ÿWPC-  x2ÿ©—7¯÷€ÛâÕôbˆ“ùL÷°øÃjWNådÜÊçò0»¸ÿÜ Ûè±J(ôÓ‰s„1Ü4ômÀKÑE+ é@᧱ÈJËFuH§÷÷ÓhwiWâsB½<áäãcÝ6è`Œl=x4Ö©²jdÈ‘p8“þä®V½-³\ ºˆå×e\•Zô6Ïyþy;¯Ò–/–dÑ «ìOOò6ÛßeŒ«a’o€NðËRS®ÐP¤£9üe½ÏŽ¬Â3 6°o®ÿÚÃÈÈ|Þ@!í ÷aˆS=‘™p†ï¶³8Y„k§vw9rZ²A^Ör˜ßWlÊv[vq01`jað¦êË Ñ™‡H(;›<®ß\"êè¼ÕF¬¶–®Nø¡× ÎMoûÿþ²Ü*¬Ž ÷ÊÀeŠàXÁþ¢Œ œÖ{}úGœ \T~`¬2<<íøào>j¦Ô„9èm³1ñ —Þ3ï>§XÒ4rÙI$,|¦ y`hfôä—¦ýhWNØDÆHÞ$¼ªM~ãOÜ0ªè.儱„¤,½Í±­÷X½jmv•\QÙ Iq2K7+ [ îè´Ç0î°¶ÈwgË´óCÌ–k¿þ»J1czÿ+ pßǺXê7BÚ,Mh 0nl 0ÚU>ð 0. 05DU6y 0:¯Úéåà 0a¨ ^ 0a D+v Æ¡ 0ag 0(È 0að AQQw¢ 0'c¦ #ÉUNâ %0 0F6N|4~’ m” 1u« 0w  0Š— 0 ! 0´Á 0Çu 0Û< 0ï 1‰( 72· 0Dé<ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€XXXÔÔ€XXXÔ0Iœÿÿ.headerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Óô\  `&Times New Roman0Iœÿÿ.footerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó8z‚ÿÿ6Plain TextÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÑ  ÑÓ  Ó<þ6X9`(Courier New:ÿÿ8page number'  >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .    ÛÝ ƒ ɹ'ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼9B»XXÔTHOUGHT,€CONSCIENCE€AND€RELIGIONÐ ° Є€FREEDOM€OFÔ#†XqÆX»¼9BX#Ô(92ɹ$§§Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý¢·6— (92ɹ$©©Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(92ɹ$££Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””(92ɹ$¢¢Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à3|P˜Dell Photo Printer 720PX,..,PX0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(c±$¡¡Ó  ÓÔCEUS.,Ô o¤6 †ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à !"#$%&xè”Gaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets Listi)(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ ÙÝ ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”x3ÓÖ€ ÿÿÖÑ8€qÆXXdìdÈ8Ñò òòòII.€GENERAL€COMMENTS€AND€RECOMMENDATIONSóóó óÐ   ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£bÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€22€(Forty„eighth€session,€1993):€Article€18:€The€Right€to€FreedomÐ d Ä Ðof€Thought,€Conscience€and€Religion,€A/48/40€vol.€I€(1993)€208€at€paras.€1„11.݃3£bÝŒÐP °(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à1.€€The€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion€(which€includes€the€freedom€toÐ ( ˆ Ðhold€beliefs)€in€article€18.1€is€far„reaching€and€profound;€it€encompasses€freedom€of€thoughtÐ t Ðon€all€matters,€personal€conviction€and€the€commitment€to€religion€or€belief,€whetherÐ ` Ðmanifested€individually€or€in€community€with€others.€€The€Committee€draws€the€attentionÐ ìL  Ðof€States€parties€to€the€fact€that€the€freedom€of€thought€and€the€freedom€of€conscience€areÐ Ø8  Ðprotected€equally€with€the€freedom€of€religion€and€belief.€€The€fundamental€character€of€theseÐ Ä$  Ðfreedoms€is€also€reflected€in€the€fact€that€this€provision€cannot€be€derogated€from,€even€inÐ °  Ðtime€of€public€emergency,€as€stated€in€article€4.2€of€the€Covenant.Ðœü (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.€€Article€18€protects€theistic,€non„theistic€and€atheistic€beliefs,€as€well€as€the€right€not€toÐ tÔ  Ðprofess€any€religion€or€belief.€€The€terms€"belief"€and€"religion"€are€to€be€broadly€construed.Ð `À ÐArticle€18€is€not€limited€in€its€application€to€traditional€religions€or€to€religions€and€beliefsÐ L¬ Ðwith€institutional€characteristics€or€practices€analogous€to€those€of€traditional€religions.€€TheÐ 8˜ ÐCommittee€therefore€views€with€concern€any€tendency€to€discriminate€against€any€religionÐ $„ Ðor€belief€for€any€reason,€including€the€fact€that€they€are€newly€established,€or€representÐ p Ðreligious€minorities€that€may€be€the€subject€of€hostility€on€the€part€of€a€predominant€religiousÐ ü\ Ðcommunity.ÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.