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Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5(F2Vñ$§§Ý ƒa\!ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý!¾¶6— (F2Vñ$©©Ý ƒa\!ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(F2Vñ$££Ý ƒa\!ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  Ý($$””ò òÚ  Ú1Ú  Úó ó(F2Vñ$¢¢Ý ƒa\!ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ3|P˜Dell Photo Printer 720PX,..,PX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(+a\$¡¡Ô€X-HXXXÔÓ  Ó o¤6+&zCorel ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à!"#$%&'xFìGaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets List i)(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ Ù ²Ý ƒ Vñ'ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼,»XXqÆÔNATIONALITYÔ#†XqÆX»¼,e#Ô dÝ ƒa\!ÝÔ€XqÆXXXÔÓ  ÓÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÖ€-ÿÿÖÑ8€qÆXXdìdÈ8Ñò òòòII.€GENERAL€COMMENTS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSóóó óÐ Œ ÐÌÌÓ€ (!"#$%&'(Fìx3 ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£oÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XXX€(Sixty„fifth€session,€2004):€Discrimination€AgainstÐ P Ä ÐNon„Citizens,€A/59/18€(2004)€93€at€preamble€and€paras.€1„39.݃3£oœÝŒÐ< °(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  àòòThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination,Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  àRecallingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€the€Charter€of€the€United€Nations€and€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,Ð ì ` Ðaccording€to€which€all€human€beings€are€born€free€and€equal€in€dignity€and€rights€and€areÐ ØL  Ðentitled€to€the€rights€and€freedoms€enshrined€therein€without€distinction€of€any€kind,€and€theÐ Ä8  ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€the€International€CovenantÐ °$  Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€AllÐ œ  ÐForms€of€Racial€Discrimination,Јü (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòRecallingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€the€Durban€Declaration€in€which€the€World€Conference€against€Racism,€RacialÐ `Ô  ÐDiscrimination,€Xenophobia€and€Related€Intolerance,€recognized€that€xenophobia€againstÐ LÀ Ðnon-nationals,€particularly€migrants,€refugees€and€asylum„seekers,€constitutes€one€of€theÐ 8¬ Ðmain€sources€of€contemporary€racism€and€that€human€rights€violations€against€members€ofÐ $˜ Ðsuch€groups€occur€widely€in€the€context€of€discriminatory,€xenophobic€and€racist€practices,Є(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòNotingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€that,€based€on€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€RacialÐ è\ ÐDiscrimination€and€general€recommendations€XI€and€XX,€it€has€become€evident€from€theÐ ÔH Ðexamination€of€the€reports€of€States€parties€to€the€Convention€that€groups€other€thanÐ À4 Ðmigrants,€refugees€and€asylum„seekers€are€also€of€concern,€including€undocumented€non„Ð ¬  Ðcitizens€and€persons€who€cannot€establish€the€nationality€of€the€State€on€whose€territory€theyÐ ˜  Ðlive,€even€where€such€persons€have€lived€all€their€lives€on€the€same€territory,Єø(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  àòòHaving€organizedóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€a€thematic€discussion€on€the€issue€of€discrimination€against€non-citizensÐ \ Ð Ðand€received€the€contributions€of€members€of€the€Committee€and€States€parties,€as€well€asÐ H!