ÿWPC- ‰Åîì@–Ÿî¿³5ùæ[½—›Áìç걸K á»–ÂB@µ˜xQ¤W’ñ¾6Ãò1èÞê6„S‘9´ä‘ý`þÃA¥‚7M¤Æan÷…ÝéMx>5%j«¥1Ï#˜tê&¿S·©äkâò>’íèÒÀÍŒÈ u^ Œæ+7˜‡ð\ Ä€¨éœ)ÏèÎKÖtËÝ1”—HKÌgÎEÜǃ„«¶ñ??.¢ú™€F)bŒ)ü¡†5ޝ ââ§ñ€¹ ýÐ@>úÂ|´”/%]yÃp¨Y¶Àû¼zW£< €ß¥è÷ÝY\7Ã/&]–^’½?.Œ~ª¤=û–$î®ð 0. 05DU6y 0:¯Úéåà 0a¨ ^ 0a D+v Æ¡ 0ag 0(È 0að AQQw¢ 0[c¦ #ÉUNâ %0 0F6N|4~’ m” 1u« 0 w  0 Š— 0  ! 0 ´Á 0 Çu 0 Û< 0 ï 1 ‰( 72· 0Dé<ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€XXXÔÔ€XXXÔ0Iœÿÿ.headerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Óô\  `&Times New Roman0Iœÿÿ.footerÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔÑ  ÑÓ°°ÀÐ (#ÓÓ  Ó8z‚ÿÿ6Plain TextÑ  ÑÓ  ÓÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(Courier NewKÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `&Times New RomanSÔÑ  ÑÓ  Ó<þ6X9`(Courier New:ÿÿ8page number'  >Centre for Refugee Studies>0Centre for Refugee Studies .    ÛÝ ƒ ɹ'ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ  Óò òÔ‡¼+F»XXÔTHOUGHT,€CONSCIENCE€AND€RELIGIONÐ ° Є€FREEDOM€OFÔ#†XhòX»¼+FX#Ô(92ɹ$§§Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ýy¹6‡ (92ɹ$©©Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý'ÈÈÈÈdxdƒ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(92ɹ$££Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$””(92ɹ$¢¢Ý ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝCþÿ<< cÿÿ(;3£$´´Ô2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0  à3|P˜HP PSC 2350 seriesTŽ––––TŽ0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(c±$¡¡Ó  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔcC‚6 †1ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ3#37=CIQYag­­1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(Oé;$µµà0  àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0` (#(#à(b·¤$¶¶à0  àà0` (#(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚÚ  Ú.Ô3  Ôà0¸ ` (#` (#à(xir$··à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0¸ (#¸ (#à(ŒÜ$¸¸à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0h(#(#à(ŸF$¹¹à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àÔ2#Ô(Ú  ÚÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0Àh(#h(#à(³Àô$ººà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  Ú0Ú  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0À(#À(#à(ǵ{$»»à0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àÔ2#ÔÚ  ÚaÚ  Ú)Ô3  Ôà0p(#(#à !"#$%&xè”Gaeimquy}Bullet ListBullets Listi)(F$ïïà0  àà0` (#(#àà0¸ ` (#` (#àà0¸ (#¸ (#àà0h(#(#àà0Àh(#h(#àà0À(#À(#àà0p(#(#àÔ2#ÔÙ ÙÚ  ÚÚ  ÚÙ Ù)Ô3  Ôà0Èp(#p(#àÙ ÙÝ ƒc±!ÝÓ  ÓÔCEUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”x3ÓÖ€ ÿÿÖÑ8€hòXXdìdÈ8Ñò òòòIII.€JURISPRUDENCEóóó óÐ   ÐÌòòò òÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ôó óóóÐ x Ø ÐÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£’ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô€v.€Finlandóó€(R.9/40),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/36/40€(9€April€1981)€147€at€paras.10.4€€and€10.5.݃3£’¿ÝŒÐP °(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð( ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à10.4€€The€Committee€does€not€consider€that€the€requirement€of€the€relevant€provisions€ofÐ t ÐFinnish€legislation€that€instruction€in€the€study€of€the€history€of€religions€and€ethics€shouldÐ ` Ðbe€given€instead€of€religious€instruction€to€students€in€schools€whose€parents€or€legalÐ ìL  Ðguardians€object€to€religious€instruction€is€in€itself€incompatible€with€article€18€(4),€if€suchÐ Ø8  Ðalternative€course€of€instruction€is€given€in€a€neutral€and€objective€way€and€respects€theÐ Ä$  Ðconvictions€of€parents€and€guardians€who€do€not€believe€in€any€religion.€€In€any€event,Ð °  Ðparagraph€6€of€the€School€System€Act€expressly€permits€any€parents€or€guardians€who€do€notÐ œü  Ðwish€their€children€to€be€given€either€religious€instruction€or€instruction€in€the€study€of€theÐ ˆè  Ðhistory€of€religions€and€ethics€to€obtain€exemption€therefrom€by€arranging€for€them€to€receiveÐ tÔ  Ðcomparable€instruction€outside€of€school.€Ð`À(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.5€€The€State€party€admits€that€difficulties€have€arisen€in€regard€to€the€existing€teachingÐ 8˜ Ðplan€to€give€effect€to€these€provisions,€(which€teaching€plan€does€appear,€in€part€at€least,€toÐ $„ Ðbe€religious€in€character),€but€the€Committee€believes€that€appropriate€action€is€being€takenÐ p Ðto€resolve€the€difficulties€and€it€sees€no€reason€to€conclude€that€this€cannot€be€accomplished,Ð ü\ Ðcompatibly€with€the€requirements€of€article€18€(4)€of€the€Covenant,€within€the€framework€ofÐ èH Ðthe€existing€laws.€ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£Ý ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€v.€Finlandóó€(89/1981)€(R.22/89),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/40/40€(8€April€1985)€164€at€paras.€2.1„Ð ˜ø Ð2.5,€11.2€11.3€and€12.݃3£Ý ݌Є ä(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€In€August€1976,€at€that€time€eligible€for€military€service,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€applied€to€theÐ H#¨ ÐMilitary€Service€Examining€Board€to€be€permitted,€on€profound€ethical€grounds€and€inÐ 4$” Ðaccordance€with€existing€law€(Unarmed€and€Alternative€Service€Act,€1969),€to€do€alternativeÐ  %€  Ðservice€subject€to€the€civil€authorities,€instead€of€armed€or€unarmed€service€in€the€armedÐ  &l! Ðforces.€By€its€decision€of€18€October€1977,€the€Examining€Board€rejected€the€application€onÐ ø&X" Ðthe€ground€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€had€not€proved€that€serious€moral€considerations€based€onÐ ä'D # Ðethical€conviction€prevented€him€from€doing€armed€or€unarmed€military€service€and€orderedÐ Ð(0!$ Ðthat€he€should€do€armed€service€(with€the€details€of€posting€and€the€time€for€reporting€forÐ ¼)"% Ðduty€to€be€communicated€to€him€at€a€later€date).€The€proceedings€before€the€ExaminingÐ ¨*#& ÐBoard€were€conducted€in€writing.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€did€not€avail€himself€of€the€opportunity€toÐ ”+ô#' Ðappear€personally€before€the€Examining€Board,€both€because€it€was€inconvenient€for€him€toÐ   Ðtravel€a€long€distance€for€a€hearing€and€also€because€the€Examining€Board€had€indicated€toÐ Œì Ðhim€that€a€decision€could€be€taken€in€his€absence.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€therefore€concluded€that€hisÐ x Ø Ðpresence€was€not€necessary€and€that€his€absence€would€not€affect€the€disposition€of€theÐ d Ä Ðmatter.€Being€dissatisfied€with€the€decision€of€the€Examining€Board,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€(as€heÐ P ° Ðwas€entitled€to€under€the€law)€appealed€to€the€Ministry€of€Justice€to€change€the€decision€ofÐ < œ Ðthe€Examining€Board.€By€a€decision€of€21€November€1977,€the€Ministry€of€Justice€concludedÐ ( ˆ Ðthat€'no€cause€for€changing€the€decision€of€the€Military€Service€Examining€Board€[had]€beenÐ t Ðshown'€and€upheld€the€decision€of€the€Examining€Board.€The€text€of€the€decision€of€theÐ ` ÐMinistry€of€Justice€also€states€that€under€the€law€"this€decision€is€not€subject€to€appeal".€ÐìL (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€On€13€February€1978,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€resubmitted€to€the€Military€Service€ExaminingÐ Ä$  ÐBoard€a€declaration€of€refusal€to€bear€arms.€The€Examining€Board€decided,€on€1€SeptemberÐ °  Ð1978,€not€to€examine€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€renewed€declaration,€"as€the€Ministry€of€Justice€[had]Ð œü  Ðalready€adopted€a€decision€in€this€case".€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€again€appealed€to€the€Ministry€ofÐ ˆè  ÐJustice,€asking€that€he€be€called€up€for€alternative€service.€In€a€decision€of€3€November€1978,Ð tÔ  Ðthe€Ministry€of€Justice,€taking€the€view€that€the€Examining€Board€should€not€have€left€Mr.Ð `À ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€declaration€without€a€hearing€on€the€grounds€invoked,€decided€not€to€return€theÐ L¬ Ðmatter€to€the€Board€in€view€of€the€fact€that€the€circumstances€of€the€case€were€alreadyÐ 8˜ Ðclarified,€but€to€give€it€direct€consideration,€reaching€the€conclusion€that€no€cause€had€beenÐ $„ Ðshown€for€changing€the€final€decision€which€the€Examining€Board€had€reached€in€its€decisionÐ p Ðof€18€October€1977€and€on€the€appeal€against€which€the€Ministry€of€Justice€had€adopted€aÐ ü\ Ðdecision€on€21€November€1977.€Again,€the€text€of€the€decision€of€the€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ èH Ðstated€that€it€was€not€subject€to€appeal."€ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€In€the€mÔ_ÔeantimeÔ_Ô,€i.e.€before€the€Examining€Board€and€the€Ministry€of€Justice€acted€onÐ ¬  Ðhis€submission€of€13€February€1978,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€called€up€for€military€service€(15Ð ˜ø ÐFebruary€1978).€He€reported€to€the€military€unit€where€he€had€been€posted€and€there€refusedÐ „ ä Ðto€do€any€military€service.€He€was€furloughed€the€same€day.€Criminal€court€proceedings€wereÐ p!Ð Ðthen€initiated€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€for€refusal€to€do€military€service€and€an€ordinary€courtÐ \"¼ Ðof€first€instance€sentenced€him€to€11€months€imprisonment€on€13€December€1978.€TheÐ H#¨ ÐEastern€Finland€Higher€Court€confirmed€that€verdict€on€26€October€1979,€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_ÔÐ 4$” Ðstarted€to€serve€his€sentence€on€4€June€1980.€Ð %€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€In€the€autumn€of€1980,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€applied€for€a€new€hearing€before€the€MilitaryÐ ø&X" ÐService€Examining€Board,€which€acceded€to€this€request€and€now€found€in€favour€of€Mr.Ð ä'D # ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô.€In€a€decision€of€2€February€1981€the€Examining€Board€stated€as€follows:€ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à"The€Military€Service€Examining€Board,€having€studied€the€documentsÐ ¨*#& Ðrelating€to€the€original€refusal€to€hear€arms€which€are€in€the€possession€of€theÐ ”+ô#' ÐMinistry€of€Justice,€and€having€provided€Mr.€Ô_ÔPaavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJuhaniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€with€anÐ   Ðopportunity€to€explain€his€convictions€personally€to€the€Board,€has€consideredÐ Œì ÐMr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€application€and€has€found€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€who,€as€may€beÐ x Ø Ðbelieved€on€the€basis€of€a€conversation€which€has€now€taken€place,€has€anÐ d Ä Ðethical€conviction€within€the€meaning€of€the€Unarmed€and€AlternativeÐ P ° ÐService€Act€(132/69)€which€prevents€him€from€doing€armed€or€unarmedÐ < œ Ðservice€in€the€armed€forces€and€who,€having€already€reached€the€age€of€30,Ð ( ˆ Ðmay€not€be€called€up€for€service.€Ðt` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à"Accordingly,€this€case€requires€no€further€action€by€the€Military€ServiceÐ ìL  ÐExamining€Board."€ÐØ8 ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à2.5€At€this€stage€(2€February€1981)€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€had€already€been€serving€his€11€months'Ð °  Ðprison€sentence€since€4€June€1980.€It€is€stated€on€his€behalf€that€a€number€of€persons€thenÐ œü  Ðrequested€a€presidential€pardon€in€his€case;€that€the€case€was€handed€over€by€'the€MinistryÐ ˆè  Ðof€Justice€to€the€Highest€Court€of€Finland;€and€that,€as€a€result,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€pardonedÐ tÔ  Ðon€27€March€1981€and€released€from€prison€two€weeks€later.€It€is€claimed,€however,€that€Mr.Ð `À ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€has€not€been€allowed€any€monetary€relief€for€the€wrongs€which€he€has€allegedlyÐ L¬ Ðsuffered.€The€facts,€as€submitted,€do€not€indicate€which€steps,€if€any,€have€been€taken€by€Mr.Ð 8˜ ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô,€or€on€his€behalf,€to€obtain€such€monetary€relief.€Ð$„(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðp(#(# Ðà0  à11.2€€The€Committee's€task€is€limited€to€determining€whether,€in€the€particular€circumstancesÐ ü\ Ðof€the€case,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€entitled€to€receive€compensation€in€accordance€with€articleÐ èH Ð14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant.€Such€a€right€to€compensation€may€arise€in€relation€toÐ Ô4 Ðcriminal€proceedings€if€either€the€conviction€of€a€person€has€been€reversed€or€if€he€or€sheÐ À  Ð"has€been€pardoned€on€the€ground€that€a€new€or€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusivelyÐ ¬  Ðthat€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice".€As€far€as€the€first€alternative€is€concerned,€theÐ ˜ø ÐCommittee€observes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€conviction,€as€pronounced€in€the€judgement€of€theÐ „ ä Ðcity€court€of€Joensuu€on€13€December€1978€and€confirmed€by€the€Eastern€Finland€HigherÐ p!Ð ÐCourt€on€26€October€1979,€has€never€been€set€aside€by€any€later€judicial€decision.Ð \"¼ ÐFurthermore,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€not€pardoned€because€it€had€been€established€that€hisÐ H#¨ Ðconviction€rested€on€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€According€to€the€relevant€Finnish€statute,€theÐ 4$” ÐLaw€concerning€the€punishment€of€certain€conscripts€who€decline€to€do€military€serviceÐ  %€  Ð(23/72),€whoever€refuses€military€service€not€having€been€recognized€as€a€conscientiousÐ  &l! Ðobjector€by€the€Examining€Board€commits€a€punishable€offence.€This€means€that€the€rightÐ ø&X" Ðto€decline€military€service€does€not€arise€automatically€once€the€prescribed€substantiveÐ ä'D # Ðrequirements€are€met,€but€only€after€due€examination€and€recognition€of€the€alleged€ethicalÐ Ð(0!$ Ðgrounds€by€the€competent€administrative€body.€Consequently,€the€presidential€pardon€doesÐ ¼)"% Ðnot€imply€that€there€had€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€As€the€State€party€has€pointed€out€inÐ ¨*#& Ðits€submission€of€22€October€1984,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€pardoning€was€motivated€byÐ ”+ô#' Ðconsiderations€of€equity.€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à11.3€To€be€sure,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€conviction€came€about€as€a€result€of€the€decision€of€theÐ x Ø ÐExamining€Board€of€18€October€1977,€denying€him€the€legal€status€of€conscientious€objector.Ð d Ä ÐThis€decision€was€based€on€the€evidence€which€the€Examining€Board€had€before€it€at€thatÐ P ° Ðtime.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€succeeded€in€persuading€the€Examining€Board€of€his€ethical€objectionÐ < œ Ðto€military€service€only€after€he€had€personally€appeared€before€that€body€following€hisÐ ( ˆ Ðrenewed€application€in€the€autumn€of€1980,€while€in€1977€he€had€failed€to€avail€himself€ofÐ t Ðthe€opportunity€to€be€present€during€the€Examining€Board's€examination€of€his€case.€Ð`(#(# ÐÌà0  à12.€€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€has€no€rightÐ Ø8  Ðto€compensation€which€the€Finnish€authorities€have€failed€to€honour€and€that€consequentlyÐ Ä$  Ðthere€has€been€no€breach€of€article€14€(6)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð° (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£â6ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòL.€T.€K.€v.€Finlandóó€(185/1984),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/40/40€(9€July€1985)€240€at€paras.€5.2€and€7.݃3£â67ÝŒÐtÔ (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  à5.2€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€observes...that,€according€to€the€author's€own€account€heÐ 8˜ Ðwas€not€prosecuted€and€sentenced€because€of€his€beliefs€or€opinions€as€such,€but€because€heÐ $„ Ðrefused€to€perform€military€service.€€The€Covenant€does€not€provide€for€the€right€toÐ p Ðconscientious€objection;€neither€article€18€nor€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€especially€takingÐ ü\ Ðinto€account€paragraph€3€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€(ii)€of€article€8,€can€be€construed€as€implying€that€right.€€TheÐ èH Ðauthor€does€not€claim€that€there€were€any€procedural€defects€in€the€judicial€proceedingsÐ Ô4 Ðagainst€him,€which€themselves€could€have€constituted€a€violation€of€any€of€the€provisions€ofÐ À  Ðthe€Covenant,€or€that€he€was€sentenced€contrary€to€law.€Ð¬ (#(# Ðà0  à...Иø(#(# Ðà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð„ ä(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àThe€communication€is€inadmissible.€Ð\"¼` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¾<ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòV.€M.€R.€B.€v.€Canadaóó€(236/1987),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/43/40€(18€July€1988)€258€at€para.€6.3.€and€7.݃3£¾<ë<݌Р%€ (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðø&X"(#(# Ðà0  à6.3€€...With€respect€to€articles€18€and€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€authorÐ ä'D # Ðhas€not€submitted€any€evidence€to€substantiate€how€his€exercise€of€freedom€of€conscienceÐ Ð(0!$ Ðor€expression€has€been€restricted€in€Canada.€€His€apparent€contention€that€the€deportationÐ ¼)"% Ðproceedings€resulted€from€the€State€party's€disapproval€of€his€political€opinions€is€refuted€byÐ ¨*#& Ðthe€State€party's€uncontested€statement€that,€as€early€as€November€1980,€he€had€beenÐ ”+ô#' Ðexcluded€from€re-entering€Canada€on€clear€national€security€grounds...Deportation€of€an€alienÐ   Ðon€security€grounds€does€not€constitute€an€interference€with€the€rights€guaranteed€by€articlesÐ Œì Ð18€and€19€of€the€Covenant.€€With€respect€to€articles€2€and€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€hasÐ x Ø Ðfailed€to€establish€how€the€deportation€of€an€alien€on€national€security€grounds€constitutesÐ d Ä Ðdiscrimination.€ÐP °(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð( ˆ(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(a)€€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€articles€2€and€3€of€theÐ ` ÐOptional€Protocol€because€the€author's€claims€are€either€unsubstantiated€orÐ ìL  Ðincompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant...ÐØ8 ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£âCÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔBhinderÔ_Ô€v.€Canadaóó€(208/1986),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/45/40€ÔUSCE.,Ôvol.€IIÔCE.,US.,ÈDÔ€(9€November€1989)€50€at€paras.€6.1,Ð œü  Ð6.2€and€7.݃3£âCD݌Јè (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð`À(#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€The€Committee€notes€that€in€the€case€under€consideration€legislation€which,€on€the€faceÐ L¬ Ðof€it,€is€neutral€in€that€it€applies€to€all€persons€without€distinction,€is€said€to€operate€in€a€wayÐ 8˜ Ðwhich€discriminates€against€persons€of€the€Sikh€religion.€€The€author€has€also€claimed€aÐ $„ Ðviolation€of€article€18€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€has€also€examined€the€issue€inÐ p Ðrelation€to€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ðü\(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.2€€Whether€one€approaches€the€issue€from€the€perspective€of€article€18€or€article€26,€in€theÐ Ô4 Ðview€of€the€Committee€the€same€conclusion€must€be€reached.€€If€the€requirement€that€a€hardÐ À  Ðhat€be€worn€is€regarded€as€raising€issues€under€article€18,€then€it€is€a€limitation€that€isÐ ¬  Ðjustifies€by€reference€to€the€grounds€laid€down€in€article€18,€paragraph€3.€€If€the€requirementÐ ˜ø Ðthat€a€hard€hat€be€worn€is€seen€as€a€discrimination€òòde€factoóó€against€persons€of€the€SikhÐ „ ä Ðreligion€under€article€26,€then,€applying€criteria€now€well€established€in€the€jurisprudence€ofÐ p!Ð Ðthe€Committee,€the€legislation€requiring€that€workers€in€federal€employment€be€protectedÐ \"¼ Ðfrom€injury€and€electric€shock€by€the€wearing€of€hard€hats€is€to€be€regarded€as€reasonable€andÐ H#¨ Ðdirected€towards€objective€purposes€that€are€compatible€with€the€Covenant.Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€which€have€been€placedÐ  &l! Ðbefore€it€do€not€disclose€a€violation€of€any€provision€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ ø&X" Ðand€Political€Rights.Ðä'D #(#(# ÐÌÌÌÐ ”+ô#' ЇÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ýLÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòDelgado€Ô_ÔPezÔ_Ô€v.€Colombiaóó€(195/1985),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/45/40€ÔUSCE.,Ôvol.€IIÔCE.,US.,êMÔ€(12€July€1990)€43€at€paras.Ð   Ð2.1,€2.2,€2.4,€5.7€and€5.8.݃3£ýL*M݌Ќì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðd Ä(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€In€March€1983,€the€author€was€appointed€by€the€Ministry€of€Education€as€a€teacher€ofÐ P ° Ðreligions€and€ethics€at€a€secondary€school€in€Ô_ÔLeticiaÔ_Ô,€Colombia.€€He€was€elected€vice„Ð < œ Ðpresident€of€the€teachersðð€union.€€As€an€advocate€of€ð ðliberation€theologyðð,€his€social€viewsÐ ( ˆ Ðdiffered€from€those€of€the€then€Apostolic€Prefect€of€Ô_ÔLeticiaÔ_Ô.Ðt(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€October€1983,€the€Apostolic€Prefect€sent€a€letter€to€the€Education€CommissionÐ ìL  Ðwithdrawing€the€support€that€the€Church€had€given€to€Mr.€Delgado...ÐØ8 (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÄ$ (#(# Ðà0  à2.4€€On€5€February€1984,€Mr.€Delgado€was€informed€that€he€would€no€longer€teach€religion.€Ð °  ÐInstead,€a€course€in€manual€labour€and€handicrafts€(òòÔ_ÔmanualidadesÔ_Ô€y€Ô_ÔartesaniasÔ_Ôóó),€for€whichÐ œü  Ðhe€had€no€training€or€experience,€was€assigned€to€him...Јè (#(# Ðà0  à...ÐtÔ (#(# Ðà0  à5.7€€With€respect€to€article€18,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€authorððs€right€to€professÐ `À Ðor€to€manifest€his€religion€has€not€been€violated.€€The€Committee€finds,€moreover,€thatÐ L¬ ÐColombia€may,€without€violating€this€provision€of€the€Covenant,€allow€the€ChurchÐ 8˜ Ðauthorities€to€decide€who€may€teach€religion€and€in€what€manner€it€may€be€taught.Ð$„(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.8€€Article€19€protects,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€right€of€freedom€of€expression€and€of€opinion.€€ThisÐ ü\ Ðwill€usually€cover€the€freedom€of€teachers€to€teach€their€subjects€in€accordance€with€theirÐ èH Ðown€views,€without€interference.