ÿWPCå ‘n–’uëemF4^ݽkfvƃótœ;¶ôàÜü{÷EŸ‹sêÑËBlÏ9™ùbݸÛËŸ¶‡¥žïœ+µ‹iÓ9º ²ß-j¤O±d ªŒÚ‰'xTˆ?y‹)ŠÉ×Oþ´ñêH¶ð…YµLH[·Ð(ɥ͕z~ JŤ÷d¾`ÇùÔS 8O«Í+Øk”Ñ”÷>X»¬xiÌòRðWj1Ùï×ïáMWªƒk t&£&”tÖ9€ÇÆjv˜rè¦OÔP 9Þ n<Ï…kŠ{wã²À9·3ÎD³<ÕĈ$_+vÛ¶«—(‹þÒÔE}H·róZ9Š•4á¬]‡Ï+Ãƈ7ŒWysŠá<†èo-§Vnùyn±9á{1˜Zé(`ó ü*"YÉCê +…ó¼a¾<€¯¥Ú¯4²V‰ ëᎢ'Ó‹R(vÃœÍí;}/5”2¶KÔó`%œ(Š¤¢‘pŽZ[ÃÏLUþtëµ€­Rà;ð¸ @p‡ã˜Ú6¯9)…†+^—þWÔ ÅËW(”‚öá-äƽ}ñ –ô(í ò´¥“¹ÕŠF´“«¥!ÓÜ£R Jú ådÌe·C€Z.F>KL4I¦q²wùÓæ}ÙU>ˆÌÆ 0µ’ 0<G 0Yƒ 0_Ü 0i; 0P¤ 0TôÆH 0á 0(ï D+ AMB  0ÆŸ #Áe UN& %tMz(~N¦^ ¨w´4¸Ì mÎô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Consuelo Salgar de Montejo v. Colombia, Communication No. R.15/64 (18 December 1979), U.N.4 December 1979), U.N."Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2²O$££Ý ƒVW!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X«gXXXÔÔ€X«gXXX«gÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žVW$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¤oXXXÔÔ€X¤oXXX¤oÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXDƒô* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒVW!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X·WXXXÔÔ€X·WXXX·WÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌÔ_ÔòòÔ_ÔÔ_ÔdeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMontejoÔ_Ô€v.€ColombiaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€R.15/64Ð H˜ ÐÌ24€March€1982Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€Ô_ÔConsueloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSalgarÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔMontejoÔ_Ô€(represented€by€Pedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô)Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:óó€Ô_ÔConsueloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSalgarÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔMontejoÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:óó€Colombia€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:óó€18€December€1979€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:óó€29€July€1980€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€or€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€24€March€1982,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€R/15/64€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Pedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€Ô_ÔconsueloÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSalgarÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔMontejoÔ_Ô,€under€theÐ ¾ ÐOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÓ{ÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òVIEWS€UNDER€ARTICLE€5€(4)€OF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLó óóó€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.1€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€18€December€1979€and€furtherÐ †)Ö$) Ðletters€dated€18€June€1980€and€7€April€1981)€is€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo,€a€ColombianÐ l*¼%* Ðnational.€She€submitted€the€communication€on€her€own€behalf€through€her€legalÐ R+¢&+ Ðrepresentative.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð1.2€The€author€alleges€that€by€enacting€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978Ð ° Ð(Statute€of€Security)€the€Government€of€Colombia€has€breached€articles€9€and€14€of€theÐ –æ ÐCovenant.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ1.3€She€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€these€violations€and,€through€her€legal€representative,Ð H˜ Ðdescribes€the€relevant€facts€as€follows:€Ð . ~ ÐÌ1.4€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo,€Director€of€the€Colombia€newspaper€òòEl€Bogotano,€óówasÐ ú J Ðsentenced€to€one€year€or€imprisonment€by€a€military€judge€on€7€November€1979€on€groundsÐ à 0 Ðof€the€alleged€violation€of€article€10€of€the€Statute€or€Security€lot€the€alleged€offence€ofÐ Æ   Ðhaving€sold€a€gun.€Through€the€only€recourse€procedure€available,€the€òòrecurso€de€reposicion,Ð ¬ ü  Ðóóher€sentence€was€confirmed€by€the€same€judge€on€14€November€1979.