ÿWPC  WjEêÝÜä$eÜg£ £-ìïTås»ôÄÈ]LVI µ?dy?0kîœí=•Èê˜cKÂÖ‚²¦"¢OLµ§ŒoÔv ˜Ù!,ˆÔËÙ·HiY¹È§ÑÞ(+VÆ:±G©¤ª(äå³=‘õ½¾ê†J;d-çýé¨óÀͼ“Kaï‰øC|2-Œq;¶Ï½bóÞõ®}ß!™q×Þ¤cø´3^‰Iõ¶-Iê0a,>xÁ.ô¯ô›5 ‡j‡«ã«Pº'2ÌU®^¼Àå3?zÒð{+Ú«jѵÞéh€-e1¿Íc‹º@úX Y„s®ÚÊÄ©ý–?”ë²ë¯ÚH“k o!Z‰ Rì" üÑRǧ<Ø0}Š}P©ÌÙ_Ê — 1Ꞻ-×ä(ƒõÆ•¨àdHUÉ2‹U¢mD-nI¥º¢ŠL~å8‰ËV¿JMšlÉYDLŠÑ|pn½I‘’ßb½r/wi†JÌýã:´öY ò>»B@EŒ «“èŽî‰9øz³_þì€ëE”„¢)úä`Õ%þnßy;Û^ uuøhp'2aEµÚ ÿõÉ%ßÈ[¿ÐoX¸ ªü±˜åÈ L$žÖ|TÑK;ŒÄk7(U>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #Á UNÎ % M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(žE1$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xj XX XÔÔ€Xj XX Xj ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X†“ô* Äpì*test3TESTÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ E1!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X~ XX XÔÔ€X~ XX X~ ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔDrbalÔ_Ô€v€Czech€RepublicóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€Ô_Ô498/1992*Ô_ԀРH˜ ÐÌ22€July€1994Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/498/1992Ð à 0 ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔZdenekÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDrbalÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€The€Czech€Republic€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€30€August€1991€(initial€submission)óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€22€July€1994,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð Ø( ÐÓyÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ Š Ú ÐÌÌÓ  ÓÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(dated€30€August€1991)€is€Ô_ÔZdenekÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDrbalÔ_Ô,€a€CzechÐ <#Œ" Ðcitizen,€currently€residing€in€Brno,€Czech€Republic.€He€submits€the€communication€on€hisÐ "$r# Ðown€behalf€and€that€of€his€daughter€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô.€He€claims€that€they€are€victims€of€a€violation€byÐ %X $ Ðthe€Czech€Republic€of€their€human€rights.€òòaóó/€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó€Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.1€The€author€shared€a€household€with€his€daughter,€who€was€born€on€6€March€1983,€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðwith€her€mother€until€1985.€He€and€the€child€then€left€the€common€household,€because€of€theÐ l*¼%* Ðaggressive€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€allegedly€displayed€by€the€mother,€and€started€living€with€the€author'sÐ R+¢&+ Ðparents.€The€mother€subsequently€was€hospitalized€in€a€psychiatric€institution;€the€childÐ 8,ˆ', Ðreceived€treatment€as€an€out„patient,€according€to€the€author,€to€overcome€the€effects€of€theÐ -n(- Ðmaltreatment€she€had€been€subjected€to€by€her€mother.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.2€The€author,€on€23€May€1985,€asked€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court€to€grant€him€custodyÐ |Ì Ðof€the€child.€The€doctor€who€had€been€treating€the€child€gave€evidence€on€the€father's€behalf;Ð b² Ðanother€expert€gave€evidence€on€behalf€of€the€mother.€On€8€September€1986€the€Brno„Ð H˜ ÐÔ_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court€decided€to€give€custody€to€the€mother.€The€father€continued€to€liveÐ . ~ Ðwith€the€child€and€appealed€to€the€Brno€Regional€Court,€which€on€11€March€1987€confirmedÐ  d Ðthe€judgement.€On€16€March€1987,€the€author€addressed€a€complaint€to€the€GeneralÐ ú J ÐProsecutor's€Office;€the€Office€informed€him€on€17€December€1987€that€it€would€not€submitÐ à 0 Ðhis€case€to€the€Supreme€Court,€as€it€considered€the€judgement€and€the€procedures€to€beÐ Æ   Ðconsistent€with€the€law.