ÿWPC™ $a5 .³%·†ÑõuòW »¾‘…¯sþɆ[¦ˆ!´õ¿öQ…º §Ž²#\tO%¥}sûá‰Ì#bŸ§d´ÙÒvÌøÂ¹‘ÅA±»Å¢ÀÆ«‡8aë->Ûé‡Ü¢Fb©éii©uéÙHÚ\ÂV›ó-·[Üm g«-%,{ñÈÉîajg1zê;¡¿}/zPiLnŠ/ }Jô²Hæa1 VX*n8«¶½ºš»¢kFϹfucuã!^´ùŽ|üéáU;ó}ŠÙ@¡Ñ‚¹xõè²ïðN´cî´l®äæGQ6ÅàqÒe‘>ZjZâ«Îñ¾Ùú—D‰ÖÓj yÓ"s¹“Hýé­¤(X…ntì–ÍN9?Òú",èEs Ê™.yf˜e£ÍyíÅ©éqK ÚCGãΰíü@ÁšóKhЭìMNò”Eø#è÷{PÉüX~/m=u­üÙ™Hܘ#„BÕë?ä3ÃŒW YÅÞÙZœÑbóýZC üä)n%Ä‹Þý^pU»S·\8â¹VÒ'‚v(¿ƒ·ÎÉm7>ŽFI¶ Ëâšr¼·)óÔ£·C–».õÍȾ•P;¦5g¡‡Òñ@"¨`U>²Ìð 0µ¼ 0<q 0Y­ 0_ 0ieÆÎ 0Ñ” 0(e D+ AM¸ %     0N 0¶i #Á UNà à M.(2NZ^ \wh4l€ m‚ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Erkki Hartikainen v. Finland, Communication No. 40/1978 (9 April 1981), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/O4), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/O"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2ªË$££Ý ƒ&8!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X{ÆXXXÔÔ€X{ÆXXX{ÆÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(Ž&8$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xt®XXXÔÔ€Xt®XXXt®Ô˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular1rø* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ&8!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X{ÆXXXÔÔ€X{ÆXXX{ÆÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô€v.€FinlandóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€40/1978Ð H˜ ÐÌ9€April€1981Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔErkkiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô€on€30€September€1978€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€The€author€and€other€members€of€the€Union€of€Free€Thinkers€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Finland€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€adoption€of€viewsóó:€9€April€1981€(twelfth€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÓ  ÓÌò òòòViews€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó ó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÓ1ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€this€communication€(initial€letter€dated€30€September€1978€and€severalÐ @ Ðfurther€letters€received€between€December€1978€and€January€1981)€is€Ô_ÔErkkiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJuhaniÔ_ÔÐ &v ÐÔ_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô,€a€Finnish€school€teacher€residing€in€Finland.€He€submitted€the€communicationÐ  \ Ðon€his€own€behalf€and€also€in€his€capacity€as€General€Secretary€of€the€Union€of€FreeÐ òB ÐThinkers€in€Finland€and€on€behalf€of€other€alleged€victims,€members€of€the€Union.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ2.1€The€author€claims€that€the€School€System€Act€of€26€July€1968,€paragraph€6,€of€FinlandÐ ¤ô Ðis€in€violation€of€article€18€(4)€of€the€Covenant€inasmuch€as€it€stipulates€obligatoryÐ Š Ú Ðattendance€in€Finnish€schools,€by€children€whose€parents€are€atheists,€in€classes€on€theÐ p!À  Ðhistory€of€religion€and€ethics.€He€alleges€that€since€the€textbooks€on€the€basis€of€which€theÐ V"¦! Ðclasses€have€been€taught€were€written€by€Christians,€the€teaching€has€unavoidably€beenÐ <#Œ" Ðreligious€in€nature.€He€contends€that€there€is€no€prospect€of€remedying€this€situation€underÐ "$r# Ðthe€existing€law.€He€states€that€letters€seeking€a€remedy€have€been€written,€in€vain,€to€theÐ %X $ ÐPrime€Minister,€the€Minister€of€Education€and€members€of€Parliament.€He€argues€that€itÐ î%>!