¼ Ðcontributions€from€experts€of€other€United€Nations€organs€and€specialized€agencies€and€fromÐ 4"¨ Ðnon„governmental€organizations,Ð #”(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòRecognizingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€the€need€to€clÔ_ÔarifyÔ_Ô€the€responsibilities€of€States€parties€to€the€InternationalÐ ø$l! ÐConvention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination€with€regard€toÐ ä%X" Ðnon-citizens,ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòBasingóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€its€action€on€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€in€particular€article€5,€which€requiresÐ ¨("% ÐStates€parties€to€prohibit€and€eliminate€discrimination€based€on€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€andÐ ”)#& Ðnational€or€ethnic€origin€in€the€enjoyment€by€all€persons€of€civil,€political,€economic,€socialÐ €*ô#' Ðand€cultural€rights€and€freedoms,Ðl+à$((#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  àòòAffirmsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€that:Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòI.€€Responsibilities€of€States€parties€to€the€ConventionóóÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à1.€€Article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€defines€racial€discrimination.€€Article€1,Ð ( œ Ðparagraph€2€provides€for€the€possibility€of€differentiating€between€citizens€and€non„citizens.€Ð  ˆ ÐArticle€1,€paragraph€3€declares€that,€concerning€nationality,€citizenship€or€naturalization,€theÐ  t Ðlegal€provisions€of€States€parties€must€not€discriminate€against€any€particular€nationality;Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.€€Article€1,€paragraph€2,€must€be€construed€so€as€to€avoid€undermining€the€basic€prohibitionÐ Ä8  Ðof€discrimination;€hence,€it€should€not€be€interpreted€to€detract€in€any€way€from€the€rightsÐ °$  Ðand€freedoms€recognized€and€enunciated€in€particular€in€the€Universal€Declaration€of€HumanÐ œ  ÐRights,€the€International€Covenant€on€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights€and€theÐ ˆü  ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights;Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.€€Article€5€of€the€Convention€incorporates€the€obligation€of€States€parties€to€prohibit€andÐ LÀ Ðeliminate€racial€discrimination€in€the€enjoyment€of€civil,€political,€economic,€social€andÐ 8¬ Ðcultural€rights.€€Although€some€of€these€rights,€such€as€the€right€to€participate€in€elections,Ð $˜ Ðto€vote€and€to€stand€for€election,€may€be€confined€to€citizens,€human€rights€are,€in€principle,Ð „ Ðto€be€enjoyed€by€all€persons.€€States€parties€are€under€an€obligation€to€guarantee€equalityÐ üp Ðbetween€citizens€and€non„citizens€in€the€enjoyment€of€these€rights€to€the€extent€recognizedÐ è\ Ðunder€international€law;ÐÔH(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.€€Under€the€Convention,€differential€treatment€based€on€citizenship€or€immigration€statusÐ ¬  Ðwill€constitute€discrimination€if€the€criteria€for€such€differentiation,€judged€in€the€light€of€theÐ ˜  Ðobjectives€and€purposes€of€the€Convention,€are€not€applied€pursuant€to€a€legitimate€aim,€andÐ „ø Ðare€not€proportional€to€the€achievement€of€this€aim.€€Differentiation€within€the€scope€ofÐ pä Ðarticle€1,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Convention€relating€to€special€measures€is€not€consideredÐ \ Ð Ðdiscriminatory;ÐH!¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.€€States€parties€are€under€an€obligation€to€report€fully€upon€legislation€on€non-citizens€andÐ  #” Ðits€implementation.€€Furthermore,€States€parties€should€include€in€their€periodic€reports,€inÐ  $€  Ðan€appropriate€form,€Ô_ÔsocioÔ_Ô„economic€data€on€the€non„citizen€population€within€theirÐ ø$l! Ðjurisdiction,€including€data€Ô_ÔdisaggregatedÔ_Ô€by€gender€and€national€or€ethnic€origin;Ðä%X"(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòRecommendsóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€Ð¼'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àBased€on€these€general€principles,€that€the€States€parties€to€the€Convention,€as€appropriateÐ ”)#& Ðto€their€specific€circumstances,€adopt€the€following€measures:Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòII.€€Measures€of€a€general€natureóóÐŒ(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€Review€and€revise€legislation,€as€appropriate,€in€order€to€guarantee€that€such€legislationÐ dØ Ðis€in€full€compliance€with€the€Convention,€in€particular€regarding€the€effective€enjoyment€ofÐ P Ä Ðthe€rights€mentioned€in€article€5,€without€discrimination;Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€Ensure€that€legislative€guarantees€against€racial€discrimination€apply€to€non-citizensÐ  ˆ Ðregardless€of€their€immigration€status,€and€that€the€implementation€of€legislation€does€notÐ  t Ðhave€a€discriminatory€effect€on€non„citizens;Ðì `(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Pay€greater€attention€to€the€issue€of€multiple€discrimination€faced€by€non„citizens,€inÐ Ä8  Ðparticular€concerning€the€children€and€spouses€of€non„citizen€workers,€to€refrain€fromÐ °$  Ðapplying€different€standards€of€treatment€to€female€non„citizen€spouses€of€citizens€and€maleÐ œ  Ðnon-citizen€spouses€of€citizens,€to€report€on€any€such€practices€and€to€take€all€necessary€stepsÐ ˆü  Ðto€address€them;Ðtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Ensure€that€immigration€policies€do€not€have€the€effect€of€discriminating€against€personsÐ LÀ Ðon€the€basis€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€or€national€or€ethnic€origin;Ð8¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€Ensure€that€any€measures€taken€in€the€fight€against€terrorism€do€not€discriminate,€inÐ „ Ðpurpose€or€effect,€on€the€grounds€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€or€national€or€ethnic€origin€and€thatÐ üp Ðnon„citizens€are€not€subjected€to€racial€or€ethnic€profiling€or€stereotyping;Ðè\(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòIII.€€Protection€against€hate€speech€and€racial€violenceóóÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€Take€steps€to€address€xenophobic€attitudes€and€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€towards€non„citizens,€inÐ ˜  Ðparticular€hate€speech€and€racial€violence,€and€to€promote€a€better€understanding€of€theÐ „ø Ðprinciple€of€non„discrimination€in€respect€of€the€situation€of€non„citizens;Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€Take€resolute€action€to€counter€any€tendency€to€target,€stigmatize,€stereotype€or€profile,Ð H!¼ Ðon€the€basis€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€and€national€or€ethnic€origin,€members€of€ð ðnon-citizenððÐ 4"¨ Ðpopulation€groups,€especially€by€politicians,€officials,€educators€and€the€media,€on€theÐ  #” ÐInternet€and€other€electronic€communications€networks€and€in€society€at€large;Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòIV.€€Access€to€citizenshipóóÐä%X"(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô13.€€Ensure€that€particular€groups€of€non„citizens€are€not€discriminated€against€with€regardÐ ¼'0!$ Ðto€access€to€citizenship€or€naturalization,€and€to€pay€due€attention€to€possible€barriers€toÐ ¨("% Ðnaturalization€that€may€exist€for€long„term€or€permanent€residents;Д)#&(#(# ÐÌà0  à14.€€Recognize€that€deprivation€of€citizenship€on€the€basis€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€orÐ l+à$( Ðnational€or€ethnic€origin€is€a€breach€of€States€partiesðð€obligations€to€ensure€non„Ð Œ Ðdiscriminatory€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€nationality;Ðxì(#(# ÐÌà0  à15.€€Take€into€consideration€that€in€some€cases€denial€of€citizenship€for€long„term€orÐ P Ä Ðpermanent€residents€could€result€in€creating€disadvantage€for€them€in€access€to€employmentÐ < ° Ðand€social€benefits,€in€violation€of€the€Conventionððs€anti„discrimination€principles;Ð( œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à16.