€€However,€in€the€particular€circumstances€of€the€case,€theÐ Ô4 Ðspecial€relationship€between€Church€and€State€in€Colombia,€exemplified€by€the€applicableÐ À  ÐòòConcordatóó,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€requirement,€by€the€Church,€that€religion€be€taughtÐ ¬  Ðin€a€certain€way€does€not€violate€article€19.Иø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£íWÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔBrinkhofÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(402/1990),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/48/40€vol.€II€(27€July€1993)€124Ð \"¼ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/48/D/402/1990)€€at€paras.€9.2€and€9.3.݃3£íWXÝŒÐH#¨(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à9.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€differentiation€in€treatment€as€regardsÐ  &l! Ðexemption€from€military€service€between€Jehovahððs€Witnesses€and€other€conscientiousÐ ø&X" Ðobjectors€amounts€to€prohibited€discrimination€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant.€€TheÐ ä'D # ÐCommittee€has€noted€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€the€differentiation€is€based€onÐ Ð(0!$ Ðreasonable€and€objective€criteria,€since€Jehovahððs€Witnesses€form€a€closely„knit€social€groupÐ ¼)"% Ðwith€strict€rules€of€Ô_ÔbehaviorÔ_Ô,€membership€of€which€is€said€to€constitute€strong€evidence€thatÐ ¨*#& Ðthe€objections€to€military€and€substitute€service€are€based€on€genuine€religious€convictions.€Ð ”+ô#' ÐThe€Committee€notes€that€there€is€no€legal€possibility€for€other€conscientious€objectors€to€beÐ   Ðexempted€from€the€service€altogether;€they€are€required€to€substitute€service;€when€theyÐ Œì Ðrefuse€to€do€this€for€reasons€of€conscience,€they€are€prosecuted€and,€if€convicted,€sentencedÐ x Ø Ðto€imprisonment.€Ðd Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.3€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€exemption€of€only€one€group€of€conscientiousÐ < œ Ðobjectors€and€the€inapplicability€of€exemption€for€all€others€cannot€be€considered€reasonable.€Ð ( ˆ ÐIn€this€context,€the€Committee€refers€to€its€General€Comment€on€article€18€and€emphasizesÐ t Ðthat,€when€a€right€of€conscientious€objection€to€military€service€is€recognized€by€a€StateÐ ` Ðparty,€no€differentiation€shall€be€made€among€conscientious€objectors€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ìL  Ðnature€of€their€particular€beliefs.€€However,€in€the€instant€case,€the€Committee€considers€thatÐ Ø8  Ðthe€author€has€not€shown€that€his€convictions€as€a€pacifist€are€incompatible€with€the€systemÐ Ä$  Ðof€substitute€service€in€the€Netherlands€or€that€the€privileged€treatment€accorded€to€JehovahððsÐ °  ÐWitnesses€adversely€affected€his€rights€as€a€conscientious€objector€against€military€service.€Ð œü  ÐThe€Committee€therefore€finds€that€(the€author)€is€not€a€victim€of€a€violation€of€article€26€ofÐ ˆè  Ðthe€Covenant.ÐtÔ (#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£'cÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCoerielÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔAurikÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(453/1991),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/50/40€vol.€II€(31€October€1994)Ð 8˜ Ð21€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/453/1991)€€at€para.€10.5.݃3£'cWcÝŒÐ$„(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðü\(#(# Ðà0  à10.5€€In€the€present€case,€the€authors'€request€for€recognition€of€the€change€of€their€firstÐ èH Ðnames€to€Hindu€names€in€order€to€pursue€their€religious€studies€had€been€granted€in€1986.€Ð Ô4 ÐThe€State€party€based€its€refusal€of€the€request€also€to€change€their€surnames€on€the€groundsÐ À  Ðthat€the€authors€had€not€shown€that€the€changes€sought€were€essential€to€pursue€their€studies,Ð ¬  Ðthat€the€names€had€religious€connotations€and€that€they€were€not€'Dutch€sounding'.€€TheÐ ˜ø ÐCommittee€finds€the€grounds€for€so€limiting€the€authors'€rights€under€article€17€not€to€beÐ „ ä Ðreasonable.€€In€the€circumstances€of€the€instant€case€the€refusal€of€the€authors'€request€wasÐ p!Ð Ðtherefore€arbitrary€within€the€meaning€of€article€17,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinions€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔCoerielÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔAurikÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(453/1991),Ð 4$” ÐÔ_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/50/40€vol.€II€(31€October€1994)€21€(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/52/D/453/1991)€€at€Individual€Opinion€byÐ  %€  ÐMr.€Ô_ÔNisukeÔ_Ô€Ando,€28€and€Individual€Opinion€by€Mr.€Kurt€Ô_ÔHerndlÔ_Ô,€28.€€Ð  &l! ÐÌÌÌÌÌÐ ”+ô#' ЇÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£×jÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTadmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Canada€óó(816/1998),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(29€October€1999)€218€at€paras.Ð   Ð1.2,€6.2€and€7.݃3£×jk݌Ќì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðd Ä(#(# Ðà0  à1.2€€In€the€province€of€Ontario€Roman€Catholic€schools€are€the€only€non-secular€schoolsÐ P ° Ðreceiving€full€and€direct€public€funding.€€The€authors,€however,€belong€to€different€religiousÐ < œ Ðdenominations,€i.e.€United€Church€of€Canada,€Lutheran€Church,€Serbian€Orthodox€ChurchÐ ( ˆ Ðand€Humanist.€€They€all€have€children€in€the€school€going€age€and€their€children€are€beingÐ t Ðeducated€in€the€public€school€system.Ð`(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐìL (#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€The€State€party€has€challenged€the€admissibility€of€the€communication€on€the€basis€thatÐ Ø8  Ðthe€authors€cannot€claim€to€be€victims€of€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€€In€this€context,€theÐ Ä$  ÐCommittee€notes€that€the€authors€while€claiming€to€be€victims€of€discrimination,€do€not€seekÐ °  Ðpublicly€funded€religious€schools€for€their€children,€but€on€the€contrary€seek€the€removal€ofÐ œü  Ðthe€public€funding€to€Roman€Catholic€separate€schools.€€Thus,€if€this€were€to€happen,€theÐ ˆè  Ðauthorsðð€personal€situation€in€respect€of€funding€for€religious€education€would€not€beÐ tÔ  Ðimproved.€€The€authors€have€not€sufficiently€substantiated€how€the€public€funding€given€toÐ `À Ðthe€Roman€Catholic€separate€schools€at€present€causes€them€any€disadvantage€or€affects€themÐ L¬ Ðadversely.€€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€they€cannot€claim€to€beÐ 8˜ Ðvictims€of€the€alleged€discrimination,€within€the€meaning€of€article1€of€the€OptionalÐ $„ ÐProtocol.Ðp(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.€€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decides:ÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  à(a)€€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible€...ÐÀ (#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔTadmanÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Canada€óó(816/1998),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.Ð ˜ø ÐII€(29€October€1999)€218€at€Individual€Opinion€by€P.€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€E.€Evatt,€L.€Ô_ÔHenkinÔ_Ô€and€C.€MedinaÐ „ ä ÐÔ_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€226.Ð p!Ð ÐÌòòÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¶uÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFoinÔ_Ô€v.€Franceóó€(666/1995),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(3€November€1999)€30€at€para.€10.3.݃3£¶uãuÝŒÐ4$”(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð &l!(#(# Ðà0  à10.3€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€specific€conditions€under€whichÐ ø&X" Ðalternative€service€had€to€be€performed€by€the€author€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.Ð ä'D # ÐThe€Committee€observes€that€under€article€8€of€the€Covenant,€States€parties€may€requireÐ Ð(0!$ Ðservice€of€a€military€character€and,€in€case€of€conscientious€objection,€alternative€nationalÐ ¼)"% Ðservice,€provided€that€such€service€is€not€discriminatory.€The€author€has€claimed€that€theÐ ¨*#& Ðrequirement,€under€French€law,€of€a€length€of€24€months€for€national€alternative€service,Ð ”+ô#' Ðrather€than€12€months€for€military€service,€is€discriminatory€and€violates€the€principle€ofÐ   Ðequality€before€the€law€and€equal€protection€of€the€law€set€forth€in€article€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð Œì ÐThe€Committee€reiterates€its€position€that€article€26€does€not€prohibit€all€differences€ofÐ x Ø Ðtreatment.€Any€differentiation,€as€the€Committee€has€had€the€opportunity€to€state€repeatedly,Ð d Ä Ðmust€however€be€based€on€reasonable€and€objective€criteria.€In€this€context,€the€CommitteeÐ P ° Ðrecognizes€that€the€law€and€practice€may€establish€differences€between€military€and€nationalÐ < œ Ðalternative€service€and€that€such€differences€may,€in€a€particular€case,€justify€a€longer€periodÐ ( ˆ Ðof€service,€provided€that€the€differentiation€is€based€on€reasonable€and€objective€criteria,€suchÐ t Ðas€the€nature€of€the€specific€service€concerned€or€the€need€for€a€special€training€in€order€toÐ ` Ðaccomplish€that€service.€In€the€present€case,€however,€the€reasons€forwarded€by€the€StateÐ ìL  Ðparty€do€not€refer€to€such€criteria€or€refer€to€criteria€in€general€terms€without€specificÐ Ø8  Ðreference€to€the€author's€case,€and€are€rather€based€on€the€argument€that€doubling€the€lengthÐ Ä$  Ðof€service€was€the€only€way€to€test€the€sincerity€of€an€individual's€convictions.€In€theÐ °  ÐCommittee's€view,€such€argument€does€not€satisfy€the€requirement€that€the€difference€inÐ œü  Ðtreatment€involved€in€the€present€case€was€based€on€reasonable€and€objective€criteria.€In€theÐ ˆè  Ðcircumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€a€violation€of€article€26€occurred,€since€the€authorÐ tÔ  Ðwas€discriminated€against€on€the€basis€of€his€conviction€of€conscience.€Ð`À(#(# ÐÌòòò òSee€also:óóó óÐ 8˜ ÐÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£uÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMailleÔ_Ô€v.€France€óó(689/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(10€July€2000)€62€at€para.€10.4.݃3£u¥ÝŒÐ €(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝòòÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£È‚ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔ_ÔVenierÔ_Ô€and€Nicolas€v.€France€óó(690/1996€and€691/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(10€JulyÐ  l Ð2000)€75€at€para.€10.4.݃3£È‚õ‚ÝŒÐøX(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£D„ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔWestermanÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(682/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(3€November€1999)€41Ð ¼ Ðat€paras.€€2.1,€2.2,€9.3„9.5€and€10.݃3£D„q„݌Ш(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ѐ à(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€states€that€he€has€conscientious€objections€to€military€service,€but€that€hisÐ l!Ì Ðapplication€to€be€recognized€as€a€conscientious€objector€under€the€òòWet€Ô_ÔGewetensbezwaardenÔ_ÔÐ X"¸ ÐMilitaire€Ô_ÔDienstÔ_Ôóó€(Military€Service€(Conscientious€Objections)€Act)€was€refused€by€the€DutchÐ D#¤ Ðauthorities.€The€author's€appeals€against€the€refusal€were€dismissed€by€the€Minister€ofÐ 0$ ÐDefence,€and€subsequently€the€òòÔ_ÔRaadÔ_Ô€van€Stateóó€(Council€of€State).€As€a€result,€the€authorÐ %|  Ðbecame€eligible€for€military€service.€Ð&h!(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€In€the€beginning€of€his€military€service,€on€29€October€1990,€the€author€was€told€by€aÐ à'@ # Ðmilitary€officer€to€put€on€a€uniform,€which€he€refused.€The€author€stated€that€he€refused€anyÐ Ì(,!$ Ðsort€of€military€service€because€of€his€conscientious€objections.€Although€the€officerÐ ¸)"% Ðreminded€him€that€insubordination€is€a€criminal€offence,€the€author€persisted€in€refusing€anyÐ ¤*#& Ðmilitary€orders.€Ð+ð#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Р(#(# Ðà0  à9.3€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€that€his€conviction€was€in€violation€of€article€18€of€theÐ Œì ÐCovenant,€the€Committee€observes€that€the€right€to€freedom€of€conscience€does€not€as€suchÐ x Ø Ðimply€the€right€to€refuse€all€obligations€imposed€by€law,€nor€does€it€provide€immunity€fromÐ d Ä Ðcriminal€liability€in€respect€of€every€such€refusal.€Nevertheless,€the€Committee€in€its€GeneralÐ P ° ÐComment€has€expressed€the€view€that€the€right€to€conscientious€objection€to€military€serviceÐ < œ Ðcan€be€derived€from€article€18€[General€Comment€22,€article€18,€48th€session,€1993].€In€itsÐ ( ˆ ÐGeneral€Comment€on€article€18€the€Committee€considered€that€ð ðthe€obligation€to€use€lethalÐ t Ðforce€may€seriously€conflict€with€the€freedom€of€conscience€and€the€right€to€manifest€one'sÐ ` Ðreligion€or€belief.ðð€The€Committee€notes€that€under€Dutch€law,€there€is€a€procedure€for€theÐ ìL  Ðrecognition€of€conscientious€objections€against€military€service€on€the€ground€ofÐ Ø8  Ðinsurmountable€objection€of€conscience€to€military€service€because€of€the€use€of€violentÐ Ä$  Ðmeans...а (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.4€€The€author€sought€recognition€as€a€conscientious€objector.€The€Minister€of€Defence€heldÐ ˆè  Ðthat€his€objection€that€he€would€not€be€able€to€take€decisions€for€himself€did€not€constituteÐ tÔ  Ðgrounds€for€recognition€under€Dutch€law€...€As€a€consequence€of€the€rejection€of€his€claimÐ `À Ðfor€recognition€as€a€conscientious€objector€the€author's€refusal€to€perform€military€duty€madeÐ L¬ Ðhim€liable€to€be€charged€with€a€criminal€offence.€Ð8˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.5€€The€question€for€the€Committee€is€whether€the€imposition€of€sanctions€to€enforce€theÐ p Ðperformance€of€military€duty€was,€in€the€case€of€the€author,€an€infringement€of€his€right€toÐ ü\ Ðfreedom€of€conscience.€The€Committee€observes€that€the€authorities€of€the€State€partyÐ èH Ðevaluated€the€facts€and€arguments€advanced€by€the€author€in€support€of€his€claim€forÐ Ô4 Ðexemption€as€a€conscientious€objector€in€the€light€of€its€legal€provisions€in€regard€toÐ À  Ðconscientious€objection€and€that€these€legal€provisions€are€compatible€with€the€provisionsÐ ¬  Ðof€article€18.€òò2óó/€The€Committee€observes€that€the€author€failed€to€satisfy€the€authorities€ofÐ ˜ø Ðthe€State€party€that€he€had€an€"insurmountable€objection€of€conscience€to€military€service...Ð „ ä Ðbecause€of€the€use€of€violent€meansðð€...There€is€nothing€in€the€circumstances€of€the€caseÐ p!Ð Ðwhich€requires€the€Committee€to€substitute€its€own€evaluation€of€this€issue€for€that€of€theÐ \"¼ Ðnational€authorities.€ÐH#¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€do€not€disclose€aÐ  %€  Ðviolation€of€any€of€the€articles€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð &l!(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðø&X"(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐä'D #(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÐ(0!$(#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€€See€General€Comment€22€(48),€paragraph€11€dealing€with€the€right€to€conscientiousÐ ¼)"% Ðobjection.Ш*#&(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Д+ô#'(#(# ЇòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Ô_ÔWestermanÔ_Ô€v.€The€Netherlandsóó€(682/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,Ð   ÐA/55/40€vol.€II€(3€November€1999)€41€at€Individual€Opinion€by€P.€Ô_ÔBhagwatiÔ_Ô,€L.€Ô_ÔHenkinÔ_Ô,€C.€MedinaÐ Œì ÐÔ_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô,€F.€Ô_ÔPocarÔ_Ô€and€M.€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ô,€48€and€Individual€Opinion€by€H.€Ô_ÔSolariÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYrigoyenÔ_Ô,€49.€Ð x Ø ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£ "ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£À›ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòÔ_ÔWaldmanÔ_Ô€v.€Canada€óó(694/1996),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/55/40€vol.€II€(3€November€1999)€86Ð < œ Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/67/D/694/1996)€at€paras.€10.2,€10.4„10.6€and€Individual€Opinion€by€MartinÐ ( ˆ ÐÔ_ÔScheininÔ_Ô€(concurring),€100€at€paras.€3„5.݃3£À›í›ÝŒÐt(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐìL (#(# Ðà0  à10.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€public€funding€for€Roman€Catholic€schools,Ð Ø8  Ðbut€not€for€schools€of€the€authorððs€religion,€which€results€in€him€having€to€meet€the€full€costÐ Ä$  Ðof€education€in€religious€school,€constitutes€a€violation€of€the€authorððs€rights€under€theÐ °  ÐCovenant.Мü (#(# Ðà0  à...Јè (#(# Ðà0  à10.4€€The€Committee€begins€by€noting€that€the€fact€that€a€distinction€is€enshrined€in€theÐ tÔ  ÐConstitution€does€not€render€it€reasonable€and€objective.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€distinctionÐ `À Ðwas€made€in€1867€to€protect€the€Roman€Catholics€in€Ontario.€€The€material€before€theÐ L¬ ÐCommittee€does€not€show€that€members€of€the€Roman€Catholic€community€or€anyÐ 8˜ Ðidentifiable€section€of€that€community€are€now€in€a€disadvantaged€position€compared€to€thoseÐ $„ Ðmembers€of€the€Jewish€community€that€wish€to€secure€the€education€of€their€children€inÐ p Ðreligious€schools.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€rejects€the€State€party's€argument€that€theÐ ü\ Ðpreferential€treatment€of€Roman€Catholic€schools€is€nondiscriminatory€because€of€itsÐ èH ÐConstitutional€obligation.€ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.5€€With€regard€to€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€it€is€reasonable€to€differentiate€in€theÐ ¬  Ðallocation€of€public€funds€between€private€and€public€schools,€the€Committee€notes€that€itÐ ˜ø Ðis€not€possible€for€members€of€religious€denominations€other€than€Roman€Catholic€to€haveÐ „ ä Ðtheir€religious€schools€incorporated€within€the€public€school€system.€€€In€the€instant€case,€theÐ p!Ð Ðauthor€has€sent€his€children€to€a€private€religious€school,€not€because€he€wishes€a€privateÐ \"¼ Ðnon-government€dependent€education€for€his€children,€but€because€the€publicly€funded€Ð H#¨ Ðschool€system€makes€no€provision€for€his€religious€denomination,€whereas€publicly€fundedÐ 4$” Ðreligious€schools€are€available€to€members€of€the€Roman€Catholic€faith.€€On€the€basis€of€theÐ  %€  Ðfacts€before€it,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€differences€in€treatment€between€RomanÐ  &l! ÐCatholic€religious€schools,€which€are€publicly€funded€as€a€distinct€part€of€the€publicÐ ø&X" Ðeducation€system,€and€schools€of€the€author's€religion,€which€are€private€by€necessity,€cannotÐ ä'D # Ðbe€considered€reasonable€and€objective.€ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à10.6€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€the€aims€of€the€State€partyððsÐ ¨*#& Ðsecular€public€education€system€are€compatible€with€the€principle€of€non„discrimination€laidÐ ”+ô#' Ðdown€in€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee...notes,€however,€that€the€proclaimed€aims€of€theÐ   Ðsystem€do€not€justify€the€exclusive€funding€of€Roman€Catholic€religious€schools...[Ô_ÔT]heÔ_ÔÐ Œì ÐCovenant€does€not€oblige€States€parties€to€fund€schools€which€are€established€on€a€religiousÐ x Ø Ðbasis.€€However,€if€a€State€party€chooses€to€provide€public€funding€to€religious€schools,€itÐ d Ä Ðshould€make€this€funding€available€without€discrimination.€€This€means€that€providingÐ P ° Ðfunding€for€the€schools€of€one€religious€group€and€not€for€another€must€be€based€onÐ < œ Ðreasonable€and€objective€criteria.€€In€the€instant€case,€the€Committee€concludes€that€theÐ ( ˆ Ðmaterial€before€it€does€not€show€that€the€differential€treatment€between€the€Roman€CatholicÐ t Ðfaith€and€the€author's€religious€denomination€is€based€on€such€criteria.€€Consequently,€thereÐ ` Ðhas€been€a€violation€of€the€author's€rights€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant€to€equal€andÐ ìL  Ðeffective€protection€against€discrimination.€ÐØ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€by€Martin€Ô_ÔScheininÔ_Ôóóа (#(# ÐÌà0  àWhile€I€concur€with€the€Committee's€finding€that€the€author€is€a€victim€of€a€violation€ofÐ ˆè  Ðarticle€26€of€the€Covenant,€I€wish€to€explain€my€reasons€for€such€a€conclusion.€ÐtÔ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`À(#(# Ðà0  à3.€€In€the€present€case€the€Committee€correctly€Ô_ÔfocusedÔ_Ô€its€attention€on€article€26.€€AlthoughÐ L¬ Ðboth€General€Comment€No.€22€[48]€and€the€òòÔ_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ôóó€case€are€related€to€article€18,€thereÐ 8˜ Ðis€a€considerable€degree€of€interdependence€between€that€provision€and€theÐ $„ Ðnon-discrimination€clause€in€article€26.€€In€general,€arrangements€in€the€field€of€religiousÐ p Ðeducation€that€are€in€compliance€with€article€18€are€likely€to€be€in€conformity€with€article€26Ð ü\ Ðas€well,€because€non-discrimination€is€a€fundamental€component€in€the€test€under€article€18Ð èH Ð(4).€€In€the€cases€of€òòÔ_ÔBlomÔ_Ô€v.€Sweden€óó(Communication€No.€191/1985)€andòò€Ô_ÔLundgrenÔ_Ô€et€al.€andÐ Ô4 ÐÔ_ÔHjordÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Swedenóó€(Communications€288€and€299/1988)€the€Committee€elaborated€itsÐ À  Ðposition€in€the€question€what€constitutes€discrimination€in€the€field€of€education.€€While€theÐ ¬  ÐCommittee€left€open€whether€the€Covenant€entails,€in€certain€situations,€an€obligation€toÐ ˜ø Ðprovide€some€public€funding€for€private€schools,€it€concluded€that€the€fact€that€privateÐ „ ä Ðschools,€freely€chosen€by€the€parents€and€their€children,€do€not€receive€the€same€level€ofÐ p!Ð Ðfunding€as€public€schools€does€not€amount€to€discrimination.€Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.€€In€the€Province€of€Ontario,€the€system€of€public€schools€provides€for€religious€instructionÐ 4$” Ðin€one€religion€but€adherents€of€other€religious€denominations€must€arrange€for€their€religiousÐ  %€  Ðeducation€either€outside€school€hours€or€by€establishing€private€religious€schools.€€AlthoughÐ  &l! Ðarrangements€exist€for€indirect€public€funding€to€existing€private€schools,€the€level€of€suchÐ ø&X" Ðfunding€is€only€a€fraction€of€the€costs€incurred€to€the€families,€whereas€public€RomanÐ ä'D # ÐCatholic€schools€are€free.