% Ðwould€be€of€no€avail€to€institute€court€proceedings,€as€the€subject€matter€of€the€complaint€isÐ Ô&$"& Ða€law€which€creates€the€situation€of€which€he€and€others€are€the€victims.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.2€A€copy€of€the€law€in€question€(in€Finnish)€is€attached€to€the€communication.€This,€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðtranslation,€reads€as€follows:€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌThe€curriculum€of€a€comprehensive€school€shall,€as€provided€for€by€decree,€include€religiousÐ 8,ˆ', Ðinstruction,€social€studies,€mother€tongue,€one€foreign€language,€study€of€the€secondÐ -n(- Ðdomestic€language,€history,€civics,€mathematics,€physics,€chemistry,€natural€history,Ð ° Ðgeography,€physical€education,€art,€music,€crafts,€home€economics€as€well€as€studies€andÐ –æ Ðpractical€exercises€closely€related€to€the€economy€and€facilitating€the€choice€of€occupation.€Ð |Ì ÐÌFive€or€more€students€who€by€virtue€of€the€Religious€Freedom€Act€have€been€exempted€fromÐ H˜ Ðreligious€instruction€and€who€do€not€receive€any€comparable€instruction€outside€of€school,Ð . ~ Ðshall€instead€of€religious€instruction€receive€instruction€in€the€study€of€the€history€ofÐ  d Ðreligions€and€ethics.€Where€five€or€more€students€of€the€same€religious€denomination€haveÐ ú J Ðby€virtue€of€the€Religious€Freedom€Act€been€exempted€from€the€general€religious€instructionÐ à 0 Ðof€a€school€and€the€guardians€of€those€students€demand€religious€instruction€of€thatÐ Æ   Ðdenomination,€such€instruction€shall€be€given€in€that€school.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.3€The€author€seeks€amendment€of€the€law€so€as€to€make€the€classes€(teaching)€complainedÐ xÈ  Ðof,€neutral€or€non„compulsory€in€Finnish€schools.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ3.€On€27€October€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided:€(a)€to€transmit€theÐ *z  Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,Ð ` Ðrequesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility€of€theÐ öF Ðcommunication€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€the€author€in€his€personal€capacity,€and€to€requestÐ Ü, Ðthe€State€party,€if€it€contended€that€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted,€to€give€detailsÐ Â Ðof€the€effective€remedies€available€to€the€alleged€victim€in€the€particular€circumstances€ofÐ ¨ø Ðhis€case,€and€(b)€to€inform€the€author€that€it€could€not€consider€the€communication€in€so€farÐ ŽÞ Ðas€it€had€been€submitted€by€him€in€his€capacity€as€General€Secretary€of€the€Union€of€FreeÐ tÄ ÐThinkers€in€Finland,€unless€he€furnished€the€names€and€addresses€of€the€persons€he€claimedÐ Zª Ðto€represent€together€with€information€as€to€his€authority€for€acting€on€their€behalf.€Ð @ ÐÌ4.€In€December€1978€and€January€1979,€the€author€submitted€the€signatures€and€other€detailsÐ  \ Ðof€56€individuals,€authorizing€him€to€act€on€their€behalf€as€alleged€victims.€Ð òB ÐÌ5.€In€its€reply€dated€17€January€1979,€the€State€party€admitted€that€the€Finnish€legal€systemÐ ¾ Ðdid€not€contain€any€binding€method€for€solving€a€possible€conflict€between€two€rules€of€lawÐ ¤ô Ðenacted€by€Parliament€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution,€i.e.,€the€School€System€Act€ofÐ Š Ú Ð26€July€1968€and€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€which€had€beenÐ p!À  Ðbrought€into€force€by€Decree€No.€108€of€30€January€1976.