€The€author€thus€claims€to€have€exhausted€domestic€remedies,€as€onlyÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€General€Prosecutor€can€bring€a€case€before€the€Supreme€Court.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ2.3€The€author€continued€to€keep€the€child€with€him€because,€according€to€him,€the€motherÐ ^®  Ðis€still€mentally€ill€and€aggressive€and€does€not€show€any€interest€in€the€child.€He€claims€thatÐ D”  Ðshe€does€not€contribute€financially€to€the€child's€maintenance,€never€comes€to€visit€and€thatÐ *z  Ðshe€is€incapable€of€taking€care€of€the€child.€Ð ` ÐÌ2.4€On€13€July€1988,€the€police€came€to€the€author's€apartment,€where€he€was€living€with€hisÐ Ü, Ðchild€and€his€parents.€They€were€accompanied€by€a€judge€of€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court,Ð Â Ðthe€mother€of€the€child€and€her€legal€adviser.€However,€their€attempt€to€take€the€child€awayÐ ¨ø Ðby€force€failed.€The€author€subsequently€submitted€a€complaint€to€the€Federal€Assembly'sÐ ŽÞ ÐOffice,€which€referred€his€complaint€to€the€General€Prosecutor's€Office€on€20€October€1988.Ð tÄ ÐOn€8€December€1988,€the€Office€informed€him€that€the€attempted€execution€of€the€Court'sÐ Zª Ðdecision€had€been€lawful.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.5€The€author€submits€that€he€further€addressed€letters€to€the€President€of€the€SupremeÐ  \ ÐCourt€and€to€the€Office€of€the€President€of€Czechoslovakia,€all€to€no€avail.€Ð òB ÐÌ2.6€He€further€submits€that€on€11€October€1988,€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Council€initiatedÐ ¾ Ðlegal€action€against€him€for€preventing€the€execution€of€the€Court's€order.€No€prosecutionÐ ¤ô Ðfollowed,€however,€because€of€a€general€amnesty€declared€on€28€October€1988.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ2.7€On€16€May€1988,€the€author€requested€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court€to€change€theÐ V"¦! Ðchild's€place€of€residence€officially.€As€the€District€Court€considered€itself€biased,€his€requestÐ <#Œ" Ðwas€heard€by€the€Brno€Town€Court,€which€rejected€it€on€24€June€1991.€Subsequently,€theÐ "$r# Ðauthor€addressed€letters€to€the€General€Prosecutor€and€to€the€President€of€the€Supreme€Court,Ð %X $ Ðto€no€avail.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ2.8€The€author€stresses€that€although€the€child€is€living€with€him,€he€has€no€legal€custodyÐ º' #' Ðrights,€and€the€Court's€judgement,€giving€custody€to€the€mother,€can€still€be€executed.€HeÐ  (ð#( Ðsubmits€that€he€lives€in€constant€fear€that€the€child€will€be€taken€away€from€him.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ3.1€Although€the€author€does€not€invoke€any€specific€article€of€the€Covenant,€it€appears€thatÐ -n(- Ðhe€claims€that€he€and€his€daughter€are€victims€of€a€violation€by€the€Czech€Republic€ofÐ ° Ðarticles€14,€paragraph€1;€23,€paragraph€1;€and€24,€paragraph€1.€Ð –æ ÐÌ3.2€The€author€contends€that€his€ex„wife's€father€indicated,€in€1985,€that€he€had€friends€in€theÐ b² ÐBrno€Court€and€that€he€would€make€sure€that€the€custody€proceedings€would€turn€against€theÐ H˜ Ðauthor.€He€claims€that€the€chairman€of€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court€was€biased€againstÐ . ~ Ðhim€and€that€the€testimony€of€one€of€the€experts,€stating€that€the€mother€was€capable€ofÐ  d Ðtaking€care€of€the€child,€was€false.€He€alleges€that€there€was€a€conspiracy€against€him€to€takeÐ ú J Ðthe€child€from€him.