ÿWPCƒ Áœú;Ïóʧ»Èó¦ËHÒÚx”vÎyûÖÍìW•é' мOÇQ¦·Êê[¸$†íåRí,Ù‚'Cv«—¶4Jz±ç/AA¿3ÔÒûk¼´èZÕ2¶±È3ï‚Ò ëí o*5+§ø’dÕX­–$ë¼¶vý|ɨå§`LÁ˜e ª:vmÈ šz”²"2îÊÅëù^iÿ ñëþŽ»š÷ŒZÊj•œÕ­Ž©Ïî‰fx„»\„K[*½\$.väp• èÌó7ðëÊ0]ºn~í×ê.³ë-F'®Ûú#A½tY~ùŠ#å ¹¯":G˜˜U)=­Ÿ+„‹¬uðR²£ºAW¾TmîØí¥‡å¬eöÀ±ç¹u»sû^K,µð ,Ï^ýÄ£¿Ý"©£SÎ5ÙF=ÔFKS¼Lž˜‹ aZZdYˆ”Û“íœæ¯0ï°Xa.¶>NázÛѧ ôB´AÚSwpuÐU%q?NšÍ'“W"&ÕAWÍèQ&ÀèyÚM[Ò‰ñÌÞósÅÇ® {üð@sxŽö d–®—Äã± ôçÉmœÃ¦Ô*DH¼çuÓDSbFÅY+Ùž­ç“ûÌŽ*–LI—Øã9¥U>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Walter Lafuente Penarrieta, Miguel Rodriguez Candia, Oscar Ruiz Caceres, and Julio Cear To4es, and Julio Cear To"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ÛI$££Ý ƒV!!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XzXXXÔÔ€XzXXXzÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žV!$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xx§XXXÔÔ€Xx§XXXx§ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PS,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX ó* Äpì* ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒV!!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xg§XXXÔÔ€Xg§XXXg§ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€BoliviaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€176/1984€(1988)Ð H˜ ÐÌ2€November€1987Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Juana€Penarrieta,€Maria€Pura€de€Toro,€òòet€al.óó,€later€joined€by€WalterÐ xÈ  ÐLafuente€Penarrieta€Ð ^®  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€Walter€Lafuente€Penarrieta,€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€RuizÐ *z  ÐCaceres,€and€Julio€Cear€Toro€Dorado€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€party€concernedóó:€Bolivia€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€2€April€1984€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð ¨ø ÐÐ ÐòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó28€March€1985€óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ &v Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€2€November€1987,€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€concluded€óóits€consideration€of€communication€No.€176/1984,€submitted€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€by€Juana€Penarrieta€òòet€al.€óóunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ Š Ú ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€óóaccount€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:€Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌÓÓòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÓ ÓÓÓÌÌ1.1€The€authors€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€2€April€1984€and€subsequentÐ R+¢&+ Ðletters€dated€14€and€18€June€1985,€17€January€1986,€18€March€and€19€July€1987)€are€RoseÐ 8,ˆ', ÐMary€Garcia,€a€Bolivian€citizen€living€in€the€United€States€of€America,€and€Juana€Ô_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,Ð -n(- ÐMaria€Ô_ÔPuraÔ_Ô€de€Toro,€Ô_ÔNelvaÔ_Ô€B.€de€Toro,€Ô_ÔEttyÔ_Ô€Caceres,€Maria€Luisa€de€Ruiz,€Aurora€deÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€and€Sofia€de€Rodriguez,€Bolivian€citizens€residing€in€Bolivia,€on€behalf€of€theirÐ –æ Ðrelatives€Walter€Ô_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,€Oscar€Ruiz€Caceres,€Julio€Cesar€Toro€Dorado€andÐ |Ì ÐMiguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€all€Bolivian€citizens,€and€on€behalf€of€three€other€persons,€SimonÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔChaconÔ_Ô,€a€Bolivian€citizen€(not€related€to€the€authors),€Rene€Patricio€Ô_ÔLizamaÔ_Ô€Lira€andÐ H˜ ÐPablo€Manuel€Ô_ÔZepedaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCamillieriÔ_Ô,€both€Chilean€citizens€(not€related€to€the€authors).€TheÐ . ~ Ðauthors€stated€that€the€alleged€victims€were€being€held€at€the€San€Jorge€Barracks€in€BoliviaÐ  d Ðand€that€they€were€not€in€a€position€to€present€their€own€case€to€the€Human€RightsÐ ú J ÐCommittee.€The€authors€claimed€to€have€authority€to€represent€all€seven€alleged€victims.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ1.2€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€Ruiz€Caceres,€Simon€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔChaconÔ_Ô€and€Julio€CesarÐ ¬ ü  ÐToro€Dorado€were€released€on€24€April€1986,€Walter€Ô_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,€Pablo€ManuelÐ ’â  ÐÔ_ÔZepedaÔ_Ô€and€Ren&€Patricio€Ô_ÔLizamaÔ_Ô€were€released€on€24€October€1986.