€The€State€party€stated€further€thatÐ V"¦! Ð"thus€it€could€be€said€that€there€were€no€binding€local€remedies€for€such€a€case".€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ6.€On€14€August€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€noted€that,€as€regards€the€question€ofÐ %X $ Ðexhaustion€of€local€remedies,€the€State€party€had€admitted€in€its€reply€that€no€such€remediesÐ î%>!% Ðwere€available€and€the€Committee€found€therefore€that€the€communication€was€notÐ Ô&$"& Ðinadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð º' #' ÐÌThe€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ1.€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ2.€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€be€requestedÐ -n(- Ðto€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€it€of€thisÐ ° Ðdecision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€thatÐ –æ Ðmay€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ7.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€7€March€1980,€theÐ H˜ ÐState€party€refutes€the€allegation€that€there€has€been€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ . ~ ÐPolitical€Rights€in€Finland.€It€affirms€that€the€Finnish€legislation€concerning€religiousÐ  d Ðfreedom,€including€the€School€System€Act,€paragraph€6,€was€scrutinized€in€connection€withÐ ú J Ðthe€process€of€ratifying€the€Covenant€and€found€to€be€in€conformity€with€it.€It€points€out€thatÐ à 0 Ðnot€only€is€religious€freedom€guaranteed€by€the€Constitution€of€Finland,€but€the€ReligiousÐ Æ   ÐFreedom€Act€(which€is€referred€to€in€the€School€System€Act,€paragraph€6)€stipulates€inÐ ¬ ü  Ðparagraph€8€that:€Ð ’â  ÐÌIf€religious€instruction€according€to€any€specific€denomination€is€given€at€a€government„Ð ^®  Ðsubsidized€primary€or€elementary€school€or€other€institute€of€learning,€a€student€who€adheresÐ D”  Ðto€another€denomination,€or€no€denomination,€shall€upon€the€demand€of€the€guardian€beÐ *z  Ðexempted€from€such€religious€instruction.€Ð ` ÐÌ7.2€Having€regard€to€the€relevant€legislation,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€can€be€stated€thatÐ Ü, Ðreligious€education€is€not€compulsory€in€Finland.€It€adds€that€there€is,€however,€theÐ Â Ðpossibility€that€students,€who€by€virtue€of€the€Religious€Freedom€Act€have€been€exemptedÐ ¨ø Ðfrom€religious€instruction,€may€receive€instruction€in€the€study€of€the€history€of€religions€andÐ ŽÞ Ðethics;€such€instruction€is€designed€to€give€the€students€knowledge€of€a€general€natureÐ tÄ Ðdeemed€to€be€useful€as€part€of€their€basic€education€in€a€society€in€which€the€overwhelmingÐ Zª Ðmajority€of€the€population€belongs€to€a€religious€denomination.€The€State€party€claims€thatÐ @ Ðthe€directives€issued€by€the€National€Board€of€Education€concerning€the€principal€aims€ofÐ &v Ðthe€instruction€to€be€given€show€that€the€instruction€is€not€religious€in€character.€However,Ð  \ Ðthe€State€party€explains€that€there€have€in€some€cases€been€difficulties€in€the€practicalÐ òB Ðapplication€of€the€teaching€plan€relating€to€this€study€and€that€in€January€1979€the€NationalÐ Ø( ÐBoard€of€Education€established€a€working€group€consisting€of€members€representing€bothÐ ¾ Ðreligious€and€non„religious€views€to€look€into€these€problems€and€to€review€the€curriculum.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ8.1€On€13€April€1980,€the€author€submitted€additional€information€and€observations€inÐ p!