€€Reduce€statelessness,€in€particular€statelessness€among€children,€by,€for€example,Ð  t Ðencouraging€their€parents€to€apply€for€citizenship€on€their€behalf€and€allowing€both€parentsÐ ì ` Ðto€transmit€their€citizenship€to€their€children;ÐØL (#(# ÐÌà0  à17.€€Regularize€the€status€of€former€citizens€of€predecessor€States€who€now€reside€within€theÐ °$  Ðjurisdiction€of€the€State€party;М (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòV.€€Administration€of€justiceóóÐtè (#(# ÐÌà0  à18.€€Ensure€that€non„citizens€enjoy€equal€protection€and€recognition€before€the€law€and€inÐ LÀ Ðthis€context,€to€take€action€against€racially€motivated€violence€and€to€ensure€the€access€ofÐ 8¬ Ðvictims€to€effective€legal€remedies€and€the€right€to€seek€just€and€adequate€reparation€for€anyÐ $˜ Ðdamage€suffered€as€a€result€of€such€violence;Є(#(# ÐÌà0  à19.€€Ensure€the€security€of€non„citizens,€in€particular€with€regard€to€arbitrary€detention,€asÐ è\ Ðwell€as€ensure€that€conditions€in€Ô_ÔcentresÔ_Ô€for€refugees€and€asylum„seekers€meet€internationalÐ ÔH Ðstandards;ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à20.€€Ensure€that€non„citizens€detained€or€arrested€in€the€fight€against€terrorism€are€properlyÐ ˜  Ðprotected€by€domestic€law€that€complies€with€international€human€rights,€refugee€andÐ „ø Ðhumanitarian€law;€Ðpä(#(# ÐÌà0  à21.€€Combat€ill„treatment€of€and€discrimination€against€non„citizens€by€police€and€other€lawÐ H!¼ Ðenforcement€agencies€and€civil€servants€by€strictly€applying€relevant€legislation€andÐ 4"¨ Ðregulations€providing€for€sanctions€and€by€ensuring€that€all€officials€dealing€with€non„citizensÐ  #” Ðreceive€special€training,€including€training€in€human€rights;Ð $€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à22.€€€Introduce€in€criminal€law€the€provision€that€committing€an€offence€with€racistÐ ä%X" Ðmotivation€or€aim€constitutes€an€aggravating€circumstance€allowing€for€a€more€severeÐ Ð&D # Ðpunishment;м'0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à23.€€Ensure€that€claims€of€racial€discrimination€brought€by€non„citizens€are€investigatedÐ ”)#& Ðthoroughly€and€that€claims€made€against€officials,€notably€those€concerning€discriminatoryÐ €*ô#' Ðor€racist€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô,€are€subject€to€independent€and€effective€scrutiny;Ðl+à$((#(# Їà0  à24.€€Regulate€the€burden€of€proof€in€civil€proceedings€involving€discrimination€based€onÐ Œ Ðrace,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€and€national€or€ethnic€origin€so€that€once€a€non„citizen€has€establishedÐ xì Ða€òòprima€facie€óócase€that€he€or€she€has€been€a€victim€of€such€discrimination,€it€shall€be€for€theÐ dØ Ðrespondent€to€provide€evidence€of€an€objective€and€reasonable€justification€for€theÐ P Ä Ðdifferential€treatment;Ð< °(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòVI.€€Expulsion€and€deportation€of€non„citizensóóÐ ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à25.€€Ensure€that€laws€concerning€deportation€or€other€forms€of€removal€of€non„citizens€fromÐ ì ` Ðthe€jurisdiction€of€the€State€party€do€not€discriminate€in€purpose€or€effect€among€non-citizensÐ ØL  Ðon€the€basis€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô€or€ethnic€or€national€origin,€and€that€non„citizens€have€equalÐ Ä8  Ðaccess€to€effective€remedies,€including€the€right€to€challenge€expulsion€orders,€and€areÐ °$  Ðallowed€effectively€to€pursue€such€remedies;М (#(# ÐÌà0  à26.€€Ensure€that€non„citizens€are€not€subject€to€collective€expulsion,€in€particular€in€situationsÐ tè  Ðwhere€there€are€insufficient€guarantees€that€the€personal€circumstances€of€each€of€the€personsÐ `Ô  Ðconcerned€have€been€taken€into€account;ÐLÀ(#(# ÐÌà0  à27.€€Ensure€that€non„citizens€are€not€returned€or€removed€to€a€country€or€territory€where€theyÐ $˜ Ðare€at€risk€of€being€subject€to€serious€human€rights€abuses,€including€torture€and€cruel,Ð „ Ðinhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment;€Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à28.