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ1.5€She€alleges€that€by€application€of€the€decree,€she€was€denied€the€right€to€appeal€to€aÐ ^®  Ðhigher€tribunal€in€violation€or€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant€and€that€she€was€denied€theÐ D”  Ðguarantees€laid€down€in€article€14€(1)€of€the€Covenant€because€military€tribunals€are,Ð *z  Ðallegedly,€not€competent,€independent€and€Impartial.€On€the€basis€of€these€allegations,€theÐ ` Ðauthor€claims€that€she€was€arbitrarily€detained€and€subjected€to€arbitrary€imprisonment€and,Ð öF Ðaccordingly,€that€article€9€(l)€or€the€Covenant€was€violated.€She€further€alleges,€withoutÐ Ü, Ðgiving€any€specific€details,€that€the€principles€of€òònon€bis€in€idem€óóand€of€òòres€judicata€óóhaveÐ Â Ðbeen€violated.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌl.6€The€author€maintains€that€there€are€no€further€domestic€remedies€to€exhaust€and€theÐ tÄ Ðpresent€case€has€not€been€submitted€for€examination€under€any€other€procedure€ofÐ Zª Ðinternational€invetigation€or€settlement.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.€On€18€March€1980,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€toÐ  \ Ðtransmit€the€communication€to€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€or€the€provisional€rules€ofÐ òB Ðprocedure,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ3.1€By€letter€dated€29€May€1980€the€State€party€refuted€the€allegations€made€by€the€allegedÐ ¤ô Ðvictim.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ3.2€The€State€party€contested,€in€particular,€the€allegation€that€Colombia€was€in€breach€ofÐ V"¦! Ðarticle€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant.€It€argued€that€in€that€provision,€the€phrase€"according€to€theÐ <#Œ" Ðlaw"€leaves€it€to€national€law€to€determine€in€which€cases€and€circumstances€application€mayÐ "$r# Ðbe€made€to€a€court€of€higher€instance€and€that€if€the€meaning€of€this€provision€should€beÐ %X $ Ðdifferently€interpreted,€it€must€be€borne€in€mind€that€Colombia€is€experiencing€a€situationÐ î%>!% Ðof€disturbed€public€order,€within€the€meaning€of€article€4€(1)€of€the€Covenant,€and€thatÐ Ô&$"& Ðconsequently€the€Government€may€take€the€measures€therein€referred€to.€The€State€partyÐ º' #' Ðfurther€maintained€that€Mr.€Salgar€de€Montejo€was€released€after€having€served€a€term€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðdetention€for€three€months€and€15€days€and€that€she€now€enjoys€full.€liberty€without€anyÐ †)Ö$) Ðrestriction.€With€regard€to€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€State€party€recognizedÐ l*¼%* Ðthat€In€the€case€in€question€there€are€no€further€remedies.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€argues,€in€her€letter€dated€18€JuneÐ -n(- Ð1980,€that€the€State€party€cannot€invoke€article€4€(1)€of€the€Covenant€because€it€has€not€soÐ ° Ðfar€fulfilled€the€requirements€of€the€provisions€of€article€4€(3),€and€that€she€should€beÐ –æ Ðcompensated€tot€the€violations€of€articles€9€and€14€of€the€Covenant€which€she€has€allegedlyÐ |Ì Ðsuffered.€She€again€argues,€without€further€explanation,€that€the€principles€of€òònon€his€in€idemÐ b² Ðóóand€òòres€judicata€óóhave€been€violated.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.€The€Committee€found,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€it€was€not€precludedÐ  d Ðfrom€considering€the€communication€by€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€As€to€theÐ ú J Ðexhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€parties€agreed€that€there€were€no€further€domesticÐ à 0 Ðremedies€which€the€alleged€victim€could€pursue.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€theÐ Æ   Ðcommunication€was€not€Inadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ6.