€€Article€18€distinguishes€the€freedom€of€thought,€conscience,€religion€or€belief€from€theÐ À  Ðfreedom€to€manifest€religion€or€belief.€€It€does€not€permit€any€limitations€whatsoever€on€theÐ ¬  Ðfreedom€of€thought€and€conscience€or€on€the€freedom€to€have€or€adopt€a€religion€or€belief€ofÐ ˜ø Ðone's€choice.€€These€freedoms€are€protected€unconditionally,€as€is€the€right€of€everyone€toÐ „ ä Ðhold€opinions€without€interference€in€article€19.1.€€In€accordance€with€articles€18.2€and€17,Ð p!Ð Ðno€one€can€be€compelled€to€reveal€his€thoughts€or€adherence€to€a€religion€or€belief.Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.€€The€freedom€to€manifest€religion€or€belief€may€be€exercised€"either€individually€or€inÐ 4$” Ðcommunity€with€others€and€in€public€or€private".€€The€freedom€to€manifest€religion€or€beliefÐ  %€  Ðin€worship,€observance,€practice€and€teaching€encompasses€a€broad€range€of€acts.€€TheÐ  &l! Ðconcept€of€worship€extends€to€ritual€and€ceremonial€acts€giving€direct€expression€to€belief,Ð ø&X" Ðas€well€as€various€practices€integral€to€such€acts,€including€the€building€of€places€of€worship,Ð ä'D # Ðthe€use€of€ritual€formulae€and€objects,€the€display€of€symbols,€and€the€observance€of€holidaysÐ Ð(0!$ Ðand€days€of€rest.€€The€observance€and€practice€of€religion€or€belief€may€include€not€onlyÐ ¼)"% Ðceremonial€acts€but€also€such€customs€as€the€observance€of€dietary€regulations,€the€wearingÐ ¨*#& Ðof€distinctive€clothing€or€head€coverings,€participation€in€rituals€associated€with€certainÐ ”+ô#' Ðstages€of€life,€and€the€use€of€a€particular€language€customarily€spoken€by€a€group.€€InÐ   Ðaddition,€the€practice€and€teaching€of€religion€or€belief€includes€acts€integral€to€the€conductÐ Œì Ðby€religious€groups€of€their€basic€affairs,€such€as€the€freedom€to€choose€their€religiousÐ x Ø Ðleaders,€priests€and€teachers,€the€freedom€to€establish€seminaries€or€religious€schools€and€theÐ d Ä Ðfreedom€to€prepare€and€distribute€religious€texts€or€publications.ÐP °(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.€€The€Committee€observes€that€the€freedom€to€"have€or€to€adopt"€a€religion€or€beliefÐ ( ˆ Ðnecessarily€entails€the€freedom€to€choose€a€religion€or€belief,€including€the€right€to€replaceÐ t Ðone's€current€religion€or€belief€with€another€or€to€adopt€atheistic€views,€as€well€as€the€rightÐ ` Ðto€retain€one's€religion€or€belief.€€Article€18.2€bars€coercion€that€would€impair€the€right€toÐ ìL  Ðhave€or€adopt€a€religion€or€belief,€including€the€use€of€threat€of€physical€force€or€penalÐ Ø8  Ðsanctions€to€compel€believers€or€non„believers€to€adhere€to€their€religious€beliefs€andÐ Ä$  Ðcongregations,€to€recant€their€religion€or€belief€or€to€convert.€€Policies€or€practices€having€theÐ °  Ðsame€intention€or€effect,€such€as,€for€example,€those€restricting€access€to€education,€medicalÐ œü  Ðcare,€employment€or€the€rights€guaranteed€by€article€25€and€other€provisions€of€the€Covenant,Ð ˆè  Ðare€similarly€inconsistent€with€article€18.2.€€The€same€protection€is€enjoyed€by€holders€of€allÐ tÔ  Ðbeliefs€of€a€non„religious€nature.Ð`À(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€article€18.4€permits€public€school€instruction€inÐ 8˜ Ðsubjects€such€as€the€general€history€of€religions€and€ethics€if€it€is€given€in€a€neutral€andÐ $„ Ðobjective€way.€€The€liberty€of€parents€or€legal€guardians€to€ensure€that€their€children€receiveÐ p Ða€religious€and€moral€education€in€conformity€with€their€own€convictions,€set€forth€in€articleÐ ü\ Ð18.4,€is€related€to€the€guarantees€of€the€freedom€to€teach€a€religion€or€belief€stated€in€articleÐ èH Ð18.1.