ÿWPCå q«L©çý¤ã5üLgBànÞ'+œá€(¨½ï¯é+F‡W"•æâ¬@xG÷W'u-ØaU<¦(P¿Îçh‰RŠöNÆÔìÇ?Wٳ߬žåþÜŽý±[¿LûTWs-EG6/Íà=¾“ƒbó3»ýûT›v‡Õb€ŽW¬«`Ó×À”@!ú©¸ÏÎmÐŒø ƒ:³åmœÌÇWí¾ìÀã‚•¡]ˆ°”÷ ÏéÒ¼ëÆMmFU^¼0 mí0aðI4{qÍÒ ÔñEèú.™W¤æÕ×¢*UÝñ~ãžÙ§{æzEfÇSCt…ùü&<º–”’9ã E<ÝÆŒABƒÕz…4©³Üœìë¤d}f A^é ¤ªï"Crýo³|Riý‘m$súá–[š·Ìþ~pïãPCÅÇÜÞX@èLöü“¯^„H ^OùÞ†ìból2&~?ÏAÄΡ²ëÌé‘Ds2o¿_nÓ]«ôt~iÍh©(ÏeÖ‰Ò¹Npk¤)È¥—­—ûô->‚]ŸøˆLú¶j±O¤–zÐB-,bÚ÷yÁD$jF¿ |‚GVdA!?C<À*ãê+WïÕ*0*åÿÒa^Ñ[V»;ñk&x+ÏêçQcîìú¦U>ˆÌÆ 0µ’ 0<G 0Yƒ 0_Ü 0i; 0P¤ 0TôÆH 0á 0(ï D+ AMB  0ÆŸ #Áe UN& %tMz(~N¦^ ¨w´4¸Ì mÎô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Duilio Fanali v. Italy, Communication No. 75/1980 (July 1980), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/34oc. Supp. No. 40 (A/3"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2`Q$££Ý ƒ¶Æ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X§OXXXÔÔ€X§OXXX§OÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ž¶Æ$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¯ûXXXÔÔ€X¯ûXXX¯ûÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXS¡ø* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¶Æ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X§OXXXÔÔ€X§OXXX§OÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔFanaliÔ_Ô€v.€ItalyóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€75/1980Ð H˜ ÐÌ31€March€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóÔ_ÔDuilioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFanaliÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóItaly€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óóJuly€1980€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€of€admissibility:€óó28€July€1981€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ Zª Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€31€March€1983,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€75/1980€submitted€by€Ô_ÔDuilioÔ_ÔÐ Ø( ÐÔ_ÔFanaliÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalÐ ¾ ÐRights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÓIÓÌÌÓ  Óò òòòViews€under€Article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓeÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€July€1980)€is€Ô_ÔDuilioÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔFanaliÔ_Ô,€an€ItalianÐ †)Ö$) Ðcitizen€residing€in€Rome,€Italy.€He€submits€the€communication€on€his€own€behalf.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ2.€The€author€alleges€that€he€is€a€victim€of€a€breach€by€the€Government€of€Italy€of€article€14Ð 8,ˆ', Ð(5)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€and€requests€the€HumanÐ -n(- ÐÔ_ÔRights€Committee€to€examine€his€case.€Ð ° ÐÌ3.1€The€author,€a€retired€Air€Force€General,€states€that€having€been€sentenced€by€theÐ |Ì ÐConstitutional€Court€on€1€March€1979€to€one€year€and€nine€months'€imprisonment€and€to€aÐ b² Ðfine€of€200,000€Life,€conditionally€suspended,€on€the€charge€of€corruption€through€actionsÐ H˜ Ðcontrary€to€the€duties€of€office,€he€was€denied€the€right€to€appeal€against€the€allegedlyÐ . ~ Ðunsubstantiated€charges€and€related€conviction.€The€criminal€proceedings€had€taken€placeÐ  d Ðbefore€the€Constitutional€Court,€as€part€of€a€larger€criminal€suit€involving€also€members€ofÐ ú J Ðthe€Government€for€whom€the€Constitutional€Court€was€the€only€competent€tribunal.€WhileÐ à 0 Ðthe€Italian€Constitution€provides€that€no€appeal€is€allowed€against€decisions€of€theÐ Æ   ÐConstitutional€Court€in€as€far€as€they€concern€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐMinisters,€the€"ordinary'€law€No.€20€of€25€January€1962€extends€the€above€constitutionalÐ ’â  Ðprovisions€of€'no€appeal'€to€'other€individuals'€sentenced€by€the€Constitutional€Court€forÐ xÈ  Ðcrimes€related€to€those€committed€by€the€President€of€the€Republic€or€Ministers.€The€authorÐ ^®  Ðclaims€that€because€law€No.€20€is€not€a€constitutional€law€it€should€be€rescinded€andÐ D”  Ðtherefore€is€not€applicable€in€his€case.€Ð *z  ÐÌ3.2€Mr.