€On€29€July€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð D”  ÐÌ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beÐ ` Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€theÐ öF Ðmatter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ7.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€17€February€1981,Ð ¨ø Ðthe€State€party€reiterated€that€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant€establishes€the€general€principleÐ ŽÞ Ðof€review€by€a€higher€tribunal€without€making€such€a€review€mandatory€in€all€possible€casesÐ tÄ Ðinvolving€a€criminal€offence€since€the€phrase€"according€to€the€law"€leaves€it€to€national€lawÐ Zª Ðto€determine€in€which€cases€and€circumstances€application€may€be€made€to€a€higher€court.Ð @ ÐIt€explained€that€under€the€legal€regime€in€force€in€Colombia,€criminal€offences€are€dividedÐ &v Ðinto€two€categories,€namely€òòdelitos€óóand€òòcontravenciones€óóand€that€convictions€for€all€òòdelitosÐ  \ Ðóóand€for€almost€all€òòcontravenciones€óóare€subject€to€review€by€a€higher€court.€It€added€thatÐ òB ÐConsuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo€committed€a€òòcontravencion€óówhich€the€applicable€legalÐ Ø( Ðinstrument,€namely€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978,€did€not€make€subject€to€review€by€a€higherÐ ¾ Ðcourt.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ7.2€The€State€party€submits€that€Decree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978€establishing€rules€forÐ p!À  Ðthe€protection€of€the€life,€honour€and€property€of€persons€and€guaranteeing€the€security€ofÐ V"¦! Ðmembers€of€associations,€known€as€the€"Security€Statute",€has€as€its€legal€basis€article€121Ð <#Œ" Ðof€the€Colombian€Constitution.€The€decree€was€issued€because€of€the€social€situation€createdÐ "$r# Ðby€the€activities€of€subversive€organizations€which€were€disturbing€public€order€with€a€viewÐ %X $ Ðto€undermining€the€democratic€system€in€force€in€Colombia.€The€State€party€added€that€thisÐ î%>!% ÐDecree€does€not€affect€people's€normal€peaceful€activities;€it€does€not€restrict€political€rights,Ð Ô&$"& Ðwhich€in€Colombia€are€exercised€with€total€freedom;€its€objective€is€to€punish€offences€andÐ º' #' Ðit€does€not€differ€in€nature€from€any€ordinary€penal€code.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ7.3€The€State€party€further€submitted€that€the€extension€of€the€jurisdiction€of€the€militaryÐ l*¼%* Ðcriminal€courts€to€the€trial€of€certain€offences€and€of€civilians€who€are€not€serving€in€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðarmed€forces,€in€situations€where€public€order€is€seriously€disturbed,€is€not€a€novel€featureÐ 8,ˆ', Ðof€the€Colombian€legal€order,€and€it€cited€several€decrees€to€illustrate€this€point.€Ð -n(- Ї7.4€As€to€the€allegation€that€article€7€of€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978,€which€establishes€groundsÐ ° Ðfor€deprivation€of€liberty,€violates€the€guarantee€established€in€article€9€of€the€Covenant€thatÐ –æ Ð"no€one€shall€be€deprived€of€his€liberty€except€on€such€grounds€and€in€accordance€with€suchÐ |Ì Ðprocedure€as€are€established€by€law",€the€State€party€argued€that€the€grounds€for€deprivationÐ b² Ðof€liberty€and€the€procedure€to€be€followed€in€such€a€case€may€be€specified€in€Colombia€notÐ H˜ Ðonly€by€virtue€of€an€ordinary€law€of€the€Congress€but€also€by€legislative€decrees€issued€underÐ . ~ Ðpowers€granted€by€article€121€of€the€Constitution.€These€decrees€are€mandatory€and€prevailÐ  d Ðover€any€legislative€provision€inconsistent€therewith€for€as€long€as€the€state€of€siege€duringÐ ú J Ðwhich€they€were€issued€remains€in€effect.€The€State€party€further€observed€that€Decree€No.Ð à 0 Ð1923€of€1978€was€issued€by€the€President€of€Colombia€in€exercise€of€the€powers€vested€inÐ Æ   Ðhim€by€article€121€of€the€Constitution,€and€that€by€its€ruling€of€30€October€1978€the€SupremeÐ ¬ ü  ÐCourt€of€Justice€declared€the€Decree€to€be€enforceable,€i.e.,€in€conformity€with€theÐ ’â  ÐConstitution,€with€the€exception€of€certain€provisions€which€are€consequently€no€longer€inÐ xÈ  Ðforce€(these€provisions€are€not€relevant€to€the€present€case).