€€This€difference€in€treatment€between€adherents€of€the€RomanÐ Ð(0!$ ÐCatholic€religion€and€such€adherents€of€other€religions€that€wish€to€provide€religious€schoolsÐ ¼)"% Ðfor€their€children€is,€in€the€Committee's€view,€discriminatory.€€While€I€concur€with€thisÐ ¨*#& Ðfinding€I€wish€to€point€out€that€the€existence€of€public€Roman€Catholic€schools€in€OntarioÐ ”+ô#' Ðis€related€to€a€historical€arrangement€for€minority€protection€and€hence€needs€to€be€addressedÐ   Ðnot€only€under€article€26€of€the€Covenant€but€also€under€articles€27€and€18.€€The€questionÐ Œì Ðwhether€the€arrangement€in€question€should€be€discontinued€is€a€matter€of€public€policy€andÐ x Ø Ðthe€general€design€of€the€educational€system€within€the€State€party,€not€a€requirement€underÐ d Ä Ðthe€Covenant.€ÐP °(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.€€When€implementing€the€Committee's€views€in€the€present€case€the€State€party€should€inÐ ( ˆ Ðmy€opinion€bear€in€mind€that€article€27€imposes€positive€obligations€for€States€to€promoteÐ t Ðreligious€instruction€in€minority€religions,€and€that€providing€such€education€as€an€optionalÐ ` Ðarrangement€within€the€public€education€system€is€one€permissible€arrangement€to€that€end.€Ð ìL  ÐProviding€for€publicly€funded€education€in€minority€languages€for€those€who€wish€to€receiveÐ Ø8  Ðsuch€education€is€not€as€such€discriminatory,€although€care€must€of€course€be€taken€thatÐ Ä$  Ðpossible€distinctions€between€different€minority€languages€are€based€on€objective€andÐ °  Ðreasonable€grounds.€€The€same€rule€applies€in€relation€to€religious€education€in€minorityÐ œü  Ðreligions.€€In€order€to€avoid€discrimination€in€funding€religious€(or€linguistic)€education€forÐ ˆè  Ðsome€but€not€all€minorities€States€may€legitimately€base€themselves€on€whether€there€is€aÐ tÔ  Ðconstant€demand€for€such€education.€€For€many€religious€minorities€the€existence€of€a€fullyÐ `À Ðsecular€alternative€within€the€public€school€system€is€sufficient,€as€the€communities€inÐ L¬ Ðquestion€wish€to€arrange€for€religious€education€outside€school€hours€and€outside€schoolÐ 8˜ Ðpremises.€€And€if€demands€for€religious€schools€do€arise,€one€legitimate€criterion€for€decidingÐ $„ Ðwhether€it€would€amount€to€discrimination€not€to€establish€a€public€minority€school€or€notÐ p Ðto€provide€comparable€public€funding€to€a€private€minority€school€is€whether€there€is€aÐ ü\ Ðsufficient€number€of€children€to€attend€such€a€school€so€that€it€could€operate€as€a€viable€partÐ èH Ðin€the€overall€system€of€education.€€In€the€present€case€this€condition€was€met.€€Consequently,Ð Ô4 Ðthe€level€of€indirect€public€funding€allocated€to€the€education€of€the€author's€childrenÐ À  Ðamounted€to€discrimination€when€compared€to€the€full€funding€of€public€Roman€CatholicÐ ¬  Ðschools€in€Ontario.€€Ð˜ø(#(# ÐÌÌÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£òÄÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝRoss€v.€Canadaóó€(736/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(18€October€2000)€69€at€paras.€2.1„2.3,Ð \"¼ Ð3.2„3.6,€4.1„4.8,€6.2,€6.8,€10.5,€10.6€and€11.1„11.7݃3£òÄ"ÅÝŒÐH#¨(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€worked€as€a€modified€resource€teacher€for€remedial€reading€in€a€schoolÐ  &l! Ðdistrict€of€New€Brunswick€from€September€1976€to€September€1991.€Throughout€this€period,Ð ø&X" Ðhe€published€several€books€and€pamphlets€and€made€other€public€statements,€including€aÐ ä'D # Ðtelevision€interview,€reflecting€controversial,€allegedly€religious€opinions.€His€booksÐ Ð(0!$ Ðconcerned€abortion,€conflicts€between€Judaism€and€Christianity,€and€the€defence€of€theÐ ¼)"% ÐChristian€religion.€Local€media€coverage€of€his€writings€contributed€to€his€ideas€gainingÐ ¨*#& Ðnotoriety€in€the€community.€€The€author€emphasises€that€his€publications€were€not€contraryÐ ”+ô#' Ðto€Canadian€law€and€that€he€was€never€prosecuted€for€the€expression€of€his€opinions.Ð   ÐFurthermore,€all€writings€were€produced€in€his€own€time,€and€his€opinions€never€formed€partÐ Œì Ðof€his€teaching.€Ðx Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€Following€expressed€concern,€the€author's€in-class€teaching€was€monitored€from€1979Ð P ° Ðonwards.€Controversy€€around€the€author€grew€and,€as€a€result€of€publicly€expressed€concern,Ð < œ Ðthe€School€Board€on€16€March€1988,€€reprimanded€the€author€and€warned€him€that€continuedÐ ( ˆ Ðpublic€discussion€of€his€views€could€lead€to€further€disciplinary€action,€including€dismissal.Ð t ÐHe€was,€however,€allowed€to€continue€to€teach,€and€this€disciplinary€action€was€removedÐ ` Ðfrom€his€file€in€September€1989.€On€21€November€1989,€the€author€made€a€televisionÐ ìL  Ðappearance€€and€was€again€reprimanded€by€the€School€Board€on€30€November€1989.€ÐØ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€21€April€1988,€a€Mr.€David€Ô_ÔAttisÔ_Ô,€a€Jewish€parent,€whose€children€attended€anotherÐ °  Ðschool€within€the€same€School€District,€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Human€RightsÐ œü  ÐCommission€of€New€Brunswick,€alleging€that€the€School€Board,€by€failing€to€take€actionÐ ˆè  Ðagainst€the€author,€condoned€his€anti-Jewish€views€and€breached€section€5€€of€the€HumanÐ tÔ  ÐRights€Act€by€discriminating€against€Jewish€and€other€minority€students.€This€complaintÐ `À Ðultimately€led€€to€the€sanctions€set€out€in€para€4.3€below.€ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8˜(#(# Ðà0  à3.2€€...Individuals€concerned€about€speech€that€denigrates€particular€minorities€may€chooseÐ $„ Ðto€file€a€complaint€with€a€human€rights€commission€rather€than€or€in€addition€to€filing€aÐ p Ðcomplaint€with€the€police.€Ðü\(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.3€€The€complaint€against€the€School€Board€was€lodged€under€section€5(1)€of€the€NewÐ Ô4 ÐBrunswick€Human€Rights€Code...ÐÀ (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.4€€In€his€complaint,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAttisÔ_Ô€submitted€that€the€School€Board€had€violated€section€5€byÐ ˜ø Ðproviding€educational€services€to€the€public€which€discriminated€on€the€basis€of€religion€andÐ „ ä Ðancestry€in€that€they€failed€to€take€adequate€measures€to€deal€with€the€author.€Under€sectionÐ p!Ð Ð20(1)€of€the€same€Act,€if€unable€to€effect€a€settlement€of€the€matter,€the€Human€RightsÐ \"¼ ÐCommission€may€appoint€a€board€of€inquiry€composed€of€one€or€more€persons€to€hold€anÐ H#¨ Ðinquiry.€The€board€appointed€to€examine€the€complaint€against€the€School€Board€made€itsÐ 4$” Ðorders€pursuant€to€section€20€(6.2)€of€the€same€Act€...Ð %€ (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.5€€Since€1982,€the€Canadian€Charter€of€Rights€and€Freedoms€(ð ðthe€Charterðð)€has€been€partÐ ø&X" Ðof€the€Canadian€Constitution,€and€consequently€any€law€that€is€inconsistent€with€itsÐ ä'D # Ðprovisions€is,€to€the€extent€of€that€inconsistency,€of€no€force€or€effect....€Provincial€humanÐ Ð(0!$ Ðrights€codes€and€any€orders€made€pursuant€to€such€codes€are€subject€to€review€under€theÐ ¼)"% ÐCharter.€The€limitation€of€a€Charter€right€may€be€justified€under€section€1€of€the€Charter,€ifÐ ¨*#& Ðthe€Government€can€demonstrate€that€the€limitation€is€prescribed€by€law€and€is€justified€inÐ ”+ô#' Ða€free€and€democratic€society...Р(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.6€There€are€also€several€other€legislative€mechanisms€both€at€the€federal€and€provincialÐ x Ø Ðlevel€to€deal€with€expressions€that€denigrate€particular€groups€in€Canadian€society...Ðd Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.1€€On€1€September€1988,€a€Human€Rights€Board€of€Inquiry€was€established€to€investigateÐ < œ Ðthe€complaint.€In€€December€1990€and€continuing€until€the€spring€of€1991,€the€first€hearingÐ ( ˆ Ðwas€held€before€the€Board...€The€Board€found€that€there€was€no€evidence€of€any€classroomÐ t Ðactivity€by€the€author€on€which€to€base€a€complaint€of€discrimination.€However,€the€BoardÐ ` Ðof€Inquiry€also€noted€that€ÐìL (#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð ð...€a€teacher's€off-duty€conduct€can€impact€on€his€or€her€assigned€duties€andÐ Ä$  Ðthus€is€a€relevant€€consideration...€An€important€factor€to€consider,€inÐ °  Ðdetermining€if€the€Complainant€has€been€discriminated€against€by€Mr.Ð œü  ÐMalcolm€Ross€and€the€School€Board,€is€the€fact€that€teachers€are€role€modelsÐ ˆè  Ðfor€students€whether€a€student€is€in€a€particular€teacher's€class€or€not.€InÐ tÔ  Ðaddition€to€merely€conveying€curriculum€€information€to€children€in€theÐ `À Ðclassroom,€teachers€play€a€much€broader€role€in€influencing€children€throughÐ L¬ Ðtheir€general€demeanour€in€the€classroom€and€through€their€off-duty€lifestyle.Ð 8˜ ÐThis€role€model€influence€on€€students€means€that€a€teacher's€off-duty€conductÐ $„ Ðcan€fall€within€the€scope€of€the€employment€relationship.€While€there€is€aÐ p Ðreluctance€to€impose€restrictions€on€the€freedom€of€employees€to€live€theirÐ ü\ Ðindependent€lives€when€on€their€own€time,€the€right€to€discipline€employeesÐ èH Ðfor€conduct€while€off-duty,€when€that€conduct€can€be€shown€to€have€aÐ Ô4 Ðnegative€influence€on€the€employer's€operation€has€been€well€established€inÐ À  Ðlegal€precedentðð.Ь ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à4.2€€In€its€assessment€of€the€author's€off-duty€activities€and€their€impact,€the€Board€of€InquiryÐ „ ä Ðmade€reference€to€four€published€books€or€pamphlets€entitled€respectively€Web€of€Deceit,Ð p!Ð ÐThe€Real€Holocaust,€Spectre€of€Power€€and€Christianity€vs.€Ô_ÔJudeoÔ_Ô-Christianity,€as€well€as€toÐ \"¼ Ða€letter€to€the€editor€of€The€Ô_ÔMiramichiÔ_Ô€Leader€dated€22€October€1986€and€a€local€televisionÐ H#¨ Ðinterview€given€in€1989.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€stated,€inter€alia,€that€it€had€Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð ð...€no€hesitation€in€concluding€that€there€are€many€references€in€theseÐ  &l! Ðpublished€writings€and€comments€by€Malcolm€Ross€which€are€prima€facieÐ ø&X" Ðdiscriminatory€against€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry.€It€€would€beÐ ä'D # Ðan€impossible€task€to€list€every€prejudicial€view€or€discriminatory€commentÐ Ð(0!$ Ðcontained€in€his€€€writings€as€they€are€innumerable€and€permeate€his€writings.Ð ¼)"% ÐThese€comments€denigrate€the€faith€and€beliefs€€of€Jews€and€call€upon€trueÐ ¨*#& ÐChristians€to€not€merely€question€the€validity€of€Jewish€beliefs€and€teachingsÐ ”+ô#' Ðbut€€to€hold€those€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€in€contempt€asÐ   Ðundermining€freedom,€democracy€and€Christian€beliefs€and€values.€MalcolmÐ Œì ÐRoss€identifies€Judaism€as€the€enemy€and€calls€on€all€Christians€to€join€theÐ x Ø Ðbattle.€Ðd Ä` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àMalcolm€Ross€has€used€the€technique€in€his€writings€of€quoting€other€authorsÐ < œ Ðwho€have€made€derogatory€comments€about€Jews€and€Judaism.€HeÐ ( ˆ Ðintertwines€these€derogatory€quotes€with€his€own€comments€in€a€€way€suchÐ t Ðthat€he€must€reasonably€be€seen€as€adopting€the€views€expressed€in€them€asÐ ` Ðhis€own.€Throughout€his€books,€Malcolm€Ross€continuously€alleges€that€theÐ ìL  ÐChristian€faith€and€way€of€life€are€under€attack€by€an€international€conspiracyÐ Ø8  Ðin€which€the€leaders€of€Jewry€are€prominent.€ÐÄ$ ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à...€The€writings€and€comments€of€Malcolm€Ross€cannot€be€categorized€asÐ œü  Ðfalling€within€the€scope€of€scholarly€€discussion€which€might€remove€themÐ ˆè  Ðfrom€the€scope€of€section€5€[of€the€Human€Rights€Act].€The€materials€are€notÐ tÔ  Ðexpressed€in€a€fashion€that€objectively€summarizes€findings€and€conclusionsÐ `À Ðor€propositions.€While€the€writings€may€have€involved€some€substantialÐ L¬ Ðresearch,€Malcolm€Ross'€primary€purpose€is€clearly€to€€€attack€theÐ 8˜ Ðtruthfulness,€integrity,€dignity€and€motives€of€Jewish€persons€rather€than€theÐ $„ Ðpresentation€of€scholarly€research.ððÐp` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à4.3€€The€Board€of€Inquiry€heard€evidence€from€two€students€from€the€school€district€whoÐ èH Ðdescribed€the€educational€community€in€detail.€òòInter€aliaóó,€they€gave€evidence€of€repeated€andÐ Ô4 Ðcontinual€harassment€in€the€form€of€derogatory€name€calling€of€Jewish€students,€carving€ofÐ À  Ðswastikas€into€desks€of€Jewish€children,€drawing€of€swastikas€on€blackboards€and€generalÐ ¬  Ðintimidation€of€Jewish€students.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€found€no€direct€evidence€that€theÐ ˜ø Ðauthor's€off-duty€conduct€had€impacted€on€the€school€district,€but€found€that€it€would€be€Ð „ ä Ðreasonable€to€anticipate€that€his€writings€were€a€factor€influencing€some€discriminatoryÐ p!Ð Ðconduct€by€the€students.€In€conclusion,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€held€that€the€public€statementsÐ \"¼ Ðand€writings€of€Malcolm€Ross€had€continually€over€many€years€contributed€to€the€creationÐ H#¨ Ðof€a€ð ðpoisoned€environment€within€School€District€15€which€has€greatly€interfered€with€theÐ 4$” Ðeducational€services€provided€to€the€Complainant€and€his€childrenðð.€Thus,€the€Board€ofÐ  %€  ÐInquiry€held€that€the€School€Board€was€vicariously€liable€for€the€discriminatory€actions€ofÐ  &l! Ðits€employee€and€that€it€was€directly€in€violation€of€the€Act€due€to€its€failure€to€discipline€theÐ ø&X" Ðauthor€in€a€timely€and€appropriate€manner,€so€€endorsing€his€out-of-school€activities€andÐ ä'D # Ðwritings.€Therefore,€on€28€August€1991,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€ordered€ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  àà8` (#(#à(2)€That€the€School€Board€Ð¨*#&` Ð ` Ð  ÐÐ ”+ô#' Ðà0  àà8` (#(#à(a)€immediately€place€Malcolm€Ross€on€a€leave€of€absence€without€pay€forÐ   Ða€period€of€eighteen€months;€ÐŒì` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(b)€appoint€Malcolm€Ross€a€non-teaching€position€if...€a€non-teachingÐ d Ä Ðposition€becomes€available€in€School€District€15€for€which€Malcolm€Ross€isÐ P ° Ðqualified.€Ð< œ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àÔ_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€terminate€his€employment€at€the€end€of€the€eighteen€months€leave€ofÐ t Ðabsence€without€pay€if,€in€the€€interim,€he€has€not€been€offered€and€acceptedÐ ` Ða€non-teaching€position.€ÐìL ` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à(d)€terminate€Malcolm€Ross'€employment€with€the€School€Board€immediatelyÐ Ä$  Ðif,€at€any€time€during€the€eighteen€month€leave€of€absence€or€of€at€any€timeÐ °  Ðduring€his€employment€in€a€non-teaching€position,€he€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€publishes€or€writesÐ œü  Ðfor€the€purpose€of€publication,€anything€that€mentions€a€Jewish€or€ZionistÐ ˆè  Ðconspiracy,€or€attacks€followers€of€the€Jewish€religion,€or€(ii)€publishes,€sellsÐ tÔ  Ðor€distributes€any€of€the€following€publications,€directly€or€indirectly:€òòWeb€ofÐ `À ÐDeceit,€The€Real€Holocaust€(The€attack€on€unborn€children€and€life€itself),Ð L¬ ÐSpectre€of€Power,€Christianity€vs€Ô_ÔJudeoÔ_Ô-Christianity€(The€battle€for€truth)óó.ðð€Ð8˜` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à4.4€€Pursuant€to€the€Order,€the€School€Board€transferred€the€author€to€a€non-classroomÐ p Ðteaching€position€in€the€School€District.€The€author€applied€for€judicial€review€requestingÐ ü\ Ðthat€the€order€be€removed€and€quashed.€On€31€December€1991,€Ô_ÔCreaghanÔ_Ô€J.€of€the€Court€ofÐ èH ÐQueen's€Bench€allowed€the€application€in€part,€quashing€clause€2(d)€of€the€order,€on€theÐ Ô4 Ðground€that€it€was€in€excess€of€jurisdiction€and€violated€section€2€of€the€Charter.€As€regardsÐ À  Ðclauses€(a),€(b),€and€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€of€the€order,€the€court€found€that€they€limited€the€author's€CharterÐ ¬  Ðrights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€expression,€but€that€they€were€saved€under€section€1€of€theÐ ˜ø ÐCharter.€Ð„ ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.5€€The€author€appealed€the€decision€of€the€Court€of€Queen's€Bench€to€the€Court€of€AppealÐ \"¼ Ðof€New€Brunswick.€€At€the€same€time,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAttisÔ_Ô€cross-appealed€the€Court's€decisionÐ H#¨ Ðregarding€section€2(d)€of€the€Order.€The€Court€of€Appeal€allowed€the€author's€appeal,Ð 4$” Ðquashing€the€order€given€by€the€Board€of€Inquiry,€and€accordingly€rejected€the€cross-appeal.Ð  %€  ÐBy€judgement€of€20€December€1993,€the€Court€held€that€the€order€violated€the€author's€rightsÐ  &l! Ðunder€section€2€(a)€and€(b)€of€the€Charter€in€that€they€penalised€him€for€publicly€expressingÐ ø&X" Ðhis€sincerely€held€views€by€preventing€him€from€continuing€to€teach.€The€Court€consideredÐ ä'D # Ðthat,€since€it€was€the€author's€activities€outside€the€school€that€had€attracted€the€complaint,Ð Ð(0!$ Ðand€since€it€had€never€been€suggested€that€he€used€his€teaching€€position€to€further€hisÐ ¼)"% Ðreligious€views,€the€ordered€remedy€did€not€meet€the€test€under€section€1€of€the€Charter€...Ð ¨*#& ÐTo€find€otherwise€would,€in€the€Court's€view,€have€the€effect€of€condoning€the€suppressionÐ ”+ô#' Ðof€views€that€are€not€politically€popular€any€given€time.€One€judge,€Ryan€Ô_ÔJ.A.Ô_Ô,€dissented€andÐ   Ðheld€that€the€author's€appeal€should€have€been€dismissed€and€that€the€cross-appeal€shouldÐ Œì Ðhave€been€allowed,€with€the€result€that€section€2(d)€of€the€Order€should€have€been€reinstated.€Ðx Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à4.6€€Mr.€Ô_ÔAttisÔ_Ô,€the€Human€Rights€Commission€and€the€Canadian€Jewish€Congress€thenÐ P ° Ðsought€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada,€which€allowed€the€appeal€and,€byÐ < œ Ðdecision€of€3€April€1996,€reversed€the€judgment€€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€and€restored€clausesÐ ( ˆ Ð2(a),€(b)€and€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€of€the€order.€In€reaching€its€decision,€the€Supreme€Court€first€found€that€theÐ t ÐBoard€of€Inquiry's€finding€of€discrimination€contrary€to€section€5€of€the€Human€Rights€ActÐ ` Ðon€the€part€of€the€School€Board€was€supported€by€the€evidence€and€contained€no€error.€WithÐ ìL  Ðregard€to€the€evidence€of€discrimination€on€the€part€of€the€School€Board€generally,€and€inÐ Ø8  Ðparticular€as€to€the€creation€of€a€€poisoned€environment€in€the€School€District€attributable€toÐ Ä$  Ðthe€conduct€of€the€author,€the€Supreme€Court€heldа (#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð ð...that€a€reasonable€inference€is€sufficient€in€this€case€to€support€a€findingÐ ˆè  Ðthat€the€continued€employment€of€[the€author]€impaired€the€educationalÐ tÔ  Ðenvironment€generally€in€creating€a€'poisoned'€environment€€characterized€byÐ `À Ða€lack€of€equality€and€tolerance.€[The€author's]€off-duty€conduct€impaired€hisÐ L¬ Ðability€to€be€€impartial€and€impacted€upon€the€educational€environment€inÐ 8˜ Ðwhich€he€taught.€(para.€49)€Ð$„` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à...The€reason€that€it€is€possible€to€'reasonably€anticipate'€the€causalÐ ü\ Ðrelationship€in€this€appeal€is€because€of€the€significant€influence€teachersÐ èH Ðexert€on€their€students€and€the€stature€associated€with€the€role€of€a€teacher.€It€Ð Ô4 Ðis€thus€necessary€to€remove€[the€author]€from€his€teaching€position€to€ensureÐ À  Ðthat€no€influence€of€this€kind€is€€exerted€by€him€upon€his€students€and€toÐ ¬  Ðensure€that€educational€services€are€discrimination€free.ðð€(para€101)Иø` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à4.7€€On€the€particular€position€and€responsibilities€of€teachers€and€on€the€relevance€of€aÐ p!Ð Ðteacher's€off€duty€conduct,€the€Supreme€Court€further€commented:Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð àð ð...Teachers€are€inextricably€linked€to€the€integrity€of€the€school€system.Ð 4$” ÐTeachers€occupy€positions€of€trust€and€confidence,€and€exert€considerableÐ  %€  Ðinfluence€over€their€students€as€a€result€of€their€positions.€The€€conduct€of€aÐ  &l! Ðteacher€bears€directly€upon€the€community's€perception€of€the€ability€of€theÐ ø&X" Ðteacher€to€fulfill€such€a€position€of€trust€and€influence,€and€upon€theÐ ä'D # Ðcommunity's€confidence€in€the€public€school€system€as€a€whole.€ÐÐ(0!$` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à...By€their€conduct,€teachers€as€ððmediumðð€must€be€perceived€to€uphold€theÐ ¨*#& Ðvalues,€beliefs€and€knowledge€sought€to€be€transmitted€by€the€school€system.Ð ”+ô#' ÐThe€conduct€of€a€teacher€is€evaluated€on€the€basis€of€his€or€€her€position,Ð   Ðrather€than€whether€the€conduct€occurs€within€the€classroom€or€beyond.Ð Œì ÐTeachers€are€seen€by€the€community€to€be€the€medium€for€the€educationalÐ x Ø Ðmessage€and€because€of€the€community€position€they€occupy,€they€are€notÐ d Ä Ðable€to€ððchoose€which€hat€they€will€wear€on€what€occasionðð.€ÐP °` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà8  àà0` Ð Ð à...€It€is€on€the€basis€of€the€position€of€trust€and€influence€that€we€can€hold€theÐ ( ˆ Ðteacher€to€high€standards€both€on€and€off€duty,€and€it€is€an€erosion€of€theseÐ t Ðstandards€that€may€lead€to€a€loss€in€the€community€of€confidence€€in€theÐ ` Ðpublic€school€system.€I€do€not€wish€to€be€understood€as€advocating€anÐ ìL  Ðapproach€that€subjects€the€entire€lives€of€teachers€to€inordinate€scrutiny€on€theÐ Ø8  Ðbasis€of€more€onerous€moral€standards€of€behaviour.€€This€could€lead€to€aÐ Ä$  Ðsubstantial€invasion€of€the€privacy€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€ofÐ °  Ðteachers.€However,€where€a€ððpoisonedðð€environment€within€the€school€systemÐ œü  Ðis€traceable€to€the€off-duty€conduct€of€a€teacher€that€is€likely€to€produce€aÐ ˆè  Ðcorresponding€loss€of€confidence€in€the€teacher€and€the€system€as€a€whole,Ð tÔ  Ðthen€the€off-duty€conduct€of€the€teacher€is€relevant.ðð€(paras.€43-45)Ð`À` Ð ` Ð  ÐÌà0  à4.8€€Secondly,€the€Court€examined€the€validity€of€the€impugned€Order€under€the€CanadianÐ 8˜ ÐConstitution.€In€this€regard,€the€Court€first€considered€that€the€Order€infringed€sections€2(a)Ð $„ Ðand€2(b)€of€the€Charter€as€it€in€effect€restricted€respectively€the€author's€freedom€of€religionÐ p Ðand€his€freedom€of€expression.€The€Court€went€on€to€consider€whether€these€infringementsÐ ü\ Ðwere€justifiable€under€section€1€of€the€Charter,€and€found€that€the€infringements€had€occurredÐ èH Ðwith€the€aim€of€eradicating€discrimination€in€the€provision€of€educational€services€to€the€Ð Ô4 Ðpublic,€a€'pressing€and€substantial'€objective.