€The€chairman€of€the€Brno€Regional€Court€allegedly€told€the€authorÐ à 0 Ðbeforehand€that€he€would€rule€against€him,€and€did€not€give€him€an€opportunity€to€presentÐ Æ   Ðhis€point€of€view€during€the€proceedings.€The€author€states€that€this€judge€was€dismissedÐ ¬ ü  Ðfrom€the€Court€in€1990.€He€further€claims€that€a€lay€judge€in€the€Town€Court€in€Brno,€on€24Ð ’â  ÐJune€1991,€threatened€him€and€told€him€that€he€was€a€child€kidnapper.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ3.3€The€author€claims€that€the€failure€of€the€Courts€to€grant€him€custody€of€the€child,Ð D”  Ðnotwithstanding€recent€expert€opinions€that€the€mother€is€considered€incapable€of€caring€forÐ *z  Ðthe€child,€constitutes€a€violation€of€human€rights.€He€alleges€that€the€Czech€authorities€areÐ ` Ðof€the€opinion€that€a€child€should€stay€with€the€mother€under€all€circumstances€and€that€theyÐ öF Ðdo€not€protect€the€interests€of€the€child.€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€observations€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ4.€By€submission€of€10€February€1994,€the€State€party€provides€information€about€theÐ tÄ Ðdomestic€remedies€available€in€the€Czech€Republic€and€confirms€that€the€author€hasÐ Zª Ðexhausted€the€remedies€that€were€available€at€the€time€of€the€submission€of€hisÐ @ Ðcommunication€to€the€Committee.€It€adds€that,€since€then,€citizens€have€been€given€a€rightÐ &v Ðto€appeal€also€to€the€Constitutional€Court,€but€that€it€is€not€clear€whether€the€author€has€doneÐ  \ Ðso.€Ð òB ÐÌ5.€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€submits€that€he€presented€aÐ ¾ Ðcomplaint€to€the€Constitutional€Court€on€28€January€1992,€but€the€Court€declared€hisÐ ¤ô Ðcomplaint€inadmissible€on€22€April€1992.€He€therefore€claims€that€no€further€domesticÐ Š Ú Ðremedies€are€open€to€him.€The€author€further€states€that€his€daughter€is€still€living€with€himÐ p!À  Ðand€that€she€is€in€good€health.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð "$r# ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ î%>!% ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðit€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€raised€no€objections€to€the€admissibility€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðthe€communication€and€has€confirmed€that€the€author€has€exhausted€domestic€remedies.Ð l*¼%* ÐNevertheless,€it€is€the€Committee's€duty€to€ascertain€whether€all€the€Ô_Ôadmissibility€criteria€laidÐ R+¢&+ Ðdown€in€the€Optional€Protocol€have€been€met.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð6.3€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€author€claims€that€the€courts€were€biased€againstÐ ° Ðhim€and€wrongfully€decided€to€give€custody€of€his€daughter€to€the€mother,€and€not€to€him,Ð –æ Ðand€not€to€change€his€daughter's€official€place€of€residence.€These€claims€relate€primarily€toÐ |Ì Ðthe€evaluation€of€facts€and€evidence€by€the€courts.€The€Committee€recalls€that€it€is€generallyÐ b² Ðfor€the€courts€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant,€and€not€for€the€Committee,€to€evaluate€factsÐ H˜ Ðand€evidence€in€a€particular€case,€unless€it€is€apparent€that€the€courts'€decisions€areÐ . ~ Ðmanifestly€arbitrary€or€amount€to€a€denial€of€justice.€In€the€instant€case,€which€relates€to€theÐ  d Ðcomplex€issue€of€child€custody,€the€information€before€the€Committee€does€not€show€thatÐ ú J Ðthe€decisions€taken€by€the€Czech€courts€or€the€conduct€of€the€Czech€authorities€have€beenÐ à 0 Ðarbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€Accordingly,€the€communication€is€inadmissibleÐ Æ   Ðunder€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ7.