€Ð ^®  ÐÌ7.5€The€State€party€further€observed€that€there€are€no€grounds€lot€claiming€that€the€judicialÐ *z  Ðpowers€provided€for€in€articles€9,€11€and€12€of€Decree€No.€1923€impair€the€guarantee€of€aÐ ` Ðcompetent,€independent€and€impartial€tribunal.€It€quoted€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€ofÐ öF ÐColombia,€which€has€ruled€that€"...€under€article€61€of€the€Constitution€it€is€permissible,Ð Ü, Ðduring€a€state€of€siege,€to€enlarge€the€military€penal€jurisdiction€so€that€it€may€deal€withÐ Â Ðordinary€offences€connected€with€the€disturbance€of€order€or€with€the€causes€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðexceptional€situation.€As€military€tribunals,€like€ordinary€courts,€are€established€by€theÐ ŽÞ ÐConstitution,€the€mere€transfer€of€competence€from€the€ordinary€courts€to€the€militaryÐ tÄ Ðtribunals€lot€the€hearing,€under€military€judicial€procedure,€of€certain€ordinary€offences€inÐ Zª Ðtimes€of€state€of€Siege€does€not€imply€that€òòad€hoc€óócourts€are€established€nor€does€it€mean€thatÐ @ Ðthe€accused€are€subjected€to€new€rules€of€procedure,€as€these€rules€are€embodied€in€pre„Ð &v Ðexisting€law.€The€military€tribunals'€competence€is€extended€by€authority€of€the€ConstitutionÐ  \ Ðfor€the€purpose€of€trying€ordinary€offences".€Ð òB ÐÌ7.6€The€State€party€concluded€that€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo€was€tried€by€the€authorityÐ ¾ Ðwith€exclusive€competence€in€the€matter€under€the€legal€rules€in€force,€and€no€other€judgeÐ ¤ô Ðor€court€could€legally€have€tried€her€for€the€offence€of€which€she€was€accused,€in€view€of€theÐ Š Ú Ðtime€at€which€the€offence€was€committed€and€she€was€brought€to€trial.€She€was€tried€inÐ p!À  Ðaccordance€with€legal€provisions€existing€prior€to€the€criminal€offence€she€committed,€byÐ V"¦! Ðthe€competent€authority€and€with€lull€observance€of€the€appropriate€procedures€lot€the€actionÐ <#Œ" Ðbrought€against€her.€The€State€party€rejects€as€totally€baseless€the€allegation€that€ConsueloÐ "$r# ÐSalgar€de€Montejo€was€tried€twice€for€the€same€offence.€It€maintains€that€she€was€tried€onlyÐ %X $ Ðonce€for€the€offence€in€question.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ8.1€In€her€additional€information€and€observations€dated€7€April€1981€(submitted€under€ruleÐ º' #' Ð93€(3)€oi€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure),€the€author€argued€that€article€14Ð  (ð#( Ð(5)€of€the€Covenant€provides€for€dual€jurisdiction€for€judgements€In€criminal€cases€and,Ð †)Ö$) Ðtherefore,€the€Government€of€Colombia€cannot€restrict€that€guarantee,€particularly€not€byÐ l*¼%* Ðmeans€of€emergency€provisions€such€as€the€"Security€Statute".€She€emphasized€that€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐColombian€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€for€the€guarantee€of€dual€jurisdiction€forÐ 8,ˆ', Ðjudgements€in€criminal€cases€and€the€Government€of€Colombia€cannot€fall€to€tame€accountÐ -n(- Ðof€it€without€violating€the€Covenant€and€the€universally€recognized€right€to€appeal€againstÐ ° Ðcustodial€sentences.€Ð –æ ÐÌ8.2€She€reiterated€that€the€Government€of€Colombia€cannot€In€the€present€case,€invoke€articleÐ b² Ð4€of€the€Covenant€because€it€has€not€so€far€fulfilled€the€requirements€of€that€provision€inÐ H˜ Ðrespect€of€states€of€emergency€and€derogations€from€its€obligations€under€the€Covenant.€TheÐ . ~ Ðauthor€stated€that€under€article€121€of€the€Colombian€Constitution€a€state€of€siege€has,€forÐ  d Ðall€intents€and€purposes,€been€in€effect€in€Colombia€since€the€disturbances€of€9€April€1948.Ð ú J ÐShe€mentioned,€in€particular,€that€by€Decree€No.