€The€Court€further€found€that€the€measures€(a)Ð À  Ð(b)€and€Ô_Ô(c)Ô_Ô€imposed€by€the€order€could€withstand€the€proportionality€test,€that€is€there€existedÐ ¬  Ða€rational€connection€between€the€measures€and€the€objective,€the€impairment€of€the€author'sÐ ˜ø Ðright€was€minimal,€and€there€was€proportionality€between€the€effects€of€the€measures€andÐ „ ä Ðtheir€objective.€Clause€(d)€was€found€not€to€be€justified€since€it€did€not€minimally€impair€theÐ p!Ð Ðauthor's€constitutional€freedoms,€but€imposed€a€permanent€ban€on€his€expressions.€Ð\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  à6.2€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€communication€should€be€deemed€inadmissible€asÐ 4$” Ðincompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€because€the€publications€of€the€author€fallÐ  %€  Ðwithin€the€scope€of€article€20,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€i.e.€they€must€be€consideredÐ  &l! Ðð ðadvocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred€that€constitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,Ð ø&X" Ðhostility€or€violenceðð.€In€this€regard,€the€State€party€points€out€that€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ ä'D # ÐCanada€found€that€the€publications€denigrated€the€faith€and€beliefs€of€Jewish€people€andÐ Ð(0!$ Ðcalled€upon€ð ðtrue€Christiansðð€to€not€merely€question€the€validity€of€those€beliefs€but€to€holdÐ ¼)"% Ðthose€of€the€Jewish€faith€in€contempt.€Furthermore,€it€is€stated€that€the€author€identifiedÐ ¨*#& ÐJudaism€as€the€enemy€and€called€upon€ð ðChristiansðð€to€join€in€the€battle.€Ð”+ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Р(#(# Ðà0  à6.8€€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€first€submits€that€the€author€hasÐ Œì Ðnot€established€how€his€rights€to€freedom€of€religion€and€expression€have€been€limited€orÐ x Ø Ðrestricted€by€the€Order€of€the€Board€of€Inquiry€as€upheld€by€the€Supreme€Court.€It€is€arguedÐ d Ä Ðthat€the€author€is€free€to€express€his€views€while€employed€by€the€school€board€in€aÐ P ° Ðnon-teaching€position€or€while€employed€elsewhere.Ð< œ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à10.5€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€contested€the€admissibility€of€theÐ t Ðremainder€of€the€communication€on€several€grounds.€First,€the€State€party€invokes€article€20,Ð ` Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€claiming€that€the€author's€publications€must€be€consideredÐ ìL  Ðð ðadvocacy€of€national,€racial€or€religious€hatred€that€constitutes€incitement€to€discrimination,Ð Ø8  Ðhostility€or€violenceðð.€Citing€the€decision€of€the€Committee€in€òòJ.€R.€T.€and€W.€G.€v€Canadaóó,Ð Ä$  Ðthe€State€party€submits€that,€as€a€matter€of€consequence,€the€communication€must€be€deemedÐ °  Ðinadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol€as€being€incompatible€with€theÐ œü  Ðprovisions€of€the€Covenant.€Ðˆè (#(# ÐÌà0  à10.6€€While€noting€that€such€an€approach€indeed€was€employed€in€the€decision€in€òòJ.€R.€T.€andÐ `À ÐW.€G.€v€Canadaóó,€the€Committee€considers€that€restrictions€on€expression€which€may€fallÐ L¬ Ðwithin€the€scope€of€article€20€must€also€be€permissible€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€whichÐ 8˜ Ðlays€down€requirements€for€determining€whether€restrictions€on€expression€are€permissible.Ð $„ ÐIn€applying€those€provisions,€the€fact€that€a€restriction€is€claimed€to€be€required€under€articleÐ p Ð20€is€of€course€relevant.€In€the€present€case,€the€permissibility€of€the€restrictions€is€an€issueÐ ü\ Ðfor€consideration€on€the€merits.€ÐèH(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÔ4(#(# Ðà0  à11.1€€With€regard€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ À  Ðobserves€that,€in€accordance€with€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€any€restriction€on€the€right€toÐ ¬  Ðfreedom€of€expression€must€cumulatively€meet€several€conditions€set€out€in€paragraph€3.€TheÐ ˜ø Ðfirst€issue€before€the€Committee€is€therefore€whether€or€not€the€author's€freedom€ofÐ „ ä Ðexpression€was€restricted€through€the€Board€of€Inquiry's€Order€of€28€August€1991,€as€upheldÐ p!Ð Ðby€the€Supreme€Court€of€Canada.€As€a€result€of€this€Order,€the€author€was€placed€on€leaveÐ \"¼ Ðwithout€pay€for€a€week€and€was€subsequently€transferred€to€a€non-teaching€position.€WhileÐ H#¨ Ðnoting€the€State€party's€argument€(see€para€6.8€supra)€that€the€author's€freedom€of€expressionÐ 4$” Ðwas€not€restricted€as€he€remained€free€to€express€his€views€while€holding€a€non-teachingÐ  %€  Ðposition€or€while€employed€elsewhere,€the€Committee€is€unable€to€agree€that€the€removal€ofÐ  &l! Ðthe€author€from€his€teaching€position€was€not,€in€effect,€a€restriction€on€his€freedom€ofÐ ø&X" Ðexpression.€The€loss€of€a€teaching€position€was€a€significant€detriment,€even€if€no€or€onlyÐ ä'D # Ðinsignificant€pecuniary€damage€is€suffered.€This€detriment€was€imposed€on€the€authorÐ Ð(0!$ Ðbecause€of€the€expression€of€his€views,€and€in€the€view€of€the€Committee€this€is€a€restrictionÐ ¼)"% Ðwhich€has€to€be€justified€under€article€19,€paragraph€3,€in€order€to€be€in€compliance€with€theÐ ¨*#& ÐCovenant.€Ð”+ô#'(#(# Їà0  à11.2€€The€next€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€restriction€on€the€author's€right€toÐ   Ðfreedom€of€expression€met€the€conditions€set€out€in€article€19,€paragraph€3,€i.e.€that€it€mustÐ Œì Ðbe€provided€by€law,€it€must€address€one€of€the€aims€set€out€in€paragraph€3€(a)€and€(b)€(respectÐ x Ø Ðof€the€rights€and€reputation€of€others;€protection€of€national€security€or€of€public€order,€or€ofÐ d Ä Ðpublic€health€or€morals),€and€it€must€be€necessary€to€achieve€a€legitimate€purpose.€ÐP °(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.3€€As€regards€the€requirement€that€the€restriction€be€provided€by€law,€the€Committee€notesÐ ( ˆ Ðthat€there€was€a€legal€framework€for€the€proceedings€which€led€to€the€author's€removal€fromÐ t Ða€teaching€position.€The€Board€of€Inquiry€found€that€the€author's€off-duty€commentsÐ ` Ðdenigrated€the€Jewish€faith€and€that€this€had€adversely€affected€the€school€environment.€TheÐ ìL  ÐBoard€of€Inquiry€held€that€the€School€Board€was€vicariously€liable€for€the€discriminatoryÐ Ø8  Ðactions€of€its€employee€and€that€it€had€discriminated€against€the€Jewish€students€in€the€schoolÐ Ä$  Ðdistrict€directly,€in€violation€of€section€5€of€the€New€Brunswick€Human€Rights€Act,€due€toÐ °  Ðits€failure€to€discipline€the€author€in€a€timely€and€appropriate€manner.€Pursuant€to€section€20Ð œü  Ð(6.2)€of€the€same€Act,€the€Board€of€Inquiry€ordered€the€School€Board€to€remedy€theÐ ˆè  Ðdiscrimination€by€taking€the€measures€set€out€in€para€4.3€òòsupra.óó€In€effect,€and€as€stated€above,Ð tÔ  Ðthe€discrimination€was€remedied€by€placing€the€author€on€leave€without€pay€for€one€week€andÐ `À Ðtransferring€him€to€a€non-teaching€position.€ÐL¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.4€€While€noting€the€vague€criteria€of€the€provisions€that€were€applied€in€the€case€againstÐ $„ Ðthe€School€Board€and€which€were€used€to€remove€the€author€from€his€teaching€position,€theÐ p ÐCommittee€must€also€take€into€consideration€that€the€Supreme€Court€considered€all€aspectsÐ ü\ Ðof€the€case€and€found€that€there€was€sufficient€basis€in€domestic€law€for€the€parts€of€the€OrderÐ èH Ðwhich€it€reinstated.€The€Committee€also€notes€that€the€author€was€heard€in€all€proceedingsÐ Ô4 Ðand€that€he€had,€and€availed€himself€of,€the€opportunity€to€appeal€the€decisions€against€him.Ð À  ÐIn€the€circumstances,€it€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€reevaluate€the€findings€of€the€SupremeÐ ¬  ÐCourt€on€this€point,€and€accordingly€it€finds€that€the€restriction€was€provided€for€by€law.€Ð˜ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.5€€When€assessing€whether€the€restrictions€placed€on€the€author's€freedom€of€expressionÐ p!Ð Ðwere€applied€for€the€purposes€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€begins€by€notingòò8óó/€Ð \"¼ Ðthat€the€rights€or€reputations€of€others€for€the€protection€of€which€restrictions€may€beÐ H#¨ Ðpermitted€under€article€19,€may€relate€to€other€persons€or€to€a€community€as€a€whole.€ForÐ 4$” Ðinstance,€and€as€held€in€òòFaurisson€v.€Franceóó,€restrictions€may€be€permitted€on€statementsÐ  %€  Ðwhich€are€of€a€nature€as€to€raise€or€strengthen€anti-semitic€feeling,€in€order€to€uphold€theÐ  &l! ÐJewish€communities'€right€to€be€protected€from€religious€hatred.€Such€restrictions€also€deriveÐ ø&X" Ðsupport€from€the€principles€reflected€in€article€20(2)€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€notesÐ ä'D # Ðthat€both€the€Board€of€Inquiry€and€the€Supreme€Court€found€that€the€author's€statements€wereÐ Ð(0!$ Ðdiscriminatory€against€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€and€that€they€denigrated€theÐ ¼)"% Ðfaith€and€beliefs€of€Jews€and€called€upon€true€Christians€to€not€merely€question€the€validityÐ ¨*#& Ðof€Jewish€beliefs€and€teachings€but€to€hold€those€of€the€Jewish€faith€and€ancestry€in€contemptÐ ”+ô#' Ðas€undermining€freedom,€democracy€and€Christian€beliefs€and€values.€In€view€of€the€findingsÐ   Ðas€to€the€nature€and€effect€of€the€author's€public€statements,€the€Committee€concludes€thatÐ Œì Ðthe€restrictions€imposed€on€him€were€for€the€purpose€of€protecting€the€"rights€or€reputations"Ð x Ø Ðof€persons€of€Jewish€faith,€including€the€right€to€have€an€education€in€the€public€schoolÐ d Ä Ðsystem€free€from€bias,€prejudice€and€intolerance.ÐP °(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.6€€The€final€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€restriction€on€the€author's€freedomÐ ( ˆ Ðof€expression€was€necessary€to€protect€the€right€or€reputations€of€persons€of€the€Jewish€faith.Ð t ÐIn€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€recalls€that€the€exercise€of€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ ` Ðexpression€carries€with€it€special€duties€and€responsibilities.€€These€special€duties€andÐ ìL  Ðresponsibilities€are€of€particular€relevance€within€the€school€system,€especially€with€regardÐ Ø8  Ðto€the€teaching€of€young€students.€In€the€view€of€the€Committee,€the€influence€exerted€byÐ Ä$  Ðschool€teachers€may€justify€restraints€in€order€to€ensure€that€legitimacy€is€not€given€by€theÐ °  Ðschool€system€to€the€expression€of€views€which€are€discriminatory.€In€this€particular€case,Ð œü  Ðthe€Committee€takes€note€of€the€fact€that€the€Supreme€Court€€found€that€it€was€reasonable€toÐ ˆè  Ðanticipate€that€there€was€a€causal€link€between€the€expressions€of€the€author€and€theÐ tÔ  Ðð ðpoisoned€school€environmentðð€experienced€by€Jewish€children€in€the€School€district.€In€thatÐ `À Ðcontext,€the€removal€of€the€author€from€a€teaching€position€can€be€considered€a€restrictionÐ L¬ Ðnecessary€to€protect€the€right€and€freedom€of€Jewish€children€to€have€a€school€system€freeÐ 8˜ Ðfrom€bias,€prejudice€and€intolerance.€Furthermore,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€wasÐ $„ Ðappointed€to€a€non-teaching€position€after€only€a€minimal€period€on€leave€without€pay€andÐ p Ðthat€the€restriction€thus€did€not€go€any€further€than€that€which€was€necessary€to€achieve€itsÐ ü\ Ðprotective€functions.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€accordingly€concludes€that€the€facts€doÐ èH Ðnot€disclose€a€violation€of€article€19.€ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à11.7€€As€regards€the€author's€claims€under€article€18,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€actionsÐ ¬  Ðtaken€against€the€author€through€the€Human€Rights€Board€of€Inquiry's€Order€of€August€1991Ð ˜ø Ðwere€not€aimed€at€his€thoughts€or€beliefs€as€such,€but€rather€at€the€manifestation€of€thoseÐ „ ä Ðbeliefs€within€a€particular€context.€The€freedom€to€manifest€religious€beliefs€may€be€subjectÐ p!Ð Ðto€limitations€which€are€prescribed€by€law€and€are€necessary€to€protect€the€fundamental€rightsÐ \"¼ Ðand€freedoms€of€others,€and€in€the€present€case€the€issues€under€paragraph€3€of€article€18€areÐ H#¨ Ðtherefore€€substantially€the€same€as€under€article€19.€Consequently,€the€Committee€holds€thatÐ 4$” Ðarticle€18€has€not€been€violated.€Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð &l!(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐø&X"(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä'D #(#(# Ðà0  àòò8óó/€€As€it€did€in€General€Comment€No.€10€and€Communication€No.€550/1993,€òòFaurisson€v.Ð Ð(0!$ ÐFranceóó,€Views€adopted€on€8€November€1996.м)"%(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ш*#&(#(# ÐÔ_ÔÐ ”+ô#' ÐòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Ross€v.€Canadaóó€(736/1997),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(18Ð   ÐOctober€2000)€69€at€Individual€Opinion€by€Ô_ÔHipð;ðlitoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSolariÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYrigoyenÔ_Ô€(dissenting),€87.Ð Œì ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ RÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòRiley€et.€al.€v.€Canadaóó€(1048/2002),€Ô_ÔICCPRÔ_Ô,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(21€March€2002)€356Ð P ° Ð(Ô_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/74/D/1048/2002)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€4.2€and€5.݃3£ R6RÝŒÐ< œ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðt(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€In€1990,€the€Canadian€government€revised€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€PoliceÐ ` Ð(ð ðRCMPðð)€regulations€allowing€the€Commissioner,€under€section€64€(2)€of€these€regulations,Ð ìL  Ðto€ð ðexempt€any€member€from€wearing€any€item€of€the€significant€uniform...on€the€basis€ofÐ Ø8  Ðthe€memberððs€religious€beliefs.ðð€Subsequently,€one€Ô_ÔKhalsaÔ_Ô€Sikh€officer€was€authorised€toÐ Ä$  Ðsubstitute€turbans€for€the€traditional€wide€brimmed€ð ðÔ_ÔmountieÔ_Ôðð€Ô_ÔstetsonÔ_Ô€and€forage€cap.а (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€Riley€and€Davis€are€both€retired€from€the€Royal€Canadian€Mounted€Police€(ð ðRCMPðð)Ð ˆè  Ðand€are€members€of€an€organisation€whose€goal€is€to€maintain€tradition€within€the€RCMP.Ð tÔ  ÐThe€authors€sought€an€order€from€the€Federal€Court€of€Canada€(Trial€Division),€that€theÐ `À ÐCommissioner€of€the€RCMP€be€prohibited€from€allowing€the€wearing€of€religious€symbolsÐ L¬ Ðas€part€of€the€RCMP€uniform.€In€particular,€they€claimed€that€the€Commissionerððs€decisionÐ 8˜ Ðto€allow€the€wearing€of€the€Ô_ÔKhalsaÔ_Ô€Sikh€turban€instead€of€the€Ô_ÔstetsonÔ_Ô€is€unconstitutional.€OnÐ $„ Ð8€July€1994,€the€Federal€Court€dismissed€the€authorððs€claim€deciding€that€there€was€noÐ p Ðviolation€of€the€Canadian€Charter.Ðü\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐèH(#(# Ðà0  à4.2€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorsðð€claims€that€they€are€victims€of€violations€ofÐ Ô4 Ðarticles€3,€9,€paragraph€1,€18,€23,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€26,€and€2,€paragraph€1,€because€Ô_ÔKhalsaÔ_ÔÐ À  ÐSikh€officers€of€the€RCMP€are€authorised€to€wear€religious€symbols€as€part€of€their€RCMPÐ ¬  Ðuniform.€In€particular,€the€Committee€notes€the€authorsðð€claim€under€articles€26,€and€2,Ð ˜ø Ðparagraph€1,€that€this€is€a€special€status€allowed€to€Ô_ÔKhalsaÔ_Ô€Sikhs,€which€is€denied€to€otherÐ „ ä Ðreligious€groups.€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€authors€have€failed€to€show€how€theÐ p!Ð Ðenjoyment€of€their€rights€under€the€Covenant€has€been€affected€by€allowing€Ô_ÔKhalsaÔ_Ô€SikhÐ \"¼ Ðofficers€to€wear€religious€symbols.€Therefore,€they€cannot€be€considered€to€be€ð ðvictimsððÐ H#¨ Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€article€1€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌà0  à5.€€The€Committee,€therefore,€decides:Ð &l!(#(# ÐÌà0  àà0` (#(#à(a)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible;Ðä'D #` (#` (# Ðà0  àà0` (#(#à...ÐÐ(0!$` (#` (# ÐÌÌÐ ”+ô#' ЇÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ `ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòBoodoo€v.€Trinidad€and€Tobagoóó€(721/1996),€ICCPR,€A/57/40€vol.€II€(2€April€2002)€76Ð   Ð(CCPR/C/74/D/721/1996)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.3„2.6,€6.6,€7€and€8.݃3£ `6`݌Ќì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðd Ä(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author€states€that€he€has€been€detained€since€21€April€1989.€On€24€January€1992,Ð P ° Ðhe€was€convicted€and€sentenced€to€ten€years€imprisonment€for€larceny.€He€states€that€hisÐ < œ Ðearliest€release€date€is€31€December€1998.òò1óó/€Ð( ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðt(#(# Ðà0  à2.3€€As€a€result€of€his€conditions€of€detention,€the€author€is€going€blind.€The€prison€doctorÐ ` Ðrecommended€at€least€3€hours€of€sunlight€a€day€for€him,€but€this€recommendation€is€not€beingÐ ìL  Ðimplemented.€While€other€inmates€in€the€maximum€security€cell-block€are€allowed€to€takeÐ Ø8  Ðpart€in€entertainment€programs€and€to€worship€at€Christian€or€Muslim€prayer€services,€theÐ Ä$  Ðauthor€has€been€denied€these€privileges.€Ð° (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€After€his€conviction,€and€on€having€his€photograph€taken,€the€photographer€forced€himÐ ˆè  Ðto€have€his€beard€shaved€off,€despite€the€author's€claim€that€his€Muslim€faith€forbids€him€toÐ tÔ  Ðdo€so.€Later€that€day,€the€author€complained€to€the€Inspector€of€Prisons,€who€gave€the€authorÐ `À Ðpermission€to€grow€a€beard€again.ÐL¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€On€1€December€1992,€the€author€was€threatened€by€the€warders,€assaulted,€and€thenÐ $„ Ðreturned€to€his€cell.€On€8€December€1992,€he€learnt€from€the€prison€authorities€that€an€inmateÐ p Ðhad€told€them€that€he€was€masterminding€an€escape€from€prison.Ðü\(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.6€€On€18€January€1993,€the€author€was€searched,€his€prayer€clothes€were€taken€from€himÐ Ô4 Ðand€his€beard€was€forcibly€shaven€off.€He€was€then€assaulted€by€prison€warders.€He€receivedÐ À  Ðblows€to€the€head,€chest,€groin€and€legs€and€his€request€for€immediate€medical€attention€wereÐ ¬  Ðignored.€Some€weeks€later,€on€complaining€of€continual€pain,€the€medical€officer€gave€himÐ ˜ø Ðpainkillers.€On€27€May€1993,€the€author€complained€in€writing€to€the€Inspector€of€Prisons,Ð „ ä Ðbut€no€action€was€taken.Ðp!Ð(#(# Ðà0  à...€Ð\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à6.6€€As€to€the€author's€claim€that€he€has€been€forbidden€from€wearing€a€beard€and€fromÐ H#¨ Ðworshipping€at€religious€services,€and€that€his€prayer€books€were€taken€from€him,€theÐ 4$” ÐCommittee€reaffirms€that€the€freedom€to€manifest€religion€or€belief€in€worship,€observance,Ð  %€  Ðpractice€and€teaching€encompasses€a€broad€range€of€acts€and€that€the€concept€of€worshipÐ  &l! Ðextends€to€ritual€and€ceremonial€acts€giving€expression€to€belief,€as€well€as€various€practicesÐ ø&X" Ðintegral€to€such€acts.€€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€from€the€State€party€concerning€theÐ ä'D # Ðauthor's€allegations€in€paragraphs€2.3€-€2.6,€the€Committee€concludes€that€there€has€been€aÐ Ð(0!$ Ðviolation€of€article€18€of€the€Covenant.м)"%(#(# Ðà0  à...Ш*#&(#(# Ðà0  à7.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ”+ô#' Ðof€articles€7,€9,€paragraph€3,€10,€paragraph€1,€14(3)(c),€17€and€18,€€of€the€InternationalÐ   ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.ÐŒì(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ d Ä Ðauthor€is€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy€including€compensation€for€the€treatment€to€whichÐ P ° Ðhe€has€been€subjected.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsÐ < œ Ðdo€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð( ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðt(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ`(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€No€up-to-date€information€has€been€provided€as€to€whether€the€author€is€still€in€detention.ÐØ8 (#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐÄ$ (#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£²rÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòKang€v.€Republic€of€Koreaóó€(878/1999),€ICCPR,€A/58/40€vol.€II€(15€July€2003)€152Ð ˆè  Ð(CCPR/C/78/D/878/1999)€at€paras.€2.1,€2.2,€2.5€and€7.2.݃3£²rßrÝŒÐtÔ (#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€The€author,€along€with€other€acquaintances,€was€an€opponent€of€the€State€partyððs€militaryÐ 8˜ Ðregime€of€the€1980s.€€In€1984,€he€distributed€pamphlets€criticizing€the€regime€and€the€use€ofÐ $„ Ðsecurity€forces€to€harass€him€and€others.€€At€that€time,€he€also€made€an€unauthorized€(andÐ p Ðtherefore€criminal)€visit€to€North€Korea.€€In€January,€March€and€May€1985,€he€distributedÐ ü\ Ðdissident€publications€covering€numerous€political,€historical,€economic€and€social€issues.€ÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€€The€author€was€arrested€without€warrant€on€1€July€1985€by€the€Agency€for€NationalÐ À  ÐSecurity€Planning€(ANSP).€€He€was€held€òòincommunicado€óóand€interrogated€in€ANSPÐ ¬  Ðdetention,€suffering€ð ðtorture€and€other€mistreatmentsðð,€over€36€days.€€Under€torture,€heÐ ˜ø Ðconfessed€to€joining€the€North€Korean€Labour€Party€and€receiving€instructions€for€espionageÐ „ ä Ðfrom€North€Korea.€€Only€on€5€August€1985,€was€a€judicial€warrant€issued€for€his€arrest.Ð p!Ð ÐRemaining€in€detention,€he€was€formally€indicted€on€4€September€1985€for€alleged€violationsÐ \"¼ Ðof€the€National€Security€Law€of€31€December€1980.òò1óó/€€€These€allegations€encompassedÐ H#¨ Ðmeeting€with€another€member€of€a€spy€ring,€ð ðenemy„benefitting€activitiesðð€in€favour€of€NorthÐ 4$” ÐKorea,€gathering€and€divulging€state€or€military€secrets€(espionage),€and€conspiracy.€Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð &l!(#(# Ðà0  à2.5€€€After€his€conviction,€the€author€was€held€in€solitary€confinement.€€He€was€classified€asÐ ø&X" Ða€communist€ð ðconfident€criminalððòò4óó/€€under€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð,€a€system€givenÐ ä'D # Ðlegal€foundation€by€the€1980€Penal€Administration€Law€and€designed€to€induce€change€to€aÐ Ð(0!$ Ðprisonerððs€political€opinion€by€the€provision€of€favourable€benefits€and€treatment€in€prison.