€€The€Committee€notes€that€public€education€that€includes€instruction€in€a€particularÐ Ô4 Ðreligion€or€belief€is€inconsistent€with€article€18.4€unless€provision€is€made€for€non„Ð À  Ðdiscriminatory€exemptions€or€alternatives€that€would€accommodate€the€wishes€of€parents€andÐ ¬  Ðguardians.Иø(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€In€accordance€with€article€20,€no€manifestation€of€religion€or€belief€may€amount€toÐ p!Ð Ðpropaganda€for€war€or€advocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred€that€constitutesÐ \"¼ Ðincitement€to€discrimination,€hostility€or€violence.€€As€stated€by€the€Committee€in€its€GeneralÐ H#¨ ÐComment€11€[19],€States€parties€are€under€the€obligation€to€enact€laws€to€prohibit€such€acts.Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Article€18.3€permits€restrictions€on€the€freedom€to€manifest€religion€or€belief€only€ifÐ  &l! Ðlimitations€are€prescribed€by€law€and€are€necessary€to€protect€public€safety,€order,€health€orÐ ø&X" Ðmorals,€or€the€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€others.€€The€freedom€from€coercion€toÐ ä'D # Ðhave€or€to€adopt€a€religion€or€belief€and€the€liberty€of€parents€and€guardians€to€ensureÐ Ð(0!$ Ðreligious€and€moral€education€cannot€be€restricted.€€In€interpreting€the€scope€of€permissibleÐ ¼)"% Ðlimitation€clauses,€States€parties€should€proceed€from€the€need€to€protect€the€rightsÐ ¨*#& Ðguaranteed€under€the€Covenant,€including€the€right€to€equality€and€non„discrimination€on€allÐ ”+ô#' Ðgrounds€specified€in€articles€2,€3€and€26.€€Limitations€imposed€must€be€established€by€lawÐ   Ðand€must€not€be€applied€in€a€manner€that€would€vitiate€the€rights€guaranteed€in€article€18.€Ð Œì ÐThe€Committee€observes€that€paragraph€3€of€article€18€is€to€be€strictly€interpreted:Ð x Ø Ðrestrictions€are€not€allowed€on€grounds€not€specified€there,€even€if€they€would€be€allowed€asÐ d Ä Ðrestrictions€to€other€rights€protected€in€the€Covenant,€such€as€national€security.€€LimitationsÐ P ° Ðmay€be€applied€only€for€those€purposes€for€which€they€were€prescribed€and€must€be€directlyÐ < œ Ðrelated€and€proportionate€to€the€specific€need€on€which€they€are€predicated.€€Restrictions€mayÐ ( ˆ Ðnot€be€imposed€for€discriminatory€purposes€or€applied€in€a€discriminatory€manner.€€TheÐ t ÐCommittee€observes€that€the€concept€of€morals€derives€from€many€social,€philosophical€andÐ ` Ðreligious€traditions;€consequently,€limitations€on€the€freedom€to€manifest€a€religion€or€beliefÐ ìL  Ðfor€the€purpose€of€protecting€morals€must€be€based€on€principles€not€deriving€exclusivelyÐ Ø8  Ðfrom€a€single€tradition.€€Persons€already€subject€to€certain€legitimate€constraints,€such€asÐ Ä$  Ðprisoners,€continue€to€enjoy€their€rights€to€manifest€their€religion€or€belief€to€the€fullest€extentÐ °  Ðcompatible€with€the€specific€nature€of€the€constraint.€€States€parties'€reports€should€provideÐ œü  Ðinformation€on€the€full€scope€and€effects€of€limitations€under€article€18.3,€both€as€a€matterÐ ˆè  Ðof€law€and€of€their€application€in€specific€circumstances.ÐtÔ (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€The€fact€that€a€religion€is€recognized€as€a€state€religion€or€that€it€is€established€as€officialÐ L¬ Ðor€traditional€or€that€its€followers€comprise€the€majority€of€the€population,€shall€not€result€inÐ 8˜ Ðany€impairment€of€the€enjoyment€of€any€of€the€rights€under€the€Covenant,€including€articlesÐ $„ Ð18€and€27,€nor€in€any€discrimination€against€adherents€to€other€religions€or€non„believers.