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ1.3€The€authors€stated€that€the€alleged€victims€were€arrested€on€24€October€1983€in€theÐ D”  ÐÔ_ÔneighbourhoodÔ_Ô€of€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_Ô€(approximately€70€Ô_ÔkilometresÔ_Ô€from€La€Paz)€by€members€of€theÐ *z  Ðarmed€forces€on€suspicion€of€being€òò"Ô_ÔguerrillerosÔ_Ô".€óóIt€is€further€alleged€that€during€the€firstÐ ` Ð15€days€of€detention€they€were€subjected€to€severe€torture,€including€physical€beatings,Ð öF Ðelectric€shocks€òò(Ô_ÔpicanaÔ_Ô)€óóand€immersion€in€water€òò(Ô_ÔsubmarinoÔ_Ô).€óóThey€were€allegedly€keptÐ Ü, Ðincommunicado€for€44€days.€They€were€allegedly€held€under€inhuman€prison€conditions,€inÐ Â Ðsolitary€confinement€in€very€small€and€humid€cells€(two€meters€by€two€meters),€and€wereÐ ¨ø Ðdenied€proper€medical€attention.€Their€state€of€health€was€very€poor.€It€was€not€until€10Ð ŽÞ ÐFebruary€1984€that€Pablo€Manuel€Ô_ÔZepedaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCamillieriÔ_Ô,€who€was€suffering€from€a€skullÐ tÄ Ðfracture,€was€attended€to€by€a€neurologist.€Ð Zª ÐÌ1.4€Concerning€the€right€to€legal€counsel,€guaranteed€under€article€16€(4)€of€the€BolivianÐ &v ÐConstitution,€it€is€alleged€that€the€detainees€had€no€access€to€a€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€lawyer€until€44€daysÐ  \ Ðafter€their€detention.€Ð òB ÐÌ1.5€On€16€December€1983,€the€first€public€hearing€took€place.€Ô_ÔDefenceÔ_Ô€counsel€argued€thatÐ ¾ Ðhis€clients€could€not€be€subject€to€military€jurisdiction,€since€the€National€Constitution€itselfÐ ¤ô Ðclearly€established€that€military€jurisdiction€could€be€applied€only€in€times€of€war€or€whenÐ Š Ú Ða€criminal€act€had€taken€place€in€a€territory€under€military€jurisdiction,€and€that€the€caseÐ p!À  Ðshould€therefore€be€transferred€to€the€regular€courts.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ1.6€On€8€February€1984,€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€counsel€again€requested€a€change€of€jurisdiction.€He€alsoÐ "$r# Ðpleaded€that€most€of€the€provisions€of€the€Military€Penal€Code€were€in€fact€unconstitutional.Ð %X $ ÐOn€13€February€1984,€the€appeal€for€annulment€was€presented€before€the€Supreme€TribunalÐ î%>!% Ðof€Military€Justice€without€success.€According€to€the€authors,€all€legal€remedies€to€obtain€aÐ Ô&$"& Ðchange€of€jurisdiction€were€turned€down€by€the€military€authorities.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ1.7€The€authors€state€that€the€relatives€of€the€detainees€tried€in€vain€to€secure€their€transferÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€San€Pedro€Prison€on€the€grounds€that€detention€in€military€barracks€was€not€lawful.€TheyÐ l*¼%* Ðmaintained€that,€owing€to€the€political€instability€in€Bolivia€and€the€arbitrary€acts€committedÐ R+¢&+ Ðby€a€number€of€officers,€there€were€no€guarantees€of€security€for€the€seven€detainees.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð1.8€The€indictment€against€the€seven€defendants€was€presented€by€the€Military€ProsecutorÐ ° Ðon€18€July€1984,€nine€months€after€their€detention.€The€defendants€submitted€their€plea€onÐ –æ Ð10€August€1984.€On€3€October€1984,€they€began€a€hunger„strike,€which€continued€until€2Ð |Ì ÐNovember€1984.€On€12€October€1984,€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice€òò(TribunalÐ b² ÐPermanents€de€Ô_ÔJusticiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMilitarÔ_Ô)€óóconvicted€the€accused€of€robbery€and€illegal€possession€ofÐ H˜ Ðweapons€and€ammunition€belonging€to€the€Bolivian€army€and€of€the€use€of€false€documents.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ1.9€The€authors€stated€that€Presidential€Decree€òò(Ô_ÔDecretoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSupremoÔ_Ô)€óóNo.€20,565,€of€25€OctoberÐ ú J Ð1984,€ordered€unrestricted€amnesty€òò(Ô_ÔamnestiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔampliaÔ_Ô€e€Ô_ÔirrestrictaÔ_Ô)€óófor€the€seven€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_ÔÐ à 0 Ðdetainees,€but€the€armed€forces€refused€to€comply€with€the€decree.