ÿWPC)  )c-l^¶t4k›î¶k¹t×F}³öÊÑuj†¬¿3r³ú¶²Í3òV’%×_ø:'0ûj™ÐŠòŒ’œC8O ÙÛf_žŒ#Qe5‰Ý x7©_‘±ûÎ}(ßyº„#b˜®ºŸÜ©|‚N…3‘[ÕL¿fX û-äTeÅÏäÏWd µÕë{OëüÆÐ;+yUáùj³ÎYf¿}Ûž›ïE€µ½©.%ol ë âû'mÜé.=ݲÕ{9zŒX‰Lɺ[¹‰§€(iÿyKÄí]º²òûÏãdµ<ÅÔ¥§ù;\½íÌaóÔ½  #;«à¥Yê+=QzàR2eM>½Ì¶ðÏGæÏ j±QmôL«¯UG¦(^xm5ÍÖ£¿(Ì|Ó"=ÍDW’B²ÝuÌßµ×ðU#zÝu÷„nIƒ~€°`Y åUn3pˆTûIÄ+ýÛb¶$ê÷© Þ^Å]ièU”wDwbqCܯtñeB QÇœÉcïè1´³·¦e¦wZŒyØt˜ýN™äÅ¢¸€o•ë)ñ§‚aÛ˜´ŒòL\åžÈÃS»éÐY“¼²D(xÎãu¸—•Í…Ÿ‘³z#@ˆÄì²ú¸8,„<ÑØ–izU>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #! UN. %| M‚ († N® ^ ° w@¼ 4ü  m ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(ž$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XbXX XÔÔ€XbXX XbÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular XåŠ-)Æ [ [ [ [[[[[[Eas()ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ !ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X¨+XX XÔÔ€X¨+XX X¨+ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€RACIAL€DISCRIMINATIONÐ ° ÐÌòòD.S.€v.€€SwedenóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€9/1997ÌÌ17€August€1998ÌÌÔ_ÔCERDÔ_Ô/C/53/D/9/1997ÌòòóóÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€D.S.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€party€concernedóó:€Sweden€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€15€February€1997€óóÐ  p ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓÓ  ÓThe€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discriminationóó,€established€under€article€8€ofÐ ä4 Ðthe€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination,€ÌÌòòMeetingóó€on€17€August€1998,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð €Ð ÐÌÓÇÓÐ Ðò òòòDecision€on€admissibilityóó€ó óÐ D!” ÐÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€submission€dated€15€February€1997)€is€D.S.,€aÏSwedish€citizen€of€Czechoslovak€origin,€born€in€1947,€currently€residing€in€Solna,€Sweden.ÏShe€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Sweden€of€articles€2,€3,€5€(e)€(Ô_ÔiÔ_Ô)€and€6€of€theÏInternational€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€All€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ñòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóñ ñó óñ ñ€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ2.1€In€April€1995,€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare€advertised€a€vacancy€for€a€postÏof€researcher/project€coordinator€with€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€WelfareÏ(òòÔ_ÔSocialstyrelsenÔ_Ô)óó.€In€the€vacancy€announcement,€the€Board€looked€for€applicants€who€wouldÐ T,¤'+ Ðbe€able€to€collect€and€process€material€from€investigative€studies,€and€follow„up,€in€the€fieldÐ @-(, Ðof€public€health€and€medical€care,€the€structure,€content€and€quality€of€medical€care€inÏhospitals.€The€vacancy€announcement€stipulated€that€applicants€for€general€research€jobsÏshould€have€a€good€knowledge€of€and€experience€in€the€subject€area€and€a€good€knowledgeÏof€techniques€and€measures€used€to€measure,€describe,€evaluate€and€judge€the€efficacy€andÏresults€of€an€activity.€Another€requirement€was€that€applicants€should€have€a€basic€academicÏdegree,€if€possible€supplemented€by€further€courses€in€the€field€of€research€and€evaluationÏand€with€experience€in€the€subject€area.€Other€requirements€included€the€ability€to€cooperateÏwith€others,€the€power€of€initiative€and€ease€of€oral€and€written€expression.€Proficiency€inÏanother€language€was€considered€an€additional€asset.€ÌÌ2.2€One€hundred€and€forty„seven€individuals€applied€for€the€vacancy,€including€the€authorÏand€S.L.€On€10€November€1995,€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare€decided€toÏappoint€S.L.€as€researcher€and€project€coordinator€to€the€Board;€she€assumed€her€duties€withÏeffect€from€1€October€1995.