€Ô_ÔFanaliÔ_Ô€submits€that€the€Italian€reservation€with€regard€to€the€applicability€of€articleÐ öF Ð14€(5)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€could€not€be€regarded€asÐ Ü, Ðvalid€because€of€defective€Italian€domestic€procedures€used€in€promulgating€it.€He€furtherÐ Â Ðargues€that,€even€if€valid,€the€reservation€did€not€apply€in€his€case€because€it€excludes€Italy'sÐ ¨ø Ðobligation€under€the€Covenant€to€grant€the€right€to€appeal€only€as€far€as€the€President€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐRepublic€and€Ministers€are€concerned.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.3€The€author€states€that€the€preliminary€investigations€and€trial€proceedings€related€toÐ @ Ðseveral€politicians€and€some€'laymen',€such€as€the€author€himself,€and€were€based€on€chargesÐ &v Ðof€corruption€and€abuse€of€public€office€in€connection€with€the€purchase€by€the€ItalianÐ  \ ÐGovernment€of€military€planes€of€the€type€Hercules€Ô_ÔC130Ô_Ô€from€the€United€States€of€AmericaÐ òB Ðcompany,€Lockheed.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ3.4€The€author€claims€that€during€the€preliminary€investigations€and€trial€proceedings€dueÐ ¤ô Ðprocess€was€not€always€observed.€Most€of€these€events€took€place€before€15€December€1978,Ð Š Ú Ðthe€date€of€entry€into€force€for€Italy€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol.€However,Ð p!À  Ðthe€judgement€by€the€Constitutional€Court€which€the€author€claims€has€caused€him€severeÐ V"¦! Ðmaterial€and€moral€damage€and€from€which€he€had,€contrary€to€article€14€(5)€of€theÐ <#Œ" ÐCovenant,€no€right€to€appeal,€was€rendered€on€1€March€1979,€as€mentioned€above.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ3.5€The€author€finally€states€that€the€matter€has€not€been€submitted€under€any€otherÐ î%>!% Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ4.€By€its€decision€of€24€October€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ  (ð#( Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ †)Ö$) Ðconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ l*¼%* Ðof€the€communication.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ5.1€In€its€submission€dated€12€January€1981,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€ofÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôthe€communication€invoking€(a}€the€specific€reservation€made€by€the€Italian€GovernmentÐ ° Ðupon€the€deposit€of€the€instrument€of€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ –æ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€with€respect€to€article€5€(2),€that€the€Committee€...Ð |Ì Ð'shall€not€consider€any€communication€from€an€individual€unless€it€has€ascertained€that€theÐ b² Ðsame€matter€is€not€being€and€has€not€been€examined€under€another€procedure€of€internationalÐ H˜ Ðinvestigation€or€settlement"€and€(b)€the€Italian€declaration€made€upon€deposit€of€theÐ . ~ Ðinstrument€of€ratification€of€the€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€with€regard€to€articleÐ  d Ð14€(5)€of€the€Covenant€intended€to€protect€the€legality€of€the€conduct,€'at€one€level€only,€ofÐ ú J Ðproceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court'.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party€submitted€with€regard€to€the€condition€stipulated€in€article€5€(2)€(a)€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Optional€Protocol,€that€verification€of€the€statement€of€the€author€that€he€has€not€alreadyÐ ’â  Ðsubmitted€the€'matter"€to€another€international€tribunal€should€not€be€restricted€to€theÐ xÈ  Ðaffirmation€of€this€fact,€'but€must€rather€have€the€objective€of€ascertaining€that€the€òò'sameÐ ^®  Ðmatter',€óóas€prescribed€by€article€5,€paragraph€2,€òòis€not€already€being€examined€by€anotherÐ D”  Ðinternational€body€óóto€which€it€might€have€been€submitted€by€an€òòindividual€other€than€óótheÐ *z  Ðauthor€of€the€communication€addressed€to€this€Committee'.€The€State€party€then€concludedÐ ` Ðthat€...€òò"the€determining€element€is€the€'matter'€óósubmitted€to€the€international€body€and€òònotÐ öF Ðthe€individual€author€of€the€communication€or€of€the€application€óó...".