€On€30€October€1984,€theÐ Æ   ÐStanding€Court€of€Military€Justice€referred€the€case€for€òòex€officio€óóreview€to€the€SupremeÐ ¬ ü  ÐCourt€of€Military€Justice€òò(Tribunal€Ô_ÔSupremoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔJusticiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMilitarÔ_Ô),€óówhich,€on€1€NovemberÐ ’â  Ð1984,€returned€the€case€to€the€Standing€Court€for€appropriate€action,€without€itself€issuingÐ xÈ  Ða€release€order.€It€is€further€reported€that,€on€15€November€1984,€the€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_Ô€detaineesÐ ^®  Ðapplied€for€òòhabeas€corpus€óóto€the€District€Court€of€La€Paz€òò(Ô_ÔCorteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDistritalÔ_Ô),€óóa€civilian€court,Ð D”  Ðwhich€found,€on€16€November€1984,.that€the€Presidential€Decree€of€amnesty€wasÐ *z  Ðconstitutional€and€that€the€military€court€should€implement€it.€This€decision€was€reviewedÐ ` Ðby€the€highest€judicial€authority€of€Bolivia,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€which€found€thatÐ öF Ðthe€amnesty€decree€was€constitutional€and€that€the€competent€organs€of€the€armed€forcesÐ Ü, Ðwere€responsible€for€issuing€the€release€order.€Nevertheless,€the€Luribay€detainees€were€notÐ Â Ðthen€released.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.1€After€ascertaining€that€the€cases€of€the€alleged€victims€had€not€been€registered€forÐ tÄ Ðexamination€by€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€the€Working€Group€ofÐ Zª Ðthe€Human€Rights€Committee,€by€its€decision€of€3€July€1985,€transmitted€theÐ @ Ðcommunication,€under€rule€91€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€StateÐ &v Ðparty€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€theÐ  \ Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€requested€the€State€party:€(a)Ð òB Ðto€provide€the€Committee€with€copies€of€any€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case;€and€(b)Ð Ø( Ðto€inform€the€Committee€of€the€state€of€health€of€the€alleged€victims.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.2€The€Working€Group€found€that€the€authors€were€justified€in€acting€on€behalf€of€WalterÐ Š Ú ÐÔ_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€Ruiz€Caceres€and€Julio€Cesar€ToroÐ p!À  ÐDorado.€With€regard€to€the€other€alleged€victims,€the€Working€Group€requested€the€authorsÐ V"¦! Ðto€provide€written€evidence€of€their€authority€to€act€on€their€behalf.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ3.1€In€its€response,€dated€22€October€1985,€to€the€Working€Group's€decision,€the€State€partyÐ %X $ Ðsaid€that,€on€12€October€1984:€Ð î%>!% ÐÌà0 4 à"The€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice€of€Bolivia,€by€virtue€of€its€jurisdiction,Ð º' #' Ðhanded€down€a€verdict€and€sentence€at€first€instance€against€the€detainees,€who€hadÐ  (ð#( Ðbeen€charged€with€robbery€and€illegal€possession€of€weapons€belonging€to€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐBolivian€army,€use€of€false€documents€and€other€offences.€On€25€October€1984,€theÐ l*¼%* ÐConstitutional€President€of€the€preceding€Government,€by€Supreme€Decree€No.Ð R+¢&+ Ð20,565,€granted€a€broad€and€unrestricted€amnesty€to€the€seven€detainees,€orderingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthem€to€be€released€and€the€record€of€the€case€to€be€filed.€Ð-n(-4ü!4ü! Їà0 4 à"On€being€informed€of€this€Decree,€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€JusticeÐ ° Ðtransmitted€the€'record€of€the€case€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€Justice€in€orderÐ –æ Ðthat,€through€its€Appeals€and€Review€Section,€by€means€of€interpretation€and€reviewÐ |Ì Ðas€referred€to€in€article€38€(3)€of€the€Military€Judicial€Organization€Act,€it€may€takeÐ b² Ða€decision€concerning€priority€in€the€application€of€article€228€of€the€Constitution,Ð H˜ Ðwith€reference€to€article€96€(13)€of€the€Constitution,€in€respect€of€Supreme€DecreeÐ . ~ ÐNo.€20,565€of€25€October€1984,€so€that€as€a€result€of€this€review€the€appropriate€legalÐ  d Ðcourse€may€be€determined'."€Ðú J4ü!4ü! ÐÌ3.2€The€State€party€furnished€the€Committee€with€copies€of€Presidential€Decree€NO.€20,565Ð Æ   Ðof€25€October€1984€and€of€the€decision€of€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice,€dated€30Ð ¬ ü  ÐOctober€1984,€to€refer€the€case€for€òòex€officio€óóreview€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€MilitaryÐ ’â  ÐJustice.