€The€author€appealed€to€the€Government€against€this€decision,Ïconsidering€that€her€qualifications€were€superior€to€those€of€S.L.,€and€that€she€had€beenÏrefused€the€post€because€of€her€foreign€origin.€ÌÌ2.3€On€14€March€1996,€the€Government€annulled€the€National€Board's€decision€to€appointÏS.L.€to€the€post€and€referred€the€matter€back€to€the€Board€for€reconsideration.€TheÏGovernment's€decision€was€based€on€the€fact€that€at€the€time€of€S.L.'s€appointment,€the€latterÏhad€not€yet€earned€an€academic€degree€(although€she€was€studying€for€one€at€that€time).ÏTherefore,€S.L.€did€not€formally€satisfy€the€requirements€for€the€position€as€specified€by€theÏNational€Board€in€the€vacancy€announcement.€The€National€Board's€decision€in€the€case€wasÏfound€to€be€formally€incorrect.€ÌÌ2.4€Shortly€afterwards,€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare€re„advertised€the€post€ofÏresearcher€to€the€Board.€The€vacancy€announcement€now€stipulated€that€the€Board€wasÏlooking€for€a€person€to€work€on€the€MARS€(Medical€Access€and€Result€System)€project€toÏassist€in€the€collection€and€the€processing€of€material€from€investigations€and€studies€and€inÏthe€evaluation€of€the€public€health€and€medical€care€structure.€The€work€would€involveÏcontacts€with€medical€experts€to€draw€up€catalogues€and€prepare€material€for€multimediaÏpresentations.€As€to€the€qualifications,€the€announcement€now€required€"a€basic€academicÏdegree€òòor€equivalentóó,€as€well€as€experience€in€the€subject€area".€Other€requirements€includedÐ 0"€  Ðthe€ability€to€cooperate€and€work€in€a€team,€the€power€of€initiative,€and€ease€of€oral€andÏwritten€expression.€A€good€knowledge€of€English€was€required.€ÌÌ2.5€A€total€of€83€individuals€applied€for€the€re„advertised€post,€òòinter€aliaóó,€the€author€and€S.L.Ð à%0!$ ÐThe€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare€invited€four€of€them€for€an€interview,€includingÏthe€author€and€S.L.€Their€qualifications€were€assessed€thoroughly.€On€20€May€1996,€theÏBoard€decided€once€again€to€appoint€S.L.€as€a€researcher€to€the€Board.€On€6€June€1996,€theÏauthor€filed€another€appeal€with€the€Government€against€this€decision,€claiming€that€she€wasÏbetter€qualified€than€S.L.€and€referring€to€the€fact€that€she€had€more€relevant€academicÏeducation€and€greater€work€experience.€ÌÌ2.6€The€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare€prepared€a€detailed€opinion€to€theÐ @-(, ÐÔ_ÔGovernment€on€the€issue.€In€its€opinion,€it€justified€the€change€of€criteria€in€the€re„¼advertisement€of€the€vacancy€and€emphasized€that€the€selection€process€had€been€careful.ÏThe€Board€observed€that€on€the€basis€of€this€process,€it€was€concluded€that€S.L.€was€deemedÏto€have€the€best€qualifications€for€the€post,€including€personal€suitability;€the€Board€addedÏthat€S.L.€had€by€then€earned€an€academic€degree€in€Ô_ÔbehaviouralÔ_Ô€science.€The€author€wasÏconsidered€the€least€qualified€of€the€four€applicants€who€had€been€Ô_ÔshortlistedÔ_Ô.€ÌÌ2.7€On€12€September€1996,€the€Government€rejected€the€author's€appeal,€without€givingÏreasons.€The€author€appealed€against€this€decision€as€well;€in€January€1997,€this€appeal€wasÏalso€dismissed,€on€the€ground€that€the€Government€had,€by€its€decision€of€September€1996,Ïfinalized€the€examination€of€the€matter€and€therefore€concluded€the€proceedings.€ÌÌÔ_Ôñ ñò òñ ññ ñòòñ ñTheÔ_Ô€complaintñ ñóóñ ññ ñó óñ ñ€Ð À  ÐÌ3.1€The€author€complains€that€she€has€been€discriminated€against€in€her€search€forÏemployment€on€the€basis€of€her€national€origin€and€her€status€as€an€immigrant.