€2131€of€7€October€1976,€the€previousÐ à 0 ÐGovernment€of€Colombia€declared€"a€disturbance€of€public€order€and€a€state€of€siegeÐ Æ   Ðthroughout€the€national€territory"€to€put€an€end€to€the€"unconstitutional€stoppage"€which€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðin€progress€at€the€Colombian€Institute€of€Social€Security€and€was,€according€to€the€Decree,Ð ’â  Ðaffecting€"Its€medical,€paramedical€and€auxiliary€services".€She€added€that€although€theÐ xÈ  Ðstrike€was€broken€within€a€few€months,€the€state€of€siege€has€been€extended€òòsine€die.óó€Ð ^®  ÐÌ8.3€The€author€continued€to€maintain€that€the€only€competent,€independent€and€impartialÐ *z  Ðtribunals€with€criminal€jurisdiction€in€Colombia€are€those€of€the€judicial€power,€which€wereÐ ` Ðestablished€previously€under€title€XV€("Administration€or€Justice")€or€the€Constitution,Ð öF Ðarticle€58€of€which€states€that€justice€is€administered€by€the€Supreme€Court,€higher€districtÐ Ü, Ðcourts€and€such€other€tribunals€and€courts€as€may€be€established€by€law".€The€author€stressedÐ Â Ðthat€the€Constitution€of€Colombia€in€no€case€permits€military€courts€to€try€civilians€and,€atÐ ¨ø Ðthe€same€time,€she€remarked€that€"an€unfortunate€interpretation€of€article€61€or€theÐ ŽÞ ÐConstitution€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€has,€however,€enabled€the€government€and€theÐ tÄ Ðmilitary€to€extend€military€criminal€jurisdiction€to€civilians".€Ð Zª ÐÌ8.4€The€author€observed€that€although€it€is€true€that,€in€its€ruling€of€30€October€1978,€theÐ &v ÐSupreme€Court€or€Justice€declared€that€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978€was€compatible€with€theÐ  \ ÐConstitution,€it€is€equally€true€that€the€Court€did€not€rule€on€the€compatibility€orÐ òB Ðincompatibility€of€such€Decree€with€the€Covenant.€She€claims€that€it€is€ultimately€for€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€to€rule€on€this€matter.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ8.5€Finally,€the€author€alleged€that€she€has€[in€effect]€been€tried€twice€rot€the€same€offence:Ð Š Ú Ðin€the€first€military€trial€for€alleged€illegal€possession€and€purchase€of€weapons€she€wasÐ p!À  Ðacquitted,€but€authorization€was€obtained€to€institute€further€criminal€proceedings€againstÐ V"¦! Ðher€for€selling€a€weapon,€"obviously€in€retaliation€for€the€opposition€she€had€voiced€in€herÐ <#Œ" Ðnewspaper,€òòEl€óóBogotano".€She€considers€this€to€be€a€violation€of€the€principles€of€òòres€judicataÐ "$r# Ðóóand€òònon€bis€in€idem.óó€Ð %X $ ÐÌ9.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€bases€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€are€not€inÐ Ô&$"& Ðdispute:€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo,€Director€or€the€Colombian€newspaper€òòEl€Bogotano,Ð º' #' Ðóówas€sentenced€to€one€year€of€imprisonment€by€a€military€tribunal€on€7€November€1979€forÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€offence€of€having€sold€a€gun€in€violation€of€article€10€of€Decree€No.€1923€of€6€SeptemberÐ †)Ö$) Ð1978,€also€called€Statute€of€Security.€For€this€offence€she€was€tried€only€once.€Through€theÐ l*¼%* Ðonly€recourse€procedure€available,€the€òòrecurso€de€reposicion,€óóher€sentence€was€confirmed€byÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€same€judge€on€14€November€1979.€She€was€convicted€for€an€offence€òò(contravencion)Ð 8,ˆ', Ðóówhich€the€applicable€legal€instrument,€namely€Decree€No.€1925€of€1975,€did€not€makeÐ -n(- Ðsubject€to€review€by€a€higher€court.€She€was€released€after€having€spent€three€months€andÐ ° Ð15€days€in€prison.€Ð –æ ÐÌ9.2€As€to€the€allegations€made€by€the€author€with€regard€to€breaches€of€articles€9€(1}€ana€14Ð b² Ð(1}€of€the€Covenant,€they€are€in€such€general€terms€that€the€Committee€makes€no€finding€inÐ H˜ Ðregard€to€them.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ10.l€In€formulating€its€views€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theÐ ú J Ðfollowing€considerations:€Ð à 0 ÐÌ10.