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ3.3€The€State€party€further€indicated€that€the€detainees€were€in€good€health.€Ð D”  ÐÌ3.4€Lastly,€the€State€party€requested€that€the€communication€be€declared€inadmissible€forÐ ` Ðnon„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€since€the€case€was€still€pending€before€the€SupremeÐ öF ÐCourt€of€Military€Justice.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.1€In€a€further€submission,€dated€31€October€1985,€the€State€party€informed€the€CommitteeÐ ¨ø Ðthat€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€Justice€had,€on€14€October€1985,€handed€down€finalÐ ŽÞ Ðsentence€in€the€case:€Ð tÄ ÐÌà0 4 à"amending€a€previous€sentence€by€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice,€whichÐ @ Ðsentenced€the€seven€detainees,€who€had€been€charged€with€a€number€of€offences,€toÐ &v Ðsix,€four€or€two€years€of€imprisonment.€Ð \4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"The€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€Justice,€which€is€unappealable,Ð Ø( Ðamends€the€sentence€through€its€Cassation€and€Single„Instance€Section,€reducing€theÐ ¾ Ðsentence€of€imprisonment€to€three€years€for€the€detainees€Rene€Patricio€Lizama€Lira,Ð ¤ô ÐPablo€Manuel€Zepeda€Camillieri€and€Walter€Lafuente€Penarrieta,€and€to€two€yearsÐ Š Ú Ðand€six€months€for€Simon€Tapia€Chacon,€Julio€Cesar€Toro€Dorado,€Oscar€RuizÐ p!À  ÐCaceres€and€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia.€The€latter€will€have€served€their€sentence€onÐ V"¦! Ð24€April€1986€and€the€former€on€24€October€1986,€since€the€penalty€runs€from€theÐ <#Œ" Ðfirst€day€of€detention."€Ð"$r#4ü!4ü! ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€furnished€the€Committee€with€the€text€of€the€judgement€of€the€SupremeÐ î%>!% ÐCourt€of€Military€Justice€of€14€October€1985€and€reiterated€its€request€that€the€CommitteeÐ Ô&$"& Ðdeclare€the€communication€inadmissible,€this€time€"on€the€grounds€that€the€proceedings€haveÐ º' #' Ðbeen€concluded"("òòya€que€este€proceso€concluyoóó").€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.1€In€their€comments,€dated€17€January€1986,€the€authors€noted€that€the€State€party€in€itsÐ l*¼%* Ðtwo€submissions€made€no€mention€whatever€of€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ R+¢&+ ÐMilitary€Justice,€dated€1€November€1984,€which,€according€to€the€authors,€provided€for€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimplementation€of€the€amnesty€decree€by€the€lower€court.€They€further€pointed€out€that€theÐ -n(- Ðamnesty€decree€had€not€been€abrogated€and€that€the€alleged€victims€were€still€in€detention,Ð ° Ð15€months€after€the€issuance€of€the€decree.€Ð –æ ÐÌ5.2€With€respect€to€the€state€of€health€of€the€alleged€victims,€the€authors€noted€that€the€StateÐ b² Ðparty€had€not€submitted€any€medical€certificates€nor€any€information€about€theirÐ H˜ Ðpsychological€state.€Furthermore,€they€claimed€that€the€alleged€victims€had€been€deprivedÐ . ~ Ðof€medical€attention€for€the€last€18€months.€Ð  d ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ à 0 ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ Æ   Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ6.2€Article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€precludes€the€Committee€fromÐ xÈ  Ðconsidering€a€communication€if€the€same€matter€is€being€examined€under€another€procedureÐ ^®  Ðof€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€again€ascertained€that€the€caseÐ D”  Ðwas€not€under€examination€elsewhere.€Ð *z  ÐÌ6.3€Article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€precludes€the€Committee€fromÐ öF Ðconsidering€a€communication€unless€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€In€thatÐ Ü, Ðconnection€the€Committee€noted€that€in€its€submission€of€31€October€1985€the€State€partyÐ Â Ðhad€informed€the€Committee€of€the€conclusion€of€proceedings€against€the€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_Ô€detainees.Ð ¨ø ÐThe€Committee€thus€concluded€that€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€and€that€it€wasÐ ŽÞ Ðnot€precluded€by€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€theÐ tÄ Ðcase.€Ð Zª ÐÌ7.