’WPCå _œŽ|ķ¹g>ī<E ** BŁ(,±I”;:K˜įĒ«ą9S\Ź‹>l&Į½å¾é—8mócécžh•×_é…&EźóAhzź›…ĻjמĶOčĮūąå>5åĢiŗk; ;KĀ7ŹM}…÷l‚N”ˆ›^ó#ānę^ßQ©žßņ&Ķļ…”I霤U“‹7/5 ę­å(KśV„7” «WPz÷ˆ¶ŚDHJ2Ąy*Žūm`w6p«Š‡HD±W)Ķāj¹Õ$LĖ?³>¦Öśļk_‘–ŌĪPĪJ Å(äŃPź!āķŅļ{_£8įįJĢ×ĪņkŲƒ†Ó¼¶ö°Ž^ ylŁųĶåvė†Īš85¢hBŁŲ‰žtĘbÉ|§RLĢÕŻ»“aV²‘·(žĀõĀ…#ą}Ń?9ß ø–Ó5&Oņ `žĶ(\Ē,ĢÖ,?>­'y 0¶ŪZ.QŠ“‘“‘ó½:dœ,ÜgW–L=ŗ­|­iś¢q0­Ŗuƒdó—įS‰ł}ÄDa9ś÷źķtŪ_(©Į7.œpś²4'q|QØS¹ōn†ŪBĢb‡]LŪŠ¾^ ”?†Ŗ\kQ wW_O ,ø7 F+Ė•”ÄśŹU>ˆĢĘ 0µ’ 0<G 0Yƒ 0_Ü 0i; 0P¤ 0TōĘH 0į 0(ļ D+ AMB  0ʟ #Įe UN& %tMz(~N¦^ Øw“4øĢ mĪō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Dave Marais, Jr v. Madagascar, Communication No. 49/1979 (19 April 1979), U.N. Doc. Supp. 479), U.N. Doc. Supp. "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0’’.Strongņ ņŌ  Ōó óŌ  Ō4’’2EmphasisņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2iT$££Ż ƒ–¬!ŻŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xŗ×XXXŌŌ€Xŗ×XXXŗ×ŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(ž–¬$””ŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€X¾·XXXŌŌ€X¾·XXX¾·ŌŌŌ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX"–ł* Äpģ*ź:i¢Ų+00 ’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒ–¬!ŻŅÜ°ŅŅÜ°ŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€Xŗ×XXXŌŌ€Xŗ×XXXŗ×ŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌMaraisŌ_Ōó óŻ‚’’’Żņ ņŌŌŻ  Ż€v.€Ż‚’’’$ƒŻó óŌŌŻ  Żņ ņMadagascaróóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€49/1979Š H˜ ŠĢ24€March€1983Š  d ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ Ę   ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€by:óó€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€St.,€on€behalf€of€their€son,€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.,Š xČ  Šlater€represented€by€Maitre€Eric€Ō_ŌHamelŌ_ŌŠ ^®  ŠĢņņAlleged€victim:€óóDave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.€Š *z  ŠĢņņState€party€concerned:€óóMadagascar€Š öF ŠĢņņDate€of€communication:€óó19€April€1979€(date€of€initial€letter)€Š Ā ŠĢņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó28€October€1981€óóŠ ŽŽ ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantŠ @ Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Š &v ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€24€March€1983,€Š ņB ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€Communication€No.€49/1979€submitted€to€theŠ ¾ ŠCommittee€by€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onŠ ¤ō ŠCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Š Š Ś ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ V"¦! Šcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Š <#Œ" ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€the€following:€Š %X $ ŠĢĢņ ņņņÓ  ÓViews€under€Article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óŠ ŗ' #' ŠÓ€ÓĢĢ1.1€The€communication€(initial€letter€dated€19€April€1979€and€several€subsequent€letters)€wasŠ l*¼%* Šinitially€submitted€by€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€St.,€South€African€nationals€living€in€SouthŠ R+¢&+ ŠAfrica,€on€behalf€of€their€son,€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.,€a€South€African€national€detained€inŠ 8,ˆ', ŠMadagascar.€The€alleged€victim€is€also€represented€before€the€Committee€by€Maitre€EricŠ -n(- ŠŌ_ŌHamelŌ_Ō,€who€was€an€attorney€at€Antananarivo,€Madagascar,€until€his€expulsion€by€theŠ ° ŠMalagasy€authorities€on€11€February€1982,€and€is€at€present€in€France.€Š –ę ŠĢ1.2€The€initial€authors€claim€that€their€son€is€unable€to€submit€a€communication€himself,€asŠ b² Šhe€is€allegedly€not€permitted€to€engage€in€correspondence€from€the€prison€where€he€is€heldŠ H˜ Šin€Madagascar.€Š . ~ ŠĢ1.3€The€initial€authors€state€that€their€son€was€a€passenger€on€a€chartered€aircraft,€which,€onŠ ś J Šthe€route€to€Mauritius,€was€forced€to€make€an€emergency€landing€in€Madagascar€on€18Š ą 0 ŠJanuary€1977€because€of€lack€of€fuel.€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.€and€the€pilot€of€the€Ō_ŌaeroplaneŌ_Ō,€JohnŠ Ę   ŠWight,€were€arrested€at€that€time,€and,€it€appears,€subsequently€tried€for€overflying€MalagasyŠ ¬ ü  Šterritory,€convicted€and€sentenced€to€five„year€prison€terms.