€Ð Ü, ÐÌ5.3€The€State€party,€then€referring€to€the€specific€case€of€Duilio€Fanali€before€the€HumanÐ ¨ø ÐRights€Committee,€pointed€out€that€the€former€co„defendants€of€Mr.€Fanali€in€theÐ ŽÞ Ðproceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court€had€submitted€"the€same€matter"€to€theÐ tÄ ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights,€concerning€several€of€the€same€alleged€violationsÐ Zª Ðrelated€to€the€procedure,€competence€and€judgement€of€the€Constitutional€Court€that€haveÐ @ Ðbeen€put€forward€by€Mr.€Fanali.€Ð &v ÐÌ5.4€In€its€note€the€Italian€Government€then€referred€to€the€Italian€declaration€with€regard€toÐ òB Ðarticle€14€(5)€which€...€"clearly€precludes€the€applicability€of€the€principle€of€review€by€aÐ Ø( Ðhigher€court,€contained€in€article€14,€paragraph€5,€to€the€above„mentioned€proceedings,Ð ¾ Ðwhich€took€place€before€the€Constitutional€Court€in€accordance€with€the€Italian€legislationÐ ¤ô Ðin€force".€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ6.1€On€13€March€1981,€the€author€of€the€communication€forwarded€his€comments€in€replyÐ V"¦! Ðto€the€State€party's€submission€of€12€January€1981.€He€objected€to€the€State€party'sÐ <#Œ" Ðcontention€of€inadmissibility€made€with€respect€to€the€provisions€of€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€theÐ "$r# ÐOptional€Protocol€and€with€regard€to€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant.€With€regard€to€the€firstÐ %X $ Ðthe€author€contested,€òòInter€alia,€óóthe€argument€of€the€Italian€Government€"that€otherÐ î%>!% Ðindividuals€have€filed€an€appeal€before€another€international€tribunal€in€connection€with€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðsame€sentence€and€that€this€(cases„pendency)€constitutes€the€preclusion€contemplated€byÐ º' #' Ðarticle€5€(2)€of€the€Protocol".€He€argued€that€"cases„pendency"€only€exists€when€two€or€moreÐ  (ð#( Ðdistinct€actions€have€been€brought€by€the€same€individual€before€different€tribunals.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ6.2€Referring€to€the€second€contention€of€inadmissibility€by€the€Italian€Government€on€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðgrounds€of€the€Italian€declaration€made€with€regard€to€the€applicability€of€article€14€{5)€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€Covenant€to€Italy,€the€author€pointed€out€that€the€reservation€regarding€article€14,Ð -n(- Ðparagraph€5,€of€the€Covenant€did€not€apply€to€his€status€as€a€'layman'€and€'non„politician'.€HeÐ ° Ðdrew€the€attention€of€the€Committee€to€the€full€text€of€the€said€reservation€which€reads€asÐ –æ Ðfollows:€"Article€14,€paragraph€5,€shall€be€without€prejudice€to€the€application€of€existingÐ |Ì ÐItalian€provisions€which,€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution€of€the€Italian€Republic,€governÐ b² Ðthe€conduct,€at€one€level€only,€of€proceedings€instituted€before€'the€Constitutional€Court€inÐ H˜ Ðrespect€of€charges€brought€against€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€its€Ministers".€Ð . ~ ÐÌ6.3€The€author€further€argued€that€his€right€to€appeal€was€not€only€confirmed€by€theÐ ú J Ðinapplicability€of€the€Italian€reservation,€but€also€by€the€provisions€of€article€2€(3)€of€theÐ à 0 ÐCovenant.€He€therefore€could€not€be€deprived€of€the€right€to€appeal€provided€for€in€articleÐ Æ   Ð2€(3)€of€the€Covenant€even€if€the€Italian€reservation€to€article€14€(5)€were€applicable.€TheÐ ¬ ü  Ðauthor€stressed€that€no€reservation€was€made€by€Italy€with€regard€to€article€2€(3)€of€theÐ ’â  ÐCovenant.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ7.1€Having€examined€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€concluded€that€it€could€notÐ D”  Ðat€that€stage€reject€the€communication€as€inadmissible€on€the€basis€of€the€Italian€reservationÐ *z  Ðto€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant,€since€the€text€of€the€reservation€only€referred€to€theÐ ` ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€and€the€Ministers€and€that,€therefore,€the€communication€was€not,Ð öF Ðwithin€the€meaning€of€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€incompatible€with€the€provisionsÐ Ü, Ðof€the€Covenant€read€in€conjunction€with€this€reservation.