’WPCƒ £FcĀ$ŠŚŚOާCFöÕbœ6ž{tk¦:||^Sgz’s.ĮVjč<MØĮÓVĪÕQ‰­ĘGXhĄŠN"єC:tNLo~£ŚŪ,v®Öķ›śŃŖ¹ÓQČX Ą®Éū’6?½·Jn[‹Œń‚Ų[7`× f@adPĆ’īč†ĘƒÓƌ b5sv;ÓNšqœÉYõ1ķ ŚW'š%>I±?0^ķ[‰Č"?VrĖ’`Ü’NÅlÕʏu1&‹v~®”,Ü §śDŻŁīz”šx¢7%elEyÓ!œoŒe¶QżK^µ"1ć`Œ)5&cÕ¹I§Ģ͆„ÆG—Ł4üĢnAŁH’Uq\” 7NÕMēpśū:* ¹­ä ūĢØ·Ō˜–2q[Ż÷Ńö2rˈ ÆĢ/Qöš×æ8{^ĀH8äiW½—ńG’ łū[ŪWŖĒ¹Lr(ÖÜ+Ońrļ·¦ä”ē±āŹūgHéėē½Qó9øcš§8ÕmŪŹŽM|\Ņ Ą±E:‡ ¼°Yń‘VyĒ9”ŚīŅąÅϳtąĢ<:‡8J¬d›Ų *[ūĪ}żļ„x '„Ń~XÆĖŌ‚?et¦‰ė¶vaYL}(|U>zĢø 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Ī 0i- 0P–Ęę 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMą - 0Ę= #Į UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Ramon B. Martinez Portorreal v. Dominican Republic, Communication No. 188/1984 (5 November4 188/1984 (5 November"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0’’.Strongņ ņŌ  Ōó óŌ  ԁ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ŃK$££Ż ƒ63!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XtXXXŌŌ€XtXXXtŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(ž63$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XaļXXXŌŌ€XaļXXXaļŌŌԘHP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX'šō* Äpģ*“ė’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ63!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XtXXXŌŌ€XtXXXtŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌPortorrealŌ_Ō€Ō_Ōv.Ō_Ō€Dominican€RepublicóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€188/1984€Š H˜ ŠĢ5€November€1987Š  d ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by:€óóRamon€B.€Martinez€Ō_ŌPortorrealŌ_ԀРxČ  ŠĢņņAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Š D”  ŠĢņņState€party€concerned:€óóDominican€Republic€Š ` ŠĢņņDate€of€communication:€óó10€October€1984€(date€of€initial€letter)€Š Ü, ŠĢņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó2€April€1986óó€Š Øų ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantŠ ZŖ Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Š @ ŠĢņņMeeting€óóon€5€November€1987,€Š  \ ŠĢņņHaving€concluded€óóits€consideration€of€communication€No.€188/1984,€submitted€to€theŠ Ų( ŠCommittee€by€Ramon€B.€Martinez€Ō_ŌPortorrealŌ_Ō€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theŠ ¾ ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Bights,€Š ¤ō ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€account€óóall€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ p!Ą  Šcommunication€and€noting€with€regret€that€no€information€has€been€received€from€the€StateŠ V"¦! Šparty€concerned,€Š <#Œ" ŠĢņņAdopts€óóthe€following:€Š %X $ ŠÓƒÓĢĢņņÓ  Óņ ņViews€under€article€5.€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Š ŗ' #' ŠÓõÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€10€October€1984€and€further€letterŠ l*¼%* Šdated€30€September€1985€is€Ramon€B.€Martinez€Portorreal,€a€national€of€the€DominicanŠ R+¢&+ ŠRepublic€born€in€1943,€at€present€a€practising€attorney,€Law€Professor€and€ExecutiveŠ 8,ˆ', ŠSecretary€of€the€Comite€Dominicano€de€los€Derechos€Humanos€(CDH).€He€claims€to€be€theŠ -n(- Švictim€of€violations€by€the€Government€of€the€Dominican€Republic€of€article€9€paragraphsŠ ° Š1€to€5,€and€article€10,€paragraphs€I€and€2€(a),€of€,the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and.Š –ę ŠPolitical€Rights.€Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.1€The€author€alleges€that€on€14€June€1984€at€6€a.m.€six€members€of€the€National€PoliceŠ H˜ Šcame€to€his€home€in€Santo€Domingo€and€told€him€that€an€assistant€of€the€prosecutor€wasŠ . ~ Šwith€them€and€had€received€an€order€to€have€him€arrested.