€Although€the€authors€did€not€specify€which€articles€of€the€Covenant€might€have€beenÐ &v Ðviolated,€the€Committee€observed€that€the€allegations€raised€issues€relating€to€several€of€theÐ  \ Ðrights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€including€the€rights€protected€by€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14.€Ð òB ÐÌ8.€With€respect€to€the€standing€of€the€authors,€the€Committee€noted€that€they€had€notÐ ¾ Ðsubmitted€evidence€of€their€authority€to€act€on€behalf€of€Simon€Ô_ÔTapiaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔChaconÔ_Ô,€Rene€PatricioÐ ¤ô ÐÔ_ÔLizamaÔ_Ô€Lira€and€Pablo€Manuel€Ô_ÔZepedaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCamillieriÔ_Ô.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ9.€On€2€April€1986,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€Walter€Ô_ÔLafuenteÔ_ÔÐ "$r# ÐÔ_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€Ruiz€Caceres€and€Julio€Cesar€Toro€Dorado;€Ð %X $ ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€partyÐ Ô&$"& Ðshould€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€theÐ º' #' Ðtransmittal€to€it€of€the€current€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€theÐ  (ð#( Ðmatter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€might€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ(c)€That€the€State€party€should€be€requested€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€to€provide€the€Committee€with€copies€of€suchÐ R+¢&+ Ðcourt€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case€that€hitherto€had€not€been€furnished,€includingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€judgement€of€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice€dated€12€October€1984,€and€(ii)€toÐ -n(- Ðinform€the€Committee€of€the€current€state€of€health€of€the€alleged€victims€by€furnishingÐ ° Ðrelevant€medical€certificates€concerning€them.€Ð –æ ÐÌ10.1€In€a€further€submission,€dated€30€May€1986,€the€authors€claim€that€the€BolivianÐ b² ÐGovernment€has€violated€articles€3,€6,€paragraph€4,€7,€9,€10,€14,€17,€paragraph€1,€23€and€26Ð H˜ Ðof€the€Covenant.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ10.2€With€regard€to€article€3,€the€authors€contend:€Ð ú J ÐÌà0 4 à"In€no€case€has€there€been€equality€of€rights,€on€the€contrary,€rights€have€beenÐ Æ   Ðrestricted€even€to€the€extent€of€preventing€the€use€of€mechanisms€recognized€byÐ ¬ ü  ÐBolivian€laws€themselves€(Polltical€Constitution€of€the€State)."€Ð’â 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.3€With€regard€to€article€6,€paragraph€4,€the€authors€repeat€that:€Ð ^®  ÐÌà0 4 à"on€25€October€1984,€the€Constitutional€President€of€Bolivia,€Mr.€Hernan€SilesÐ *z  ÐSuazo,€issued€a€Supreme€Decree€(No.€20,565)€declaring€an€amnesty€for€the€sevenÐ ` ÐLuribay€detainees.€This€Decree€was€issued€under€the€authority€provided€for€in€articleÐ öF Ð96,€paragraph€13,€of€the€Bolivian€Constitution€and€with€the€approval€of€the€entireÐ Ü, Ðcabinet€of€President€Siles.€ÐÂ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"In€this€case,€because€of€unknown€interests€involving€the€administrators€of€militaryÐ ŽÞ Ðjustice,€the€latter€have€not€complied€with€a€decree€having€the€above„mentionedÐ tÄ Ðcharacteristics€despite€the€fact€that€the€relevant€military€legislation€itself€states€inÐ Zª Ðarticle€38,€paragraph€4,€that€legal€proceedings€brought€against€any€person€shall€ceaseÐ @ Ðwhen€an€amnesty€is€decreed."€Ð&v4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.4€With€regard€to€article€7,€the€authors€contend€that€the€medical€certificates€of€theÐ òB Ðdetainees€provide€"evidence€of€the€torture€and€degrading€treatment€to€which€our€relativesÐ Ø( Ðwere€subjected".€Ð ¾ ÐÌ10.5€With€regard€to€article€9,€the€authors€claim€that:€Ð Š Ú ÐÌà0 4 à"All€the€paragraphs€of€this€article€have€been€violated€in€that€our€relatives€wereÐ V"¦! Ðarbitrarily€arrested;€at€the€time€of€their€arrest,€they€were€in€a€civilian€village€and€wereÐ <#Œ" Ðin€no€way€endangering€the€country's€internal€security,€let€alone€external€security,Ð "$r# Ðsince€Bolivia€was€not€and€is€not€at€war.€Ð%X $4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Article€9€of€the€Bolivian€Constitution€stipulates€that,€for€a€person€to€be€arrested,€anÐ Ô&$"& Ðorder€must€be€issued€by€a€competent€authority;€in€this€case€the€military€forces€did€notÐ º' #' Ðhave€the€authority€to€deprive€our€relatives€of€their€freedom.