À  Ðresponse€to€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€A€copyÐ V"¦! Ðof€the€author's€submission€was€forwarded€to€the€State€party€for€information.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ8.2€In€his€submission€the€author€claims€that€an€application€which€he€had€made€for€theÐ %X $ Ðprivilege€of€not€attending€religious€events€in€the€school€where€he€was€a€teacher€had€not€byÐ î%>!% Ðthen€been€accepted.€He€reiterates€the€Free€Thinkers'€belief€that€the€Finnish€constitutionalÐ Ô&$"& Ðlaws€do€not€guarantee€freedom€of€religion€and€belief€to€a€sufficient€extent€and€contends€thatÐ º' #' Ðthe€result€of€the€School€System€Act,€paragraph€6,€and€the€Comprehensive€School€Statute,Ð  (ð#( Ðparagraph€16,€is€that€there€is€compulsory€instruction€for€atheists€on€the€history€of€religionsÐ †)Ö$) Ðand€ethics.€In€support€of€this€contention€he€quotes€a€part€of€the€teaching€plan€for€this€courseÐ l*¼%* Ðof€Ô_Ôinstructionòò1Ô_Ôóó€and€refers€to€certain€cases€which€had€allegedly€occurred.€As€to€the€workingÐ R+¢&+ Ðgroup€established€by€the€National€Board€of€Education€(referred€to€in€paragraph€7.2€above),Ð 8,ˆ', Ðthe€author€claims€that€there€was€only€one€distinctly€atheist€member€of€this€working€groupÐ -n(- Ðand€since€he€had€been€left€in€a€minority€he€could€not€have€any€influence€on€the€work€of€theÐ ° Ðgroup.€Further€letters€were€received€from€the€author€dated€25€September,€28€October€and€7Ð –æ ÐNovember€1980.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ9.1€The€State€party€submitted€additional€comments€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€OptionalÐ H˜ ÐProtocol€in€a€note€dated€2€December€1980.€A€copy€of€the€State€party's€submission€wasÐ . ~ Ðtransmitted€to€the€author€of€the€communication€with€the€request€that€any€comments€whichÐ  d Ðhe€might€wish€to€submit€thereon€should€reach€the€Human€Rights€Committee€not€later€thanÐ ú J Ð16€January€1981.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ9.2€In€its€submission,€the€State€party€observed€that€the€letter€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔErkkiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJuhaniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô,Ð ¬ ü  Ðdated€13€April€1980,€to€which€reference€is€made€in€paragraph€8€above,€included€elementsÐ ’â  Ðthat€went€beyond€the€scope€of€the€original€communication€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð xÈ  ÐIt€explained€that,€owing€to€the€lack€of€precise€information€about€the€concrete€cases€referredÐ ^®  Ðto€in€the€author's€letter€of€13€April€1980,€it€was€unable€to€verify€the€facts€of€these€claims.Ð D”  ÐHowever,€it€pointed€out€that€the€Finnish€legal€system€provides€an€extensive€network€ofÐ *z  Ðdomestic€remedies€for€concrete€violation€of€rights.€Ð ` ÐÌ9.3€In€order€to€illustrate€the€efforts€made€in€Finland€to€improve€the€teaching€of€the€historyÐ Ü, Ðof€religions€and€ethics,€the€State€party€annexed€to€its€submission€a€report€of€the€workingÐ Â Ðgroup€established€by€the€National€Board€of€Education,€which€was€handed€to€the€Board€onÐ ¨ø Ð16€October€1980.€The€report€classifies€the€contents€of€the€teaching€of€the€subject€accordingÐ ŽÞ Ðto€the€following€objectives:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ1.€Education€for€human€relationships€which€function€on€ethical€principles;€Ð @ ÐÌ2.€Education€promoting€full€development€of€an€individual's€personality;€Ð  \ ÐÌ3.