ÿWPC  óX‰‹Æ yÝ„®Ÿôݳõßó}FÜô.±¹Ž]GìŽïò×µŠTo³'Œ è©¶WK~”4V™µvü¨ý”Y›7þ¬„”“§Æ¯àô®ìñH)êÚà¨(CwuÔžïrxj óÉ,ä%² X[a<»õ¨]É"3œ"–?AS}õ·¦Wί@[BÜæ Ít0ï Ëd.yEô«‡©ªU)ÄÓ 0ßМœª®öŸÇÁË$9:\,éMRrTþWP3ØùND’³ ˜ŸD¬µÇì‘6Y;\PQvC.á‹áäBÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #Á UNÎ % M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(žå‡$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xo”XX XÔÔ€Xo”XX Xo”ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular Xîø* Äpì*c(¤³prograÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ å‡!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X`XX XÔÔ€X`XX X`ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòMohamed€v.€GreeceóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No€40/1996Ð H˜ ÐÌ28€April€1997Ð  d ÐÌCAT/C/18/D/40/1996Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔJamalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô€Mohamed€Ð D”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Greece€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€8€February€1996€(initial€submission)€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€of€admissibilityóó:€14€November€1996€óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ &v ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€28€April€1997,€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€40/1996,€submitted€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€against€Torture€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔJamalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô€Mohamed€under€article€22€of€the€ConventionÐ Š Ú Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunication,€his€representative€and€the€State€party,€Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌÓWÓòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóÐ  (ð#( ÐÓÕÓÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Mr.€Mohamed€Ô_ÔJamalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔOmerÔ_Ô,€an€Ethiopian€citizen€fromÐ R+¢&+ ÐDire€Dawa,€born€in€1970,€currently€residing€in€Greece.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€aÐ 8,ˆ', Ðviolation€by€Greece€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ô‡òòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó€Ð ° ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€he€was€arrested€by€"Ô_ÔkebeleÔ_Ô"€(local€administrative)òò€1óó€officers€inÐ |Ì ÐEthiopia€in€1988€after€having€begun€to€give€lessons€in€the€local€mosque€in€November€of€thatÐ b² Ðyear.€He€was€accused€of€"anti„revolutionary"€activities€and€held€in€detention€for€anÐ H˜ Ðunspecified€period€of€time.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ2.2€At€the€beginning€of€1989,€he€was€nominated€by€his€peers€from€school€to€participate€inÐ ú J Ða€political€course€of€one€month€in€Addis€Ababa.€The€nomination€was€approved€by€the€localÐ à 0 Ðadministrative€officers.€After€having€completed€the€course,€the€author€was€informed€that€heÐ Æ   Ðwas€to€be€sent€to€a€remote€area€in€the€country€for€the€purpose€of€recruiting€farmers€asÐ ¬ ü  Ðsoldiers€for€the€Government€forces.€The€area€in€question€was€populated€by€a€majority€ofÐ ’â  Ðpeople€of€Ô_ÔOromoÔ_Ô€ethnic€origin€and€was€said€to€be€a€Ô_ÔcentreÔ_Ô€for€activities€of€the€Ô_ÔOromoÔ_ÔÐ xÈ  ÐLiberation€Front€(Ô_ÔOLFÔ_Ô).€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.3€The€author,€as€well€as€other€participants€in€the€political€course€who€had€been€selected€forÐ *z  Ðthe€mission€which€was€aimed€at€breaking€Ô_ÔOLFÔ_Ô€influence€in€the€area,€considered€the€taskÐ ` Ðimpossible€and€protested.€However,€they€were€sent€to€the€region€under€threat€of€execution.