€Another€passenger,€EdŠ ’ā  ŠŌ_ŌLappemanŌ_Ō,€a€United€States€citizen,€was€also€tried€and€convicted€on€the€same€charges.€TheŠ xČ  Šauthors€allege€that€their€songs€right€to€a€fair€trial€and€the€guarantees€necessary€for€hisŠ ^®  ŠŌ_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€were€continuously€violated.€The€alleged€victim's€first€attorney,€Jean„Jacques€Ō_ŌNataiŌ_Ō,Š D”  Šleft€Madagascar€and€was€refused€re„entry€into€the€country.€It€appears€that€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.,Š *z  Šwas€subsequently€represented€by€two€other€lawyers€before€his€Ō_ŌdefenceŌ_Ō€before€the€domesticŠ ` Šcourts€was€undertaken€by€Maitre€Eric€Ō_ŌHamelŌ_Ō.€Š öF ŠĢ1.4€Regarding€domestic€remedies,€the€initial€authors€state€that€letters€have€been€sent€toŠ Ā Švarious€authorities€in€Madagascar€pleading€for€the€release€of€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.,€but€that€allŠ Øų Šsuch€efforts€have€been€in€vain.€Š ŽŽ ŠĢ1.5€The€initial€authors€do€not€specify€the€articles€of€the€Covenant€allegedly€violated.€Š ZŖ ŠĢ2.€The€mother€of€the€alleged€victim,€Mrs.€E.€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€in€a€letter€to€the€Committee€dated€25Š &v ŠOctober€1979,€stated€that€she€had€learned€from€an€anonymous€source€that€her€son€had€beenŠ  \ Štransferred€to€a€Ō_ŌgaolŌ_Ō€60€km€from€Antananarivo€and€that€he€had€been€separated€from€JohnŠ ņB ŠWight,€who€was€in€a€prison€north€of€Antananarivo.€She€stated€that€she€had€not€received€anyŠ Ų( Šletters€from€her€son€and€that€she€was€not€allowed€to€write€to€him.€She€had€written€manyŠ ¾ Šletters€to€President€Ō_ŌRatsirakaŌ_Ō,€but€had€never€received€a€reply.€All€her€applications€for€a€visaŠ ¤ō Šwere€refused.€She€had€also€telephoned€one€of€her€son's€former€lawyers€in€Antananarivo,€whoŠ Š Ś Šallegedly€was€intimidated€and€could€give€no€information€about€her€son.€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ3.€By€its€decision€of€7€August€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theŠ <#Œ" Šcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€"€partyŠ "$r# Šconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€.€ofŠ %X $ Šadmissibility€of€the€communication.€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ4.1€In€its€submission€of€20€February€1980,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theŠ ŗ' #' Šcommunication€on€the€ground€that€the€alleged€victim€had€not€exhausted€domestic€remedies.€Š  (š#( ŠĢ4.2€The€State€party€stated€that€Dave€Ō_ŌMaraisŌ_Ō,€Jr.€and€two€others€had€been€accused€of€offencesŠ l*¼%* Špunishable€under€articles€82€(3)€and€83€(2)€of€the€Penal€Code€of€Madagascar€and€Decree€No.Š R+¢&+ Š75„112€MD€of€11€April€1975,€for€espionage€and€overflying€the€territory€"while€the€state€ofŠ 8,ˆ', Šemergency€was€in€force".€They€had€been€detained€on€18€January€1977,€remanded€in€custodyŠ -n(- ŠŌ_Ōon€4€February€1977;€the€order€for€their€arrest€was€issued€by€the€Criminal€ProceedingsŠ ° ŠDivision€on€24€February€1978€and€referred€on€the€same€date€to€the€competent€military€court.Š –ę ŠBy€Judgement€No.€105€of€22€March€1978,€the€Military€Court€convicted€Dave€Marais,€Jr.€andŠ |Ģ Šthe€two€others:€Š b² ŠĢ"of€having,€on€18€January€1977,€and€in€any€event€within€the€last€three€years,€at€Manakara€andŠ . ~ ŠMananjary€and€over€Malagasy€territory€in€general,€flown€over€Malagasy€territory€in€a€foreignŠ  d Šaircraft€without€being€authorized€to€do€so€by€any€diplomatic€convention€and€withoutŠ ś J Špermission€from€the€Malagasy€authorities,€thereby€endangering,€in€time€of€peace,€theŠ ą 0 Šexternal€security€of€the€State€of€Madagascar"€Š Ę   ŠĢThey€were€sentenced€to€five€years€in€prison€and€a€fine€of€500,000€francs,€with€confiscationŠ ’ā  Šof€the€articles€seized.€Š xČ  ŠĢ4.3€While€serving€their€sentence,€Dave€Marais€and€another€person€escaped€from€theŠ D”  ŠAntananarivo€Central€Prison,€where€they€were€being€held.€They€were€apprehended€andŠ *z  Šbrought€before€the€prosecuting€authority.€On€16€June€1979,€the€examining€magistrate€wasŠ ` Šrequested€by€the€prosecuting€authority€to€bring€an€indictment€against€Dave€Marais€ņņet€al.