€In€that€contextÏshe€claims€that:€ÌÌ„€Major€parts€of€vacancy€announcements€of€the€type€she€applied€for€are€tailor„made€for€anÏindividual€who€is€already€chosen€in€advance,€usually€a€Swedish€citizen€born€in€the€country;€ÌÌ„€Qualification€requirements€are€higher€for€immigrants€than€they€are€for€Swedes;€ÌÌ„€Employers€generally€discriminate€against€immigrants€in€their€employment€policy,€in€thatÏthey€will€choose€Swedes€who€in€principle€are€overqualified€for€a€certain€job,€whereas€theyÏwill€reject€immigrants€who€are€overqualified€for€the€same€post.€During€the€interviews€for€theÏre„advertised€post,€the€author€claims,€she€was€told€that€she€was€overqualified;€ÌÌ„€During€the€interviews€for€the€vacant€post€with€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€PublicÏWelfare,€the€interviewers€allegedly€displayed€an€openly€negative€attitude€vis„„vis€the€author.ÏIn€fact,€the€author€dismisses€the€entire€interview€as€"false€play".€ÌÌ3.2€The€author€claims€that€the€only€possibility€of€solving€her€situation€and€that€of€immigrantsÏin€Sweden€who€seek€employment€in€general,€would€be€to€take€measures€of€affirmative€action,Ïsuch€as€establishing€quotas€for€immigrants€for€high„level€posts,€so€that€immigrants€withÏhigher€education€may€obtain€the€possibility€to€work.€ÌÌ3.3€The€author€rejects€as€another€sign€of€discrimination€vis„„vis€her€as€an€immigrant€that€theÏNational€Board€considered€her€the€least€qualified€and€suitable€of€the€four€applicantsÏÔ_ÔshortlistedÔ_Ô€for€the€re„advertised€post.€She€reiterates€that€her€academic€qualifications€were€farÏsuperior€to€those€of€S.L.€(master's€degree€as€compared€with€a€bachelor's€degree).€ÌÌÔ_Ôññò òñññ ñòòñ ñTheÔ_Ô€State€party's€observationsñ ñóóñ ñññó óññ€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ4.1€In€its€submission€under€rule€92€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€the€State€partyÐ @-(, Ðchallenges€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€ÌÌ4.2€The€State€party€notes€that€the€relevant€sources€of€legal€protection€against€ethnicÏdiscrimination€in€Sweden€are€the€Instrument€of€Government,€the€Act€of€Public€EmploymentÏand€the€Act€against€Ethnic€Discrimination.€The€Instrument€of€Government€lays€down€theÏbasic€principle€that€public€power€shall€be€exercised€with€respect€for€the€equal€worth€of€allÏ(chapter€one,€section€2).€Courts,€public€authorities€and€other€performing€functions€within€theÏpublic€administration€shall€observe,€in€their€work,€the€equality€of€all€before€the€law€andÏmaintain€objectivity€and€impartiality.€When€deciding€on€appointments€within€the€StateÏadministration,€only€objective€factors€such€as€experience€and€competence€shall€be€taken€intoÏaccount.€ÌÌ4.3€The€Act€of€Public€Employment€reiterates€the€principles€laid€down€in€the€Instrument€ofÏGovernment€to€the€extent€that€when€making€appointments€to€administrative€positions,€theÏguiding€factors€shall€be€experience€and€competence.€As€a€general€rule,€competence€is€valuedÏhigher€than€experience.€Authorities€must€also€consider€objective€factors€that€correspond€toÏobjectives€of€the€overall€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€market,€equal€opportunities€and€social€and€employmentÏpolicies.€Decisions€concerning€the€filling€of€vacant€posts€are€excluded€from€the€normalÏrequirement€that€administrative€authorities€must€provide€reasons€for€their€decisions.€TheÏrationale€for€this€exception€is€concern€for€the€unsuccessful€applicant(s),€sparing€him/her/themÏthe€negative€evaluation€such€reasons€might€imply.€Under€section€35€of€the€GovernmentÏAgencies€and€Institutions€Ordinance,€appeals€against€the€authorities'€decisions€may€be€filedÏwith€the€Government.€An€appeal€against€a€decision€by€the€National€Board€of€Health€andÏWelfare€in€matters€of€employment€can€also€be€filed€with€the€Government,€under€section€14Ïof€the€1996€Ordinance€relating€to€the€National€Board€of€Health€and€Welfare.€There€are€noÏfurther€remedies€available€against€the€Government's€decision.