Ð öF ÐFighting€broke€out€on€their€arrival€and€the€local€inhabitants€threw€stones€at€them.€Local€Ô_ÔOLFÔ_ÔÐ Ü, Ðactivists€threatened€them€with€death€and€urged€them€to€leave€the€area€within€48€hours.€TheÐ Â Ðauthor€decided€to€leave€the€area€without€further€delay€and€returned€to€his€home€town.€He€wasÐ ¨ø Ðreported€missing€by€representatives€of€the€Government.€In€Dire€Dawa€he€was€arrested,€onÐ ŽÞ Ðan€unspecified€date,€by€the€local€administrative€officers,€and€held€in€detention€for€anÐ tÄ Ðunspecified€period€of€time,€accused€of€being€an€Ô_ÔOLFÔ_Ô€collaborator.€He€states€that€he€wasÐ Zª Ðsubjected€to€torture€during€the€detention.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.4€In€support€of€these€claims,€the€author€refers€to€an€enclosed€document€issued€by€theÐ  \ ÐMedical€Rehabilitation€Ô_ÔCentreÔ_Ô€for€Torture€Victims€in€Athens€on€20€November€1994.Ð òB ÐAccording€to€the€report,€the€author€was€examined€by€a€neurologist€and€an€orthopedist,€asÐ Ø( Ðwell€as€interviewed€by€a€psychologist,€during€six€sessions€in€October€1994.€The€report€statesÐ ¾ Ðthat€he€had€been€subjected€to€various€forms€of€torture€and€subsequently€suffered€from€severeÐ ¤ô Ðheadaches,€as€well€as€from€pains€in€the€right€knee€and€right€foot.€Reference€is€also€made€toÐ Š Ú Ða€translation€of€a€report€from€a€hospital€in€Athens,€dated€1€February€1995,€concerning€anÐ p!À  Ðelectroencephalogram.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ2.5€As€a€consequence€of€the€ill„treatment,€the€author€was€taken€ill.€He€had€a€highÐ "$r# Ðtemperature€and€vomited€repeatedly.€He€was€therefore€transferred€to€a€hospital€in€DireÐ %X $ ÐDawa.€While€he€was€hospitalized€there€was€an€exchange€of€fire€in€the€town€betweenÐ î%>!% ÐGovernment€soldiers€and€Ô_ÔOLFÔ_Ô€activists€and€the€power€was€cut€off.€He€managed€to€escapeÐ Ô&$"& Ðfrom€the€hospital€during€the€confusion€that€followed.€In€this€context,€he€contends€that€"aÐ º' #' Ðsecurity€guard€shot€my€father€dead".€As€Government€representatives€intensified€the€searchÐ  (ð#( Ðfor€him,€he€decided€that€he€had€to€flee€the€country.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ2.6€The€author€contends€that€he€crossed€the€border€to€Somalia€in€December€1989€and€wasÐ R+¢&+ Ðheld€in€detention€there€from€1€January€1990€for€five€months,€accused€of€illegal€entry.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐFollowing€his€release€in€Somalia,€he€states€that€he€was€told€by€"the€United€Nations€office€toÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôregister€with€the€police".€However,€the€police€would€not€let€him€register€as€a€refugeeÐ ° Ð"because€of€the€political€situation€and€[his]€being€a€member€of€the€Aderic€Tribe".€The€authorÐ –æ Ðcontends€that,€with€the€help€of€a€friend€in€Somalia€who€provided€him€with€a€passport€and€airÐ |Ì Ðfare,€he€managed€to€leave€Somalia€for€Turkey,€on€an€unspecified€date.€He€states€that€he€wasÐ b² Ðinformed€by€the€police€in€Turkey€that€Africans€were€not€allowed€to€register€as€refugees€andÐ H˜ Ðthat,€for€practical€purposes,€he€was€forced€by€the€Turkish€police€to€cross€the€border€toÐ . ~ ÐGreece,€on€an€unspecified€date.€Ð  d ÐÌ2.7€Upon€his€arrival€in€Greece,€the€author€was€informed€by€the€Office€of€the€United€NationsÐ à 0 ÐHigh€Commissioner€for€Refugees€(UNHCR)€that,€before€registering€with€UNHCR€as€aÐ Æ   Ðrefugee,€he€must€first€register€with€the€Greek€police.€When€he€attempted€to€register€with€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðpolice,€he€was€told€that€he€had€first€to€obtain€from€the€International€Catholic€MigrationÐ ’â  ÐCommission€(ICMC)€a€document€certifying€his€country€of€origin.