óó€Š öF ŠĢ4.4€The€State€party€further€explained€that€if€Dave€Marais€thought€that€his€rights€had€beenŠ Ā Šviolated,€he€could,€either€on€his€own€behalf€or€through€his€counsel,€have€referred€the€matterŠ Øų Što€the€examining€magistrate€or€invoked€article€112€(2)€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,Š ŽŽ Šwhich€provides€that€many€violation€of€the€measures€for€the€protection€of€the€freedom€of€theŠ tÄ Šindividual€prescribed€by€the€articles€contained€in€this€chapter€shall€be€punishable€under€theŠ ZŖ Šprovisions€of€articles€114€ņņet€seq.€óóof€the€Penal€Code".€Š @ ŠĢ5.1€By€its€decision€of€25€July€1980€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€having€taken€note€of€theŠ  \ ŠState€party's€submission€of€20€February€1980€and€noting,€ņņinter€alia,€óóthat€the€State€partyŠ ņB Šreferred€in€its€submission€to€"the€state€of€emergency'€in€force€in€the€Democratic€Republic€ofŠ Ų( ŠMadagascar€on€18€January€1977,€requested€the€State€party€in€the€light€of€the€obligationŠ ¾ Šimposed€by€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant€to€clarify€whether€the€right€of€derogation€referredŠ ¤ō Što€therein€had€been€applied€and,€if€so,€whether€any€derogation€had€in€any€way€affected€theŠ Š Ś Šalleged€victim;€it€also€requested€the€State€party€to€furnish€further€information€andŠ p!Ą  Šclarifications€as€to€the€following€points,€in€order€to€enable€the€Committee€to€ascertainŠ V"¦! Šwhether€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€by€or€on€behalf€of€the€alleged€victim:€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ(a)€Whether€the€alleged€victim€had€been€informed€of€and€afforded€an€effective€opportunityŠ %X $ Što€invoke€article€112€(2)€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedures;€Š ī%>!% ŠĢ{b)€Whether€there€were€any€other€remedies€that€could€be€invoked€by€the€alleged€victim€inŠ ŗ' #' Šthe€particular€circumstances€of€his€case€and,€if€so,€whether€he..€had€been€informed€aboutŠ  (š#( Šthem€and€afforded€an€effective€opportunity€to€resort€to€them;€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ(c)€The€results€of€the€preliminary€investigation€carried€out€by€the€Third€Department,Š R+¢&+ ŠAntananarivo,€and€the€present€stage€of€the€proceedings€that€might€have€ensued;€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š(d)€The€means€of€communication€between€the€alleged€victim,€his€family€and€legal€counsel,Š ° Šin€particular€his€access€to€Maitre€Eric€Hamel,€who,€according€to€information€furnished€byŠ –ę Šthe€mother€of€the€alleged€victim,€had€undertaken€to€represent€Dave€Marais€in€his€defenceŠ |Ģ Šbefore€the€domestic€tribunals.€Š b² ŠĢ5.2€The€Human€Rights€Committee€further€requested€the€State€party€(a)€to€furnish€theŠ . ~ ŠCommittee€with€copies€of€the€judgement€of€the€Military€Court,€No.€105€of€22€March€1978,Š  d Šand€the€judgement€of€the€Supreme€Court,€rendered€on€20€March€1979,€both€of€which€wereŠ ś J Šreferred€to€in€the€State€party's€submission€of€20€February€1980;€(b)€to€furnish€informationŠ ą 0 Šas€to€the€whereabouts€and€the€state€of€health€of€the€alleged€victim;€(c)€to€submit€theŠ Ę   Šinformation€and€clarifications€sought€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€in€care€of€the€DivisionŠ ¬ ü  Šof€Human€Rights,€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€within€six€weeks€of€the€transmittal€ofŠ ’ā  Šthis€decision€to€it.€Š xČ  ŠĢ5.3€The€Human€Rights€Committee€at€the€same€time€decided€to€make€known€to€Maitre€EricŠ D”  ŠHamel€the€contents€of€the€decision,€with€a€view€to€obtaining€from€him€any€pertinentŠ *z  Šinformation€about€the€situation€of€Dave€Marais€and€the€issues€complained€of€in€theŠ ` Šcommunication,€and€to€furnish€him€at€the€same€time,€in€his€capacity€as€legal€representativeŠ öF Šof€the€alleged€victim,€with€copies€of€the€submissions€of€the€authors€of€the€communicationŠ Ü, Šand€the€State€party,€as€well€as€with€the€text€of€the€Committee's€decision€of€7€August€1979.€Š Ā ŠĢ6.€By€its€decision€of€24€October€1980,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€noting€that€no€responseŠ ŽŽ Šhad€been€received€from€the€State€party€following€the€Committee's€decision€of€25€July€1980,Š tÄ Šdecided€to€urge€the€State€party,€without€further€delay,€to€provide€the€Human€RightsŠ ZŖ ŠCommittee€with€the€information€and€clarifications€sought€in€the€Committee's€decision€of€25Š @ ŠJuly€1980,€including€the€information€requested€concerning€the€whereabouts€and€the€state€ofŠ &v Šhealth€of€Dave€Marais,€Jr.