€The€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol;€Ð D”  ÐÌ(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author€of€theÐ ` Ðcommunication.€Ð öF ÐÌ________________________€Ð  ÐÌ*€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion,€submitted€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔBertilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWennergrenÔ_Ô,€is€appended.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð Zª ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ  \ ÐÌòòaóó/€The€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€the€Czech€and€Slovak€Federal€Republic€onÐ Ø( Ð12€June€1991.€On€31€December€1992,€the€Czech€and€Slovak€Federal€Republic€ceased€toÐ ¾ Ðexist.€On€22€February€1993,€the€Czech€Republic€notified€its€succession€to€the€Covenant€andÐ ¤ô Ðthe€Optional€Protocol€thereto€with€retroactive€effect€as€of€1€January€1993.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌÌÓôÓò òòòÓ  ÓAppendixó óóóÐ <#Œ" ÐÓ™0ÓÓÓÌÌòòIndividual€opinion€submitted€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔBertilÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWennergrenÔ_Ô€pursuantóó€Ð î%>!% Ðòòto€rule€92,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedure€of€the€Humanóó€Ð Ô&$"& ÐòòRights€Committeeóó€Ð º' #' ÐÌThe€author's€communication€is€against€the€Czech€courts'€decisions€awarding€custody€of€hisÐ †)Ö$) Ðdaughter€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô,€born€on€6€March€1983,€to€her€mother€Ô_ÔJanaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDrbalovaÔ_Ô.€The€author's€complaintsÐ l*¼%* Ðare€directed€primarily€against€the€decisions€by€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€District€Court€(P€120/85),Ð R+¢&+ Ðthe€Regional€Court€in€Brno€(No.€12€CO€626/86)€and€the€Town€Court€of€Brno€(decision€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ð24€June€1991)€and€the€way€in€which€the€courts€conducted€the€proceedings.€In€my€opinion,Ð -n(- Ðthe€communication€concerns,€just€as€much,€the€interests€of€his€daughter.€Ð ° ÐÌThe€author€has€informed€the€Committee€that€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€was€not€well€treated€by€her€mother,€andÐ |Ì Ðthat€in€1985,€a€local€doctor,€Dr.€Anna€Ô_ÔVrbikovaÔ_Ô,€alerted€the€Child€Care€Section€of€the€districtÐ b² Ðauthorities.€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô's€mother€was€later€admitted€to€a€psychiatric€hospital€for€care€and€the€authorÐ H˜ Ðmoved€in€with€his€parents€with€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€and€lived€there.€He€asked€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€DistrictÐ . ~ ÐCourt€to€give€him€custody€of€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô.€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€had,€after€her€mother's€assumed€negligence€òòvis„„visóóÐ  d Ðher,€to€be€taken€into€regular€care€as€an€out„patient€at€the€psychiatric€section€of€the€universityÐ ú J Ðhospital€of€Brno,€under€the€supervision€of€head€physician€Dr.€Ô_ÔVratislavÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVrazalÔ_Ô.€At€the€courtÐ à 0 Ðproceedings,€Dr.€Ô_ÔVrazalÔ_Ô€gave€evidence.€According€to€the€author€he€stated€that€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€wasÐ Æ   Ðcontent€with€her€life€with€the€author€and€that,€from€a€medical€point€of€view,€he€did€notÐ ¬ ü  Ðrecommend€that€the€child€be€taken€away€from€her€father.€Another€expert€opinion€was€givenÐ ’â  Ðby€Dr.€Vera€Ô_ÔCapponiÔ_Ô,€who€stated€that€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô's€mother€was€well€able€to€take€care€of€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€andÐ xÈ  Ðthat€she€was€better€capable€of€doing€it€than€the€author.