€ÌÌ4.4€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€disputes€may€also€be€tried€under€the€Act€against€Ethnic€Discrimination€of€1994,Ïwhich€aims€at€prohibiting€discrimination€in€working€life.€Under€the€Act,€ethnicÏdiscrimination€takes€place€when€a€person€or€group€of€persons€is/are€treated€unfairly€inÏrelation€to€others,€or€are€in€any€way€subjected€to€unjust€or€insulting€treatment€on€the€groundsÏof€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,€national€or€ethnic€origin€or€religious€belief.€ÌÌ4.5€Pursuant€to€the€terms€of€the€Act,€the€Government€has€appointed€an€Ombudsman€againstÏEthnic€Discrimination€whose€mandate€is€to€ensure€that€ethnic€discrimination€does€not€occurÏin€the€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€market€or€other€areas€of€society.€The€Ombudsman€should€assist€anyoneÏsubjected€to€ethnic€discrimination€and€help€safeguard€the€applicant's€rights.€He€must€makeÏspecial€efforts€to€prevent€job€applicants€from€being€subjected€to€ethnic€discrimination€(sect.Ï4).€If€so€directed€by€the€Ombudsman,€an€employer€is€required€to€attend€meetings€and€supplyÏinformation€pertaining€to€the€employer's€relations€with€job€applicants€and€employees.€ShouldÏthe€employer€fail€to€comply€with€the€Ombudsman's€directives,€the€latter€may€levy€a€fineÏ(sects.€6€and€7).€ÌÌ4.6€This€legislation,€which€applies€to€the€overall€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€market,€has€two€major€thrusts.€TheÏfirst€is€the€prohibition€of€discrimination€in€relation€to€applicants€for€vacancies,€which€isÐ @-(, Ðrelevant€to€the€present€case.€The€other€prohibition€of€discrimination€covers€the€treatment€ofÏemployees.€The€provision€which€covers€the€treatment€of€job€applicants€provides€that€anyÏemployer€must€treat€all€applicants€for€a€post€equally€and€that,€when€appointing€an€applicant,Ïhe€may€not€subject€other€applicants€to€unfair€treatment€on€account€of€their€race,€Ô_ÔcolourÔ_Ô,Ïnational€or€ethnic€origin€or€religious€belief€(sect.€8).€This€provision€applies€if€the€employerÏchooses€someone€other€than€the€individual€subjected€to€discrimination.€DiscriminatoryÏÔ_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€in€the€recruitment€process€is€not€per€se€covered€by€the€prohibition,€but€if,€as€aÏresult,€this€Ô_ÔbehaviourÔ_Ô€has€led€to€the€employment€of€another€person,€the€employer€will€be€heldÏaccountable€for€his€actions.€For€any€treatment€to€constitute€unlawful€discrimination,€it€mustÏhave€been€motivated€by€differences€which€are€not€based€on€objective€criteria.€EmploymentÏconsiderations€made€by€the€employer€must€appear€to€be€acceptable€and€rational€to€an€outsiderÏif€it€is€to€be€shown€that€objective€reasons€motivated€the€employer's€decision.€Any€employerÏwho€violates€the€prohibition€of€discrimination€is€liable€to€pay€damages.€Job€applicants€whoÏare€victims€of€discrimination€may€be€awarded€damages,€to€be€paid€by€the€employer.€ÌÌ4.7€Under€section€16€of€the€Act€against€Ethnic€Discrimination,€cases€of€discrimination€inÏemployment€will€be€examined€pursuant€to€the€Act€on€Litigation€in€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Disputes.€DisputesÏshall€be€handled€before€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court,€as€a€court€of€first€and€last€instance,€if€they€areÏbrought€by€an€employer's€organization€or€an€employees'€organization,€or€by€the€Ombudsman.ÏIf€the€dispute€is€brought€by€an€individual€employer€or€a€job€applicant€it€shall€be€heard€andÏadjudicated€by€a€District€Court.€Appeals€may€be€lodged€with€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court,€which€is€theÏfinal€instance.€ÌÌ4.8€The€State€party€submits€that€the€author€has€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies,Ïas€required€by€article€14,€paragraph€7€(a),€of€the€Convention.