€However,€since€1991€theÐ xÈ  ÐICMC€had€ceased€to€issue€such€documents.€Without€this€document,€the€Greek€Ministry€ofÐ ^®  ÐPublic€Order,€in€a€decision€dated€27€October€1992,€refused€to€register€him,€as€did€the€GreekÐ D”  ÐCouncil€for€Refugees€and€UNHCR.€The€author€claims€that€he€was€requested,€when€enteringÐ *z  ÐGreece,€to€indicate€a€third€country€to€which€he€would€not€raise€any€objections€to€beingÐ ` Ðdeported€and€that€he€then€mentioned€Canada.€His€request€for€asylum€in€Greece€was€laterÐ öF Ðrejected€"because,€after€a€two„year€illegal€stay€in€Greece,€his€application€is€made€to€facilitateÐ Ü, Ðhis€transfer€to€Canada".€Ð  ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€his€return€to€Ethiopia€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Greece€ofÐ Zª Ðarticle€3€of€the€Convention€against€Torture.€The€author€fears€that,€although€he€is€notÐ @ Ðcurrently€under€an€expulsion€order,€he€is€at€risk€of€being€deported€at€any€time€in€view€of€theÐ &v Ðfact€that€he€has€no€asylum,€residence€or€work€permit.€Ð  \ ÐÌ3.2€In€support€of€his€argument€that€he€fears€torture€upon€return€to€Ethiopia,€the€author€refersÐ Ø( Ðto€an€Amnesty€International€report€of€April€1995€regarding€the€human€rights€situation€inÐ ¾ ÐEthiopia€and,€in€particular,€to€the€case€of€a€certain€Hussein,€from€Dire€Dawa,€who€wasÐ ¤ô Ðaccused€of€being€an€OLF€collaborator€in€1993,€held€in€detention€and€allegedly€subjected€toÐ Š Ú Ðtorture.€He€also€refers€to€the€case€of€a€Mr.€Temteme€Addisalem€Mengistu,€who€returned€toÐ p!À  ÐEthiopia€from€Greece€after€obtaining€assurances€from€the€Greek€Council€for€Refugees€thatÐ V"¦! Ðhis€safety€was€guaranteed,€and€who€was€immediately€arrested€upon€arrival,€in€October€1994.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóó€Ð %X $ ÐÌ4.€On€28€February€1996,€the€Committee,€through€its€Special€Rapporteur,€transmitted€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€for€comments€on€admissibility.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ5.1€By€its€submission€of€19€April€1996,€the€State€party€challenges€the€admissibility€of€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðcomplaint.€It€notes€that,€in€its€view,€there€are€no€grounds€for€a€complaint€under€article€3€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€Convention€against€Torture,€given€that€the€author€has€not€been€expelled€from€Greece,€norÐ R+¢&+ Ðhas€an€order€for€his€expulsion€been€issued.€It€further€points€out€that€it€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðauthor€has€not€substantiated€that€he€is€in€any€danger€of€being€tortured€should€he€return€toÐ -n(- ÐEthiopia.€Ð ° ÐÌ5.2€As€regards€domestic€procedures,€the€State€party€acknowledges€that€the€author'sÐ |Ì Ðapplication€for€asylum€was€dismissed€on€27€October€1992€as€"manifestly€abusive"€by€theÐ b² ÐMinister€of€Public€Order,€on€the€basis€that€his€claim€could€not€be€founded€on€the€1951Ð H˜ ÐConvention€relating€to€the€Status€of€Refugees,€and€that€no€appeal€from€this€decision€wasÐ . ~ Ðavailable.€On€humanitarian€grounds,€the€Minister€did€not€order€the€expulsion€of€the€authorÐ  d Ðbut€instead€laid€down€a€period€of€one€month€within€which€the€author€was€to€leave€GreeceÐ ú J Ðfor€a€country€of€his€choice.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party€notes€that€on€3€January€1991€the€author€entered€Greece€secretly€fromÐ ¬ ü  ÐTurkey,€assisted€by€an€illegal€migrant€traffic€network,€and€did€not€apply€for€asylum€at€thatÐ ’â  Ðtime.€Three€months€later,€he€registered€with€the€migration€programme€with€a€view€toÐ xÈ  Ðemigrating€to€Canada.