€Š  \ ŠĢ7.€By€its€decision€of€31€March€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€noting€with€concern€thatŠ Ų( Šno€further€information€or€clarifications€had€been€received€in€response€to€its€decisions€of€25Š ¾ ŠJuly€1980€and€24€October€1980,€and€considering€that€the€State€party's€failure€to€provide€theŠ ¤ō ŠCommittee€with€the€information€and€clarifications€requested€had€hampered€the€Committee'sŠ Š Ś Šconsideration€of€the€communications:€Š p!Ą  ŠĢ(a)€ņņstrongly€urged€óóthe€State€party€to€provide€the€Committee€without€delay€with€theŠ <#Œ" Šinformation€and€clarifications€already€requested,€including,€ņņinter€alia,€óóthe€text€of€theŠ "$r# Šjudgement€No.€105€of€22€March€1978€of€the€Military€Court€and€the€judgement€of€20€MarchŠ %X $ Š1979€of€the€Supreme€Court,€as€well€as€detailed€information€relating€to€the€alleged€victim'sŠ ī%>!% Šstate€of€health€and€whereabouts€and€his€access€to€his€legal€representative,€Maitre€Eric€Hamel;€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ(b}€Requested€the€State€party,€should€there€hitherto€have€been€any€obstacles€barring€MaitreŠ  (š#( ŠEric€Hamel€from€access€to€his€client,€to€take€the€necessary€steps€to€remove€such€obstaclesŠ †)Ö$) Šand€to€ensure€that€the€lawyer€and€his€client€had€the€proper€facilities€for€effective€access€toŠ l*¼%* Šeach€other.€The€State€party€should€inform€the€Committee€of€the€steps€taken€by€it€in€thisŠ R+¢&+ Šconnection;€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š(c)€ņņExpressed€óóthe€hope€that€the€State€party€would€be€in€a€position€to€provide€the€informationŠ ° Šsought€pursuant€to€the€instant€decision€and€the€Committee's€earlier€decisions€of€25€July€andŠ –ę Š24€October€1980,€by€not€later€than€1€June€1981,€so€that€further€delays€in€the€considerationŠ |Ģ Šof€the€communication€could€be€avoided;€Š b² ŠĢ(d)€ņņDecided€óóthat€any€information€or€clarifications€received€from€the€State€party€pursuant€toŠ . ~ Šthis€decision€should€be€transmitted€to€the€authors€of€the€communication€and€to€Maitre€EricŠ  d ŠHamel,€in€his€capacity€as€legal€representative€of€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€to€enable€them€toŠ ś J Šcomment€thereon.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ8.1€In€a€submission€of€16€May€1981,€Maitre€Eric€Hamel€stated€that€Dave€Marais,€Jr.€andŠ ¬ ü  ŠJohn€Wight€appeared€before€the€Antananarivo€Court€of€Summary€Jurisdiction€on€14€MayŠ ’ā  Š1981€on€charges€of€prison„breaking€and€complicity€in€overflying€the€territory€of€Madagascar;Š xČ  Šby€a€judgement€of€15€May€1981,€the€Antananarivo€Court€sentenced€Dave€Marais€and€JohnŠ ^®  ŠWight€to€two€years'€imprisonment€and€a€fine€of€1€million€francs;€under€this€judgement€theyŠ D”  Šshould€be€released€from€prison€on€4€February€1984,€but€an€appeal€against€the€judgement€wasŠ *z  Šlodged€on€15€May€1981€and€the€case€was€to€be€heard€by€the€Summary€Jurisdiction€ChamberŠ ` Šof€the€Appeals€Court.€Š öF ŠĢ8.2€Maitre€Hamel€further€stated€that€he€saw€Dave€Marais,€Jr.€on€two€days€during€the€trial€andŠ Ā Šthat€his€client€alleged€that€he€had€been€detained€since€December€1979€in€the€basement€of€theŠ Øų ŠDirection€generale€d'investigations€et€documentation€(DGIB]€political€police€prison€atŠ ŽŽ ŠAmbohibao€near€Antananarivo,€in€a€cell€measuring€2m€by€lm€Ż‚ ’’’ŻņņŌŌŻ  Żand,€Ż‚ ’’’;A©##ŻóóŌŌŻ  Żapparently,€without€light.€Š tÄ ŠĢ8.3€Maitre€Hamel€stated€that€at€the€time€of€writing€(May€1981)€his€client€had€been€held€forŠ @ Šover€18€months€and€was€being€held€incommunicado;€that€he€was€forbidden€to€send€orŠ &v Šreceive€letters€or€papers€of€any€description€whatsoever.€Š  \ ŠĢ8.4€In€an€annexed€legal€memorandum€on€the€case€of€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€his€attorneyŠ Ų( Šacknowledged€that€the€procedure€followed€at€the€trial€of€Dave€Marais€in€May€1981€wasŠ ¾ Šregular€from€the€legal€point€of€view€and€the€hearings€were€held€correctly.