€It€contends€that€contrary€to€theÏviews€apparently€held€by€the€author,€it€is€possible€to€file€actions€before€a€court€in€cases€ofÏethnic€discrimination€and€damages€based€on€ethnic€discrimination€in€working€life.€Such€anÏaction€would€have€been€based€on€article€24€of€the€Act€on€Ethnic€Discrimination.€ÌÌ4.9€The€State€party€notes€that€the€author€does€not€appear€to€have€had€any€contact€with€theÏoffice€of€the€Ombudsman€against€Ethnic€Discrimination,€although€the€Ombudsman€wouldÏbe€entitled€to€lodge€a€case€about€discrimination€and€damages€on€her€behalf.€Thus,€SwedishÏlaw€provides€for€effective€judicial€remedies€in€the€author's€situation.€It€would€have€beenÏpossible€for€the€author€to€file€an€action€based€on€non„observance€of€the€Act€on€EthnicÏDiscrimination€before€the€courts,€and€there€is€nothing€to€indicate€that€her€complaint€wouldÏnot€have€been€examined€properly€and€thoroughly,€in€accordance€with€applicable€procedures.ÏFor€the€Government,€therefore,€the€case€is€inadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaust€availableÏdomestic€remedies.€ÌÌ4.10€Regarding€the€question€of€legal€aid€that€might€be€available€to€persons€wishing€to€file€aÏcase€with€a€court,€the€State€party€indicates€that€under€the€1972€and€1997€Legal€Aid€Acts€itÏis€possible€to€give€legal€aid€to€any€natural€person€in€a€legal€matter€if€he€or€she€is€deemed€toÏbe€in€need€of€such€assistance€and€his€or€her€annual€income€does€not€exceed€a€specific€limit.ÏIn€legal€aid€matters€the€claimant€shall€contribute€to€the€cost€in€proportion€to€his€or€her€ability.ÏLegal€aid€may,€however,€not€be€given€if€it€is€not€deemed€reasonable€having€regard€to€theÐ @-(, Ðimportance€and€nature€of€the€matter€and€the€value€of€the€subject€being€disputed€as€well€as€allÏother€circumstances€in€the€case.€Such€a€situation€could€occur€if€a€petition€does€not€containÏreasons€for€the€claim€as€prescribed€by€law€or€if€the€claim€otherwise€is€deemed€to€beÏmanifestly€unfounded.€ÌÌññò òññññòòññAuthor's€commentsññóóññññó óññ€Ð L œ ÐÌ5.1€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€notes€thatÏshe€was€not€informed€about€any€remedies€other€than€appeals€directed€to€the€Government.ÏThus,€the€decision€of€12€September€1996€informing€her€of€the€Government's€dismissal€of€herÏappeal€did€not€mention€the€possibility€of€an€appeal€to€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court,€either€with€theÏassistance€of€a€union€or€that€of€the€office€of€the€Ombudsman.€Nor€did€the€GovernmentÏinform€her€of€this€possibility€after€she€appealed€the€decision€of€12€September€1996.€TheÏauthor€emphatically€asserts€that€she€considered€Government€organs€"the€last€authorities"€inÏher€case€with€respect€to€appellate€remedies.€She€states€that€after€reading€an€article€in€theÏnewspaper€on€the€possibility€of€appealing€to€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court€she€contacted€her€Union.€TheÏlatter,€however,€would€not€take€up€her€case.€ÌÌ5.2€According€to€the€author,€an€appeal€for€assistance€to€the€office€of€the€Ombudsman€againstÏEthnic€Discrimination€would€have€been€futile.€She€asserts€that€the€Ombudsman€himself€hasÏnever€filed€any€case€on€behalf€of€an€individual€with€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court,€and€that€he€himself€hasÏvoiced€serious€doubts€about€the€applicability€and€effectiveness€of€the€Act€against€EthnicÏDiscrimination€of€1994.€She€further€states€that€she€had€applied€for€assistance€from€theÏOmbudsman€on€several€other€occasions,€without€success.€ÌÌ5.3€As€to€an€appeal€to€a€District€Court,€the€author€notes€that€this€would€not€have€been€anÏeffective€remedy€either.€She€states€that€in€1993€she€applied€for€a€job€she€did€not€obtain.€SheÏbrought€the€case€before€a€District€Court€claiming€discrimination€and€requested€legal€aid.