€He€was€taken€to€the€headquartersŠ  d Šof€the€National€Police,€where€he€saw€several€political€opposition€leaders€(four€names€areŠ ś J Šgiven)€who€had€also€been€arrested€in€the€early€morning.€They€were€taken€to€the€Casa€deŠ ą 0 ŠGuardia€of€the€Secret€Service€where€they€were€put€in€a€cell€(known€as€the€"cell€of€theŠ Ę   Šdrivers"),€where€approximately€50€individuals€were€being€held.€They€learned€that€theŠ ¬ ü  ŠGovernment€had€ordered€a€police€raid€that€day€against€all€leaders€or€personalities€consideredŠ ’ā  Što€be€members€of€the€leftist€opposition.€Š xČ  ŠĢ2.2€Later€the€same€day,€the€author€was€allegedly€separated€from€the€other€political€oppositionŠ D”  Šleaders€and€transferred€to€another€cell€(known€as€the€"Viet€Nam€cell"),€measuring€20€by€5Š *z  Šmetres,€where€approximately€125€persons€accused€of€common€crimes€were€being€held.Š ` ŠConditions€were€allegedly€inhuman€in€this€overcrowded€cell,€the€heat€was€unbearable,€theŠ öF Šcell€extremely€dirty€and€owing€to€lack€of€space€some€detainees€had€to€sit€on€excrement.€TheŠ Ü, Šauthor€further€states€that€he€received€no€food€or€water€until€the€following€day.€Š Ā ŠĢ2.3€On€16€June€1984,€after€50€hours€of€detention,€the€author€and€the€others€were€released.Š ŽŽ ŠThe€author€points€out€that€at€no€time€during€his€detention€was€he€informed€of€the€reasons€forŠ tÄ Šhis€arrest.€He€maintains€that€his€detention€was€aimed€at€serving€the€following€purposes:€Š ZŖ ŠĢTo€intimidate€CDH€because€it€had€internationally€criticized€the€Government's€repression€ofŠ &v Ša€demonstration€in€April€1984€(no€other€details€are€given);€Š  \ ŠĢTo€prevent€the€Executive€Secretary€of€CDH€from€denouncing€the€police€raid€against€allŠ Ų( Šindividuals€considered€to€be€leftist€leaders;€Š ¾ ŠĢTo€damage€the€reputation€of€CDH.€The€fact€that€the€Executive€Secretary€of€CDH€wasŠ Š Ś Šarrested€on€the€same€day€as€leftist€opponents€of€the€Government€was€used€by€some€mediaŠ p!Ą  Što€affirm€that€CDH€was€an€anti„governmental€and€subversive€organization.€Š V"¦! ŠĢ2.4€Concerning€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€states€that,€although€theŠ "$r# ŠPenal€Code€of€the€Dominican€Republic€provides€that€civil€servants,€agents€or€officials€of€theŠ %X $ ŠGovernment€who€have€ordered€or€committed€arbitrary€acts€or€acts€against€the€freedom€andŠ ī%>!% Špolitical€rights€of€one€or€several€individuals€may€be€sentenced€to€civilian€demotionŠ Ō&$"& Šņņ(degradacion€Civica),€óóthere€is€no€recourse€available€in€the€national€penal€law€that€wouldŠ ŗ' #' Šenable€him€to€present€his€accusations€and€to€seek€redress.€The€author€does€not€indicateŠ  (š#( Šwhether€the€same€matter€is€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalŠ †)Ö$) Šinvestigation€or€settlement.€Š l*¼%* ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€5€July€1985,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeŠ 8,ˆ', Štransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€Committee's€provisional€rules€ofŠ -n(- Šprocedure€to€the€State€party€concerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€toŠ ° Šthe€question€of€admissibility€of€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€requested€theŠ –ę Šauthor€to€provide€the€Committee€with€more€detailed€information€concerning€the€grounds€forŠ |Ģ Šalleging€that€there€was€no€recourse€available€in€the€national€penal€law€that€would€enable€himŠ b² Što€present€the€accusations€made€in€his€communication€and€to€seek€redress.