€The€same€article€9€statesÐ  (ð#( Ðthat€no€one€may€be€held€incommunicado,€even€in€obviously€serious€cases,€for€moreÐ †)Ö$) Ðthat€24€hours;€in€violation€of€this€constitutional€provision,€our€relatives€were€heldÐ l*¼%* Ðcompletely€incommunicado€without€medical€attention€or€proper€food€for€44€days,Ð R+¢&+ Ðand€no€court€was€informed€of€their€situation.€Ð8,ˆ',4ü!4ü! ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 4 à"Furthermore,€despite€our€demands€and€petitions,€including€those€to€human€rightsÐ ° Ðinstitutions,€our€relatives€were€not€told€of€the€reasons€for€their€detention.€Ð–æ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"The€right€of€recourse€to€the€courts€to€redress€the€illegality€of€our€relatives'€arbitraryÐ b² Ðdetention€was€not€made€effective,€despite€an€application€to€have€the€jurisdiction€ofÐ H˜ Ðthe€military€courts€quashed€and€the€case€transferred€to€the€ordinary€courts."€Ð. ~4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.6€With€regard€to€article€10,€the€authors€maintain€that:€Ð ú J ÐÌà0 4 à"The€provisions€of€this€article€have€not€been€complied€with€since€our€relatives€haveÐ Æ   Ðbeen€treated€as€dangerous€criminals€without€even€having€been€charged.€Furthermore,Ð ¬ ü  Ðthey€have€been€ferried€about€from€one€place€to€another€with€an€escort€of€100€or€soÐ ’â  Ðsoldiers,€who€were€pointing€their€weapons€not€only€at€them,€but€also€at€us€and€theirÐ xÈ  Ðdefenders."€Ð^® 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.7€With€regard€to€article€14,€the€authors€contend€that:€Ð *z  ÐÌà0 4 à"Once€the€military€trial€began€„€despite€everything€stated€about€its€lack€ofÐ öF Ðcompetence€and€jurisdiction€„€the€court€was€in€no€way€impartial€and€evenÐ Ü, Ðdisregarded€its€own€regulations,€for€the€sole€purpose€of€securing€maximum€sentencesÐ Â Ðagainst€our€relatives€for€non„existent€offences.€Ð¨ø4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Choice€of€defence€counsel€was€also€restricted€since€the€Code€of€Military€JusticeÐ tÄ Ð(Judicial€Organization€Act,€art.€75)€stipulates€that€persons€charged€with€an€offenceÐ Zª Ðshall€have€as€defence€counsel€court„appointed€military€attorneys€in€cases€where€theÐ @ Ðdefence€counsel€freely€chosen€by€the€persons€charged€does€not€meet€the€requirementsÐ &v Ðof€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice."€Ð \4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.8€With€regard€to€article€17,€the€authors€maintain€that:€Ð Ø( ÐÌà0 4 à"Our€relatives'€privacy,€honour€and€reputation€have€been€severely€attacked.€OurÐ ¤ô Ðhomes€have€been€illegally€searched€at€night€(violation€of€article€21€of€the€BolivianÐ Š Ú ÐConstitution)€in€an€atmosphere€of€violence€and€with€an€excessive€display€ofÐ p!À  Ðrepressive€force,€since€defenceless€women€and€children€were€confronted€with€aÐ V"¦! Ðgroup€of€heavily„armed€men."€Ð<#Œ"4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.9€With€regard€to€article€23,€the€authors€claim:€Ð %X $ ÐÌà0 4 à"At€no€time€has€the€State€protected€the€detainees'€families.€On€the€contrary,€we€haveÐ Ô&$"& Ðbeen€insulted€and€ill„treated,€and€in€many€cases€thrown€out€of€offices€where€we€wentÐ º' #' Ðto€request€information€on€the€fate€of€our€relatives.€Thus,€the€provisions€contained€inÐ  (ð#( Ðarticles€6€to€21€of€the€Constitution€have€also€been€violated."€Ð†)Ö$)4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.10€With€regard€to€article€26,€the€authors€add:€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌà0 4 à"At€no€time€have€the€detainees€been€given€equal€treatment;€this€is€simply€because€ofÐ -n(- Ðtheir€different€political€ideas,€and€despite€the€fact€that€article€6€of€the€ConstitutionÐ ° Ðguarantees€all€citizens€equality€before€the€law€and€provides€for€protection€of€theirÐ –æ Ðrights€and€guarantees€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution."€Ð|Ì4ü!4ü! ÐÌ11.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€24Ð H˜ ÐOctober€1986,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€full€judicial€proceedings,€which€the€State€partyÐ . ~ Ðencloses,€establish€that€"the€military€laws€and€the€Political€Constitution€of€the€State€wereÐ  d Ðapplied€correctly".