€Ð p ÐIn€particular,€certain€measures€discriminating€against€the€latter,€such€as€measures€restrictingÐ ü\ Ðeligibility€for€government€service€to€members€of€the€predominant€religion€or€givingÐ èH Ðeconomic€privileges€to€them€or€imposing€special€restrictions€on€the€practice€of€other€faiths,Ð Ô4 Ðare€not€in€accordance€with€the€prohibition€of€discrimination€based€on€religion€or€belief€andÐ À  Ðthe€guarantee€of€equal€protection€under€article€26.€€The€measures€contemplated€by€article€20,Ð ¬  Ðparagraph€2€of€the€Covenant€constitute€important€safeguards€against€infringement€of€theÐ ˜ø Ðrights€of€religious€minorities€and€of€other€religious€groups€to€exercise€the€rights€guaranteedÐ „ ä Ðby€articles€18€and€27,€and€against€acts€of€violence€or€persecution€directed€towards€thoseÐ p!Ð Ðgroups.€€The€Committee€wishes€to€be€informed€of€measures€taken€by€States€parties€concernedÐ \"¼ Ðto€protect€the€practices€of€all€religions€or€beliefs€from€infringement€and€to€protect€theirÐ H#¨ Ðfollowers€from€discrimination.€€Similarly,€information€as€to€respect€for€the€rights€of€religiousÐ 4$” Ðminorities€under€article€27€is€necessary€for€the€Committee€to€assess€the€extent€to€which€theÐ  %€  Ðright€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience,€religion€and€belief€has€been€implemented€by€StatesÐ  &l! Ðparties.€€States€parties€concerned€should€also€include€in€their€reports€information€relating€toÐ ø&X" Ðpractices€considered€by€their€laws€and€jurisprudence€to€be€punishable€as€blasphemous.Ðä'D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€If€a€set€of€beliefs€is€treated€as€official€ideology€in€constitutions,€statutes,€proclamationsÐ ¼)"% Ðof€ruling€parties,€etc.,€or€in€actual€practice,€this€shall€not€result€in€any€impairment€of€theÐ ¨*#& Ðfreedoms€under€article€18€or€any€other€rights€recognized€under€the€Covenant€nor€in€anyÐ ”+ô#' Ðdiscrimination€against€persons€who€do€not€accept€the€official€ideology€or€who€oppose€it.Р(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.€€Many€individuals€have€claimed€the€right€to€refuse€to€perform€military€serviceÐ x Ø Ð(conscientious€objection)€on€the€basis€that€such€right€derives€from€their€freedoms€underÐ d Ä Ðarticle€18.€€In€response€to€such€claims,€a€growing€number€of€States€have€in€their€lawsÐ P ° Ðexempted€from€compulsory€military€service€citizens€who€genuinely€hold€religious€or€otherÐ < œ Ðbeliefs€that€forbid€the€performance€of€military€service€and€replaced€it€with€alternativeÐ ( ˆ Ðnational€service.€€The€Covenant€does€not€explicitly€refer€to€a€right€to€conscientious€objection,Ð t Ðbut€the€Committee€believes€that€such€a€right€can€be€derived€from€article€18,€inasmuch€as€theÐ ` Ðobligation€to€use€lethal€force€may€seriously€conflict€with€the€freedom€of€conscience€and€theÐ ìL  Ðright€to€manifest€one's€religion€or€belief.€€When€this€right€is€recognized€by€law€or€practice,Ð Ø8  Ðthere€shall€be€no€differentiation€among€conscientious€objectors€on€the€basis€of€the€nature€ofÐ Ä$  Ðtheir€particular€beliefs;€likewise,€there€shall€be€no€discrimination€against€conscientiousÐ °  Ðobjectors€because€they€have€failed€to€perform€military€service.€€The€Committee€invites€StatesÐ œü  Ðparties€to€report€on€the€conditions€under€which€persons€can€be€exempted€from€militaryÐ ˆè  Ðservice€on€the€basis€of€their€rights€under€article€18€and€on€the€nature€and€length€of€alternativeÐ tÔ  Ðnational€service.Ð`À(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£7ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€31€(Eightieth€Session,€2004):€Article€2:€The€Nature€of€the€GeneralÐ $„ ÐLegal€Obligation€Imposed€on€States€Parties€to€the€Covenant,€A/59/40€(2004)€175€at€para.€9.݃3£7Ê7ÝŒÐp(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐèH(#(# Ðà0  à9.€€The€beneficiaries€of€the€rights€recognized€by€the€Covenant€are€individuals.