€A€year€and€a€half€later,€on€3€September€1992,€the€author€applied€forÐ ^®  Ðasylum€in€Greece€on€the€pretext€that€he€opposed€his€country's€regime.€However,€in€thisÐ D”  Ðapplication€he€made€no€mention€of€the€change€in€Government€in€his€home€country,€despiteÐ *z  Ðthe€fact€that€the€change€had€occurred€since€his€departure€from€Ethiopia.€Ð ` ÐÌòòComments€by€the€authoróó€Ð Ü, ÐÌ6.1€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€concedes€that€he€has€not€beenÐ ¨ø Ðdeported€but€states€that,€as€a€victim€of€torture€and€a€political€refugee,€he€has€a€right€toÐ ŽÞ Ðasylum.€He€expresses€the€fear€that€he€could€be€deported€at€any€time.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ6.2€The€author€explains,€reiterating€the€claims€made€earlier€(see€para.€2.7€above),€that€he€wasÐ @ Ðnot€able€to€apply€immediately€for€asylum€because€of€"bureaucratic€circumstances".€HeÐ &v Ðfurther€explains€that€upon€entry€to€Greece,€he€had€no€plans€to€emigrate€to€Canada.€However,Ð  \ Ðfollowing€his€request€for€asylum€in€Greece,€he€was€told€that€he€could€not€stay€in€Greece€andÐ òB Ðwould€be€deported€unless€he€transferred€to€a€third€country€of€his€choice.€Thus€he€was€obligedÐ Ø( Ðto€name€a€third€country€and€named€Canada.€He€denies€registering€for€the€migrationÐ ¾ Ðprogramme€to€Canada€after€three€months€in€Greece.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ6.3€The€author€reiterates€that€he€escaped€from€his€own€country€and€was€then€deported€fromÐ p!À  ÐTurkey,€being€left€at€the€Greek€border.€He€did€not€attempt€to€enter€Greece€in€secret€or€seekÐ V"¦! Ðthe€assistance€of€an€"illegal€migrant€traffic€network".€With€regard€to€the€situation€in€his€homeÐ <#Œ" Ðcountry,€he€submits€that€he€would€be€in€grave€danger€if€returned€to€Ethiopia,€citing€anÐ "$r# ÐAmnesty€International€report€of€April€1995€on€the€human€rights€violations€of€the€transitionalÐ %X $ ÐGovernment€there.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€admissibility€decisionóó€Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.1€At€its€seventeenth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðcommunication.€It€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a),€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐConvention,€that€the€same€matter€had€not€been€and€was€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ R+¢&+ Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€was€further€of€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðopinion€that€all€domestic€remedies€available€to€the€author€had€been€exhausted,€as€requiredÐ -n(- Ðby€article€22,€paragraph€5€(b).€The€Committee€found€that€no€other€obstacles€to€theÐ ° Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€existed.€Ð –æ ÐÌ7.2€In€order€to€facilitate€its€examination€of€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€CommitteeÐ b² Ðrequested€the€author€to€provide€more€precise€and€detailed€information€to€substantiate€his€fearÐ H˜ Ðthat€he€personally€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€should€he€return€toÐ . ~ ÐEthiopia€at€that€time.€Further,€the€Committee€requested€the€State€party€to€provideÐ  d Ðinformation€on€the€possible€consequences€for€the€author€of€non„compliance€with€the€requestÐ ú J Ðof€the€Minister€of€Public€Order€that€he€leave€the€country.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ8.€Accordingly,€on€14€November€1996,€the€Committee€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðadmissible.€Ð ’â  ÐÌòòAuthor's€observationsóó€Ð ^®  ÐÌ9.1€By€his€submission€of€28€January€1997,€the€author€reiterates€that€he€was€in€prison€fromÐ *z  Ð5€November€to€6€December€1988€and€again€from€28€June€1989€onwards.