€He€averted,Š ¤ō Šhowever,€that€his€client€was€not€being€held€in€a€proper€establishment€of€imprisonmentŠ Š Ś Štogether€with€other€prisoners,€but€that€he€was€kept€in€strict€solitary€confinement€in€the€cellarŠ p!Ą  Šof€a€political€police€prison€and,€that€as€a€consequence,€although€he€was€attended€by€aŠ V"¦! ŠMalagasy€medical€doctor€and€his€state€of€health€appeared€to€be€satisfactory,€he€was€sufferingŠ <#Œ" Šfrom€depression€after€being€held€incommunicado€for€more€than€18€months€(by€May€1981).€Š "$r# ŠĢ8.5€He€stated€that€in€letters€of€27€December€1979€and€14€January€1980€he€had€drawn€theŠ ī%>!% Šattention€of€the€Minister€of€Justice€of€Madagascar€to€his€client's€illegal€detention,€pointingŠ Ō&$"& Šout€that€under€articles€550€and€551€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€detainees€who€hadŠ ŗ' #' Šalready€been€sentenced€or€are€awaiting€sentence€must€be€held€in€an€establishment€of€theŠ  (š#( ŠPenitentiary€Department€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice,€and€that€the€detention€of€a€sentencedŠ †)Ö$) Šprisoner€by€a€police€department€is€thus€strictly€illegal.€He€further€stated€that€he€had€remindedŠ l*¼%* Šthe€Minister€of€Justice€in€several€further€letters€without€receiving€any€reply€and€without€anyŠ R+¢&+ Šaction€being€taken€to€date.€Copies€of€five€such€letters€are€annexed€to€Maitre€Hamel'sŠ 8,ˆ', Šsubmission.€Š -n(- Š‡8.6€With€respect€to€the€alleged€victim's€right€to€have€adequate€time€and€facilities€for€theŠ ° Špreparation€of€his€defence€and€to€communicate€with€counsel€of€his€own€choosing,€MaitreŠ –ę ŠHamel€stated€that,€with€the€exception€of€two€days€during€the€trial,€he€had€been€unable€toŠ |Ģ Šcommunicate€with€his€client.€Š b² ŠĢ8.7€As€a€consequence€of€his€enquiry€into€his€client's€state€of€health€through€the€examiningŠ . ~ Šmagistrate,€Maitre€Hamel€was€charged€at€the€instance€of€the€Attorney„General€withŠ  d Šspreading€false€rumours.€He€further€stated€that€he€had€twice€been€questioned€by€the€DGIDŠ ś J Špolitical€police.€Š ą 0 ŠĢ8.8€With€respect€to€the€possibility€of€lodging€a€complaint€on€the€grounds€of€infringement€ofŠ ¬ ü  Šliberty€pursuant€to€articles€112€and€114€of€the€Malagasy€Penal€Code,€Maitre€Hamel€statedŠ ’ā  Šthat€these€two€provisions€were€purely€of€a€token€nature€and€have€no€practical€significance.Š xČ  ŠIn€substantiation€of€this€allegation€he€stated€that€on€the€occasion€of€the€internment€of€anotherŠ ^®  Šclient€he€also€lodged€a€complaint€under€article€114€and€that€the€Minister€of€JusticeŠ D”  Šcommandeered€this€file€from€the€court,€thus€making€it€impossible€for€any€action€to€be€takenŠ *z  Šon€the€complaint.€Š ` ŠĢ8.9€In€a€letter€dated€22€May€1981,€Maitre€Hamel€added€that,€after€the€hearing€of€15€May,Š Ü, ŠDave€Marais,€Jr.€remained€for€three€days€in€Antananarivo€Prison,€where€he€had€a€longŠ Ā Šinterview€with€him.€On€18€May,€Marais€was€again€taken€to€the€political€police€prison€atŠ Øų ŠAmbohibao€in€the€same€manner€as€before,€i.e.,€a€squad€of€political€police€officers€came€toŠ ŽŽ ŠAntananarivo€Prison€demanding,€without€any€instructions€or€warrant,€that€the€prisoner€DaveŠ tÄ ŠMarais€should€be€handed€over.€He€was€again€in€the€basement€of€the€prison€at€Ambohibao,Š ZŖ Šin€a€cell€measuring€2m€by€lm.€Any€communication€at€the€political€police€prison€wasŠ @ Šforbidden€and€the€detainees€were€kept€completely€incommunicado.€Š &v ŠĢ8.10€In€a€letter€dated€14€June€1981,€Maitre€Hamel€stated€that€Messrs.€Marais€and€Wight€wereŠ ņB Šbrought€to€Antananarivo€Prison€for€the€preparatory€formalities€for€a€criminal€courtŠ Ų( Šproceeding€to€be€held€on€31€July€1981.€Maitre€Hamel€indicated€that€Marais€was€well,€as€farŠ ¾ Šas€his€health€was€concerned,€but€that€he€was€suffering€from€psychological€depression€as€aŠ ¤ō Šresult€of€20€months€of€unrelieved€solitary€confinement€in€a€basement.€Š Š Ś ŠĢ8.11€The€Committee€has€also€learned€that€the€third€person€on€the€aircraft,€Ed€Lappeman,€anŠ V"¦! ŠAmerican€citizen,€was€released€by€Malagasy€authorities€in€November€1980.€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ9.€At€its€thirteenth€session,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€continued€consideration€of€theŠ %X $ ŠMarais€case€in€view€of€the€latest€submissions€from€Maitre€Hamel.€It€determined€that€aŠ ī%>!