€Thus,€the€State€party€contends€that€there€has€been€no€violation€of€theÐ ú J ÐCovenant€by€Bolivia€and€continues:€Ð à 0 ÐÌà0 4 à"The€fact€is€that€the€defendants€were€found€guilty€of€various€offences€which€led€toÐ ¬ ü  Ðsentences€in€first€instance€by€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice€of€six,€four€andÐ ’â  Ðtwo€years'€imprisonment€on€the€seven€detainees.€ÐxÈ 4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Subsequently,€the€Appeals€Division€and€Sole€Instance€of€the€Supreme€Court€ofÐ D”  ÐMilitary€Justice€of€the€Nation€reduced€the€penalties€to€three€years'€imprisonment€inÐ *z  Ðthe€case€of€Walter€Lafuente€Penarrieta,€Rene€Patricio€Lizama€Lira€and€Pablo€ManuelÐ ` ÐZepeda,€and€to€two€years€and€six€months'€imprisonment€for€the€remaining€detainees.€ÐöF4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"According€to€the€report€of€Colonel€Rene€Pinilla€Godoy€Dema,€Judge€Reporter€of€theÐ Â ÐStanding€Court€of€Military€Justice,€Mr.€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Mr.€Oscar€RuizÐ ¨ø ÐCaceres,€Mr.€Simon€Tapia€Chacon€and€Mr.€Julio€Cesar€Toro€Dorado€wereÐ ŽÞ Ðunconditionally€released€and€are€now€with€their€families€and€in€good€health,€as€theÐ tÄ ÐCentre€for€Human€Rights€may€ascertain€through€the€United€Nations€ResidentÐ Zª ÐRepresentative€in€Bolivia.€Ð@4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"With€regard€to€the€last€three€detainees,€Mr.€Walter€Lafuente€Penarrieta,€Mr.€PabloÐ  \ ÐManuel€Zepeda€and€Mr.€Rene€Patricio€Lizama€Lira,€the€last€two€of€ChileanÐ òB Ðnationality,€they€were€released€on€this€very€day,€according€to€an€officialÐ Ø( Ðcommunication,€in€conformity€with€the€judgement€of€the€Appeals€Division€and€SoleÐ ¾ ÐInstance€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Military€Justice,€which€forms€part€of€the€BolivianÐ ¤ô Ðjudicial€system€and€acts€independently€in€accordance€with€the€separation€of€powersÐ Š Ú Ðprovided€for€in€article€2€of€the€Political€Constitution€of€the€State."€Ðp!À 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ11.2€The€State€party€then€requests€the€Committee€to€reverse€its€decision€on€admissibility€andÐ <#Œ" Ðto€close€the€examination€of€the€Luribay€case,€since€"the€seven€detainees€have€beenÐ "$r# Ðunconditionally€released€and€since€the€legal€proceedings€have€been€concluded".€Ð %X $ ÐÌ12.€In€their€comments,€dated€18€March€1987,€the€authors€contend€that€the€State€party€has€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðrefuted€"in€any€way€the€statements€by€the€relatives€of€the€ex„detainees€in€our€note€of€30€MayÐ º' #' Ð1986,€which€deals€with€the€problem€of€substance€and€not€of€form,€that€our€children'sÐ  (ð#( Ðdetention€was€accompanied€by€torture,€solitary€confinement,€harassment,€partiality,€denialÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€justice€and€a€whole€series€of€violations€of€the€human€rights€set€forth€in€the€InternationalÐ l*¼%* ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights".€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ13.€By€a€letter€dated€19€July€1987,€one€of€the€seven€Luribay€detainees,€Walter€LafuenteÐ -n(- ÐPenarrieta,€who€was€released€on€24€October€1986,€confirmed€the€description€of€the€facts€setÐ ° Ðout€in€paragraphs€1.1€to€1.9,€5.1€and€5.2,€and€10.1€to€10.10.€Mr.€Ô_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€also€confirmed€thatÐ –æ Ðit€was€his€wish€that€the€Committee€continue€consideration€of€his€case.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ14.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€ofÐ H˜ Ðall€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ . ~ Ðthe€Optional€Protocol.€Before€adopting€its€views,€the€Committee€took€into€consideration€theÐ  d ÐState€party's€objection€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€but€the€Committee€can€seeÐ ú J Ðno€justification€for€reviewing€its€decision€on€admissibility€on€the€basis€of€the€State€party'sÐ à 0 Ðcontention€that,€because€the€victims€have€been€released,€the€case€should€be€consideredÐ Æ   Ðclosed.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ15.1€The€Committee€therefore€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€areÐ xÈ  Ðeither€uncontested€or€are€implicitly€or€explicitly€contested€by€the€State€party€only€by€denialsÐ ^®  Ðof€a€general€character€offering€no€particular€information€or€explanations.