€€Although,Ð Ô4 Ðwith€the€exception€of€article€1,€the€Covenant€does€not€mention€the€rights€of€legal€persons€orÐ À  Ðsimilar€entities€or€collectivities,€many€of€the€rights€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€such€as€theÐ ¬  Ðfreedom€to€manifest€one's€religion€or€belief€(art.€18),€the€freedom€of€association€(art.€22)€orÐ ˜ø Ðthe€rights€of€members€of€minorities€(art.€27),€may€be€enjoyed€in€community€with€others.€€TheÐ „ ä Ðfact€that€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€receive€and€consider€communications€isÐ p!Ð Ðrestricted€to€those€submitted€by€or€on€behalf€of€individuals€(article€1€of€the€OptionalÐ \"¼ ÐProtocol)€does€not€prevent€such€individuals€from€claiming€that€actions€or€omissions€thatÐ H#¨ Ðconcern€legal€persons€and€similar€entities€amount€to€a€violation€of€their€own€rights.€Ð4$”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£”=ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICESCRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€13€(Twenty„first€session,€1999):€Article€13:€The€Right€toÐ ä'D # ÐEducation,€E/2000/22€(1999)€111€at€para.€28.݃3£”=Á=ÝŒÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ш*#&(#(# Ðà0  à28.€€Article€13(3)€has€two€elements,€one€of€which€is€that€States€parties€undertake€to€respectÐ ”+ô#' Ðthe€liberty€of€parents€and€guardians€to€ensure€the€religious€and€moral€education€of€theirÐ   Ðchildren€in€conformity€with€their€own€convictions.€òò14óó/€€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€thatÐ Œì Ðthis€element€of€article€13(3)€permits€public€school€instruction€in€subjects€such€as€the€generalÐ x Ø Ðhistory€of€religions€and€ethics€if€it€is€given€in€an€unbiased€and€objective€way,€respectful€ofÐ d Ä Ðthe€freedoms€of€opinion,€conscience€and€expression.€€It€notes€that€public€education€thatÐ P ° Ðincludes€instruction€in€a€particular€religion€or€belief€is€inconsistent€with€article€13(3)€unlessÐ < œ Ðprovision€is€made€for€non„discriminatory€exemptions€or€alternatives€that€wouldÐ ( ˆ Ðaccommodate€the€wishes€of€parents€and€guardians.€Ðt(#(# Ðà0  à_____________________________Ð`(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐìL (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐØ8 (#(# Ðà0  àòò14óó/€€This€replicates€article€18(4)€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€and€also€relates€to€the€freedom€to€teach€a€religionÐ Ä$  Ðor€belief€as€stated€in€article€18(1)€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô.€(See€Human€Rights€Committee€General€CommentÐ °  Ð22€on€article€18€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€forty„eighth€session,€1993).€€The€Committee€notes€that€theÐ œü  Ðfundamental€character€of€article€18€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€is€reflected€in€the€fact€that€this€provision€cannotÐ ˆè  Ðbe€derogated€from,€even€in€time€of€public€emergency,€as€stated€in€article€4(2)€of€thatÐ tÔ  ÐCovenant.€€Ð`À(#(# Ðà0  à_____________________________ÐL¬(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÚFÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCEDAWÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€25€(Thirtieth€session,€2004):€Article€4,€Paragraph€1:Ð p ÐTemporary€Special€Measures,€A/59/38€part€I€(2004)€78€at€para.€12.݃3£ÚFGÝŒÐü\(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐÔ4(#(# Ðà0  à12.€€Certain€groups€of€women,€in€addition€to€suffering€from€discrimination€directed€againstÐ À  Ðthem€as€women,€may€also€suffer€from€multiple€forms€of€discrimination€based€on€additionalÐ ¬  Ðgrounds€such€as€race,€ethnic€or€religious€identity,€disability,€age,€class,€caste€or€other€factors.Ð ˜ø ÐSuch€discrimination€may€affect€these€groups€of€women€primarily,€or€to€a€different€degree€orÐ „ ä Ðin€different€ways€than€men.