% Šdecision€as€to€admissibility€would€be€taken€at€the€fourteenth€session.€The€State€party€was€soŠ Ō&$"& Šinformed€on€7€August€1981.€Š ŗ' #' ŠĢ10.€In€a€further€letter€dated€4€August€1981€Maitre€Hamel€reported€that€Messrs.€Marais€andŠ †)Ö$) ŠWight€appeared€before€the€Criminal€Court€of€Antananarivo€from€31€July€to€4€August€1981Š l*¼%* Što€answer€charges€of€conspiracy€together€with€14€Malagasy€defendants;€while€most€of€theŠ R+¢&+ ŠMalagasy€defendants€were€sentenced€to€5„10€years€of€imprisonment,€the€two€South€AfricansŠ 8,ˆ', Šwere€acquitted.€Mr.€Marais€spent€a€week€in€Antananarivo€Prison€in€order€to€appear€beforeŠ -n(- Šthe€Criminal€Court€and€was€then€taken€back€to€the€basement€of€the€political€police€prison€atŠ ° ŠAmbohibao.€The€conditions€of€his€detention€remained€unchanged.€Š –ę ŠĢ11.€At€its€fourteenth€session€in€October€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€noted€withŠ b² Šconcern€that€its€decisions€of€25€July€1980,€24€October€1980€and€31€March€1981,€in€whichŠ H˜ Šit€requested€the€State€party€to€provide€information€and€clarifications,"€had€gone€unheededŠ . ~ Šand€that€thereby€it€had€been€seriously€hampered€in€discharging€its€responsibilities€under€theŠ  d ŠOptional€Protocol.€Š ś J ŠĢ12.€The€Committee€had€not€received€any€information€that€the€matter€had€been€submitted€toŠ Ę   Šanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€It€therefore€found€that€it€wasŠ ¬ ü  Šnot€precluded€by€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€theŠ ’ā  Šcommunication.€The€Committee€was€also€unable€to€conclude,€on€the€basis€of€the€informationŠ xČ  Šbefore€it,€that€there€were€remedies€available€to€the€alleged€victim€which€he€could€pursue€orŠ ^®  Šshould€have€pursued.€The€Committee€noted€that€the€State€party€had€failed€to€respond€to€aŠ D”  Šspecific€request€for€information€on€domestic€remedies,€which€the€Committee€addressed€toŠ *z  Šthe€State€party€in€its€decision€of€25€July€1980.€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€theŠ ` Šcommunication€was€not€inadmissible€under€article€5€(2}€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Š öF ŠĢ13.€On€28€October€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€ņņdecided:óó€Š Ā ŠĢ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Š ŽŽ ŠĢ(b)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beŠ ZŖ Šrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itŠ @ Šof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifŠ &v Šany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Š  \ ŠĢ(c)€That€the€State€party€should€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsŠ Ų( Šsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relate€primarily€to€theŠ ¾ Šsubstance€of€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressed€that,€in€order€toŠ ¤ō Šperform€its€responsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€the€allegations€made€and€theŠ Š Ś ŠState€party's€explanations€of€the€actions€taken€by€it.€The€State€party€was€again€requested,€inŠ p!Ą  Šthis€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matterŠ V"¦! Šunder€consideration;€Š <#Œ" ŠĢ(d)€To€reiterate€the€request€contained€in€its€decision€of€31€March€1981€that€the€State€partyŠ %X $ Šshould€provide€the€Committee€with€detailed€information€about€Mr.€Marais'€state€of€healthŠ ī%>!% Šand€his€access€to€his€legal€representative.€Without€prejudging€the€merits€of€the€case,€theŠ Ō&$"& ŠHuman€Rights€Committee€stressed€that€the€State€party€should€ensure€that€Mr.€Marais€wasŠ ŗ' #' Šheld€under€humane€conditions€of€imprisonment€in€accordance€with€the€requirements€set€forthŠ  (š#( Šin€article€10€of€the€Covenant€and€that€he€should€have€proper€access€to€legal€counsel.€Š †)Ö$) ŠĢ14.€In€a€letter€dated€14€February€1982,€Maitre€Hamel€informed€the€Division€of€HumanŠ R+¢&+ ŠRights€that€the€Malagasy€political€police€had€arrested€him€in€connection€with€the€officers'Š 8,ˆ', Šplot€of€16€January€1982,€searched€his€home€and€seized€part€of€his€dossier€on€the€Marais€casesŠ -n(- Šthat€he€was€subsequently€detained€in€the€basement€of€the€political€police€prison€atŠ ° ŠAmbohibao€and€finally€expelled€from€Madagascar€to€France,€a€country€of€which€he€appearsŠ –ę Što€be€a€citizen.