€Ð  ÐÌ7.2€With€regard€to€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€did€not€agreeÐ ŽÞ Ðwith€the€State€party's€contention€that€"the€same€matter"€had€been€brought€before€theÐ tÄ ÐEuropean€Commission€of€Human€Rights€since€other€individuals€had€brought€their€own€casesÐ Zª Ðbefore€that€body€concerning€claims€which€appeared€to€arise€from€the€same€incident.€TheÐ @ ÐCommittee€held€that€the€concept€of€"the€same€matter'€within€the€meaning€of€article€5€(2)€(a)Ð &v Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€had€to€be€understood€as€including€the€same€claim€concerning€theÐ  \ Ðsame€individual,€submitted€by€him€or€someone€else€who€has€the€standing€to€act€on€his€behalfÐ òB Ðbefore€the€other€international€body.€Since€the€State€party€itself€recognized€that€the€author€ofÐ Ø( Ðthe€present€communication€had€not€submitted€his€specific€case€to€the€European€CommissionÐ ¾ Ðof€Human€Rights,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concluded€that€the€communication€was€notÐ ¤ô Ðinadmissible€under€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ8.€On€28€July€1981€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided€that€the€communicationÐ V"¦! Ðwas€admissible.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ9.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€15€February€1982,Ð %X $ Ðthe€State€party€reiterates€its€earlier€contention€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible,€citingÐ î%>!% Ðin€support€the€decision€of€the€European€Commission€of€Human€Rights€in€the€"LockheedÐ Ô&$"& ÐAffair',€on€18€December€1980,€declaring€inadmissible€the€case€against€Italy€brought€byÐ º' #' ÐMessrs.€Crociani,€Lefebvre,€Palmiotti€and€Tanassi€(former€co„defendants€of€Mr.€FanaliÐ  (ð#( Ðbefore€the€Constitutional€Court).€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ9.2€The€State€party€further€points€out€that€the€purpose€of€Italy's€reservation€to€article€14€(5)Ð R+¢&+ Ðof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€was€to€safeguard€existingÐ 8,ˆ', Ðprovisions€in€Italian€law€such€as€article€49€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€and€law€No.Ð -n(- Ð20€of€25€June€1962€which€allow€for€the€conduct€of€proceedings€before€the€ConstitutionalÐ ° ÐCourt,€at€one€level€only.€Article€49€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€provides€for€aÐ –æ Ðcommon€trial€for€persons€accused€of€the€same€crime;€law€No.€20€of€25€June€1962€extendsÐ |Ì Ðin€specific€cases€the€competence€of€the€Constitutional€Court€to€persons€other€than€theÐ b² ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€and€Ministers.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ9.3€Finally,€the€State€party€refutes€the€author's€contention€that€law€No.€20€of€25€June€1962Ð  d Ðis€unconstitutional,€citing€a€judgement€of€the€Constitutional€Court€on€2€July€1977€specificallyÐ ú J Ðupholding€the€constitutionality€of€the€said€law.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ10.1€In€his€response€dated€29€June€1982,€commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission€underÐ ¬ ü  Ðarticle€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€Mr.€Fanali€maintains,€òòinter€alia,€óóthat€the€"one€levelÐ ’â  Ðonly"€proceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court€in€the€'Lockheed€Affair"€are€widelyÐ xÈ  Ðrecognized€as€having€been€unjust€and€that€there€are€several€draft€bills€and€reports€before€theÐ ^®  Ðhouses€of€the€Italian€Parliament€proposing€changes€in€the€present€juridical€regime.€Ð D”  ÐÌ10.2€The€author€also€rejects€the€interpretation€placed€by€the€State€party€upon€its€reservationÐ ` Ðto€article€14€(5)€of€the€International€Covenant,€holding€it€to€be€'extensive'€and€thus€contraryÐ öF Ðto€the€generally€accepted€legal€principle€of€'restrictive'€interpretation€of€reservations.