€Education€for€understanding€the€cultural€heritage€of€our€own€nation€as€well€as€our€presentÐ Ø( Ðculture,€with€special€reference€to€different€beliefs;€Ð ¾ ÐÌ4.€Education€for€understanding€the€cultural€heritage€of€various€nations,€with€special€referenceÐ Š Ú Ðto€different€beliefs€in€the€present€world.€òò2óóÐ p!À  ÐÌThe€State€party€observes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔHartikainenÔ_Ô€was€among€the€experts€consulted€by€theÐ <#Œ" Ðworking€group€and€that€the€National€Board€of€Education€intends€to€request€the€Union€of€FreeÐ "$r# ÐThinkers€in€Finland,€among€others,€to€give€its€comments€on€the€working€group's€proposalÐ %X $ Ðfor€a€curriculum€before€the€working€group€is€asked€to€work€out€a€teacher's€guide.€However,Ð î%>!% Ðthe€Government€of€Finland€submits€that€it€is€beyond€the€competence€of€the€Human€RightsÐ Ô&$"& ÐCommittee€to€study€the€formulation€of€school€curricula€and€repeats€its€conclusion€that€noÐ º' #' Ðlegislative€inconsistency€with€the€Covenant€has€been€established.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ10.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÐ l*¼%* Ðinformation€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€for€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ R+¢&+ ÐProtocol.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐIts€views€are€as€follows:€Ð ° ÐÌ10.2€Article€18€(4)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€provides€that:€Ð |Ì ÐÌThe€States€Parties€to€the€present€Covenant€undertake€to€have€respect€for€the€liberty€of€parentsÐ H˜ Ðand,€when€applicable,€legal€guardians€to€ensure€the€religious€and€moral€education€of€theirÐ . ~ Ðchildren€in€conformity€with€their€own€convictions.€Ð  d ÐÌ10.3€The€Committee€notes€that€the€information€before€it€does€not€sufficiently€clarify€theÐ à 0 Ðprecise€extent€to€which€the€author€and€the€other€alleged€victims€can€actually€be€said€to€beÐ Æ   Ðpersonally€affected,€as€parents€or€guardians€under€article€I€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€This€isÐ ¬ ü  Ða€condition€for€the€admissibility€of€communications.€The€concept€of€a€"victim"€has€beenÐ ’â  Ðfurther€examined€in€other€cases,€for€instance€in€the€final€views€in€case€No.€35/1978.Ð xÈ  ÐHowever,€this€case€having€been€declared€admissible€without€objection€on€this€point,€theÐ ^®  ÐCommittee€does€not€now€consider€it€necessary€to€reopen€the€matter,€for€the€followingÐ D”  Ðreasons.€Ð *z  ÐÌ10.4€The€Committee€does€not€consider€that€the€requirement€of€the€relevant€provisions€ofÐ öF ÐFinnish€legislation€that€instruction€in€the€study€of€the€history€of€religions€and€ethics€shouldÐ Ü, Ðbe€given€instead€of€religious€instruction€to€students€in€schools€whose€parents€or€legalÐ Â Ðguardians€object€to€religious€instruction€is€in€itself€incompatible€with€article€18€(4),€if€suchÐ ¨ø Ðalternative€course€of€instruction€is€given€in€a€neutral€and€objective€way€and€respects€theÐ ŽÞ Ðconvictions€of€parents€and€guardians€who€do€not€believe€in€any€religion.€In€any€event,Ð tÄ Ðparagraph€6€of€the€School€System€Act€expressly€permits€any€parents€or€guardians€who€doÐ Zª Ðnot€wish€their€children€to€be€given€either€religious€instruction€or€instruction€in€the€study€ofÐ @ Ðthe€history€of€religions€and€ethics€to€obtain€exemption€therefrom€by€arranging€for€them€toÐ &v Ðreceive€comparable€instruction€outside€of€school.