€In€the€same€letter,€Maitre€Hamel€stated€that€Dave€Marais€was€in€good€health.Š |Ģ ŠIn€a€letter€dated€22€May€1982,€Maitre€Hamel€asserted€that€he€still€represented€Mr.€Marais.€Š b² ŠĢ15.1€The€time„limit€for€the€State€party's€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€OptionalŠ . ~ ŠProtocol€expired€on€8€June€1982.€By€a€note€dated€11€August€1982,€the€State€partyŠ  d Štransmitted€a€copy€of€a€letter€dated€14€July€1982€signed€by€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€and€John€WightŠ ś J Šand€addressed€to€the€Director€General€of€the€Directorate„General€of€Investigations€andŠ ą 0 ŠDocumentation€of€the€Malagasy€Republic,€reading€as€follows:€Š Ę   ŠĢ"we€would€like€to€thank€you€very€much€for€the€letters€from€our€families,€which€were€safelyŠ ’ā  Šreceived€yesterday.€It€is€absolutely€wonderful€to€have€news€of€our€wives€after€so€manyŠ xČ  Šmonths.€Š ^®  ŠĢ"In€writing,€I€take€the€opportunity€also€to€thank€you€for€all€the€money€which€you€haveŠ *z  Šprovided€to€buy€cigarettes,€soap€and€medicine.€Also€for€the€food,€the€room€and€particularlyŠ ` Šfor€the€kindness€shown€to€us.€We€remain€In€good€spirits€and,€in€view€of€the€circumstances,Š öF Šwant€for€almost€nothing,€except,€of€course,€our€freedom.€Š Ü, ŠĢ"I€would€like€to€request€your€permission€to€write€to€President€Ratsiraka€to€ask€him€if€heŠ Øų Šmight€be€so€good€as€to€consider€a€remission€of€sentence€or€an€amnesty€for€us.€I€am€extremelyŠ ŽŽ Šeager€to€return€home€so€as€to€be€able€to€participate€in€the€struggle€against€ņņapartheid€óó..."€Š tÄ ŠĢ15.2€The€State€party€further€informed€the€Committee€that€the€relevant€Malagasy€HighŠ @ ŠAuthorities€were€studying€the€action€to€be€taken€on€the€requests€made€in€the€letter€referredŠ &v Što€above.€Š  \ ŠĢ16.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€further€examined€the€communication€of€Dave€MaraisŠ Ų( Šat€its€seventeenth€session.€In€view€of€the€information€furnished€by€the€State€party,€which€theŠ ¾ ŠCommittee€welcomed,€and€in€order€to€give€time€to€the€President€of€the€Democratic€RepublicŠ ¤ō Šof€Madagascar€to€respond€to€the€appeal€for€clemency€made€to€him€by€Messrs.€Marais€andŠ Š Ś ŠWight,€the€Committee€decided€to€defer€further€consideration€of€their€cases€until€itsŠ p!Ą  Šeighteenth€session.€The€State€party€was€so€informed€on€25€November€1982€and€wasŠ V"¦! Šrequested€to€inform€the€Committee€not€later€than€31€January€1983€whether€the€appeal€forŠ <#Œ" Šclemency€made€by€Messrs.€Marais€and€Wight€was€granted.€Š "$r# ŠĢ16.2€The€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€with€regret€that€the€State€party€has€not€respondedŠ ī%>!% Što€its€request.€Š Ō&$"& ŠĢ17.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€the€obligation€under€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalŠ  (š#( ŠProtocol€to€consider€this€communication€in€the€light€of€all€written€information€madeŠ †)Ö$) Šavailable€to€it€on€behalf€of€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€and€by€the€State€party.€It,€therefore,€decides€toŠ l*¼%* Šbase€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€have€not€been€contradicted€by€the€State€party.€Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ17.2€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€a€South€African€national,€was€a€passenger€on€a€chartered€aircraftŠ -n(- Šwhich,€en€route€to€Mauritius,€made€an€emergency€landing€in€Madagascar€on€18€JanuaryŠ ° Š1977.€The€pilot€of€the€plane,€John€Wight,€a€South€African€national,€another€passenger€on€theŠ –ę Šplane,€Ed€Lappeman,€a€national€of€the€United€States€of€America,€and€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€wereŠ |Ģ Štried€and€sentenced€to€five€years'€imprisonment€and€a€fine€for€overflying€the€country€withoutŠ b² Šauthority€and€thereby€endangering€the€external€security€of€Madagascar.€On€19€August€1978,Š H˜ Šwhile€serving€his€sentence,€Dave€Marais€escaped€from€the€Antananarivo€Central€Prison,€wasŠ . ~ Šsubsequently€apprehended,€tried€on€charges€of€prison„breaking€and€sentenced€to€anŠ  d Šadditional€two€years'€imprisonments€an€appeal€was€lodged€on€15€May€1981.