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ11.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€the€decision€of€the€European€Commission€onÐ ¨ø ÐHuman€Rights€of€18€December€1980€declaring€inadmissible€the€cases€of€Messrs.€Crociani,Ð ŽÞ ÐLefebvre,€Palmiotti€and€Tanassi.€These€applications€concerned€different€allegations.Ð tÄ ÐFurthermore,€the€right€of€appeal€is€not€granted€under€the€European€Convention€of€HumanÐ Zª ÐRights.€For€the€reasons€stated€in€paragraph€7.2€above,€Ý‚ ÿÿÿÝòòÔÔÝ  Ýthe€Ý‚ ÿÿÿ…Bch€1ÝóóÔÔÝ  ÝHuman€Rights€CommitteeÐ @ Ðreaffirms€its€earlier€decision€that€the€communication€brought€by€Duilio€Fanali€wasÐ &v Ðadmissible.€It€therefore€has€to€examine€the€merits€of€the€dispute€which€relates€mainly€to€theÐ  \ Ðeffect€of€the€Italian€reservation.€Ð òB ÐÌ11.2€AS€regards€the€merits€of€the€present€case,€the€Committee€has€examined€theÐ ¾ Ðcommunication€in€the€light€of€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€providedÐ ¤ô Ðfor€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ11.3€The€author€of€the€communication€alleges€that€the€Italian€juridical€system€whichÐ V"¦! Ðprevented€him€from€appealing€the€judgement€rendered€by€the€Constitutional€Court€on€1Ð <#Œ" ÐMarch€1979,€is€in€violation€of€the€provisions€of€article€14€(5)€of€the€International€CovenantÐ "$r# Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Article€14€(5)€of€the€'Covenant€reads€as€follows:€Ð %X $ ÐÌ'Everyone€convicted€of€a€crime€shall€have€the€right€to€his€conviction€and€sentence€beingÐ Ô&$"& Ðreviewed€by€a€higher€tribunal€according€to€law."€Ð º' #' ÐÌ11.4€The€State€party€upon€ratification€of€the€Covenant€has€made€a€reservation€with€regardÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€article€14€(5)€which€it€has€now€invoked.€The€Committee,€therefore,€has€to€decide€whetherÐ l*¼%* Ðthis€reservation€applies€to€the€present€case.€The€Italian€reservation€reads€as€follows:€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ'Article€14,€paragraph€5,€shall€be€without€prejudice€to€the€application€of€existing€ItalianÐ -n(- Ðprovisions€which,€in€accordance€with€the€Constitution€of€the€Italian€Republic,€govern€theÐ ° Ðconduct,€at€one€level€only,€of€proceedings€instituted€before€the€Constitutional€Court€inÐ –æ Ðrespect€of€charges€brought€against€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€its€Ministers.'€Ð |Ì ÐÌ11.5€The€author€contests€the€applicability€of€the€reservation€in€his€case.€He€objects€to€itsÐ H˜ Ðvalidity€and€furthermore€argues,€òòinter€alia,€óóthat€he€cannot€be€classified€under€either€of€theÐ . ~ Ðtwo€categories€referred€to€in€the€reservation.€Ð  d ÐÌ11.6€In€the€Committee's€view,€there€is€no€doubt€about€the€international€validity€bf€theÐ à 0 Ðreservation,€despite€the€alleged€irregularity€at€the€domestic€level.€On€the€other€hand,€itsÐ Æ   Ðapplicability€to€the€present€case€depends€on€the€wording€of€the€reservation€in€its€context,Ð ¬ ü  Ðwhere€regard€must€be€had€to€its€object€and€purpose.€Since€the€two€parties€read€it€differently,Ð ’â  Ðit€is€for€the€Committee€to€decide€this€dispute.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ11.7€The€State€party,€in€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€of€15Ð D”  ÐFebruary€1982,€asserts€that€the€reservation€is€applicable€in€the€present€case,€adducing€theÐ *z  Ðfollowing€grounds:€The€reference€in€the€reservation€to€the€"one„level€only'€proceedingsÐ ` Ðbefore€the€Constitutional€Court€with€respect€to€charges€brought€against€the€President€of€theÐ öF ÐRepublic€and€the€Ministers€was€a€reflection€of€the€provisions€of€article€134€of€the€ItalianÐ Ü, ÐConstitution.€Article€49€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure€established€the€rule€of€a€commonÐ Â Ðtrial€for€persons€accused€of€the€same€crime.€Law€No.