStoprovidethemwithastandardofliving H! adequatefortheirphysical,mental,spiritual,moral,economicandsocialdevelopment, 4" includingaccessto_psychosocial_Ԁcare,asneeded. #(#(# " 3"   3h:2A3  0    CRCGeneralComment4(Thirtythirdsession,2003):AdolescentHealthandDevelopment %X" intheContextoftheConventionontheRightsoftheChild,A/59/41(2004)102atpara.20. 3h::݌&D #(#(# Ќ  0  ...("%(#(# 0  20.TheCommitteeisconcernedthatearlymarriageandpregnancyaresignificantfactors )#& inhealthproblemsrelatedtosexualandreproductivehealth,includingHIV/AIDS.Boththe *#' legalminimumageandactualageofmarriage,particularlyforgirls,arestillverylowin l+$( severalStatesparties.Therearealsononhealthrelatedconcerns:childrenwhomarry,  especiallygirls,areoftenobligedtoleavetheeducationsystemandare_marginalized_Ԁfrom x socialactivities.Further,insomeStatespartiesmarriedchildrenarelegallyconsidered d adults,eveniftheyareunder18,deprivingthemofallthespecialprotectionmeasuresthey P  areentitledundertheConvention.TheCommitteestronglyrecommendsthatStatesparties <  reviewand,wherenecessary,reformtheirlegislationandpracticetoincreasetheminimum (  ageformarriagewithandwithoutparentalconsentto18years,forbothgirlsandboys.The   CommitteeontheEliminationofDiscriminationagainstWomenhasmadeasimilar  t recommendation(generalcommentNo.21of1994). `(#(# " 3"   3RA2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXX(Fortyeighthsession,1996):Article5:Non $  DiscriminatoryImplementationofRightsandFreedoms,A/51/18(1996)124.Fortextof   GeneralRecommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION 󀄀RACIAL   DISCRIMINATION. 3RAA݌x (#(# Ќ  " 3 "   3`C2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXII(Fortyninthsession,1996):Article5andRefugees < andDisplacedPersons,A/51/18(1996)126atpara.2_(c_)and(d).FortextofGeneral ( Recommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION 󀄀RACIAL  DISCRIMINATION. 3`CC݌x(#(# Ќ  " 3 "   3E2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXIII(Fiftyfirstsession,1997):OntheRightsof < IndigenousPeoples,A/52/18(1997)122atparas.3and5.FortextofGeneral ( Recommendation,see INDIGENOUSPEOPLES . 3EE݌(#(# Ќ  " 3 "   3[G2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralRecommendationXXIX(Sixtyfirstsession,2002):OnArticle1,Paragraph h  1,oftheConvention(Descent),A/57/18(2002)111atparas.a,o,u,v,aaandmm.Fortext T! ofGeneralRecommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION RACIAL @" DISCRIMINATION. 3[GG݌0#(#(# Ќ  " 3 "   3{I2A3  0    _CERD_ԀGeneralrecommendation_XXXI_Ԁ(Sixtyseventhsession,2005):ThePreventionof %h" RacialDiscriminationintheAdministrationandFunctioningoftheCriminalJusticeSystem, &T # A/60/18(2005)98atpreambleandparas.7,8and1517.FortextofGeneral '@!$ Recommendation,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION RACIAL (,"% DISCRIMINATION. 3{II݌)#&(#(# Ќ  _ +$( " 3 "   32L2A3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment17(Thirtyfifthsession,1989):Article24:RightsoftheChild,  A/44/40(1989)173atpara.4.FortextofGeneralComment,see CHILDRENSRIGHTS  x ЄGENERAL. 32L_L݌h(#(# Ќ  " 3"   3M2A3  0    _ICCPR_ԀGeneralComment29(Seventysecondsession,2001):Derogationsfromprovisions ,  oftheCovenantduringastateofemergency,A/56/40vol.I(2001)202atparas.7and11.   FortextofGeneralComment,see DEROGATIONS . 3MN݌ x(#(# Ќ  " 3"   3O2A3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment4(Sixthsession,1991):Article11(1):TheRighttoAdequate @  Housing,E/1992/23(1991)114atparas.8(a),8_(c_)and17.FortextofGeneralComment, ,  see ADEQUATEORDECENTSTANDARDOFLIVING FOOD,CLOTHING,   SHELTER. 3OP݌ (#(# Ќ  " 3"   3R2A3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment7(Sixteenthsession,1997):TheRighttoAdequateHousing(art. X 11(1)oftheCovenant):ForcedEvictions,E/1998/22(1997)113.FortextofGeneral D Comment,see ADEQUATEORDECENTSTANDARDOFLIVING FOOD, 0 CLOTHING,SHELTER. 3R-R݌ (#(# Ќ  " 3"   3T2A3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment15(Twentyninthsession,2002):TheRighttoWater(arts.11 X and12oftheCovenant),E/2003/22(2002)120atparas.5557.FortextofGeneral D Comment,see ADEQUATEORDECENTSTANDARDOFLIVING FOOD, 0 CLOTHING,SHELTER. 3TAT݌ (#(# Ќ  " 3"   3#V2A3  0    _ICESCR_ԀGeneralComment16(Thirtyfourthsession,2005):Article3:TheEqualRightof p  MenandWomentotheEnjoymentofallEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights,E/2006/22 \! (2005)116atparas.27and28.FortextofGeneralComment,see EQUALITYAND H" DISCRIMINATION GENDERDISCRIMINATIONGeneral. 3#VPV݌8#(#(# Ќ  " 3"   3iX2A3  0    _CEDAW_ԀGeneralRecommendation21(Thirteenthsession,1994):EqualityinMarriageand &t" FamilyRelations,A/49/38(1994)1atparas.710,2535,and4850.FortextofGeneral &` # Comment,see EQUALITYANDDISCRIMINATION 󀄀FAMILY. 3iXX݌'L!$(#(# Ќ