€Š ś J ŠĢ17.3€Dave€Marais'€first€attorney,€Jean„Jacques€Natai,€left€Madagascar;€he€was€subsequentlyŠ Ę   Šrefused€re„entry€into€Madagascar.€Later€Maitre€Eric€Hamel€became€the€defence€attorney€forŠ ¬ ü  ŠDave€Marais.€Although€Maitre€Hamel€obtained€a€permit€from€the€Examining€Magistrate€toŠ ’ā  Šsee€his€client,€he€was€repeatedly€prevented€from€doing€so.€From€December€1979€to€MayŠ xČ  Š1981,€Dave€Marais€was€unable€to€communicate€with€Maitre€Hamel€and€to€prepare€hisŠ ^®  Šdefence,€except€for€two€days€during€the€trial€itself.€On€11€February€1982,€Malagasy€politicalŠ D”  Špolice€authorities€arrested€Maitre€Hamel,€detained€him€in€the€basement€of€the€AmbohibaoŠ *z  Špolitical€police€prison€and,€subsequently,€expelled€him€from€Madagascar,€thereby€furtherŠ ` Šimpairing€his€ability€effectively€to€represent€Dave€Marais.€Š öF ŠĢ17.4€In€December€1979,€Dave€Marais€was€transferred€from€the€Antananarivo€Prison€to€a€cellŠ Ā Šmeasuring€lm€by€2m€in€the€basement€of€the€political€police€prison€at€Ambohibao€and€hasŠ Øų Šbeen€held€incommunicado€ever€since,€except€for€two€brief€transfers€to€Antananarivo€for€trialŠ ŽŽ Šproceedings.€Š tÄ ŠĢ18.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€that,Š @ Šalthough€the€State€party€was€requested€to€furnish€the€Committee€with€copies€of€any€courtŠ &v Šorders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€case€and€with€information€with€regard€to€Mr.€MaraisŠ  \ Šaccess€to€his€legal€representative€Maitre€Hamel,€none€has€been€received.€The€CommitteeŠ ņB Šfurther€requested€the€State€party€to€give€detailed€information€relating€to€the€alleged€victim'sŠ Ų( Šstate€of€health€and€whereabouts.€No€information€has€been€received€other€than€a€copy€of€aŠ ¾ Šletter€purportedly€written€by€Dave€Marais€and€John€Wight€and€transmitted€by€the€State€partyŠ ¤ō Šby€note€of€11€August€1982.€Š Š Ś ŠĢ18.2€With€regard€to€the€burden€of€proof,€the€Committee€has€already€established€in€its€viewsŠ V"¦! Šin€other€cases€(e.g.,€R.€7/30)€that€the€said€burden€cannot€rest€on€the€author€of€theŠ <#Œ" Šcommunication€alone,€especially€considering€that€the€author€and€the€State€party€do€notŠ "$r# Šalways€have€equal€access€to€the€evidence€and€that€frequently€the€State€party€alone€has€accessŠ %X $ Što€relevant€information.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€that€the€StateŠ ī%>!% Šparty€has€the€duty€to€investigate€in€good€faith€all€allegations€of€violation€of€the€CovenantŠ Ō&$"& Šmade€against€it€and€its€authorities,€and€to€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€information€availableŠ ŗ' #' Što€it.€Š  (š#( ŠĢ18.3€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€cannot€but€give€appropriate€weight€to€theŠ l*¼%* Šinformation€submitted€on€behalf€of€Dave€Marais,€including€that€submitted€by€his€legalŠ R+¢&+ Šrepresentative,€Maitre€Hamel.€Š 8,ˆ', ŠŠ -n(- Š19.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theŠ ° ŠInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€notes€with€serious€concern€that€theŠ –ę ŠState€party€has€ignored€its€repeated€requests€for€specific€information€and€has€thereby€failedŠ |Ģ Što€comply€with€its€obligations€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€The€CommitteeŠ b² Šis€of€the€view€that€the€communication€discloses€violations€of€the€Covenant,€in€particular,€Š H˜ ŠĢof€articles€7€and€10€(1),€because€of€the€inhuman€conditions€in€which€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€hasŠ  d Šbeen€held€in€prison€in€Madagascar€incommunicado€since€December€1979;€Š ś J ŠĢof€article€14€(3)€(b)€and€(d),€because€he€has€been€denied€adequate€opportunity€toŠ Ę   Šcommunicate€with€his€counsel,€Maitre€Hamel,€and€because€his€right€to€the€assistance€of€hisŠ ¬ ü  Šcounsel€to€represent€him€and€prepare€his€defence€has€been€interfered€with€by€MalagasyŠ ’ā  Šauthorities.€Š xČ  ŠĢ20.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toŠ D”  Šprovide€the€victim€with€effective€remedies€for€the€violations€which€he€has€suffered€and€toŠ *z  Štake€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€The€Committee€wouldŠ ` Šwelcome€a€decision€by€the€State€party€to€release€Mr.€Marais,€prior€to€completion€of€hisŠ öF Šsentence,€in€response€to€his€petition€for€clemency.€