€€Avoid€expulsions€of€non„citizens,€especially€of€long„term€residents,€that€would€result€inÐ ÔH Ðdisproportionate€interference€with€the€right€to€family€life;ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòVII.€€Economic,€social€and€cultural€rightsóóИ (#(# ÐÌà0  à29.€€Remove€obstacles€that€prevent€the€enjoyment€of€economic,€social€and€cultural€rights€byÐ pä Ðnon„citizens,€notably€in€the€areas€of€education,€housing,€employment€and€health;Ð\ Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à30.€€Ensure€that€public€educational€institutions€are€open€to€non„citizens€and€children€ofÐ 4"¨ Ðundocumented€immigrants€residing€in€the€territory€of€a€State€party;€Ð #”(#(# ÐÌà0  à31.€€Avoid€segregated€schooling€and€different€standards€of€treatment€being€applied€toÐ ø$l! Ðnon-citizens€on€grounds€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,€and€national€or€ethnic€origin€in€elÔ_ÔementaryÔ_ÔÐ ä%X" Ðand€secondary€school€and€with€respect€to€access€to€higher€education;ÐÐ&D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à32.€€Guarantee€the€equal€enjoyment€of€the€right€to€adequate€housing€for€citizens€andÐ ¨("% Ðnon-citizens,€especially€by€avoiding€segregation€in€housing€and€ensuring€that€housingÐ ”)#& Ðagencies€refrain€from€engaging€in€discriminatory€practices;Ѐ*ô#'(#(# ÐÐ l+à$( Ðà0  à33.€€Take€measures€to€eliminate€discrimination€against€non„citizens€in€relation€to€workingÐ Œ Ðconditions€and€work€requirements,€including€employment€rules€and€practices€withÐ xì Ðdiscriminatory€purposes€or€effects;ÐdØ(#(# ÐÌà0  à34.€€Take€effective€measures€to€prevent€and€redress€the€serious€problems€commonly€facedÐ < ° Ðby€non„citizen€workers,€in€particular€by€non„citizen€domestic€workers,€including€debtÐ ( œ Ðbondage,€passport€retention,€illegal€confinement,€rape€and€physical€assault;Ð ˆ(#(# ÐÌà0  à35.€€Recognize€that,€while€States€parties€may€refuse€to€offer€jobs€to€non„citizens€without€aÐ ì ` Ðwork€permit,€all€individuals€are€entitled€to€the€enjoyment€of€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€and€employment€rights,Ð ØL  Ðincluding€the€freedom€of€assembly€and€association,€once€an€employment€relationship€hasÐ Ä8  Ðbeen€initiated€until€it€is€terminated;а$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à36.€€Ensure€that€States€parties€respect€the€right€of€non„citizens€to€an€adequate€standard€ofÐ ˆü  Ðphysical€and€mental€health€by,€òòinter€aliaóó,€refraining€from€denying€or€limiting€their€access€toÐ tè  Ðpreventive,€curative€and€palliative€health€services;Ð`Ô (#(# ÐÌà0  à37.€€Take€the€necessary€measures€to€prevent€practices€that€deny€non„citizens€their€culturalÐ 8¬ Ðidentity,€such€as€legal€or€òòde€facto€óórequirements€that€non„citizens€change€their€name€in€orderÐ $˜ Ðto€obtain€citizenship,€and€to€take€measures€to€enable€non„citizens€to€preserve€and€developÐ „ Ðtheir€culture;Ðüp(#(# ÐÌà0  à38.€€Ensure€the€right€of€non„citizens,€without€discrimination€based€on€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€descent,Ð ÔH Ðand€national€or€ethnic€origin,€to€have€access€to€any€place€or€service€intended€for€use€by€theÐ À4 Ðgeneral€public,€such€as€transport,€hotels,€restaurants,€Ô_ÔcafsÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔtheatresÔ_Ô€and€parks;Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  à39.€€The€present€general€recommendation€replaces€general€recommendation€XI€(1993).Єø(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ûNÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€25€(Fifty„seventh€session,€1996):€Article€25:€The€Right€toÐ H!¼ ÐParticipate€in€Public€Affairs,€Voting€Rights€and€the€Right€of€Equal€Access€to€Public€Service,Ð 4"¨ ÐA/51/40€vol.€I€(1996)€98€at€para.€3.݃3£ûN(O݌Р#”(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðø$l!(#(# Ðà0  à3.