€Ð D”  ÐÌ15.2€Walter€Ô_ÔLafuenteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPenarrietaÔ_Ô,€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€Ruiz€Caceres€and€JulioÐ ` ÐCesar€Toro€Dorado€were€arrested€on€24€October€1983€near€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_Ô€by€members€of€theÐ öF ÐBolivian€armed€forces€on€suspicion€of€being€"òòÔ_ÔguerrillerosÔ_Ôóó".€During€the€first€15€days€ofÐ Ü, Ðdetention€they€were€subjected€to€torture€and€ill„treatment€and€kept€incommunicado€for€44Ð Â Ðdays.€They€were€held€under€inhuman€prison€conditions,€in€solitary€confinement€in€veryÐ ¨ø Ðsmall,€humid€cells,€and€were€denied€proper€medical€attention.€They€had€no€access€to€legalÐ ŽÞ Ðcounsel€until€44€days€after€their€detention.€On€16€December€1983€the€first€public€hearingÐ tÄ Ðtook€place€before€a€military€court.€The€indictment€was€framed€by€the€Military€Prosecutor€onÐ Zª Ð18€July€1984,€charging€the€accused€with€robbery€and€illegal€possession€of€weaponsÐ @ Ðbelonging€to€the€Bolivian€army€and€with€the€use€of€false€documents.€On€12€October€1984,Ð &v Ðthey€were€convicted€of€those€crimes€by€the€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice.€On€25Ð  \ ÐOctober€1984,€the€Constitutional€President€of€the€Republic,€Hernan€Ô_ÔSilesÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSuazoÔ_Ô,€granted€aÐ òB Ðbroad€and€unrestricted€amnesty€to€the€Ô_ÔLuribayÔ_Ô€detainees,€ordering€that€they€be€released€andÐ Ø( Ðthat€the€record€of€the€case€be€filed.€They€were,€however,€not€released.€On€30€October€1984Ð ¾ Ðthe€Standing€Court€of€Military€Justice€referred€the€case€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€MilitaryÐ ¤ô ÐJustice,€which€did€not€order€the€release€of€the€detainees,€but€handed€down€a€final€judgementÐ Š Ú Ðon€14€October€1985,€sentencing€the€detainees€to€three€and€two€and€a€half€years€ofÐ p!À  Ðimprisonment.€The€detainees€were€released€on€24€April€and€24€October€1986.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ15.3€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theÐ "$r# Ðfailure€of€the€State€party€to€furnish€certain€information€and€clarifications,€in€particular€withÐ %X $ Ðregard€to€the€allegations€of€torture€and€ill„treatment€of€which€the€authors€have€complained.Ð î%>!% ÐIt€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€State€party€has€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðduty€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€Covenant€made€against€itÐ º' #' Ðand€its€authorities,€and€to€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€Ô_ÔreleventÔ_Ô€information€where€it€contestsÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€authors'€allegation.€In€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€authors'Ð †)Ö$) Ðallegations.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ16.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ 8,ˆ', ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ -n(- Ðfacts€as€found€by€the€Committee€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant€with€respect€to:€Ð ° ÐÌà0 4 àArticle€7,€because€Walter€Lafuente€Penarrieta,€Miguel€Rodriguez€Candia,€Oscar€RuizÐ |Ì ÐCaceres€and€Julio€Cesar€Toro€Dorado€were€subjected€to€torture€and€inhumanÐ b² Ðtreatment;€ÐH˜4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 àArticles€9,€paragraph€3,€and€10,€paragraph€1,€because€they€were€not€broughtÐ  d Ðpromptly€before€a€judge,€but€were€kept€incommunicado€for€44€days€following€theirÐ ú J Ðarrest;€and€Ðà 04ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 àArticle€14,€paragraph€3€(b),€because€during€the€initial€44€days€of€detention€they€hadÐ ¬ ü  Ðno€access€to€legal€counsel.€Ð’â 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ17.€The€Committee€lacks€sufficient€evidence€to€make€findings€with€regard€to€the€otherÐ ^®  Ðclaims€made€by€the€authors.€Ð D”  ÐÌ18.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Ð ` Ðin€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€to€take€effective€measures€toÐ öF Ðremedy€the€violations€suffered€by€the€victims,€to€grant€them€compensation,€to€investigateÐ Ü, Ðsaid€violations,€to€take€action€thereon€as€appropriate€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similarÐ Â Ðviolations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÓ€Ó