€Ð ¼)"% ÐDue€to€this€classification,€he€was€not€eligible€for€more€favourable€treatment.€€On€14€MarchÐ ¨*#& Ð1991,€the€authorððs€detention€regime€was€reclassified€by€the€Regulation€on€the€ClassificationÐ ”+ô#' Ðand€Treatment€of€Convicts€(ððthe€1991€Regulationðð)€to€ð ðthose€who€have€not€shown€signs€ofÐ   Ðrepentance€after€having€committed€crimes€aimed€at€destroying€the€free€and€democratic€basicÐ Œì Ðorder€by€denying€itðð.€€Moreover,€having€been€convicted€under€the€National€Security€Law,€theÐ x Ø Ðauthor€was€subject€to€an€especially€rigorous€parole€process.òò5óó/Ðd Ä(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐP °(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€€As€to€the€authorððs€claim€that€the€ð ðideology€conversion€systemðð€violates€his€rights€underÐ < œ Ðarticles€18,€19€and€26,€the€Committee€notes€the€coercive€nature€of€such€a€system,€preservedÐ ( ˆ Ðin€this€respect€in€the€succeeding€ð ðoath€of€law„abidance€systemðð,€which€is€applied€inÐ t Ðdiscriminatory€fashion€with€a€view€to€alter€the€political€opinion€of€an€inmate€by€offeringÐ ` Ðinducements€of€preferential€treatment€within€prison€and€improved€possibilities€of€parole.òò15óó/€Ð ìL  ÐThe€Committee€considers€that€such€a€system,€which€the€State€party€has€failed€to€justify€asÐ Ø8  Ðbeing€necessary€for€any€of€the€permissible€limiting€purposes€enumerated€in€articles€18€andÐ Ä$  Ð19,€restricts€freedom€of€expression€and€of€manifestation€of€belief€on€the€discriminatory€basisÐ °  Ðof€political€opinion€and€thereby€violates€articles€18,€paragraph€1,€and€19,€paragraph€1,€bothÐ œü  Ðin€conjunction€with€article€26.Јè (#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐtÔ (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ`À(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€€The€Law€was€enacted€by€the€ð ðNational€Security€Legislative€Councilðð,€an€unelected€bodyÐ 8˜ Ðorganized€as€a€legislature€following€the€1980€military€òòcoup€dððtatóó.€Forming€or€joining€anÐ $„ Ðð ðanti„State€organizationðð,€and€espionage€or€other€activities€under€instruction€of€an€anti„StateÐ p Ðorganization€are€punishable€with€heavy€penalties€under€articles€3€and€4,€respectively.€Ðü\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐèH(#(# Ðà0  àòò4óó/€€€ð ðConfident€criminalðð€is€not€specifically€defined,€but€appears€from€the€context€of€theÐ Ô4 Ðcommunication€to€be€a€prisoner€who€fails€to€comply€with€the€ideology€conversion€system€andÐ À  Ðits€renunciation€requirements...Ь (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò5óó/€€€Under€the€Parole€Administration€Law,€in€such€cases,€the€Parole€Examination€CommitteeÐ „ ä Ðð ðshall€examine€whether€the€convict€has€converted€the€[sic]€thought,€and,€when€deemedÐ p!Ð Ðnecessary,€shall€request€the€convict€to€submit€an€announcement€or€statement€of€conversionðð.€Ð\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  àòò15óó/€€€See€the€comments€of€the€State€party€arguing€the€contrary€with€regard€to€the€CommitteeððsÐ 4$” ÐConcluding€Observations€on€their€second€periodic€report.€(CCPR/C/79/Add.122,€at€para€2).Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð &l!(#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÄŠÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòArenz€v.€GermanyóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(1138/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€A/59/40€vol.€II€(24€March€2004)€548€at€paras.€1,€2.1„2.5,€3.1„Ð Ð(0!$ Ð3.4,€4.1,€8.5,€8.6€and€9.݃3£ÄŠñŠÝŒÐ¼)"%(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1.€€The€authors€of€the€communication€are€Paul€Arenz€(first€author)€and€Thomas€RderÐ ”+ô#' Ð(second€author),€as€well€as€his€wife€Dagmar€Rder€(third€author),€all€German€citizens€andÐ   Ðmembers€of€the€ð ðChurch€of€Scientologyðð€(Scientology).€€They€claim€to€be€victims€ofÐ Œì Ðviolations€by€GermanyÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò1óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€articles€2,€18,€19,€22,€25,€26€and€27€of€the€InternationalÐ x Ø ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights...Ðd Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.1€€On€17€December€1991,€the€Christian€Democratic€Union€(CDU),€one€of€the€two€majorÐ < œ Ðpolitical€parties€in€Germany,€adopted€resolution€C€47€at€its€National€Party€Convention,Ð ( ˆ Ðdeclaring€that€affiliation€with€Scientology€is€not€ð ðcompatible€with€CDU€membershipðð.€€ThisÐ t Ðresolution€still€continues€to€operate.Ð`(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€By€letter€of€22€September€1994,€the€chairman€of€the€municipal€branch€of€the€CDU€atÐ Ø8  ÐMechernich€(Northrhine-Westphalia),€with€the€subsequent€support€of€the€Federal€MinisterÐ Ä$  Ðof€Labour€and€regional€party€leader€of€the€CDU€in€Northrhine-Westphalia,€asked€the€firstÐ °  Ðauthor,€a€long-standing€CDU€member,€to€terminate€his€membership€in€the€CDU€withÐ œü  Ðimmediate€effect€by€signing€a€declaration€of€resignation,€stating€that€he€had€learned€of€theÐ ˆè  Ðfirst€authorððs€affiliation€with€Scientology.€€When€the€latter€refused€to€sign€the€declaration,Ð tÔ  Ðthe€Euskirchen€CDU€District€Board€decided,€on€17€October€1994,€to€initiate€exclusionÐ `À Ðproceedings€against€him,€thereby€stripping€him€of€his€rights€as€a€party€member€until€theÐ L¬ Ðdelivery€of€a€final€decision€by€the€CDU€party€courts.Ð8˜(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€By€letter€of€24€October€1994,€the€President€of€the€Euskirchen€District€Party€CourtÐ p Ðinformed€the€first€author€that€the€Board€had€decided€to€expel€him€from€the€CDU€because€ofÐ ü\ Ðhis€membership€in€the€Scientology€Church€and€that€it€had€requested€the€District€Party€CourtÐ èH Ðto€take€a€decision€to€that€effect€after€providing€him€with€an€opportunity€to€be€heard.€€AfterÐ Ô4 Ða€hearing€was€held€on€2€December€1994,€the€District€Party€Court,€on€6€December€1994,Ð À  Ðinformed€the€first€author€that€it€had€confirmed€the€decision€of€the€District€Board€to€expel€himÐ ¬  Ðfrom€the€party.€€On€2€October€1995,€the€Northrhine-Westphalia€CDU€State€Party€CourtÐ ˜ø Ðdismissed€the€first€authorððs€appeal.€€His€further€appeal€was€rejected€by€the€CDU€FederalÐ „ ä ÐParty€Court€on€18€December€1996.Ðp!Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€In€separate€proceedings,€the€second€author,€a€long„standing€member€and€later€chairmanÐ H#¨ Ðof€the€Municipal€Board€of€the€CDU€at€Wetzlar-Mitte€(Hessia),€as€well€as€the€third€author,Ð 4$” Ðwho€had€also€been€a€CDU€member€for€many€years,€were€expelled€from€the€party€by€decisionÐ  %€  Ðof€29€January€1992€of€the€CDU€District€Association€of€Lahn-Dill.€€This€decision€wasÐ  &l! Ðpreceded€by€a€campaign€against€the€second€authorððs€party€membership,€culminating€in€theÐ ø&X" Ðorganization€of€a€public€meeting€attended€by€approximately€1,000€persons,€in€January€1992,Ð ä'D # Ðduring€which€the€second€authorððs€reputation€and€professional€integrity€as€a€dentist€wereÐ Ð(0!$ Ðallegedly€slandered€because€of€his€Scientology€membership.м)"%(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€On€16€July€1994,€the€Middle€Hessia€District€Party€Court€decided€that€the€expulsion€ofÐ ”+ô#' Ðthe€second€and€third€authors€from€the€party€was€in€conformity€with€the€relevant€CDUÐ   Ðstatutes.€€The€authorsðð€appeals€to€the€Hessia€CDU€State€Party€Court€and€to€the€Federal€PartyÐ Œì ÐCourt€at€Bonn€were€dismissed€on€26€January€1996€and,€respectively,€on€24€September€1996.Ðx Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.1€€On€9€July€1997,€the€Bonn€Regional€Court€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLandgericht€BonnóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€dismissed€the€authorsððÐ P ° Ðlegal€action€against€the€respective€decisions€of€the€CDU€Federal€Party€Tribunal,€holding€thatÐ < œ Ðthese€decisions€were€based€on€an€objective€investigation€of€the€facts,€were€provided€by€law,Ð ( ˆ Ðand€complied€with€the€procedural€requirements€set€out€in€the€CDU€statutes.€€As€to€theÐ t Ðsubstance€of€the€complaint,€the€Court€limited€itself€to€a€review€of€arbitrariness,€owing€to€theÐ ` Ðfundamental€principle€of€party€autonomy€set€out€in€article€21,€paragraph€1,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò2óó/€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€the€BasicÐ ìL  ÐLaw.ÐØ8 (#(# ÐÌà0  à3.2€€The€Court€considered€the€decisions€of€the€Federal€Party€Tribunal€not€to€be€arbitrary,Ð °  Ðgiven€that€the€authors€had€acted€in€a€manner€contrary€to€resolution€C€47,€which€spelled€outÐ œü  Ða€party€principle€of€the€CDU,€within€the€meaning€of€article€10,€paragraph€4,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò3óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€the€PoliticalÐ ˆè  ÐParties€Act.€€The€resolution€itself€was€not€arbitrary€or€inconsistent€with€the€partyððs€obligationÐ tÔ  Ðto€a€democratic€internal€organization€under€article€21,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Basic€Law,€becauseÐ `À Ðnumerous€publications€of€Scientology€and,€in€particular,€its€founder€Ron€Hubbard€objectivelyÐ L¬ Ðindicated€a€conflict€with€the€CDUððs€principles€of€free€development€of€oneððs€personality,Ð 8˜ Ðtolerance€and€protection€of€the€socially€disadvantaged.€€This€ideology€could,€moreover,€beÐ $„ Ðpersonally€attributed€to€the€authors,€based€on€their€self-identification€with€the€organizationððsÐ p Ðprinciples€and€their€considerable€financial€contributions€to€it.Ðü\(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.3€€Although€the€CDU€was€bound€to€respect€the€authorsðð€basic€rights€to€freedom€ofÐ Ô4 Ðexpression€and€religious€freedom,€by€virtue€of€its€obligation€to€a€democratic€internalÐ À  Ðorganization,€the€restriction€of€these€rights€was€justified€by€the€need€to€protect€the€autonomyÐ ¬  Ðand€proper€functioning€of€political€parties,€which€by€definition€could€not€represent€allÐ ˜ø Ðpolitical€and€ideological€tendencies€and€were€thus€entitled€to€exclude€opponents€from€withinÐ „ ä Ðthe€party.€€Taking€into€account€that€the€authors€had€considerably€damaged€the€public€imageÐ p!Ð Ðof€the€CDU€and€thereby€decreased€its€electoral€support€at€the€local€level,€the€CourtÐ \"¼ Ðconsidered€that€their€expulsion€was€not€disproportionate€since€it€was€the€only€means€toÐ H#¨ Ðrestore€party€unity,€the€authors€being€at€liberty€to€found€a€new€party.€€Lastly,€the€CourtÐ 4$” Ðconsidered€that€the€authors€could€not€invoke€their€rights€under€the€European€Convention€onÐ  %€  Ðthe€Protection€of€Human€Rights€and€Fundamental€Freedoms€or€under€the€InternationalÐ  &l! ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€òòvis--visóó€the€CDU,€which€was€not€bound€by€theseÐ ø&X" Ðtreaties€as€a€private€association.Ðä'D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à3.4€€By€judgement€of€10€February€1998,€the€Cologne€Court€of€Appeals€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôdismissed€the€authorsððÐ ¼)"% Ðappeal,€endorsing€the€reasoning€of€the€Bonn€Regional€Court€and€reiterating€that€politicalÐ ¨*#& Ðparties,€by€virtue€of€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôarticle€21,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Basic€Law,€had€to€balance€their€right€toÐ ”+ô#' Ðparty€autonomy€against€the€competing€rights€of€party€members.€€In€addition,€the€Court€foundÐ   Ðthat€political€parties€were€entitled€to€adopt€resolutions€on€the€incompatibility€of€theirÐ Œì Ðmembership€with€parallel€membership€in€another€organization,€in€order€to€distinguishÐ x Ø Ðthemselves€from€competing€parties€or€other€associations€pursuing€opposite€objectives,€unlessÐ d Ä Ðsuch€decisions€are€arbitrary.€€However,€Resolution€C€47,€as€well€as€the€decision€of€theÐ P ° ÐFederal€Party€Tribunal€that€the€teachings€of€Scientology€were€incompatible€with€basic€CDUÐ < œ Ðprinciples,€was€not€considered€arbitrary€by€the€Court.Ð( ˆ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðt(#(# Ðà0  à4.1€€The€authors€allege€violations€of€their€rights€under€articles€2,€paragraph€1,€18,€19,€22,€25,Ð ` Ð26€and€27€of€the€Covenant,€as€a€result€of€their€expulsion€from€the€CDU,€based€on€theirÐ ìL  Ðaffiliation€with€Scientology,€and€as€a€result€of€the€German€courtsðð€decisions€confirming€theseÐ Ø8  Ðactions.€€In€the€authorsðð€view,€they€were€deprived€of€their€right€to€take€part€in€theirÐ Ä$  Ðcommunitiesðð€political€affairs,€as€article€25€of€the€Covenant€protected€the€right€of€ð ðeveryÐ °  Ðcitizenðð,€meaning€that€ð ð[n]ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôo€distinctions€are€permitted€between€citizens€in€the€enjoyment€ofÐ œü  Ðthese€rights€on€the€grounds€of€race,€colour,€sex,€language,€religion,€political€or€other€opinion,Ð ˆè  Ðnational€or€social€origin,€property,€birth€or€other€statusððòò4óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€Their€expulsion€from€the€CDUÐ tÔ  Ðamounted€to€an€unreasonable€restriction€of€that€right,€in€the€absence€of€any€reference€to€aÐ `À Ðright€of€party€autonomy€in€article€25.ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð8˜(#(# Ðà0  à8.5€€With€regard€to€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€it€cannot€be€held€responsible€for€theÐ $„ Ðauthorsðð€exclusion€from€the€CDU,€this€being€the€decision€not€of€one€of€its€organs€but€of€aÐ p Ðprivate€association,€the€Committee€recalls€that€under€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,Ð ü\ Ðthe€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€not€only€to€respect€but€also€to€ensure€to€all€individualsÐ èH Ðwithin€its€territory€and€subject€to€its€jurisdiction€all€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant,Ð Ô4 Ðwithout€distinction€of€any€kind,€such€as€race,€colour,€sex,€language,€religion,€political€or€otherÐ À  Ðopinion,€national€or€social€origin,€property,€birth€or€other€status.€€Where,€as€in€the€presentÐ ¬  Ðcase,€the€domestic€law€regulates€political€parties,€such€law€must€be€applied€withoutÐ ˜ø Ðconsideration.€€Furthermore,€States€parties€are€thus€under€an€obligation€to€protect€theÐ „ ä Ðpractices€of€all€religions€or€beliefs€from€infringementÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò11óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€and€to€ensure€that€political€parties,Ð p!Ð Ðin€their€internal€management,€respect€the€applicable€provisions€of€article€25€of€theÐ \"¼ ÐCovenantòò12óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐH#¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.6€€The€Committee€notes€that€although€the€authors€have€made€some€references€to€theÐ  %€  Ðhardship€they€have€more€generally€experienced€due€to€their€membership€in€the€Church€ofÐ  &l! ÐScientology,€and€to€the€responsibility€of€the€State€party€to€ensure€their€rights€under€theÐ ø&X" ÐCovenant,€their€actual€claims€before€the€Committee€merely€relate€to€their€exclusion€from€theÐ ä'D # ÐCDU,€an€issue€in€respect€of€which€they€also€have€exhausted€domestic€remedies€in€theÐ Ð(0!$ Ðmeaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€€Consequently,€theÐ ¼)"% ÐCommittee€need€not€address€the€broader€issue€of€what€legislative€and€administrativeÐ ¨*#& Ðmeasures€a€State€party€must€take€in€order€to€secure€that€all€citizens€may€meaningfullyÐ ”+ô#' Ðexercise€their€right€of€political€participation€under€article€25€of€the€Covenant.€€The€issueÐ   Ðbefore€the€Committee€is€whether€the€State€party€violated€the€authorsðð€rights€under€theÐ Œì ÐCovenant€in€that€its€courts€gave€priority€to€the€principle€of€party€autonomy,€over€their€wishÐ x Ø Ðto€be€members€in€a€political€party€that€did€not€accept€them€due€to€their€membership€inÐ d Ä Ðanother€organization€of€ideological€nature.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€constant€jurisprudenceÐ P ° Ðthat€it€is€not€a€fourth€instance€competent€to€re-evaluate€findings€of€fact€or€re-evaluate€theÐ < œ Ðapplication€of€domestic€legislation,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€proceedings€beforeÐ ( ˆ Ðthe€domestic€courts€were€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€€The€CommitteeÐ t Ðconsiders€that€the€authors€have€failed€to€substantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€that€theÐ ` Ðconduct€of€the€courts€of€the€State€party€would€have€amounted€to€arbitrariness€or€a€denial€ofÐ ìL  Ðjustice.€€Therefore,€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€OptionalÐ Ø8  ÐProtocol.ÐÄ$ (#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Мü (#(# ÐÌà0  à(a)€€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol;ÐtÔ (#(# Ðà0  à...Ð`À(#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ8˜(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò1óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€the€StateÐ p ÐpÔL  ÔÔM  Ôarty€on€23€March€1976€and€25€November€1993€respectively.€€Upon€ratification€of€theÐ ü\ ÐOptional€Protocol,€the€State€party€entered€the€following€reservation:€€ð ðThe€Federal€RepublicÐ èH Ðof€Germany€formulates€a€reservation€concerning€article€5€paragraph€2€(a)€to€the€effect€thatÐ Ô4 Ðthe€competence€of€the€Committee€shall€not€apply€to€communications:€ÐÀ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(a)€€Which€have€already€been€considered€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ ˜ø Ðinvestigation€or€settlement;€orЄ ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à(b)€€By€means€of€which€a€violation€of€rights€is€reprimanded€having€its€origin€in€eventsÐ \"¼ Ðoccurring€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€Federal€Republic€ofÐ H#¨ ÐGermany;Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌà0  à(c)€€By€means€of€which€a€violation€of€article€26€of€the€[said€Covenant]€is€reprimanded,€if€andÐ  &l! Ðinsofar€as€the€reprimanded€violation€refers€to€rights€other€than€those€guaranteed€under€theÐ ø&X" Ðaforementioned€Covenant.ððÐä'D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔArticle€21,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Basic€Law€reads:€€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôð ðÔL  ÔÔM  ÔPolitical€parties€shall€participate€in€theÐ ¼)"% Ðformation€of€the€political€will€of€the€people.€€They€may€be€freely€established.€€Their€internalÐ ¨*#& Ðorganization€must€conform€to€democratic€principles.€€They€must€publicly€account€for€theirÐ ”+ô#' Ðassets€and€for€the€sources€and€use€of€their€funds.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔððР(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔArticle€10,€paragraphs€4€and€5,€of€the€Political€Parties€Act€read:€€ð ð(4)€A€member€may€onlyÐ x Ø Ðbe€expelled€from€the€party€if€he€or€she€deliberately€infringes€the€statutes€or€acts€in€a€mannerÐ d Ä Ðcontrary€to€the€principles€or€discipline€of€the€party€and€thus€seriously€impairs€its€standing.Ð P ° Ð(5)€The€arbitration€court€competent€in€accordance€with€the€Code€on€Arbitration€ProcedureÐ < œ Ðshall€decide€on€expulsion€from€the€party.€€The€right€to€appeal€to€a€higher€court€shall€beÐ ( ˆ Ðgranted.€Reasons€for€the€decisions€shall€be€given€in€writing.€€In€urgent€and€serious€casesÐ t Ðrequiring€immediate€action,€the€executive€committee€of€the€party€or€a€regional€associationÐ ` Ðmay€exclude€a€member€from€exercising€his€rights€pending€the€arbitration€courtððs€decision.ððÐìL (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò4óó/€€The€authors€quote€the€Committeeððs€general€comment€25ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€at€para.€3.ÐÄ$ (#(# Ðà0  à...а (#(# Ðà0  àòò11óó/€€Cf.€CCPR,€forty-eighth€session€(1993),€general€comment€No.€22,€at€para.€9.Мü (#(# ÐÌà0  àòò12óó/€€See€CCPR,€fifty-seventh€session€(1996),€general€comment€No.€25,€at€para.€€26.ÐtÔ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð`À(#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£ÅÐÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝJazairi€v.€CanadaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(958/2000ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26€October€2004)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€304ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€2.2,Ð $„ Ð2.3€and€7.4.݃3£ÅÐõÐÝŒÐp(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...ÐèH(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.2€€In€July€1989,€the€author€complained€to€the€Ontario€Human€Rights€Commission,€allegingÐ Ô4 Ðthat€his€right€to€equal€treatment€with€respect€to€employment€without€discrimination€andÐ À  Ðharassment€had€been€infringed€because€of€his€race,€ethnic€origin,€creed€and€association,€inÐ ¬  Ðcontravention€of€the€Ontario€Human€Rights€Code,€1981€(henceforth€ð ðthe€Ontario€Codeðð)€òò1óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ԀР˜ø ÐHe€alleged€that€certain€members€of€his€faculty€had€come€to€view€him€as€anti-Semitic,€andÐ „ ä Ðthat€his€political€opinions€at€the€relevant€time€that€Israel€could€be€criticized€for€not€doingÐ p!Ð Ðmore€to€resolve€the€Palestinian€question,€together€with€other€facts,€including€his€race,€ethnicÐ \"¼ Ðorigin€and€religion,€became€an€issue€which€adversely€affected€his€right€to€equal€treatment€inÐ H#¨ Ðemployment,€and€specifically€in€his€application€for€promotion€to€full€professor.€€BetweenÐ 4$” ÐDecember€1989€and€May€1993,€the€Commission€investigated€the€complaint.€€Ð %€ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.3€€The€Commission€rejected€the€authorððs€complaint€on€29€August€1994,€finding€that:€€(i)Ð ø&X" Ðwhile€the€evidence€indicated€that€his€application€for€promotion€to€Full€Professor€did€notÐ ä'D # Ðreceive€a€fair€and€timely€evaluation,€the€irregularities€in€the€process€did€not€appear€to€beÐ Ð(0!$ Ðrelated€to€any€prohibited€ground€of€discrimination;€and€(ii)€while€the€evidence€indicated€thatÐ ¼)"% Ðhe€might€have€been€differently€treated,€there€was€insufficient€evidence€to€indicate€that€thisÐ ¨*#& Ðwas€a€result€of€his€creed€rather€than€his€political€beliefs,€the€latter€not€being€a€prohibitedÐ ”+ô#' Ðground€of€discrimination€under€the€Ontario€Code.€€The€Commission€decided€not€to€requestÐ   Ðthe€appointment€of€a€Board€of€Inquiry€and€dismissed€the€complaint.€€The€author€requestedÐ Œì Ðreconsideration€of€the€Commissionððs€decision.€Ðx Ø(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðd Ä(#(# Ðà0  à7.4€€Turning€to€the€major€claim€that€the€omission€of€political€belief€from€the€enumeratedÐ P ° Ðgrounds€of€prohibited€discrimination€in€the€Ontario€Code€violates€the€Covenant,€theÐ < œ ÐCommittee€observes€that€an€absence€of€protection€against€discrimination€on€this€ground€doesÐ ( ˆ Ðraise€issues€under€the€Covenant€òò8óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€Moreover,€the€exclusion€in€the€Ontario€Code€of€politicalÐ t Ðopinion€as€a€prohibited€basis€of€discrimination€suggests€that€the€State€party€may€have€failedÐ ` Ðto€ensure€that,€in€an€appropriate€case,€there€would€be€a€remedy€available€to€a€victim€ofÐ ìL  Ðdiscrimination€on€political€grounds€in€the€field€of€employmentÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€Committee€observesÐ Ø8  Ðhowever€that€the€Court€of€Appeal,€having€found€that€the€authorððs€views€did€not€amount€toÐ Ä$  Ða€protected€ð ðcreedðð,€went€on€to€conclude€that€even€considering€the€matter€in€the€light€mostÐ °  Ðfavourable€to€the€author,€there€was€nothing€on€the€record€to€suggest€that€the€authorððs€politicalÐ œü  Ðbeliefs€had€disentitled€him€to€consideration€for€advancement€in€the€Department€ofÐ ˆè  ÐEconomicsÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIt€is€not€for€the€Committee€to€substitute€its€views€for€the€judgement€of€theÐ tÔ  Ðdomestic€courts€on€the€evaluation€of€facts€and€evidence€in€a€case,€unless€the€evaluation€isÐ `À Ðmanifestly€arbitrary€or€amounts€to€a€denial€of€justiceÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIf€a€particular€conclusion€of€fact€is€oneÐ L¬ Ðthat€is€reasonably€available€to€a€trier€of€fact€on€the€basis€of€the€evidence€before€it,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòipso€factoÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ 8˜ ÐóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôa€showing€of€manifest€arbitrariness€or€a€denial€of€justice€will€not€have€been€made€outÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€theÐ $„ ÐCommitteeððs€view,€the€author€has€failed€to€discharge€the€burden€of€showing€that€the€factualÐ p Ðassessment€of€the€domestic€courts€was€thus€flawedÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€the€light€of€this€conclusion,€the€claimÐ ü\ Ðunder€article€26€concerning€the€absence€of€protection€of€political€belief€in€the€Ontario€CodeÐ èH Ðis€rendered€hypotheticalÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€claim€is€accordingly€unsubstantiated€and€inadmissible€underÐ Ô4 Ðarticle€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.ÐÀ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóИø(#(# Ðà0  à...Є ä(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò1óó/€€Section€5€(1)€of€the€Ontario€Code€providesÔL  ÔÔM  Ô:€€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôð ðEvery€person€has€a€right€to€equal€treatmentÐ p!Ð Ðwith€respect€to€employment€without€discrimination€because€of€race,€ancestry,€place€of€origin,Ð \"¼ Ðcolour,€ethnic€origin,€citizenship,€creed,€sex,€sexual€orientation,€age,€record€of€offences,Ð H#¨ Ðmarital€status,€family€status€or€handicap.ððÐ4$”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  àòò8óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔSee€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòLove€et€al.€v.€AustraliaóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€case€No.€983/2001,€Views€adopted€on€25€March€2003.Ð &l!(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðø&X"(#(# ÐÌòòFor€dissenting€opinion€in€this€context,€see€Jazairi€v.€CanadaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(958/2000ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26Ð Ð(0!$ ÐOctober€2004)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€304,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€Individual€Opinion€of€Ms.€Christine€Chanet,€Mr.€Maurice€Glele€Ahanhanzo,Ð ¼)"% ÐMr.€Ahmed€Tawfik€Khalil€and€Mr.€Rajsoomer€Lallah,€at€313.Ð ¨*#& ÐÐ ”+ô#' ЇÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ÔìÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòLeirvg€v.€NorwayÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1155/2003)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô3€November€2004)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô203ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð   Ð2.3,€2.4,€2.8,€2.9,€14.2„14.7,€15€and€16.݃3£Ôìí݌Ќì(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ðd Ä(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.3€€In€August€1997,€the€Norwegian€government€introduced€a€new€mandatory€religiousÐ P ° Ðsubject€in€the€Norwegian€school€system,€entitled€ð ðChristian€Knowledge€and€Religious€andÐ < œ ÐEthical€Educationðð€(hereafter€referred€to€as€CKREE)€replacing€the€previous€ChristianityÐ ( ˆ Ðsubject€and€the€life€stance€subject.€€This€new€subject€only€provides€for€exemption€fromÐ t Ðcertain€limited€segments€of€the€teaching.€€The€new€Education€Actððs€ðð2€(4)€stipulates€thatÐ ` Ðeducation€provided€in€the€CKREE€subject€shall€be€based€on€the€schoolsðð€Christian€objectÐ ìL  ÐclauseÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò1óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€and€provide€ð ðthorough€knowledge€of€the€Bible€and€Christianity€as€a€culturalÐ Ø8  Ðheritage€and€Evangelical-Lutheran€Faithðð.€€During€the€preparation€of€the€Act,€the€ParliamentÐ Ä$  Ðinstructed€the€Ministry€to€obtain€a€professional€evaluation€of€the€Actððs€relationship€withÐ °  Ðhuman€rights.€€This€evaluation€was€carried€out€by€the€then€Appeals€Court€judge€Erik€Mse,Ð œü  Ðwho€stated€that:Јè (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  àð ðÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòAs€the€situation€stands,€I€find€that€the€safest€option€is€a€general€right€of€exemption.€€ThisÐ `À Ðwill€mean€that€the€international€inspectorate€bodies€will€not€involve€themselves€with€theÐ L¬ Ðquestions€of€the€doubt€raised€by€compulsory€education.€€However,€I€cannot€state€that€theÐ 8˜ Ðpartial€exemption€will€be€in€contravention€of€the€conventions.€€The€premise€is€that€oneÐ $„ Ðestablishes€an€arrangement€that€in€practice€lies€within€their€(the€conventionsðð)€frameworks.€Ð p ÐMuch€will€depend€on€the€further€legislative€process€and€the€actual€implementation€of€theÐ ü\ ÐsubjectóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ððÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô2.4€€The€Ministryððs€circular€on€the€subject€states€that:€€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòWhen€pupils€request€exemption,Ð À  Ðwritten€notification€of€this€shall€be€sent€to€the€school.€€The€notification€must€state€the€reasonÐ ¬  Ðfor€what€they€experience€as€the€practice€of€another€religion€or€affiliation€to€a€different€lifeÐ ˜ø Ðstance€in€the€tutoring.óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôðð€€A€later€circular€from€the€Ministry€states€that€demands€for€exemptionÐ „ ä Ðon€grounds€other€than€those€governed€by€clearly€religious€activities€must€be€assessed€on€theÐ p!Ð Ðbasis€of€strict€criteria.Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...ÐH#¨(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.8€€Several€organizations€representing€minorities€with€different€beliefs€voiced€strongÐ 4$” Ðobjections€to€the€CKREE€subjects.€€After€school€started€in€the€autumn€of€1997,€a€number€ofÐ  %€  Ðparents,€including€the€authors,€demanded€full€exemption€from€relevant€instruction.€€TheirÐ  &l! Ðapplications€were€rejected€by€the€schools€concerned,€and€on€administrative€appeal€to€theÐ ø&X" ÐRegional€Director€of€Education,€on€the€ground€that€such€exemption€was€not€authorized€underÐ ä'D # Ðthe€Act.ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.9€€On€14€March€1998,€the€NHA€and€the€parents€of€eight€pupils,€including€the€authors€in€theÐ ¨*#& Ðpresent€case,€instituted€proceedings€before€the€Oslo€City€Court.€€By€judgement€of€16€AprilÐ ”+ô#' Ð1999,€the€Oslo€City€Court€rejected€the€authorsðð€claims.€€On€6€October€2000,€upon€appeal,€theÐ   ÐBorgarting€Court€of€Appeal€upheld€this€decision.€€The€decision€was€confirmed€upon€furtherÐ Œì Ðappeal,€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€its€judgement€of€22€August€2001,€thus€it€is€claimed€thatÐ x Ø Ðdomestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€€Three€of€the€other€parents€in€the€national€court€suit,Ð d Ä Ðand€the€NHA,€decided€to€bring€their€complaint€to€the€European€Court€of€Human€RightsÐ P ° Ð(hereinafter€denominated€ECHR)).Ð< œ(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð( ˆ(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à14.2€€The€main€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€compulsory€instruction€of€theÐ t ÐCKREE€subject€in€Norwegian€schools,€with€only€limited€possibility€of€exemption,€violatesÐ ` Ðthe€authorsðð€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion€under€article€18€and€moreÐ ìL  Ðspecifically€the€right€of€parents€to€secure€the€religious€and€moral€education€of€their€childrenÐ Ø8  Ðin€conformity€with€their€own€convictions,€pursuant€to€article€18,€paragraph€4.€€The€scope€ofÐ Ä$  Ðarticle€18€covers€not€only€protection€of€traditional€religions,€but€also€philosophies€of€life,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò12óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ °  Ðsuch€as€those€held€by€the€authors.€€Instruction€in€religion€and€ethics€may€in€the€CommitteeððsÐ œü  Ðview€be€in€compliance€with€article€18,€if€carried€out€under€the€terms€expressed€in€theÐ ˆè  ÐCommitteeððs€general€comment€No.€22€on€article€18:€€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò[A]rticle€18.4€permits€public€schoolÐ tÔ  Ðinstruction€in€subjects€such€as€the€general€history€of€religions€and€ethics€if€it€is€given€in€aÐ `À Ðneutral€and€objective€wayóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôðð,€and€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòpublic€education€that€includes€instruction€in€a€particularÐ L¬ Ðreligion€or€belief€is€inconsistent€with€article€18,€paragraph€4€unless€provision€is€made€forÐ 8˜ Ðnon-discriminatory€exemptions€or€alternatives€that€would€accommodate€the€wishes€ofÐ $„ Ðparents€or€guardianóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôs.ðð€The€Committee€also€recalls€its€Views€in€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHartikainen€et€al.€v.€FinlandóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,Ð p Ðwhere€it€concluded€that€instruction€in€a€religious€context€should€respect€the€convictions€ofÐ ü\ Ðparents€and€guardians€who€do€not€believe€in€any€religion.€€It€is€within€this€legal€context€thatÐ èH Ðthe€Committee€will€examine€the€claim.ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à14.3€€Firstly,€the€Committee€will€examine€the€question€of€whether€or€not€the€instruction€ofÐ ¬  Ðthe€CKREE€subject€is€imparted€in€a€neutral€and€objective€way.€€On€this€issue,€the€EducationÐ ˜ø ÐAct,€section€2-4,€stipulates€that:€€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòTeaching€on€the€subject€shall€not€involve€preaching.€Ð „ ä ÐTeachers€of€Christian€Knowledge€and€Religious€and€Ethical€Education€shall€take€as€theirÐ p!Ð Ðpoint€of€departure€the€object€clause€of€the€primary€and€lower€secondary€school€laid€downÐ \"¼ Ðin€section€1-2,€and€present€Christianity,€other€religions€and€philosophies€of€life€on€the€basisÐ H#¨ Ðof€their€distinctive€characteristics.€€Teaching€of€the€different€topics€shall€be€founded€on€theÐ 4$” Ðsame€educational€principlesóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ôðð.€€In€the€object€clause€in€question€it€is€prescribed€that€the€objectÐ  %€  Ðof€primary€and€lower€secondary€education€shall€be€ð ðin€agreement€and€cooperation€with€theÐ  &l! Ðhome,€to€help€to€give€pupils€a€Christian€and€moral€upbringingðð.€€Some€of€the€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòtravauxÐ ø&X" ÐprparatoiresóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€the€Act€referred€to€above€make€it€clear€that€the€subject€gives€priority€toÐ ä'D # Ðtenets€of€Christianity€over€other€religions€and€philosophies€of€life.€€In€that€context,€theÐ Ð(0!$ ÐStanding€Committee€on€Education€concluded,€in€its€majority,€that:€€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòthe€tuition€was€notÐ ¼)"% Ðneutral€in€value,€and€that€the€main€emphasis€of€the€subject€was€instruction€on€Christianity.€Ð ¨*#& ÐóóÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€subject€has€elements€that€may€be€perceived€as€beingÐ ”+ô#' Ðof€a€religious€nature,€these€being€the€activities€exemption€from€which€is€granted€without€theÐ   Ðparents€having€to€give€reasons.€€Indeed,€at€least€some€of€the€activities€in€question€involve,€onÐ Œì Ðtheir€face,€not€just€education€in€religious€knowledge,€but€the€actual€practice€of€a€particularÐ x Ø Ðreligion...It€also€transpires€from€the€research€results€invoked€by€the€authors,€and€from€theirÐ d Ä Ðpersonal€experience€that€the€subject€has€elements€that€are€not€perceived€by€them€as€beingÐ P ° Ðimparted€in€a€neutral€and€objective€way.€€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€teaching€ofÐ < œ ÐCKREE€cannot€be€said€to€meet€the€requirement€of€being€delivered€in€a€neutral€and€objectiveÐ ( ˆ Ðway,€unless€the€system€of€exemption€in€fact€leads€to€a€situation€where€the€teaching€providedÐ t Ðto€those€children€and€families€opting€for€such€exemption€will€be€neutral€and€objective.Ð`(#(# ÐÌà0  à14.4€€The€second€question€to€be€examined€thus€is€whether€the€partial€exemptionÐ Ø8  Ðarrangements€and€other€avenues€provide€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòòfor€non-discriminatory€exemptions€or€alternativesÐ Ä$  Ðthat€would€accommodate€the€wishes€of€parents€or€guardiansððóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€The€Committee€notes€theÐ °  Ðauthorsðð€contention€that€the€partial€exemption€arrangements€do€not€satisfy€their€needs,€sinceÐ œü  Ðteaching€of€the€CKREE€subject€leans€too€heavily€towards€religious€instruction,€and€thatÐ ˆè  Ðpartial€exemption€is€impossible€to€implement€in€practice.€€Furthermore,€the€Committee€notesÐ tÔ  Ðthat€the€Norwegian€Education€Act€provides€that€ð ðon€the€basis€of€written€notification€fromÐ `À Ðparents,€pupils€shall€be€exempted€from€attending€those€parts€of€the€teaching€at€the€individualÐ L¬ Ðschool€that€they,€on€the€basis€of€their€own€religion€or€philosophy€of€life,€perceive€as€beingÐ 8˜ Ðthe€practice€of€another€religion€or€adherence€to€another€philosophy€of€lifeðð.Ð$„(#(# ÐÌà0  à14.5€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€existing€normative€framework€related€to€the€teaching€ofÐ ü\ Ðthe€CKREE€subject€contains€internal€tensions€or€even€contradictions.€€On€the€one€hand,€theÐ èH ÐConstitution€and€the€object€clause€in€the€Education€Act€contain€a€clear€preference€forÐ Ô4 ÐChristianity€as€compared€to€the€role€of€other€religions€and€worldviews€in€the€educationalÐ À  Ðsystem.€€On€the€other€hand,€the€specific€clause€on€exemptions€in€section€2-4€of€the€EducationÐ ¬  ÐAct€is€formulated€in€a€way€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôin€theory€appears€to€give€a€full€right€of€exemption€from€anyÐ ˜ø Ðpart€of€the€CKREE€subject€that€individual€pupils€or€parents€perceive€as€being€the€practice€ofÐ „ ä Ðanother€religion€or€adherence€to€another€philosophy€of€life.€€If€this€clause€could€beÐ p!Ð Ðimplemented€in€a€way€that€addresses€the€preference€reflected€in€the€Constitution€and€theÐ \"¼ Ðobject€clause€of€the€Education€Act,€this€could€arguably€be€considered€as€complying€withÐ H#¨ Ðarticle€18€of€the€Covenant.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ4$”(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à14.6€€The€Committee€considers,€however,€that€even€in€the€abstract,€the€present€system€ofÐ  &l! Ðpartial€exemption€imposes€a€considerable€burden€on€persons€in€the€position€of€the€authors,Ð ø&X" Ðinsofar€as€it€requires€them€to€acquaint€themselves€with€those€aspects€of€the€subject€which€areÐ ä'D # Ðclearly€of€a€religious€nature,€as€well€as€with€other€aspects,€with€a€view€to€determining€whichÐ Ð(0!$ Ðof€the€other€aspects€they€may€feel€a€need€to€seek€-€and€justify€-€exemption€from.€€Nor€wouldÐ ¼)"% Ðit€be€implausible€to€expect€that€such€persons€would€be€deterred€from€exercising€that€right,Ð ¨*#& Ðinsofar€as€a€regime€of€partial€exemption€could€create€problems€for€children€which€areÐ ”+ô#' Ðdifferent€from€those€that€may€be€present€in€a€total€exemption€scheme.€€Indeed€as€theÐ   Ðexperience€of€the€authors€demonstrates,€the€system€of€exemptions€does€not€currently€protectÐ Œì Ðthe€liberty€of€parents€to€ensure€that€the€religious€and€moral€education€of€their€children€is€inÐ x Ø Ðconformity€with€their€own€convictions.€€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€CKREEÐ d Ä Ðsubject€combines€education€on€religious€knowledge€with€practising€a€particular€religiousÐ P ° Ðbelief,€e.g.€learning€by€heart€of€prayers,€singing€religious€hymns€or€attendance€at€religiousÐ < œ Ðservices...While€it€is€true€that€in€these€cases€parents€may€claim€exemption€from€theseÐ ( ˆ Ðactivities€by€ticking€a€box€on€a€form,€the€CKREE€scheme€does€not€ensure€that€education€ofÐ t Ðreligious€knowledge€and€religious€practice€are€separated€in€a€way€that€makes€the€exemptionÐ ` Ðscheme€practicable.ÐìL (#(# ÐÌà0  à14.7€€In€the€Committeeððs€view,€the€difficulties€encountered€by€the€authors,€in€particular€theÐ Ä$  Ðfact€that€Maria€Jansen€and€Pia€Suzanne€Orning€had€to€recite€religious€texts€in€the€context€ofÐ °  Ða€Christmas€celebration€although€they€were€enrolled€in€the€exemption€scheme,€as€well€as€theÐ œü  Ðloyalty€conflicts€experienced€by€the€children,€amply€illustrate€these€difficulties.€€Furthermore,Ð ˆè  Ðthe€requirement€to€give€reasons€for€exempting€children€from€lessons€focusing€on€impartingÐ tÔ  Ðreligious€knowledge€and€the€absence€of€clear€indications€as€to€what€kind€of€reasons€wouldÐ `À Ðbe€accepted€creates€a€further€obstacle€for€parents€who€seek€to€ensure€that€their€children€areÐ L¬ Ðnot€exposed€to€certain€religious€ideas.€€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€the€Committeeððs€view,€the€present€framework€ofÐ 8˜ ÐCKREE,€including€the€current€regime€of€exemptions,€as€it€has€been€implemented€in€respectÐ $„ Ðof€the€authors,€constitutes€a€violation€of€article€18,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant€in€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔtheirÐ p ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôrespect.Ðü\(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐèH(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô15.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ Ô4 Ðof€article€18,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Covenant.ÐÀ (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô16.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ ˜ø Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€authors€with€an€effective€and€appropriate€remedy€that€willÐ „ ä Ðrespect€the€right€of€the€authors€as€parents€to€ensure€and€as€pupils€to€receive€an€education€thatÐ p!Ð Ðis€in€conformity€with€their€own€convictions.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€avoidÐ \"¼ Ðsimilar€violations€in€the€future.ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ð4$”(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ %€ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòò1óó/€€Paragraph€2€(4)€of€the€Education€Act€reads€as€follows:€€ð ðSection€2-4.€€Teaching€theÐ ø&X" Ðsubject€CKREE.€€Exemption€from€regulations,€etc:€€Teaching€in€CKREE€shall:Ðä'D #(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à„€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔProvide€a€thorough€knowledge€of€the€Bible€and€Christianity€both€as€cultural€heritage€andÐ ¼)"% ÐEvangelical-Lutheran€faith;Ш*#&(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à„ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€Provide€knowledge€of€other€Christian€denominations;Д+ô#'(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à„€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔProvide€knowledge€of€other€world€religions€and€philosophies€of€life,€ethical€andÐ   Ðphilosophical€topics;ÐŒì(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à„€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€Promote€understanding€and€respect€for€Christian€and€humanist€values€and;Ðx Ø(#(# Ðà0  à„€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€PromoteÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€understanding,€respect€and€the€ability€to€carry€out€a€dialogue€between€people€withÐ d Ä Ðdifferent€views€concerning€beliefs€and€philosophies€of€life.ÐP °(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àà ` àCKREE€is€an€ordinary€school€subject€that€shall€normally€be€attended€by€all€pupils.€Ð ( ˆ ÐTeaching€in€the€subject€shall€not€involve€preaching.Ðt(#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àTeachers€of€CKREE€shall€take€as€their€point€of€departure€the€objects€clause€of€theÐ ìL  Ðprimary€and€lower€secondary€school€laid€down€in€section€1-2,€and€present€Christianity,€otherÐ Ø8  Ðreligions€and€philosophies€of€life€on€the€basis€of€their€distinctive€characteristics.€€TeachingÐ Ä$  Ðof€the€different€topics€shall€be€founded€on€the€same€educational€principles.а (#(# ÐÌà0  àà ` àOn€the€basis€of€written€notification€from€parents,€pupils€shall€be€exempted€fromÐ ˆè  Ðattending€those€parts€of€the€teaching€at€the€individual€school€that€they,€on€the€basis€of€theirÐ tÔ  Ðown€religion€or€philosophy€of€life,€perceive€as€being€the€practice€of€another€religion€orÐ `À Ðadherence€to€another€philosophy€of€life.€€This€may€involve€religious€activities€either€in€orÐ L¬ Ðoutside€the€classroom.€€In€cases€where€exemption€is€notified,€the€school€shall,€as€far€asÐ 8˜ Ðpossible€and€especially€in€the€lower€primary€school,€seek€solutions€involving€differentiatedÐ $„ Ðteaching€within€the€curriculum.Ðp(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àà ` àPupils€who€have€reached€the€age€of€15€may€themselves€give€written€notificationÐ èH Ðpursuant€to€the€fourth€paragraph.ððÐÔ4(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐÀ (#(# Ðà0  àòò12óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€No.€22€on€article€18,€adopted€on€30€July€1993.Ь (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Иø(#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£6:ÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHudoyberganova€v.€UzbekistanÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô931/2000ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€ICCPR,€A/60/40€volÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€IÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô5€November€2004ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô44Ð \"¼ Ðat€paras.