€Š H˜ ŠĢ4.€By€letter€dated€30€September€1985,€the€author€indicates€that€chapter€II,€section€2,€of€theŠ  d ŠPenal€Code€of€the€Dominican€Republic€refers€to€infringements€of€liberty€and€that€articles€114Š ś J Što€122€deal€with€the€penalties€to'be€imposed€on€civil€servants€and€agents€or€representativesŠ ą 0 Šof€the€Government€ordering€or€committing€an€act€that€is€arbitrary€or€constitutes€anŠ Ę   Šinfringement€of€individual€freedom,€the€political€rights€of€one€or€more€citizens€of€theŠ ¬ ü  ŠConstitution.€According€to€the€article€in€question,€the€penalty€is€civilian€demotionŠ ’ā  Šņņ(degradacion€Civica).€óóThe€author€alleges,€however,€that€the€articles€in€question€are€a€deadŠ xČ  Šletter€in€the€Dominican€Republic,€since€in€the€141€years€of€the€Republic's€existence,€no€civilŠ ^®  Šservant€has€been€brought€to€trial€for€an€offence€against€this€provision.€He€further€alleges€thatŠ D”  Šthe€Dominican€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€lays€down€no€procedure€for€the€enforcement€ofŠ *z  Šthe€above„mentioned€articles€of€the€Penal€Code.€There€is€no€court€to€deal€with€applicationsŠ ` Šof€this€kind.€Thus,€the€author€concludes,€it€is€quite€inconceivable€that€any€attempt€to€makeŠ öF Šuse€of€the€procedures€established€by€the€present€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€will€proveŠ Ü, Šsuccessful.€Š Ā ŠĢ5.€The€time„limit€for€the€observations€requested€from€the€State€party€under€rule€91€of€theŠ ŽŽ ŠCommittee's€provisional€rules€of€procedure€expired€on€1€October€1985.€No€submissions€wereŠ tÄ Šreceived€from€the€State€party.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ6.1€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€CommitteeŠ &v Šascertained€that€the€case€was€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalŠ  \ Šinvestigation€or€settlement.€Š ņB ŠĢ6.2€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€couldŠ ¾ Šnot€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€and€in€the€absence€of€a€submissionŠ ¤ō Šfrom€the€State€party,€that€there€were€available€remedies€in€the€circumstances€of€the€presentŠ Š Ś Šcase€which€could€or€should€have€been€pursued.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ7.€On€2€April€1986,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided€that€the€communicationŠ <#Œ" Šwas€admissible,€and€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,Š "$r# Šrequested€the€State€party€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€theŠ %X $ Štransmittal€to€it€of€the€Committee's€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifyingŠ ī%>!% Šthe€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€might€have€been€taken€by€it.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ8.€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2€of€the€OptionalŠ  (š#( ŠProtocol€expired€on€6€November€1986.€No€submission€has€been€received€from€the€StateŠ †)Ö$) Šparty,€apart€from€a€note,€dated€22€July€1987,€stating€that€the€Government€of€the€DominicanŠ l*¼%* ŠRepublic€intended€"to€submit€its€explanations€concerning€communication€No.€188/1984€...Š R+¢&+ Šand€the€admissibility€decision€adopted€by€the€Human€Rights€Committee€on€2€April€1986,Š 8,ˆ', Šduring€the€forthcoming€General€Assembly".€The€Committee€informed€the€State€party€thatŠ -n(- Šany€submission€should€be€addressed€to€the€Committee,€care€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights.Š ° ŠNo€further€submission€has€been€received.€Š –ę ŠĢ9.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€lightŠ b² Šof€all€the€information€made€available€to€it,€as€provided€in€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€theŠ H˜ ŠOptional€Protocol,€hereby€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts€and€uncontestedŠ . ~ Šallegations.€Š  d ŠĢ9.2€Mr.€Ramon€B.€Martinez€Portorreal€is€a€national€of€the€Dominican€Republic,€a€lawyer€andŠ ą 0 ŠExecutive€Secretary€of€the€Comite€Dominicano€de€los€Derechos€Humanos.€On€14€June€1984Š Ę   Šat€6€a.m.,€he€was€arrested€at€his€home,€according€to€the€author,€because€of€his€activities€asŠ ¬ ü  Ša€leader€of€a€human€rights€association,€and€taken€to€a€cell€at€the€secret€service€policeŠ ’ā  Šheadquarters,€from€where€he€was€transferred€to€another€cell€measuring€20€by€5€metres,€whereŠ xČ  Šapproximately€125€persons€accused€of€common€crimes€were€being€held,€and€where,€owingŠ ^®  Što€lack€of€space,€some€detainees€had€to€sit€on€excrement.€He€received€no€food€or€water€untilŠ D”  Šthe€following€day.€On€16€June€1984,€after€50€hours€of€detention,€he€was€released.€At€no€timeŠ *z  Šduring€his€detention€was€he€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest.€Š ` ŠĢ10.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theŠ Ü, Šfailure€of€the€State€party€to€furnish€any€information€or€clarifications.€It€is€implicit€in€articleŠ Ā Š4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€State€party€has€the€duty€to€investigate€inŠ Øų Šgood€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€its€authorities,€andŠ ŽŽ Što€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€information€available€to€it.€The€Committee€notes€withŠ tÄ Šconcern€that,€despite€its€repeated€requests€and€reminders€and€despite€the€State€party'sŠ ZŖ Šobligation€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€no€explanations€orŠ @ Šstatements€clarifying€the€matter€have€been€received€from€the€State€party€in€the€present€case.Š &v ŠIn€the€circumstances,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations.€Š  \ ŠĢ10.2€The€Committee€observes€that€the€information€before€it€does€not€justify€a€finding€as€toŠ Ų( Šthe€alleged€violation€of€articles€9,€paragraphs€3€and€4,€and€10,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant.€Š ¾ ŠĢ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalŠ Š Ś ŠProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theseŠ p!Ą  Šfacts€disclose€violations€of€the€Covenant,€with€respect€to:€Š V"¦! ŠĢArticles€7€and€10,€paragraph€1,€because€Ramon€Martinez€Portorreal€was€subjected€toŠ "$r# Šinhuman€and€degrading€treatment€and€to€lack€of€respect€for€his€inherent€human€dignityŠ %X $ Šduring€his€detention;€Š ī%>!% ŠĢArticle€9,€paragraph€1,€because€he€was€arbitrarily€arrested;€and€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢArticle€9,€paragraph€2,€because€he€was€not€informed€of€the€reasons€for€his€arrest.€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ12.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation,Š R+¢&+ Šin€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€to€provide€Mr.€MartinezŠ 8,ˆ', ŠPortorreal€with€effective€remedies,€including€compensation€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€ofŠ -n(- Šthe€Covenant,€for€the€violations€that€he€has€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similarŠ ° Šviolations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Š –ę ŠÓnÓ