€TheÏDistrict€Court€decided€that€it€had€no€competence€to€examine€decisions€on€appointments€inÏthe€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€market€and€dismissed€the€case€as€well€as€the€legal€aid€request€in€December€1994.ÏBy€then€the€Act€against€Ethnic€Discrimination€which,€according€to€the€State€party,€providesÏjob€applicants€with€the€possibility€of€filing€cases€before€district€courts,€was€already€in€force.ÏThe€court's€decision€also€indicated€that€the€case€had€no€prospects€of€success.€ÌÌ5.4€Moreover,€the€author€asserts€that€an€appeal€would€have€incurred€financial€outlays€whichÏshe,€as€an€unemployed€person,€could€not€afford.€In€her€view,€if€resort€to€a€tribunal€is€not€freeÏof€charge,€she€has€no€judicial€remedy.€Even€so,€for€her,€the€issue€is€not€how€many€judicialÏinstances€she€may€appeal€to,€but€whether€the€existing€law€against€ethnic€discrimination€mayÏoffer€her€a€remedy;€in€her€opinion,€it€does€not.€ÌÌññò òññññòòññAdmissibility€considerationsññóóññññó óññ€Ð )à$( ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€on€theÏElimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€must€decide,€pursuant€to€article€14,€paragraph€7€(a),€ofÏthe€Convention,€whether€or€not€the€current€communication€is€admissible.€Ô_ÔÐ @-(, Ї6.2€The€State€party€contends€that€the€author's€claims€are€inadmissible€for€failure€to€exhaustÏdomestic€remedies,€since€she€could€have€(a)€sought€the€intercession€of€the€OmbudsmanÏagainst€Ethnic€Discrimination€in€her€case;€and/or€(b)€challenged€the€decision€not€to€appointÏher€to€the€vacant€post€in€a€District€Court€with€a€possibility€of€appeal€to€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court.€TheÏauthor€has€replied€that€she€was€never€informed€about€the€possibility€of€the€latter€avenue€andÏthat€appeals€to€the€Ombudsman€and€the€courts€would€in€any€event€have€failed,€since€theÏapplicable€legislation€is€deficient.€ÌÌ6.3€The€Committee€notes€that€the€author€was€aware€of€the€possibility€of€a€complaint€to€theÏOmbudsman€against€Ethnic€Discrimination;€she€did€not€avail€herself€of€this€possibility,Ïconsidering€it€to€be€futile,€and€because€of€alleged€previous€negative€experiences€with€hisÏoffice.€She€learned€about€the€possibility€of€filing€an€action€with€the€Ô_ÔLabourÔ_Ô€Court€and€startedÏpreparations€to€this€effect€but€desisted,€apparently€because€her€trade€union€did€not€supportÏher€in€this€Ô_ÔendeavourÔ_Ô€as€it€did€not€find€merits€in€her€claim.€She€further€considers€that€thereÏwas€no€real€possibility€of€obtaining€redress€in€a€District€Court€because€of€a€negativeÏexperience€regarding€a€previous€case€that€she€had€filed€with€a€District€Court.€ÌÌ6.4€The€Committee€concludes€that,€notwithstanding€the€reservations€that€the€author€mightÏhave€regarding€the€effectiveness€of€the€current€legislation€to€prevent€racial€discrimination€inÏthe€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€market,€it€was€incumbent€upon€her€to€pursue€the€remedies€available,€including€aÏcomplaint€before€a€District€Court.€Mere€doubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€such€remedies,€orÏthe€belief€that€the€resort€to€them€may€incur€costs,€do€not€absolve€a€complainant€from€pursuingÏthem.€ÌÌ6.5€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author€has€failed€to€meet€theÏrequirements€of€article€14,€paragraph€7€(a),€of€the€Convention.€ÌÌ7.€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€therefore€decides:€ÌÌ(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible;€ÌÌ(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€the€author€of€theÏcommunication.€ÌÔ_ÔññÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€ôè:õXX¨+ÔÔ€ôGzõõôè:ÔÔÔÝ  ÝññÔ_ÔÔ_ÔññÌÝ‚ÿÿÿT`ÝÔ€X}‘XõôGzÔÔ€X¨+XXX}‘ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ€ôè:õXX¨+Ôò òññÔ_ÔÔ_Ôññ€ññÔ_ÔÔ_ÔññÔ€X¨+Xõôè:Ôó óññÔ_ÔÔ_ÔññÌññÔ_ÔÓÓññÓ  Óññ