€2.1„2.4,€6.2,€7€and€Individual€Opinion€of€Sir€Nigel€Rodley€(concurring),€at€52.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô݃3£6:c:ÝŒÐH#¨(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€Ms.€Hudoyberganova€was€a€student€at€the€Farsi€Department€at€the€Faculty€of€languagesÐ  &l! Ðof€the€Tashkent€State€Institute€for€Eastern€Languages€since€1995€and€in€1996€she€joined€theÐ ø&X" Ðnewly€created€Islamic€Affairs€Department€of€the€Institute.€€She€explains€that€as€a€practicingÐ ä'D # ÐMuslim,€she€dressed€appropriately,€in€accordance€with€the€tenets€of€her€religion,€and€in€herÐ Ð(0!$ Ðsecond€year€of€studies€started€to€wear€a€headscarf€(ð ðhijabðð).€€According€to€her,€sinceÐ ¼)"% ÐSeptember€1997,€the€Institute€administration€began€to€seriously€limit€the€right€to€freedom€ofÐ ¨*#& Ðbelief€of€practicing€Muslims.€The€existing€prayer€room€was€closed€and€when€the€students€Ð ”+ô#' Ðcomplained€to€the€Instituteððs€direction,€the€administration€began€to€harass€them.€€All€studentsÐ   Ðwearing€the€hijab€were€ð ðinvitedðð€to€leave€the€courses€of€the€Institute€and€to€study€at€theÐ Œì ÐTashkent€Islamic€Institute€instead.Ðx Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€The€author€and€the€concerned€students€continued€to€attend€the€courses,€but€the€teachersÐ P ° Ðput€more€and€more€pressure€on€them.€€On€5€November€1997,€following€a€new€complaint€toÐ < œ Ðthe€Rector€of€the€Institute€alleging€the€infringement€of€their€rights,€the€studentsðð€parents€wereÐ ( ˆ Ðconvoked€in€Tashkent.€€Upon€arrival,€the€authorððs€father€was€told€that€Ms.€HudoyberganovaÐ t Ðwas€in€touch€with€a€dangerous€religious€group€which€could€damage€her€and€that€she€wore€theÐ ` Ðhijab€in€the€Institute€and€refused€to€leave€her€courses.€€The€father,€due€to€her€motherððs€seriousÐ ìL  Ðillness,€took€his€daughter€home.€€She€returned€to€the€Institute€on€1€December€1997€and€theÐ Ø8  ÐDeputy€Dean€on€Ideological€and€Educational€matters€called€her€parents€and€complainedÐ Ä$  Ðabout€her€attire;€allegedly,€following€this€she€was€threatened€and€there€were€attempts€toÐ °  Ðprevent€her€from€attending€the€lectures.Мü (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€17€January€1998,€she€was€informed€that€new€regulations€of€the€Institute€have€beenÐ tÔ  Ðadopted,€under€which€students€had€no€right€to€wear€religious€dress€and€she€was€requested€toÐ `À Ðsign€them.€€She€signed€them€but€wrote€that€she€disagreed€with€the€provisions€whichÐ L¬ Ðprohibited€students€from€covering€their€faces.€€The€next€day,€the€Deputy€Dean€on€IdeologicalÐ 8˜ Ðand€Educational€matters€called€her€to€his€office€during€a€lecture€and€showed€her€the€newÐ $„ Ðregulations€again€and€asked€her€to€take€off€her€headscarf.€€On€29€January€the€Deputy€DeanÐ p Ðcalled€the€authorððs€parents€and€convoked€them,€allegedly€because€Ms.€Hudoyberganova€wasÐ ü\ Ðexcluded€from€the€studentsðð€residence.€€On€20€February€1998,€she€was€transferred€from€theÐ èH ÐIslamic€Affairs€Department€to€the€Faculty€of€languages.€€She€was€told€that€the€IslamicÐ Ô4 ÐDepartment€was€closed,€and€that€it€was€possible€to€reopen€it€only€if€the€students€concernedÐ À  Ðceased€wearing€the€hijab.Ь (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.4€€On€25€March€1998,€the€Dean€of€the€Farsi€Department€informed€the€author€of€an€OrderÐ „ ä Ðby€which€the€Rector€had€excluded€her€from€the€Institute.€€The€decision€was€based€on€theÐ p!Ð Ðauthorððs€alleged€negative€attitude€towards€the€professors€and€on€a€violation€of€the€provisionsÐ \"¼ Ðof€the€regulations€of€the€Institute.€€She€was€told€that€if€she€changed€her€mind€about€the€hijab,Ð H#¨ Ðthe€order€would€be€annulled.Ð4$”(#(# Ðà0  à...Ð %€ (#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à6.2€€The€Committee€has€noted€the€authorððs€claim€that€her€right€to€freedom€of€thought,Ð  &l! Ðconscience€and€religion€was€violated€as€she€was€excluded€from€University€because€sheÐ ø&X" Ðrefused€to€remove€the€headscarf€that€she€wore€in€accordance€with€her€beliefs.€€TheÐ ä'D # ÐCommittee€considers€that€the€freedom€to€manifest€oneððs€religion€encompasses€the€right€toÐ Ð(0!$ Ðwear€clothes€or€attire€in€public€which€is€in€conformity€with€the€individualððs€faith€or€religion.€Ð ¼)"% ÐFurthermore,€it€considers€that€to€prevent€a€person€from€wearing€religious€clothing€in€publicÐ ¨*#& Ðor€private€may€constitute€a€violation€of€article€18,€paragraph€2,€which€prohibits€any€coercionÐ ”+ô#' Ðthat€would€impair€the€individualððs€freedom€to€have€or€adopt€a€religion.€€As€reflected€in€theÐ   ÐCommitteeððs€general€comment€No.€22€(para.€5),€policies€or€practices€that€have€the€sameÐ Œì Ðintention€or€effect€as€direct€coercion,€such€as€those€restricting€access€to€education,€areÐ x Ø Ðinconsistent€with€article€18,€paragraph€2.€€It€recalls,€however,€that€the€freedom€to€manifestÐ d Ä Ðoneððs€religion€or€beliefs€is€not€absolute€and€may€be€subject€to€limitations,€which€areÐ P ° Ðprescribed€by€law€and€are€necessary€to€protect€public€safety,€order,€health,€or€morals,€or€theÐ < œ Ðfundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€others€(article€18,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant).€€In€theÐ ( ˆ Ðpresent€case,€the€authorððs€exclusion€took€place€on€15€March€1998,€and€was€based€on€theÐ t Ðprovisions€of€the€Instituteððs€new€regulations.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€hasÐ ` Ðnot€invoked€any€specific€ground€for€which€the€restriction€imposed€on€the€author€would€in€itsÐ ìL  Ðview€be€necessary€in€the€meaning€of€article€18,€paragraph€3.€€Instead,€the€State€party€hasÐ Ø8  Ðsought€to€justify€the€expulsion€of€the€author€from€University€because€of€her€refusal€to€complyÐ Ä$  Ðwith€the€ban.€€Neither€the€author€nor€the€State€party€have€specified€what€precise€kind€of€attireÐ °  Ðthe€author€wore€and€which€was€referred€to€as€ð ðhijabðð€by€both€parties.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIn€the€particularÐ œü  Ðcircumstances€of€the€present€case,€and€without€either€prejudging€the€right€of€a€State€party€toÐ ˆè  Ðlimit€expressions€of€religion€and€belief€in€the€context€of€article€18€of€the€Covenant€and€dulyÐ tÔ  Ðtaking€into€account€the€specifics€of€the€context,€or€prejudging€the€right€of€academicÐ `À Ðinstitutions€to€adopt€specific€regulations€relating€to€their€own€functioning,€the€Committee€isÐ L¬ Ðled€to€conclude,€in€the€absence€of€any€justification€provided€by€the€State€party,€that€there€hasÐ 8˜ Ðbeen€a€violation€of€article€18,€paragraph€2.Ð$„(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...Ðp(#(# Ðà0  à7.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€a€violationÐ ü\ Ðof€article€18,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.ÐèH(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à...ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àòòIndividual€Opinion€of€Sir€Nigel€Rodley€(concurring)óóÐÀ (#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àà ` àI€agree€with€the€finding€of€the€Committee€and€with€most€of€the€reasoning€inÐ ˜ø Ðparagraph€6.2.€€I€feel€obliged,€however,€to€dissociate€myself€from€one€assertion€in€the€finalÐ „ ä Ðsentence€of€that€paragraph,€in€which€the€Committee€describes€itself€as€ð ðduly€taking€intoÐ p!Ð Ðaccount€the€specifics€of€the€contextðð.Ð\"¼(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà ` àThe€Committee€is€right€in€the€implication€that,€in€cases€involving€such€ð ðclawbackððÐ 4$” Ðclauses€as€those€contained€in€articles€12,€18,€19,€21€and€22,€it€is€necessary€to€take€intoÐ  %€  Ðaccount€the€context€in€which€the€restrictions€contemplated€by€those€clauses€are€applied.€Ð  &l! ÐUnfortunately,€in€this€case,€the€State€party€did€not€explain€on€what€basis€it€was€seeking€toÐ ø&X" Ðjustify€the€restriction€imposed€on€the€author.€€Accordingly,€the€Committee€was€not€in€aÐ ä'D # Ðposition€to€take€any€context€into€account.€€To€assert€that€it€has€done€so,€when€it€did€not€haveÐ Ð(0!$ Ðthe€information€on€the€basis€of€which€it€might€have€done€so,€enhances€neither€the€quality€norÐ ¼)"% Ðthe€authority€of€its€reasoning.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔШ*#&(#(# ÐÐ ”+ô#' ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòFor€dissenting€opinions€in€this€context,€see€Hudoyberganova€v.€UzbekistanóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô931/2000ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€ICCPR,Ð   ÐA/60/40€volÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€IÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô5€November€2004ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô44€at€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIndividual€Opinion€of€Mr.€Hipolitio€Solari€Yrigoyen,€50,Ð Œì ÐandÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔIndividual€Opinion€of€Ms.€Ruth€Wedgwood,€53.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ x Ø ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£ëbÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòLee€v.€Republic€of€Korea€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1119/2002)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô20€July€2005)€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô174ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð < œ Ð2.1„2.5,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô7.2„7.4,€8€and€9.€Ýƒ3£ëbcÝŒÐ( ˆ(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð`(#(# Ðà0  à2.1€€In€March€1993,€the€author€began€his€studies€at€the€faculty€of€architecture€of€KonkukÐ ìL  ÐUniversity.€€In€his€fourth€year,€he€was€elected€Vice-President€of€the€General€Student€CouncilÐ Ø8  Ðof€Konkuk€University.€€As€such,€he€automatically€became€a€member€of€the€Convention€ofÐ Ä$  ÐRepresentatives,€the€highest€decision-making€body€of€the€Korean€Federation€of€StudentÐ °  ÐCouncils€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô),€a€nationwide€association€of€university€students€established€inÐ œü  Ð1993,€comprising€187€universities€(as€of€August€2002),€including€Konkuk€University,€andÐ ˆè  Ðpursuing€the€objectives€of€democratization€of€Korean€society,€national€reunification€andÐ tÔ  Ðadvocacy€of€campus€autonomy.Ð`À(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€1997,€the€Supreme€Court€of€the€Republic€of€Korea€ruled€that€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€was€anÐ 8˜ Ðð ðenemy-benefiting€groupðð€and€an€anti-State€organization€within€the€meaning€of€article€7,Ð $„ Ðparagraphs€1€and€3,ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò2óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€the€National€Security€Law,€because€the€platform€and€activities€ofÐ p Ðthe€fifth-yearÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òò3óó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€were€said€to€support€the€strategy€of€the€Democratic€PeopleððsÐ ü\ ÐRepublic€of€Korea€(DPRK)€to€achieve€national€unification€by€ð ðcommunizingðð€the€RepublicÐ èH Ðof€Korea.ÐÔ4(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€In€2001,€the€author€became€a€member€of€the€Convention€of€Representatives€of€the€ninthÐ ¬  Ðyear€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€On€8€August€2001,€he€was€arrested€and€subsequently€indicted€underÐ ˜ø Ðarticle€7€of€the€National€Security€Law.€€By€judgement€dated€28€September€2001,€the€EastÐ „ ä ÐBranch€Division€of€the€Seoul€District€Court€sentenced€him€to€one€year€imprisonment€and€aÐ p!Ð Ðone-year€ð ðsuspension€of€eligibilityðð.€€His€appeal€was€dismissed€by€the€Seoul€High€Court€onÐ \"¼ Ð5€February€2002.€€On€31€May€2002,€the€Supreme€Court€dismissed€his€further€appeal.ÐH#¨(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€The€courts€rejected€the€authorððs€defence€that€the€ninth€year€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€had€revisedÐ  %€  Ðits€platform€to€endorse€the€ð ðJune€15€North-South€Joint€Declarationðð€(2000)€on€nationalÐ  &l! Ðreunification€agreed€to€by€both€leaders€of€North€and€South€Korea€and€that,€even€if€theÐ ø&X" Ðprogramme€of€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€was€to€some€extent€similar€to€North€Korean€ideology,€thisÐ ä'D # Ðalone€did€not€justify€its€characterization€as€an€ð ðenemy-benefiting€groupðð.ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.5€€At€the€time€of€the€submission€of€the€communication,€the€author€was€serving€his€prisonÐ ¨*#& Ðterm€at€Gyeongju€Correctional€Institution.Д+ô#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Р(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à7.2€€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€authorððs€conviction€for€his€membershipÐ Œì Ðin€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€unreasonably€restricted€his€freedom€of€association,€thereby€violatingÐ x Ø Ðarticle€22€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€observes€that,€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôin€accordance€with€article€22,Ð d Ä Ðparagraph€2,€any€restriction€on€the€right€to€freedom€of€association€to€be€valid€mustÐ P ° Ðcumulatively€meet€the€following€conditions:€€(a)€it€must€be€provided€by€law;€(b)€it€may€onlyÐ < œ Ðbe€imposed€for€one€of€the€purposes€set€out€in€paragraph€2;€and€(c)€it€must€be€ð ðnecessary€inÐ ( ˆ Ða€democratic€societyðð€for€achieving€one€of€these€purposes.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€reference€to€a€ð ðdemocraticÐ t Ðsocietyðð€indicates,€in€the€Committeeððs€view,€that€the€existence€and€functioning€of€a€pluralityÐ ` Ðof€associations,€including€those€which€peacefully€promote€ideas€not€favourably€received€byÐ ìL  Ðthe€government€or€the€majority€of€the€population,€is€one€of€the€foundations€of€a€democraticÐ Ø8  ÐsocietyÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€Therefore,€the€existence€of€any€reasonable€and€objective€justification€for€limitingÐ Ä$  Ðthe€freedom€of€association€is€not€sufficientÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€State€party€must€further€demonstrate€thatÐ °  Ðthe€prohibition€of€the€association€and€the€criminal€prosecution€of€individuals€for€membershipÐ œü  Ðin€such€organizations€are€in€fact€necessary€to€avert€a€real,€and€not€only€hypothetical€dangerÐ ˆè  Ðto€the€national€security€or€democratic€order€and€that€less€intrusive€measures€would€beÐ tÔ  Ðinsufficient€to€achieve€this€purpose.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ`À(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€authorððs€conviction€was€based€on€article€7,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€of€the€NationalÐ 8˜ ÐSecurity€LawÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€decisive€question€which€must€therefore€be€considered€is€whether€thisÐ $„ Ðmeasure€was€necessary€for€achieving€one€of€the€purposes€set€out€in€article€22,€paragraph€2ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÐ p ÐThe€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€invoked€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôthe€need€to€protect€national€securityÐ ü\ Ðand€its€democratic€order€against€the€threat€posed€by€the€DPRK.€€However,€it€has€not€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔspecifiedÐ èH Ðthe€precise€nature€of€the€threat€allegedly€posed€by€the€authorððs€becoming€a€member€ofÐ Ô4 ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€Committee€notes€that€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€theÐ À  ÐRepublic€of€Korea,€declaring€this€association€an€ð ðenemy-benefiting€groupðð€in€1997,€wasÐ ¬  Ðbased€on€article€7,€paragraph€1,€of€the€National€Security€Law€which€prohibits€support€forÐ ˜ø Ðassociations€which€ð ðmayðð€endanger€the€existence€and€security€of€the€State€or€its€democraticÐ „ ä ÐorderÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€It€also€notes€that€the€State€party€and€its€courts€have€not€shown€that€punishing€theÐ p!Ð Ðauthor€for€his€membership€in€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€in€particular€after€its€endorsement€of€theÐ \"¼ Ðð ðJune€15€North-South€Joint€Declarationðð€(2000),€was€necessary€to€avert€a€real€danger€to€theÐ H#¨ Ðnational€security€and€democratic€order€of€the€Republic€of€KoreaÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€The€Committee€thereforeÐ 4$” Ðconsiders€that€the€State€party€has€not€shown€that€the€authorððs€conviction€was€necessary€toÐ  %€  Ðprotect€national€security€or€any€other€purpose€set€out€in€article€22,€paragraph€2ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€It€concludesÐ  &l! Ðthat€the€restriction€on€the€authorððs€right€to€freedom€of€association€was€incompatible€with€theÐ ø&X" Ðrequirements€of€article€22,€paragraph€2,€and€thus€violated€article€22,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ ä'D # ÐCovenant.ÐÐ(0!$(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€In€the€light€of€this€finding,€the€Committee€need€not€address€the€question€whether€theÐ ¨*#& Ðauthorððs€conviction€also€violated€his€rights€under€articles€18,€paragraph€1,€and€19€of€theÐ ”+ô#' ÐCovenant.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔР(#(# ÐÌà0  à8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€reveal€a€violationÐ x Ø Ðof€article€22,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.Ðd Ä(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô9.€€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€the€author€is€entitled€to€anÐ < œ Ðeffective€remedy,€including€appropriate€compensation.€€The€Committee€recommends€that€theÐ ( ˆ ÐState€party€amend€article€7€of€the€National€Security€Law,€with€a€view€to€making€it€compatibleÐ t Ðwith€the€Covenant.€€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsÐ ` Ðdo€not€occur€in€the€future.ÐìL (#(# Ðà0  à_________________ÐØ8 (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐÄ$ (#(# Ðà0  à...а (#(# Ðà0  àòò2óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔArticle€7€(1)€of€the€National€Security€Law€reads:€€ð ðAny€person€who€praises,€incites€orÐ œü  Ðpropagates€the€activities€of€an€anti-State€organization,€a€member€thereof,€or€a€person€who€hasÐ ˆè  Ðreceived€an€order€from€it,€or€who€acts€in€concert€with€it,€or€propagates€or€instigates€aÐ tÔ  Ðrebellion€against€the€State,€with€the€knowledge€of€the€fact€that€it€may€endanger€the€existenceÐ `À Ðand€security€of€the€State€or€democratic€fundamental€order,€shall€be€punished€byÐ L¬ Ðimprisonment€for€a€term€not€exceeding€seven€years.ððÐ8˜(#(# ÐÌà0  àArticle€7€(3)€of€the€National€Security€Law€reads:€€ð ðAny€person€who€forms€or€joins€anÐ p Ðorganization€aiming€at€the€acts€referred€to€in€paragraph€(1)€shall€be€punished€byÐ ü\ Ðimprisonment€for€a€term€of€one€year€or€more.ððÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€Convention€of€Representatives€of€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòHanchongnyeonóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€establishes€committees€on€aÐ À  Ðyearly€basis€to€carry€out€the€organizationððs€activities.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔЬ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Иø(#(# ÐÌÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£-ŽÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMalakhovsky€v.€BelarusÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€óóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô(ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1207/2003)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô,€ICCPR,€A/60/40€vol.€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔII€(ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô26€July€2005)ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€237ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€at€parasÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.Ð \"¼ Ð2.1„2.6,€7.2„7.6,€8,€9€and€Individual€Opinion€of€Ms.€Ruth€Wedgwood€(concurring),€at€245„Ð H#¨ Ð246.݃3£-Ž]ŽÝŒÐ4$”(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  à...Ð &l!(#(# ÐÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  à2.1€€The€authors€are€members€of€the€Minsk€Vaishnava€community€(community€of€KrishnaÐ ø&X" Ðconsciousness),€one€of€seven€such€communities€registered€in€Belarus.€€The€applicable€lawÐ ä'D # Ðdistinguishes€between€a€registered€religious€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòcommunityóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€and€a€registered€religious€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòassociationóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€Ð Ð(0!$ ÐThe€authors€state€that€certain€activities€which€are€essential€to€the€practice€of€their€religionÐ ¼)"% Ðmay€only€be€undertaken€by€a€religious€association.€€According€to€the€domestic€statute€onÐ ¨*#& Ðð ðfreedom€of€conscience€and€religious€organizationsðð€(ð ðthe€Statuteðð),€and€the€Decree€of€theÐ ”+ô#' ÐCouncil€of€Ministers€on€ð ðapproval€of€invitation€of€foreign€clerics€and€their€activity€inÐ   ÐBelarusðð€(ð ðthe€Decreeðð),€only€religious€associations€are€entitled€to€establish€monasteries,Ð Œì Ðreligious€congregations,€religious€missions€and€spiritual€educational€institutions,€or€inviteÐ x Ø Ðforeign€clerics€to€visit€the€country€for€the€purposes€of€preaching€or€conducting€other€religiousÐ d Ä Ðactivity.ÐP °(#(# ЀÌà0  à2.2€€On€10€May€2001,€the€authors€filed€an€application€with€the€Committee€on€Religions€andÐ ( ˆ ÐNationalities€(ð ðthe€C.R.N.ðð),€seeking€the€registration€of€the€seven€Krishna€communities€inÐ t ÐBelarus€as€a€religious€association.€€The€application€included€a€draft€statute€and€other€pertinentÐ ` Ðdocumentation€required€by€law,€including€documents€identifying€an€officially€approvedÐ ìL  Ðð ðlegal€addressðð€of€the€association,€11€Pavlova€Street,€Minsk,€which€satisfied€all€relevantÐ Ø8  Ðrequirements€under€the€Housing€Code,€including€regulations€regarding€fire€and€sanitationÐ Ä$  Ðfacilities.а (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€On€5€June€2001,€the€C.R.N.€€returned€these€documents€with€a€direction€that€certainÐ ˆè  Ðchanges€be€made.€€The€authors€resubmitted€the€documents,€but€on€27€July€2001,€they€wereÐ tÔ  Ðreturned€again€with€a€direction€for€further€changes.€€On€each€occasion,€most€of€the€requiredÐ `À Ðchanges€were€not€based€on€applicable€laws,€and€appeared€to€reflect€the€personal€views€of€theÐ L¬ Ðofficials€processing€the€application.