€€In€contrast€with€other€rights€and€freedoms€recognized€by€the€Covenant€(which€are€ensuredÐ ä%X" Ðto€all€individuals€within€the€territory€and€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€State),€article€25Ð Ð&D # Ðprotects€the€rights€of€"every€citizen".€€State€reports€should€outline€the€legal€provisions€whichÐ ¼'0!$ Ðdefine€citizenship€in€the€context€of€the€rights€protected€by€article€25.€€No€distinctions€areÐ ¨("% Ðpermitted€between€citizens€in€the€enjoyment€of€these€rights€on€the€grounds€of€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,Ð ”)#& Ðsex,€language,€religion,€political€or€other€opinion,€national€or€social€origin,€property,€birth€orÐ €*ô#' Ðother€status.€€Distinctions€between€those€who€are€entitled€to€citizenship€by€birth€and€thoseÐ l+à$( Ðwho€acquire€it€by€naturalization€may€raise€questions€of€compatibility€with€article€25.€€StateÐ Œ Ðreports€should€indicate€whether€any€groups,€such€as€permanent€residents,€enjoy€these€rightsÐ xì Ðon€a€limited€basis,€for€example,€by€having€the€right€to€vote€in€local€elections€or€to€holdÐ dØ Ðparticular€public€service€positions.€ÐP Ä(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£äUÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€31€(Eightieth€Session,€2004):€Article€2:€The€Nature€of€the€GeneralÐ  ˆ ÐLegal€Obligation€Imposed€on€States€Parties€to€the€Covenant,€A/59/40€(2004)€175€at€para.€10.݃3£äUV݌Рt(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐØL (#(# Ðà0  à10.€€States€parties€are€required€by€article€2,€paragraph€1,€to€respect€and€to€ensure€theÐ Ä8  ÐCovenant€rights€to€all€persons€who€may€be€within€their€territory€and€to€all€persons€subjectÐ °$  Ðto€their€jurisdiction.€€This€means€that€a€State€party€must€respect€and€ensure€the€rights€laidÐ œ  Ðdown€in€the€Covenant€to€anyone€within€the€power€or€effective€control€of€that€State€party,Ð ˆü  Ðeven€if€not€situated€within€the€territory€of€the€State€party.€€As€indicated€in€general€commentÐ tè  ÐNo.€15€adopted€at€the€twenty-seventh€session€(1986),€the€enjoyment€of€Covenant€rights€is€notÐ `Ô  Ðlimited€to€citizens€of€States€parties€but€must€also€be€available€to€all€individuals,€regardlessÐ LÀ Ðof€nationality€or€statelessness,€such€as€asylum-seekers,€refugees,€migrant€workers€and€otherÐ 8¬ Ðpersons,€who€may€find€themselves€in€the€territory€or€subject€to€the€jurisdiction€of€the€StateÐ $˜ Ðparty.€€This€principle€also€applies€to€those€within€the€power€or€effective€control€of€the€forcesÐ „ Ðof€a€State€party€acting€outside€its€territory,€regardless€of€the€circumstances€in€which€suchÐ üp Ðpower€or€effective€control€was€obtained,€such€as€forces€constituting€a€national€contingent€ofÐ è\ Ða€State€party€assigned€to€an€international€peacekeeping€or€peace-enforcement€operation.ÐÔH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£³]ÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XI€(Forty„second€session,€1993):€On€Non„Citizens,Ð „ø ÐA/48/18€(1993)€112.€€For€text€of€General€Recommendation,€See€ò òEQUALITY€ANDÐ pä ÐDISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀RACIAL€DISCRIMINATION.݃3£³]à]ÝŒÐ` Ô(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£x_ÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XX€(Forty„eighth€session,€1996):€Article€5:Ð (#œ ÐNon-Discriminatory€Implementation€of€Rights€and€FrÔ_ÔeedomsÔ_Ô,€A/51/18€(1996)€124.€€For€textÐ $ˆ  Ðof€General€Recommendation,€see€ò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀RACIALÐ %t! ÐDISCRIMINATION.݃3£x_¥_ÝŒÐð%d"(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¥aÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XXI€(Forty„eighth€session,€1996):€Right€toÐ ´(("% ÐSelf-Determination,€A/51/18€(1996)€125€at€paras.€9€and€10.€€For€text€of€GeneralÐ  )#& ÐRecommendation,€see€ò òSELF„DETERMINATIONó ó.݃3£¥aÒa݌Ќ*$'(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÐ |+ð$( ЇÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£}cÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XXVII€(Fifty„seventh€session,€2000):€DiscriminationÐ Œ ÐAgainst€Roma,€A/55/18€(2000)€154€at€para.