€States€parties€may€need€to€take€specific€temporary€specialÐ p!Ð Ðmeasures€to€eliminate€such€multiple€forms€of€discrimination€against€women€and€itsÐ \"¼ Ðcompounded€negative€impact€on€them.ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£›KÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XX€(Forty„eighth€session,€1996):€Article€5:Ð ø&X" ÐNon-Discriminatory€Implementation€of€Rights€and€Freedoms,€A/51/18€(1996)€124.€€For€textÐ ä'D # Ðof€General€Recommendation,€see€ò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀RACIALÐ Ð(0!$ ÐDISCRIMINATION.݃3£›KÈKÝŒÐÀ) "%(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÐ ˜+ø#' ÐÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¼MÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€Recommendation€XXIX€(Sixty„first€session,€2002):€On€Article€1,€ParagraphÐ   Ð1,€of€the€Convention€(Descent),€A/57/18€(2002)€111€at€para.€a.€For€text€of€GeneralÐ Œì ÐRecommendation,€seeò ò€EQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATION€ó ó„€RACIALÐ x Ø ÐDISCRIMINATION.݃3£¼MéMÝŒÐh È(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÇOÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô€General€recommendation€Ô_ÔXXXIÔ_Ô€(Sixty„seventh€session,€2005):€The€Prevention€ofÐ , Œ ÐRacial€Discrimination€in€the€Administration€and€Functioning€of€the€Criminal€Justice€System,€Ð x ÐA/60/18€(2005)€98€at€paras.€5,€26,€32€and€38.€€For€text€of€General€Recommendation,€seeÐ d Ðò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATION€ó ó„€RACIAL€DISCRIMINATION.݃3£ÇOôOÝŒÐðP (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£;RÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€23€(Fiftieth€session,€1994):€Article€27:€The€Rights€of€Minorities,Ð ¸  ÐA/49/40€vol.€I€(1994)€107.€€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òEQUALITY€ANDÐ ¤  ÐDISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀MINORITY€RIGHTS.݃3£;RhR݌Дô (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£TÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€24€(Fifty-second€session,€1994):€€Issues€Relating€to€ReservationsÐ \¼ ÐMade€upon€Ratification€or€Accession€to€the€Covenant€or€the€Optional€Protocols€Thereto,€orÐ H¨ Ðin€Relation€to€Declarations€under€Article€41€of€the€Covenant,€A/50/40€vol.€I€(1995)€119€atÐ 4” Ðpara.€8.€€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òRESERVATIONS€AND€DECLARATIONSó ó.݃3£T2T݌Р€(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£uVÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€28€(Sixty„eighth€session,€2000):€Article€3:€€Equality€of€RightsÐ èH ÐBetween€Men€and€Women,€A/55/40€vol.€I€(2000)€133€at€paras.€13€and€21.€€For€text€ofÐ Ô4 ÐGeneral€Comment,€see€ò òEQUALITY€AND€DISCRIMINATIONó 󀄀GENDERÐ À  ÐDISCRIMINATION€„€General.݃3£uV¢V݌а(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£‹XÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€29€(Seventy„second€session,€2001):€Derogations€from€provisionsÐ t"Ô Ðof€the€Covenant€during€a€state€of€emergency,€A/56/40€vol.€I€(2001)€202€at€paras.€7,€8,€11,Ð `#À Ð13Ô_Ô(cÔ_Ô)€and€(e).€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òDEROGATIONSó ó.݃3£‹X¸XÝŒÐL$¬(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ZÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔICESCRÔ_Ô€General€Comment€16€(Thirty„fourth€session,€2005):€Article€3:€The€Equal€Right€ofÐ 't" ÐMen€and€Women€to€the€Enjoyment€of€all€Economic,€Social€and€Cultural€Rights,€E/2006/22Ð (` # Ð(2005)€116€at€paras.€5€and€10.€For€text€of€General€Comment,€see€ò òEQUALITY€ANDÐ ì(L!$ ÐDISCRIMINATION€ó ó„€GENDER€DISCRIMINATION€„€General.݃3£ZÊZÝŒÐÜ)<"%(#(# ÐŒÝ  Ý