€In€its€decision€on€8€September€1986,Ð ^®  Ðthe€Court€decided€to€give€the€custody€of€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€to€her€mother.€The€Regional€Court€of€BrnoÐ D”  Ðconfirmed€that€judgement€in€its€decision€of€11€March€1987.€The€author,€however,€refusedÐ *z  Ðto€hand€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€over€to€her€mother.€On€13€July€1988,€an€attempt€was€made€to€enforce€theÐ ` ÐCourts'€decisions€and€have€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô€handed€over€to€her€mother,€with€the€assistance€of€the€police.Ð öF ÐA€member€of€the€Child€Care€Section€of€the€Brno„Ô_ÔvenkovÔ_Ô€district€authorities€was€present€asÐ Ü, Ðwell€as€the€president€of€the€court€and€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô's€mother€and€her€legal€adviser.€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_Ô,€then€5€yearsÐ Â Ðold,€refused€to€leave€her€father's€home€and€the€attempt€was€stopped€without€result.€TwoÐ ¨ø Ðmonths€earlier,€the€author€had€made€a€request€to€the€District€Court€for€a€change€of€custody.Ð ŽÞ ÐTwo€experts€in€psychiatry€and€psychology,€Dr.€Marta€Ô_ÔHolanovaÔ_Ô€and€Dr.€Marta€Ô_ÔSkulovaÔ_ÔÐ tÄ Ðsubmitted€a€report€dated€17€July€1989,€in€which€they€recognized,€according€to€the€author,Ð Zª Ðthat€he€was€capable€of€bringing€up€his€daughter€on€his€own€and€that€in€the€event€of€a€forcibleÐ @ Ðremoval€from€her€father,€she€would€suffer€health€hazards.€The€Court€forwarded€his€requestÐ &v Ðfor€a€rehearing€to€the€Town€Court€of€Brno,€which€rejected€his€claims€on€24€June€1991.€Ô_ÔJitkaÔ_ÔÐ  \ Ðwas€then€8€years€old€and€is€now€11€years€old;€she€still€lives€with€the€author€and€his€parents.€Ð òB ÐÌIt€is€not€apparent€from€the€material€that€was€submitted€to€the€Committee€that€the€courts'Ð ¾ Ðdecisions€were€manifestly€arbitrary€or€amounted€to€a€denial€of€justice.€Neither€the€recordsÐ ¤ô Ðfrom€the€court€proceedings€nor€their€decisions€and€the€reasons€given€for€them€have,€however,Ð Š Ú Ðbeen€available€to€the€Committee.€They€would€in€all€likelihood€not€reveal€any€flagrantÐ p!À  Ðmiscarriage€of€justice.€Instead,€what€is€of€real€concern€to€me€is€that€the€situation,€after€theÐ V"¦! Ðcourt€decisions€and€the€failed€enforcement,€has€developed€into€a€factual€anomaly€whichÐ <#Œ" Ðmight€jeopardize€the€healthy,€sound€and€safe€development€of€the€child.€The€author€allegesÐ "$r# Ðthat€as€long€as€the€mother€has€legal€custody,€his€daughter€continues€to€be€exposed€to€possibleÐ %X $ Ðhealth€damages.€She€cannot€move€freely,€especially€at€school,€as€she€constantly€runs€the€riskÐ î%>!% Ðof€an€enforced€withdrawal€to€an€unknown€environment.€She€does€not€know€her€mother.€ByÐ Ô&$"& Ðvirtue€of€all€this,€she€suffers€mentally.€This€anomalous€situation€is€alarming€and€it€is€caused,Ð º' #' Ðwhether€inadvertently€or€not,€by€the€courts'€failure€to€handle€the€matter,€as€is€now€obvious,Ð  (ð#( Ðin€an€appropriate€way.€The€shortcomings€work,€in€my€opinion,€to€the€detriment€of€the€bestÐ †)Ö$) Ðinterests€of€the€child.€The€communication,€in€my€opinion,€therefore€raises€issues€underÐ l*¼%* Ðarticle€24,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€which€entitles€every€child€to€such€measures€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðprotection€as€are€required€on€the€part€of€its€family,€society€and€the€State.€I€consider€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcommunication€admissible€in€that€respect.€Ð -n(- Ї[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð ° ÐÓØ0Ó