€4.€€For€text€of€General€Recommendation,€seeÐ xì Ðò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATION€„€ó óRACIAL€DISCRIMINATION.݃3£}cªcÝŒÐdØ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£]eÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€recommendation€Ô_ÔXXXIÔ_Ô€(Sixty„seventh€session,€2005):€The€Prevention€ofÐ ,   ÐRacial€Discrimination€in€the€Administration€and€Functioning€of€the€Criminal€Justice€System,€Ð  Œ ÐA/60/18€(2005)€98€at€preamble€and€paras.€1,€4,€5,€10,€18,€21,€22,€25,€26,€29,€30,€38,€39€andÐ  x Ð41.€€For€text€of€General€Recommendation,€see€ò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATION€ó ó„Ð ð d ÐRACIAL€DISCRIMINATION.݃3£]eŠeÝŒÐàT (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£hÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€15€(Twenty„seventh€session,€1986):€The€Position€of€Aliens€underÐ ¤  Ðthe€Covenant,€A/41/40€(1986)€117€at€paras.€2€and€8.€€For€text€of€General€Comment,€seeÐ   Ðò òALIENSó 󀄀GENERAL.݃3£hEhÝŒÐ|ð (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÛiÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€17€(Thirty„fifth€session,€1989):€Article€24:€Rights€of€the€Child,Ð D¸ ÐA/44/40€(1989)€173€at€paras.€5€and€8.€€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òCHILDRENððSÐ 0¤ ÐRIGHTSó 󀄀GENERAL.݃3£Ûij݌Р”(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ kÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€23€(Fiftieth€session,€1994):€Article€27:€The€Rights€of€Minorities,Ð è\ ÐA/49/40€vol.€I€(1994)€107€at€paras.€5.1€and€5.2.€€For€text€of€General€Comment,€seeÐ ÔH Ðò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀MINORITY€RIGHTS.݃3£ kÍkÝŒÐÀ4(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£€mÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€27€(Sixty-seventh€session,€1999):€Article€12:€Freedom€ofÐ ˆü ÐMovement,€A/55/40€vol.€I€(2000)€128€at€paras.€4,€9,€10,€17€and€19„21.€€For€text€of€GeneralÐ t è ÐComment,€see€ò òLEAVE€OR€RETURN€„€RIGHT€TO.ó ó݃3£€m­mÝŒÐ`!Ô(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£XoÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICESCRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€15€(Twenty„ninth€session,€2002):€The€Right€to€Water€(arts.€11Ð ($œ  Ðand€12€of€the€Covenant),€E/2003/22€(2002)€120€€at€paras.€13„15.€For€text€of€GeneralÐ %ˆ! ÐComment,€see€ò òADEQUATE€OR€DECENT€STANDARD€OF€LIVING€ó ó„€FOOD,Ð &t" ÐCLOTHING,€SHELTER.݃3£Xo…oÝŒÐð&d #(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£hqÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICESCRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€16€(Thirty„fourth€session,€2005):€Article€3:€The€Equal€Right€ofÐ ´)(#& ÐMen€and€Women€to€the€Enjoyment€of€all€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€E/2006/22Ð  *$' Ð(2005)€116€at€paras.€5€and€10.€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òEQUALITY€ANDÐ Œ+%( ÐDISCRIMINATION€ó ó„€GENDER€DISCRIMINATION€„€General.݃3£hq•q݌Ќ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£­sÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€21€(Thirteenth€session,€1994):€Equality€in€Marriage€andÐ T È ÐFamily€Relations,€A/49/38€(1994)€1€at€paras.€6,€9,€43,€48€(b),€49€and€50.€€For€text€of€GeneralÐ @ ´ ÐRecommendation,€see€ò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀FAMILY.݃3£­sÚsÝŒÐ,  (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ uÝÔ2FìÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝCRC€General€Comment€6€(Thirty„ninth€session,€2005):€Treatment€of€Unaccompanied€andÐ ô h ÐSeparated€Children€Outside€their€Country€of€Origin,€A/61/41€(2005)€15€at€paras.€12€and€93.€Ð àT  ÐFor€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òCHILDREN'S€RIGHTS€ó ó„€GENERAL.݃3£ uÍuÝŒÐÌ@ (#(# ÐŒÝ  Ý