€The€second€timeÐ ` Ðhe€was€accused€of€collaborating€with€the€OLF.€He€states€that€this€accusation€still€stands,Ð öF Ðsince€the€OLF€is€also€in€opposition€to€the€current€Government.€He€adds€that€the€OLF€accusesÐ Ü, Ðhim€of€being€a€Government€spy.€Ð  ÐÌ9.2€For€the€above€reasons,€he€states€that€he€would€be€in€serious€danger€if€he€were€to€returnÐ ŽÞ Ðto€Ethiopia.€He€refers€to€an€Amnesty€International€report€of€July€1996€which€shows€that€theÐ tÄ Ðhuman€rights€situation€in€Ethiopia€is€still€unacceptable.€Ð Zª ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóó€Ð &v ÐÌ10.1€By€its€submission€of€8€March€1997,€the€State€party€reiterates€that€the€author€has€notÐ òB Ðbeen€expelled€from€the€country,€and€clarifies€that€he€remains€in€Greece€for€humanitarianÐ Ø( Ðreasons.€The€State€party€thus€argues€that€article€3€of€the€Convention€has€not€been€violated.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ10.2€The€State€party€acknowledges€that,€at€the€time,€no€appeal€was€available€to€an€asylumÐ Š Ú Ðseeker€whose€request€was€rejected€as€abusive,€but€states€that€the€non„availability€of€an€appealÐ p!À  Ðas€such€does€not€constitute€a€violation€of€the€Convention.€The€State€party€adds€that€the€lawÐ V"¦! Ðhas€since€been€amended.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ10.3€The€State€party€further€points€out€that€an€individual€always€has€the€possibility€ofÐ %X $ Ðlodging€an€appeal€with€the€Council€of€State€concerning€the€legality€of€any€administrativeÐ î%>!% Ðdecision.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ11.1€The€Committee€has€considered€the€communication€in€the€light€of€all€the€informationÐ l*¼%* Ðmade€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€theÐ R+¢&+ ÐConvention.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.2€Under€article€3€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€is€required€to€decide€whether€anÐ ° Ðexpulsion,€return€or€extradition€of€an€individual€would€breach€the€obligation€of€a€State€partyÐ –æ Ðnot€to€expose€that€individual€to€the€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.€The€CommitteeÐ |Ì Ðcannot€determine€whether€or€not€the€claimant€is€entitled€to€asylum€under€the€national€lawsÐ b² Ðof€a€country,€or€can€invoke€the€protection€of€the€1951€Convention€relating€to€the€Status€ofÐ H˜ ÐRefugees.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ11.3€In€the€instant€case,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€has€not€ordered€the€author'sÐ ú J Ðexpulsion,€return€or€extradition€to€Ethiopia€and€has€stated€that€the€author€remains€in€GreeceÐ à 0 Ðfor€humanitarian€reasons.€It€also€appears€from€the€State€party's€submission€that,€were€theÐ Æ   Ðauthorities€to€order€his€deportation€at€a€later€stage,€the€author€would€have€an€appealÐ ¬ ü  Ðpossibility€against€such€decision.€The€Committee€is€therefore€of€the€opinion€that€the€factsÐ ’â  Ðbefore€it€do€not€show€any€violation€of€the€Convention€by€Greece.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ12.€The€Committee€against€Torture,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€ConventionÐ D”  Ðagainst€Torture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€is€of€theÐ *z  Ðview€that€the€facts€as€found€by€the€Committee€do€not€reveal€a€breach€of€article€3€of€theÐ ` ÐConvention.€Ð öF ÐÌ__________Ð Â ÐÌ1/€€€Regular€reference€is€made€to€"the€kebele"€without€any€explanation.€It€would€appear€thatÐ ŽÞ Ð"kebele"€stands€for€"local€representative".Ð tÄ ÐÌÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]€Ð &v ÐÓEÓ