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€Colombia€in€its€submission€of€29€MayÐ ¬ ü  Ð1980€made€reference€to€a€situation€of€disturbed€public€order€in€Colombia€within€the€meaningÐ ’â  Ðof€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€In€its€note€of€18€July€1980€to€the€Secretary„Ð xÈ  ÐGeneral€of€the€United€Nations€(reproduced€in€document€CCPR/C/2/Add.4),€which€wasÐ ^®  Ðdesigned€to€comply€with€the€formal€requirements€laid€down€in€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant,Ð D”  Ðthe.€Government€of€Colombia€has€made€reference€to€the€existence€of€a€state€of€siege€in€allÐ *z  Ðthe€national€territory€since€1976€and€to€the€necessity€to€adopt€extraordinary€measures€withinÐ ` Ðthe€framework€or€the€legal€regime€provided€for€in€the€National€Constitution€for€suchÐ öF Ðsituations.€With€regard€to€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€the€Government€orÐ Ü, ÐColombia€declared€that€"temporary€measures€have€been€adopted€that€have€the€effect€ofÐ Â Ðlimiting€the€application€of€article€19,€paragraph€2,€and€article€21€of€that€Covenant".€TheÐ ¨ø Ðpresent€case,€however,€is€not€concerned€with€article€19€and€article€21€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ10.3€In€the€specific€context€or€the€present€communication€there€is€no€information€to€showÐ Zª Ðthat€article€14€(5)€was€derogated€from€in€accordance€with€article€4€of€the€Covenant;€thereforeÐ @ Ðthe€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party,€by€merely€invoking€the€existence€or€a€stateÐ &v Ðof€siege,€cannot€evade€the€obligations€which€it€has€undertaken€by€ratifying€the€Covenant.Ð  \ ÐAlthough€the€substantive€right€to€take€derogatory€measures€may€not€depend€on€a€formalÐ òB Ðnotification€being€made€pursuant€to€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€concernedÐ Ø( Ðis€on€duty€bound,€when€it€invokes€article€4€(l}€of€the€covenant€in€proceedings€under€theÐ ¾ ÐOptional€Protocol,€to€give€a€sufficiently€detailed€account€of€the€relevant€facts€to€show€thatÐ ¤ô Ða€situation€of€the€kind€described€in€article€4€(l)€of€the€Covenant€exists€in€the€countryÐ Š Ú Ðconcerned.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ10.4€The€Committee€considers€that€the€expression€"according€to€law"€In€article€14€(5)€of€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCovenant€is€not€Intended€to€leave€the€very€existence€of€the€right€of€review€to€the€discretionÐ "$r# Ðof€the€States€parties,€since€the€rights€are€those€recognized€by€the€Covenant,€and€not€merelyÐ %X $ Ðthose€recognized€by€domestic€law.€Rather,€what€is€to€be€determined€"according€to€law"€isÐ î%>!% Ðthe€modalities€by€which€the€review€by€a€higher€tribunal€is€to€be€carried€out.€It€is€true€that€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐSpanish€text€of€article€14€(5),€which€provides€for€the€right€to€review,€refers€only€to€òò"un.Ð º' #' Ðdelitoóó",€while€the€English€text€refers€to€a€"crime"€and€the€French€text€refers€to€òò"uneÐ  (ð#( Ðinfraction".óó€Nevertheless€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€sentence€of€imprisonmentÐ †)Ö$) Ðimposed€on€Mrs.€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo,€even€though€for€an€offence€defined€asÐ l*¼%* Ðòò"contravencion"€óóin€domestic€law,€is€serious€enough,€in€all€the€circumstances,€to€require€aÐ R+¢&+ Ðreview€by€a€higher€tribunal€as€provided€for€in€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.€The€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€is€therefore€of€theÐ ° Ðview€that€the€facts€as€set€out€in€paragraph€9€above,€disclose€a€violation€of€article€14€(5}€ofÐ –æ Ðthe€Covenant€because€Mrs.€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo€was€denied€the€right€to€review€ofÐ |Ì Ðher€conviction€by€a€higher€tribunal.€Ð b² ÐÌ12.€The€Committee€accordingly€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ . ~ Ðprovide€adequate€remedies€for€the€violation€which€Mrs.€Consuelo€Salgar€de€Montejo€hasÐ  d Ðsuffered€and€that€it€should€adjust€its€laws€in€order€to€give€effect€to€the€right€set€forth€in€articleÐ ú J Ð14€(5)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð à 0 ÐÓˆÓÌ