€€The€authors€submitted€the€documents€for€a€third€timeÐ 8˜ Ðon€11€August€2001.Ð$„(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€Although€the€Statute€required€the€authorsðð€application€to€be€determined€within€oneÐ ü\ Ðmonth,€a€period€of€over€a€year€elapsed€after€the€documents€were€initially€filed,€without€anyÐ èH Ðdecision€from€the€C.R.N.€€On€30€May€2002,€the€authors€filed€an€application€in€the€CentralÐ Ô4 ÐCourt€of€Minsk€seeking€an€order€to€direct€the€C.R.N.€to€determine€their€application.€€On€4Ð À  ÐJuly€2002,€the€Court€issued€an€order€requiring€the€C.R.N.€to€decide€on€the€authorsððÐ ¬  Ðapplication€within€a€month.Иø(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.5€€On€2€August€2002,€the€C.R.N.€refused€the€authorsðð€application,€on€the€ground€that€theyÐ p!Ð Ðhad€not€provided€a€proper€legal€address.€€It€found€that€the€earlier€decision€of€the€CentralÐ \"¼ ÐRegional€Administration€of€the€City€of€Minsk€to€approve€the€legal€address€for€the€religiousÐ H#¨ Ðassociation€was€invalid,€as€it€had€been€based€on€an€earlier€decision€of€the€Minsk€CityÐ 4$” ÐExecutive€Committee,€which,€by€virtue€of€another€law,€did€not€apply€to€the€registration€ofÐ  %€  Ðreligious€organizations.Ð &l!(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.6€€As€a€result€of€the€C.R.N.ððs€refusal€to€register€the€association,€members€of€the€sevenÐ ä'D # ÐKrishna€communities,€including€the€authors,€have€been€deprived€of€the€right€to€establishÐ Ð(0!$ Ðspiritual€educational€institutions€to€train€their€priests,€making€it€impossible€to€supportÐ ¼)"% Ðreligious€doctrine€appropriately.€€They€cannot€invite€foreign€priests€to€visit€the€country,Ð ¨*#& Ðresulting€in€a€decline€of€spiritual€standards€due€to€their€inability€to€associate€with€moreÐ ”+ô#' Ðspiritually€advanced€believers.€€They€have€also€been€unable€to€create€monasteries€andÐ   Ðmissions,€for€the€purpose€of€realizing€certain€essential€tenets€of€their€religion.€€ÐŒì(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðx Ø(#(# Ðà0  à7.2€€In€relation€to€the€authorsðð€claim€under€article€18,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€the€CommitteeÐ d Ä Ðrecalls€its€general€comment€No.€22,€which€states€that€article€18€does€not€permit€any€limitationÐ P ° Ðwhatsoever€on€freedom€of€thought€and€conscience€or€on€the€freedom€to€have€or€adopt€aÐ < œ Ðreligion€or€belief€of€oneððs€choice€òò1óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€By€contrast,€the€right€to€freedom€to€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòòmanifestóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€oneððsÐ ( ˆ Ðreligion€or€beliefs€may€be€subject€to€certain€limitations,€but€only€those€prescribed€by€law€andÐ t Ðnecessary€to€protect€public€safety,€order,€health€or€morals€or€the€fundamental€rights€andÐ ` Ðfreedoms€of€others.€€Further,€the€right€to€freedom€to€manifest€oneððs€beliefs€in€worship,Ð ìL  Ðobservance,€practice€and€teaching€encompasses€a€broad€range€of€acts,€including€those€integralÐ Ø8  Ðto€the€conduct€by€the€religious€group€of€its€basic€affairs,€such€as€the€freedom€to€chooseÐ Ä$  Ðreligious€leaders,€priests,€and€teachers,€and€the€freedom€to€establish€seminaries€or€religiousÐ °  Ðschools€òò2óó/.ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€In€the€present€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€partyððs€law€distinguishesÐ œü  Ðbetween€religious€communities€and€religious€associations,€and€that€the€possibility€ofÐ ˆè  Ðconducting€certain€activities€is€restricted€to€the€latter.€€Not€having€been€granted€the€status€ofÐ tÔ  Ða€religious€association,€the€authors€and€their€fellow€believers€cannot€invite€foreign€clerics€toÐ `À Ðvisit€the€country,€or€establish€monasteries€or€educational€institutions.€€Consistent€with€itsÐ L¬ Ðgeneral€comment,€the€Committee€considers€that€these€activities€form€part€of€the€authorsððÐ 8˜ Ðright€to€manifest€their€beliefs.Ð$„(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.3€€The€Committee€must€now€address€the€question€of€whether€the€relevant€limitations€onÐ ü\ Ðthe€authorsðð€right€to€manifest€their€religion€are€ð ðÔL  ÔÔM  Ônecessary€to€protect€public€safety,€order,Ð èH Ðhealth,€or€morals,€or€the€fundamental€rights€and€freedoms€of€othersðð,€within€the€meaning€ofÐ Ô4 Ðarticle€18,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant.€€The€Committee€recalls€its€general€comment€No.€22,Ð À  Ðwhich€states€that€paragraph€3€of€article€18€is€to€be€interpreted€strictly,€and€that€limitationsÐ ¬  Ðmay€only€be€applied€for€those€purposes€for€which€they€are€prescribed€and€must€be€directlyÐ ˜ø Ðrelated€to€and€proportionate€to€the€specific€need€on€which€they€are€predicated€òò3óó/.Є ä(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.4€€In€the€present€case,€the€limitations€placed€on€the€authorsðð€right€to€manifest€their€beliefÐ \"¼ Ðconsist€of€several€conditions€which€attach€to€the€registration€of€a€religious€association.€€OneÐ H#¨ Ðof€the€criteria€which€the€authorsðð€application€for€registration€did€not€meet€was€theÐ 4$” Ðrequirement€to€have€an€approved€legal€address,€which€satisfied€certain€health€and€fire€safetyÐ  %€  Ðstandards€necessary€for€premises€used€for€purposes€such€as€religious€ceremonies.€€TheseÐ  &l! Ðlimitations€must€be€assessed€in€the€light€of€the€consequences€which€arise€for€the€authors€andÐ ø&X" Ðtheir€religious€association.€€Ðä'D #(#(# ÐÌà0  à7.5€€The€Committee€considers€that€the€precondition,€whereby€a€religious€associationððs€rightÐ ¼)"% Ðto€carry€out€its€religious€activities€is€predicated€on€it€having€the€use€of€premises€which€satisfyÐ ¨*#& Ðrelevant€public€health€and€safety€standards,€is€a€limitation€which€is€necessary€for€publicÐ ”+ô#' Ðsafety,€and€proportionate€to€this€need.€€Ð (#(# ÐÌà0  à7.6€€The€Committee€notes,€however,€that€the€State€party€has€not€advanced€any€argument€asÐ x Ø Ðto€why€it€is€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔòònecessaryóóÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€for€the€purposes€of€article€18,€paragraph€3,€for€a€religious€association,Ð d Ä Ðin€order€to€be€registered,€to€have€an€approved€legal€address€which€not€only€meets€theÐ P ° Ðstandards€required€for€the€administrative€seat€of€the€association€but€also€those€necessary€forÐ < œ Ðpremises€used€for€purposes€of€religious€ceremonies,€rituals,€and€other€group€undertakings.€Ð ( ˆ ÐAppropriate€premises€for€such€use€could€be€obtained€subsequent€to€registration.€€TheÐ t ÐCommittee€also€notes€that€the€argument€of€the€State€party€in€its€comments€on€theÐ ` Ðcommunication€that€the€authorsðð€community€sought€to€monopolize€representation€ofÐ ìL  ÐVishnuism€in€Belarus€did€not€form€part€of€the€domestic€proceedings.€€Also€taking€intoÐ Ø8  Ðaccount€the€consequences€of€refusal€of€registration,€namely€the€impossibility€of€carrying€outÐ Ä$  Ðsuch€activities€as€establishing€educational€institutions€and€inviting€foreign€religiousÐ °  Ðdignitaries€to€visit€the€country,€the€Committee€concludes€that€the€refusal€to€register€amountsÐ œü  Ðto€a€limitation€of€the€authorsðð€right€to€manifest€their€religion€under€article€18,€paragraph€1Ð ˆè  Ðthat€is€disproportionate€and€so€does€not€meet€the€requirements€of€article€18,€paragraph€3.€€TheÐ tÔ  Ðauthorsðð€rights€under€article€18,€paragraph€1€have€therefore€been€violated.Ð`À(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐL¬(#(# Ðà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ô8.€€The€Human€Rights€Committee...is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€before€it€disclose€violationsÐ 8˜ Ðof€article€18,€paragraphs€1€and€3,€of€the€Covenant.€€Ð$„(#(# ÐÌà0  à9.€€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€considers€that€theÐ ü\ Ðauthors€are€entitled€to€an€appropriate€remedy,€including€a€reconsideration€of€the€authorsððÐ èH Ðapplication€in€accordance€with€the€principles,€rules€and€practice€in€force€at€the€time€of€theÐ Ô4 Ðauthorsðð€request,€and€duly€taking€into€account€of€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.ÐÀ (#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ь (#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóИø(#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  Ôòò1óó/€€General€comment€22,€para.€3.Ðp!Ð(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò2óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€22,€para.€4.ÐH#¨(#(# ÐÌà0  àòò3óó/€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔÔL  ÔÔM  ÔGeneral€comment€22,€para.€8.Ð %€ (#(# Ðà0  à_____________________Ð &l!(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòIndividual€Opinon€of€Ms.€Ruth€Wedgwood€(concurring)óóÐä'D #(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€right€of€a€religious€community€to€establish€monasteries,€educational€institutions,€orÐ ¼)"% Ðmissions,€and€to€invite€foreign€religious€figures€to€speak,€has€been€sharply€restricted€by€theÐ ¨*#& Ðgovernment€of€Belarus.€€Only€those€groups€officially€registered€with€the€state€as€ð ðreligiousÐ ”+ô#' Ðassociationsðð€can€enjoy€these€aspects€of€the€free€practice€of€religion.Р(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€seven€ð ðKrishnaðð€religious€communities€of€Belarus€have€attempted€to€gain€the€stateððsÐ x Ø Ðapproval€as€a€registered€association,€applying€to€the€ð ðCommittee€on€Religions€andÐ d Ä ÐNationalities.ðð€The€state€committee€denied€the€application,€after€a€yearððs€delay,€on€the€groundÐ P ° Ðthat€the€Krishna€group€lacked€a€proper€ð ðlegal€address.ðð€€The€address€used€by€the€applicantsÐ < œ Ðwas€located€in€a€residential€housing€bloc.€€The€same€address€had€earlier€been€approved€byÐ ( ˆ Ðthe€Minsk€City€Executive€Committee.Ðt(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€refusal€to€register€the€Krishna€group€as€a€religious€ð ðassociationðð€was€appealed€to€theÐ ìL  ÐMinsk€Central€District€Court€in€2002.€€One€month€after€the€first-level€dismissal€of€the€appeal,Ð Ø8  Ðthe€state€amended€the€applicable€law€to€add€further€new€restrictions€on€the€registration€ofÐ Ä$  Ðreligious€associations.€Ð° (#(# ÐÌà0  àUnder€the€additional€test,€a€religious€group€seeking€qualification€as€an€ð ðassociationðð€mustÐ ˆè  Ðshow€that€it€has€been€active€in€Belarus€for€at€least€20€years,€and€that€it€has€at€least€10Ð tÔ  Ðð ðcommunitiesðð€within€the€country.€€The€Krishna€does€not€have€the€minimum€number€ofÐ `À Ðcommunities,€and€cannot€point€to€a€20-year€history€within€Belarus.ÐL¬(#(# ÐÌà0  àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€now€properly€finds€that€the€state€party€violated€article€18€ofÐ $„ Ðthe€Covenant€by€refusing€to€accept€the€legal€address€of€the€Krishna€community€as€anÐ p Ðð ðadministrative€seatðð€for€a€religious€association.€€I€join€my€colleagues€in€their€conclusion€thatÐ ü\ Ðthe€state€has€a€valid€interest€in€assuring€safe€conditions€for€large€public€gatherings,€but€thatÐ èH Ðsuch€gatherings€can€also€be€held€in€other€locations.€€The€refusal€to€register€the€Krishna€groupÐ Ô4 Ðbecause€of€its€residential€address€was€thus€unreasonable.ÐÀ (#(# ÐÌà0  àHowever,€the€state€partyððs€new€ð ðgrandfatheringðð€rule€is€also€highly€problematic€-€as€an€addedÐ ˜ø Ðobstacle€to€free€religious€practice€in€Belarus.€€It€is€hard€to€imagine€why€a€newer€faith€shouldÐ „ ä Ðbe€forbidden€to€engage€in€religious€education,€and€thus€the€demand€for€20€years€of€priorÐ p!Ð Ðpractice€is€doubtful.€€It€is€difficult€to€fathom€why€10€ð ðcommunitiesðð€could€be€a€prerequisiteÐ \"¼ Ðto€educational€activity,€especially€since€one€ð ðcommunity,ðð€such€as€that€in€Minsk,€may€beÐ H#¨ Ðlarger€than€many€small€separate€communities.Ð4$”(#(# ÐÌÔL  ÔÔM  Ôà0  àHaving€found€a€violation€of€article€18,€the€Committee€does€not€have€occasion€to€reach€theseÐ  &l! Ðfurther€issues.€€But€it€is€well€to€remember€that€the€Covenant€recognizes€and€guarantees€theÐ ø&X" Ðfreedom€of€every€person€ð ðeither€individually€or€in€community€with€others€and€in€public€orÐ ä'D # Ðprivate€to€manifest€his€religion€or€belief€in€worship,€observance,€practice€and€teaching.ðð€€SeeÐ Ð(0!$ Ðarticle€18€(1).€€This€right€is€not€limited€to€old€and€established€religions,€or€to€largeÐ ¼)"% Ðcongregations,€and€it€is€fundamental€to€the€freedom€of€religious€conscience.Ш*#&(#(# ÐÐ ”+ô#' ЇÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝòòÝ‚3£[ÏÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝMahuika€et€al.€v.€New€Zealandóó€(547/1993),€ICCPR,€A/56/40€vol.€II€(27€October€2000)€11€atÐ   Ðparas.€5.1,€5.4,€5.10,€5.12,€6.2€and€9.7„9.9.€For€text€of€communication,€see€ò òINDIGENOUSÐ Œì ÐPEOPLESó ó.݃3£[Ï‹ÏÝŒÐ| Ü(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌÌòòò òCATó óóóÐ D ¤ ÐÌÓ€ ' !"#$%&(è”xx' !"#$%&ÓÝ"‚3£"ÝÝ  ÝÝ‚3£¦ÑÝÔ2è”ÔððÔ3  Ôà0  àÝ  ÝòòA.€K.€v.€Australia€óó(148/1999),€CAT,€A/59/44€(5€May€2004)€123€at€paras.€1.1,€2.1„2.4,€2.8,Ð | Ð2.10,€2.11,€6.1€and€6.3„6.6.݃3£¦ÑÓÑÝŒÐh(#(# ÐŒÝ  ÝÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô1.1€€The€complainant€is€A.K.,€a€Sudanese€national,€currently€detained€at€the€ImmigrationÐ à@  ÐDetention€Centre,€New€South€Wales.€€He€claims€that€his€forcible€return€to€Sudan€wouldÐ Ì,  Ðconstitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,Ð ¸  ÐInhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€by€Australia...Ф (#(# ÐÌà0  à2.1€€The€complainant€alleges€that€he€is€Ansari€and€a€member€of€the€Umma€Party,€which€isÐ |Ü  Ðone€of€the€two€traditionalist€parties€of€the€North€opposing€the€current€Government.€€FromÐ hÈ Ð1990€to€1995,€the€complainant€attended€Cairo€University,€Khartoum€Branch,€where€heÐ T´ Ðcompleted€a€law€degree.€€The€Umma€Party€had€about€100€members€at€Cairo€University,€andÐ @  Ðthe€complainant€became€the€leader€of€this€group.Ð,Œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.2€€In€April€1992,€the€complainant€alleges€to€have€organized€rallies€and€demonstrationsÐ d Ðagainst€the€Government.€€Following€one€of€these€rallies,€he€was€detained€by€members€of€theÐ ðP Ðsecurity€forces.€€He€was€threatened,€forced€to€sign€an€undertaking€that€he€would€notÐ Ü< Ðparticipate€in€political€activities€and€then€released.€€Following€this€incident,€the€securityÐ È( Ðforces€kept€him€under€surveillance.€Ð´(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.3€€While€he€was€attending€university,€the€complainant€alleges€that€students€were€compelledÐ Œ ì Ðto€join€the€Peopleððs€Defence€Force€(PDF),€the€army€of€the€ruling€party,€the€National€IslamicÐ x!Ø ÐFront€(NIF).€€To€avoid€conscription€the€complainant€became€a€police€officer,€and€from€1993Ð d"Ä Ðto€1995,€he€worked€at€the€head€office€of€the€Khartoum€prison€administration€and€sometimesÐ P#° Ðat€Kober€prison.€Ð<$œ(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.4€€In€1994,€the€Government€sent€students€who€were€seen€as€troublemakers€and€opponentsÐ &t! Ðof€the€regime€to€fight€in€Southern€Sudan.€€On€1€June€1996,€the€complainant€allegedlyÐ '`" Ðreceived€a€summons€stating€that€he€had€to€report€to€the€PDF€within€72€hours€as€he€had€beenÐ ì'L # Ðchosen€ð ðto€fulfil€the€duty€of€Jihadðð.€€As€he€did€not€want€to€fight€against€his€own€people€orÐ Ø(8!$ Ðto€clear€minefields,€he€decided€to€flee€the€country.€€He€was€unable€to€use€his€passport€becauseÐ Ä)$"% Ðof€the€summons€and€therefore€used€his€older€brotherððs€passport.€€After€his€departure€theÐ °*#& Ðmilitary€allegedly€visited€his€home.М+ü#'(#(# Ðà0  à...Р(#(# Ðà0  à2.8€€The€complainant€outlines€the€recent€political€history€of€Sudan€and€claims€that€there€isÐ Œì Ða€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€and€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€€He€refers,òò€interÐ x Ø Ðaliaóó,€to€the€adoption€of€a€country€resolution€in€April€1997€by€the€United€Nations€CommissionÐ d Ä Ðon€Human€Rights,€according€to€which€human€rights€violations€in€Sudan€includedÐ P ° Ðð ðextrajudicial€killings,€arbitrary€arrests,€detentions€without€due€process,€enforced€orÐ < œ Ðinvoluntary€disappearances,€violations€of€the€rights€of€women€and€children,€slavery€andÐ ( ˆ Ðslavery„like€practices,€forced€displacement€of€persons€and€systematic€torture,€and€denial€ofÐ t Ðthe€freedoms€of€religion,€expression,€association€and€peaceful€assemblyðð.Ð`(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐìL (#(# Ðà0  à2.10€€The€complainant€alleges€that€although€much€of€the€religious€persecution€has€beenÐ Ø8  Ðdirected€against€non„Muslims,€the€fundamentalist€nature€of€the€current€regime€is€such€thatÐ Ä$  Ðmany€Muslims,€including€the€Sufis,€are€not€free€to€practise€their€own€brand€of€Islam€underÐ °  Ðthe€NIF€regime.€€The€Ansar€(consisting€largely€of€Sufis)€have€been€subjected€to€governmentÐ œü  Ðcontrol€with€the€confiscation€of€their€mosques.€€In€addition,€Muslim€groups€critical€of€theÐ ˆè  ÐGovernment€continue€to€suffer€harassment.€òòbóó/€€On€the€political€level,€the€complainantÐ tÔ  Ðsubmits€that€contrary€Islamist€political€opinions,€including€centrist€Islamic€parties€such€as€theÐ `À ÐUmma€are€not€tolerated.ÐL¬(#(# ÐÌà0  à2.11€€According€to€the€complainant,€there€is€evidence€that€military€deserters€will€face€tortureÐ $„ Ðand€death.€€Amnesty€International€reported€in€April€1998€that:€€ð ðScores€of€student€conscriptsÐ p Ðdied€as€hundreds€of€youths€broke€out€of€a€military€training€camp€at€al„Ayfun€near€Khartoum.€Ð ü\ ÐThe€authorities€announced€that€more€than€50€deserters€had€drowned€trying€to€cross€the€BlueÐ èH ÐNile.€€However,€other€reports€said€that€over€100€were€killed,€many€of€whom€had€been€shotÐ Ô4 Ðand€others€beaten€to€death.ðð€€He€also€submits€that€both€the€UNHCR€and€AmnestyÐ À  ÐInternational€have€reported€on€the€detention€centres€in€Sudan€and€on€the€risk€of€ill„treatmentÐ ¬  Ðand€torture,€in€particular€during€interrogation€in€security€offices.ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€òòcóó/ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€€According€to€theÐ ˜ø Ðcomplainant,€ð ða€failed€Sufiðð,€Umma€Party€asylum„seeker,€who€has€spent€considerable€timeÐ „ ä Ðin€the€West,€and€who€has€qualified€in€law,€whether€or€not€his€military€service€has€beenÐ p!Ð Ðcompleted,€would€face€considerable€difficulty€on€return€to€Sudan.Ð\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  à6.1€€The€Committee€must€decide€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€complainant€to€SudanÐ 4$” Ðwould€violate€the€State€partyððs€obligation,€under€article€3,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention,Ð  %€  Ðnot€to€expel€or€return€(òòrefouleróó)€an€individual€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantialÐ  &l! Ðgrounds€for€believing€that€he€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture...Ðø&X"(#(# Ðà0  à...Ðä'D #(#(# Ðà0  à6.3€€Concerning€the€allegations€of€political€involvement€and€previous€ill„treatment€at€theÐ Ð(0!$ Ðhands€of€the€Sudanese€authorities€as€grounds€for€fearing€that€the€complainant€would€beÐ ¼)"% Ðsubjected€to€torture€on€return,€the€Committee€notes€that€even€if€it€were€to€discount€the€above„Ð ¨*#& Ðmentioned€inconsistencies€and€accept€these€claims€as€true,€the€complainant€does€not€claimÐ ”+ô#' Ðto€have€been€politically€involved€since€1992,€and€at€no€time€during€the€domestic€proceedingsÐ   Ðnor€in€his€complaint€to€the€Committee€did€he€claim€to€have€been€tortured€by€the€SudaneseÐ Œì Ðauthorities.Ðx Ø(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.4€€On€the€issue€of€his€alleged€desertion,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€didÐ P ° Ðexamine€the€letter,€dated€1€June€1996,€in€which€the€complainant€was€allegedly€drafted€by€theÐ < œ ÐPDF,€but€considered€it€not€to€be€genuine.€€The€Committee€considers€that€due€weight€mustÐ ( ˆ Ðbe€accorded€to€findings€of€fact€made€by€domestic,€judicial€or€competent€governmentÐ t Ðauthorities€unless€it€can€be€demonstrated€that€such€findings€are€arbitrary€or€unreasonable.€Ð ` ÐEven€if€the€Committee€were€to€consider€that€the€complainant€is€a€deserter€or€evaded€the€draft,Ð ìL  Ðhe€has€not€demonstrated€that€he€would€be€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€return€to€Sudan.€€TheÐ Ø8  ÐCommittee€observes€that€the€State€party€considered€a€significant€amount€of€information€fromÐ Ä$  Ðvarious€different€sources€before€arriving€at€this€conclusion.а (#(# ÐÌà0  àÔL  ÔÔM  Ô6.5€€The€Committee€notes€the€claim€that€if€returned€to€Sudan,€the€complainant€would€beÐ ˆè  Ðcompelled€to€perform€military€service,€despite€the€fact€that€he€is€a€conscientious€objector,€andÐ tÔ  Ðthe€implication€that€this€would€amount€to€torture,€as€defined€by€article€3€of€the€ConventionÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€Ð `À ÐÔL  ÔÔM  ÔThe€Committee€considers€that€the€letter€of€1€June€1996,€the€veracity€of€which€has€beenÐ L¬ Ðchallenged,€as€well€as€the€complainantððs€allegation€that€opponents€of€the€regime€are€calledÐ 8˜ Ðup€to€fight€in€the€civil€war,€is€insufficient€to€demonstrate€that€he€either€is€a€conscientiousÐ $„ Ðobjector€or€that€he€would€be€drafted€on€return€to€SudanÔL  ÔÔM  Ô.€€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔAs€with€the€other€reasons€forÐ p Ðclaiming€a€fear€of€torture€on€return,€the€State€partyððs€evaluation€of€the€facts€in€this€respect€hasÐ ü\ Ðnot€been€shown€to€be€unreasonable€or€arbitrary.ÐèH(#(# ÐÌà0  à6.6€€On€the€basis€of€the€foregoing,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€complainant€has€notÐ À  Ðprovided€a€verifiable€basis€to€conclude€that€substantial€grounds€exist€for€believing€that€heÐ ¬  Ðwould€face€a€foreseeable,€real€and€personal€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€returnÐ ˜ø Ðto€Sudan,€within€the€meaning€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€Ð„ ä(#(# Ðà0  à_________________Ðp!Ð(#(# Ðà0  àòòNotesóóÐ\"¼(#(# Ðà0  à...ÐH#¨(#(# Ðà0  àòòbóó/€€The€complainant€refers€to€Amnestyððs€Annual€Report€of€1999€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôin€which€it€reported€thatÐ 4$” Ðthose€detained€in€1997€includedÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ôfive€imams€who€were€reported€to€have€cast€doubt€on€theÐ  %€  Ðreligious€credentials€ofÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔHassan€al„Turabi,€Secretary„General€of€the€National€Congress€andÐ  &l! ÐideologicalÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ômentor€of€the€Government.Ðø&X"(#(# ÐÌà0  àòòcóó/€€He€refers€to€Amnesty€Internationalððs€ÔL  ÔÔM  ÔUrgent€ActionÔL  ÔÔM  Ô€of€ÔL  ÔÔM  Ô21€January€1997.ÐÐ(0!$(#(# Ðà0  à_________________м)"%(#(# ÐÌ