€Ð  \ ÐÌ10.5€The€State€party€admits€that€difficulties€have€arisen€in€regard€to€the€existing€teachingÐ Ø( Ðplan€to€give€effect€to€these€provisions,€(which€teaching€plan€does€appear,€in€part€at€least,€toÐ ¾ Ðbe€religious€in€character),€but€the€Committee€believes€that€appropriate€action€is€being€takenÐ ¤ô Ðto€resolve€the€difficulties€and€it€sees€no€reason€to€conclude€that€this€cannot€be€accomplished,Ð Š Ú Ðcompatibly€with€the€requirements€of€article€18€(4)€of€the€Covenant,€within€the€frameworkÐ p!À  Ðof€the€existing€laws.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌÌ___________Ð %X $ ÐÌ1/€à0 4 à"Second€class€ÐÔ&$"&4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Spring€term€Ð (ð#(4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Stories€of€the€childhood€of€Jesus.€Jesus€is€brought€to€the€temple.€The€Magi.€TheÐ l*¼%* Ðflight€to€Egypt.€The€return€from€Egypt€to€Nazareth.€What€was€the€home€area€of€JesusÐ R+¢&+ Ðlike?€A€Jewish€home€and€manners.€The€education€of€a€Jewish€boy.€Ð8,ˆ',4ü!4ü! ÐÐ -n(- Ðà0 4 à"What€Jesus€taught.€The€good€Samaritan.€Applications€of€the€story€for€children's€lifeÐ ° Ðin€modern€time.€Ð–æ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"What€was€Jesus€like?€Jesus'€attitude€to€people€thrown€away€outside€the€community,Ð b² Ðto€the€disliked€and€the€despised€(the€ill,€blind,€invalid,€poor,€starving,€illiterate,Ð H˜ Ðwomen€and€children).€Ð. ~4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Stories€about€what€Jesus€did.€Jesus€heals€the€son€of€the€official.€Jesus€heals€theÐ ú J Ðdaughter€of€Ô_ÔJairausÔ_Ô€...€The€feeding€of€5,000€people.€The€meaning€of€the€stories€aboutÐ à 0 Ðthe€activities€of€Jesus:€the€value€of€them€does€not€depend€on€the€verity€of€details.€ÐÆ  4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Jesus€as€ideal.€Jesus€was€good€and€helped€those€in€need€of€support.€The€ideal€ofÐ ’â  ÐJesus€in€modern€world:€the€use€of€knowledge€and€skills€for€the€benefit€of€people€inÐ xÈ  Ðneed€of€help.€Jesus€disliked€no€one.€Jesus€saw€in€every€human€a.€Ô_ÔlsoÔ_Ô€good.€Ð^® 4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"The€church€building€and€service.€Lutheran,€Orthodox€and€Roman€Catholic€churchÐ *z  Ðbuilding€and€service.€Ð`4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Development€aid.€Help€in€different€emergency€situations.€The€permanent€aid€of€theÐ Ü, Ðdeveloping€countries.€The€early€form€of€development€aid,€missionary€work.€ÐÂ4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Francis€of€Assisi€and€his€solar€song.€Francis:€man,€who€experienced€God€so€stronglyÐ ŽÞ Ðthat€even€others€realized€that.€Legends€about€Francis€...€The€solar€song."€ÐtÄ4ü!4ü! ÐÌ2/€à0 4 àThe€author,€in€his€submission€of€5€January€1981,€offers€the€following€translation€ofÐ @ Ðthese€objectives:€Ð &v ÐÐ Ð"1.€Education€for€ethically€rightly€functioning€human€relationships;€ÐòB4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"2.€Education€for€individual,€communal€and€social€consciousness,€sense€ofÐ ¾ Ðresponsibility€and€functioning;€Ð¤ô4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"3.€Education€to€understand€the€cultural€heritage€of€our€own€nation€and€our€presentÐ p!À  Ðculture,€especially€material€from€world€view;€ÐV"¦!4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"4.€Education€to€understand€the€cultural€heritage€of€various€Ô_ÔnaÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔtionsÔ_Ô,€especiallyÐ "$r# Ðdifferent€world€views€in€the€present€world."€Ð%X $4ü!4ü! ÐÓ¤Ó