€20€of€25€June€1962€provided€for€theÐ ¨ø Ðapplication€of€this€rule€to€the€special€proceedings€instituted€before€the€Constitutional€CourtÐ ŽÞ Ðin€accordance€with€article€134€of€the€Constitution,€thereby€extending€the€proceedings€toÐ tÄ Ðpersons€other€than€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€its€Ministers,€if€they€are€charged€withÐ Zª Ðthe€same€offences.€The€constitutionality€of€this€law€was€upheld€by€a€decision€of€theÐ @ ÐConstitutional€Court€of€2€July€1977.€Ð &v ÐÌ11.8€The€Committee€observes€that€it€is€outside€its€competence€to€pronounce€itself€on€theÐ òB Ðconstitutionality€of€domestic€law.€Furthermore,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€reservationÐ Ø( Ðonly€partly€excludes€article€14€(5)€from€the€obligations€undertaken€by€Italy.€The€question€isÐ ¾ Ðwhether€it€is€applicable€only€to€the€two€categories€mentioned,€and€not€to€the€"layman",€Mr.Ð ¤ô ÐFanali.€A€close€reading€of€the€text€shows€that€a€narrow€construction€of€the€reservation€wouldÐ Š Ú Ðbe€contrary€both€to€its€wording€and€its€purpose.€The€reservation€refers€not€only€to€theÐ p!À  Ðrelevant€rules€of€the€Constitution€itself,€but€to€"existing€Italian€provisions€...€in€accordanceÐ V"¦! Ðwith€the€Constitution",€thus€clearly€extending€its€scope€to€the€implementing€laws€enacted€byÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€ordinary€legislator.€As€shown€by€the€Government€in€its€submission,€it€was€also€theÐ "$r# Ðpurpose€of€the€reservation€to€exclude€proceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court€institutedÐ %X $ Ðin€connection€with€criminal€charges€against€the€President€of€the€Republic€and€its€MinistersÐ î%>!% Ðfrom€Italy's€acceptance€of€article€14€(5).€Even€when€proceedings€are€brought€againstÐ Ô&$"& Ð"laymen",€as€they€were€in€the€present€case,€they€must€therefore€be€described€in€the€terms€ofÐ º' #' Ðthe€reservation€as€"proceedings€before€the€Constitutional€Court€in€respect€of€charges€broughtÐ  (ð#( Ðagainst€...€Ministers".€This€follows€from€the€connection€between€the€cases,€the€chargesÐ †)Ö$) Ðagainst€the€Ministers€were€the€cause€and€the€òòconditio€sine€qua€non€óófor€the€other€charges€andÐ l*¼%* Ðfor€instituting€proceedings€against€all€defendants.€It€must€follow€that€all€of€the€proceedingsÐ R+¢&+ Ðwere€in€this€sense€brought€"in€respect€of€charges"€against€Ministers,€because€they€related€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€same€matter,€which€under€Italian€law€only,€that€Court€was€competent€to€consider.€On€theÐ -n(- Ðbackground€of€the€applicable€Italian€law€this€is€.not€only€a€possible€reading,€but€in€theÐ ° ÐCommittee's€view€the€correct€reading€of€the€reservation.€Ð –æ ÐÌ12.€For€these€reasons€the€Human€Rights€Committee€concludes€that€Italy's€reservationÐ b² Ðregarding€article€14€(5)€of€the€Covenant€is€applicable€in€the€specific€circumstances€of€theÐ H˜ Ðcase.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ13.€The€author€also€argues,€however,€that€his€right€to€appeal€is€confirmed€in€article€2€(3)€ofÐ ú J Ðthe€Covenant€to€which€Italy€has€made€no€reservation.€The€Committee€is€unable€to€share€thisÐ à 0 Ðview€which€seems€to€overlook€the€nature€of€the€provisions€concerned.€It€is€true€that€articleÐ Æ   Ð2€(3)€provides€generally€that€persons€whose€rights€and€freedoms,€as€recognized€in€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐCovenant,€are€violated€"shall€have€an€effective€remedy".€But€this€general€right€to€a€remedyÐ ’â  Ðis€an€accessory€one,€and€cannot€be€invoked€when€the€purported€right€to€which€it€is€linked€isÐ xÈ  Ðexcluded€by€a€reservation,€as€in€the€present€case.€Even€had€this€not€been€so,€the€purportedÐ ^®  Ðright,€in€the€case€of€article€14€(5),€consists€itself€of€a€remedy€(appeal).€Thus€it€is€a€form€ofÐ D”  Ðòòlex€specialis€óóbesides€which€it€would€have€no€meaning€to€apply€the€general€right€in€article€2Ð *z  Ð(3).€Ð ` ÐÌ14.€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€OptionalÐ Ü, ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ Â Ðpresent€case€does€not€disclose€any€violation€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÓÖÓ