ÿWPC®  ŸPïÛã…°Fö„Ü„ì‘Y?Lk)X]mù‘IC²HYN{r0±²á¹Ê9¨¦®-©¯…-_³?'¿X<í>ïÿÌqàæUʃÇ<ýE&P¸h Ò‡Ì2Cé¯ÍTêÇÔ»ÓÅ“¨}îºe½»ÄñËß·¤Õác‹¶÷³ .mÚpòUBKñ5l Š$í±kXoÜ"+÷/g€[£=lIm̶R²Užñ‡²g=YŠÎüËh_ä_Q6ó_—©·Éa~ër5¾ÚÈâÒCAûó¼å9:,oBwu~C¦èËÿ8°aeíÂekî ©<…¥'3õ«‘Ïâ­kô‘´o © ‰„|×'ôµs ’°K±þ ´5•ÈPø½J3ŠÀuí·!õ_²Òpß#(áåÿ@|wLWhá>´ªÁß<4>%ÌZqßUÒÀŒ ³&EüR\ßé_wšF“5h?=àaCm3³ÁáH„Z#ÁìUN­ %û 0: ^ ; wG 4K _ n mp ‡ N B‘ ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(ûœ$¡¡ÔUKUS.,Ô¸ú* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+003|xÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ  dÝ ƒûœ!ÝÔUKUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€TogoóóÐ à ÐÌCommunications€Nos.€422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990Ð pÀ ÐÌ30€June€1994Ð P   ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990€*/Ð 0 € ÐÌÌDEAL€JOINTLY€&€ADMISSIBILITYó óÐ P  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€€Ô_ÔAdimadoÔ_Ô€M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔSofianouÔ_Ô€T.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔYawoÔ_Ô€S.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_ÔÐ Ð  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimsóó:€€The€authorsÐ ° ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€€TogoÐ à ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationsóó:€€31€July€1990,€31€July€1990€and€1€August€1990,€respectivelyÐ pÀ ÐÌòòDocumentation€referencesóó:€€òòPrior€decisionóó:€„€Special€Rapporteurððs€rule€91€decision,€transmittedÐ P  Ðto€the€State€party€on€13€February€1991€(not€issued€in€document€form);€„€Further€rule€91Ð @ Ðdecision,€transmitted€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€authors€on€26€October€1993€(not€issued€inÐ 0€ Ðdocument€form)Ð  p ÐÌòòDate€of€present€decisionóó:€€30€June€1994óóÐ P ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€acting€through€its€Working€Group€pursuant€to€rule€87,€paragraph€2,Ð Ð  Ðof€the€Committeeððs€rules€of€procedure,€adopts€the€following€(a)€decision€to€deal€jointly€with€threeÐ À! Ðcommunications€and€(b)€decision€on€admissibility.Ð °"  ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓDecision€to€deal€jointly€with€three€communicationsó óÐ €%Ð # ÐÓÚÓÌÌThe€Human€Rights€Committee,óóÐ P( #& ÐÌòòConsideringóó€that€communications€Nos.€422/1990,€423/1990€and€424/1990,€submitted€forÐ 0*€%( Ðconsideration€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€RightsÐ  +p&) Ðby€A.M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔS.T.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔY.S.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô,€refer€to€closely€related€issues€affecting€the€authorsÐ ,`'* Ðand€which€arise€from€the€same€legislation,Ð -P(+ ÐÐ ð-@), Ð1.€à  àòòDecidesóó,€pursuant€to€rule€88,€paragraph€2,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€to€deal€jointly€with€theseÐ ° Ðcommunications;Ð  ð ÐÌ2.€à  àòòFurther€decidesóó€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€the€authorsÐ €Ð Ðof€the€communications.€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòÌò òÓ  ÓDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ @  ÐÓ1 ÓÌÌ1.€à  àThe€authors€of€the€communications€(initial€submissions€dated€31€July€and€1€August€1990€andÐ `  Ðsubsequent€correspondence)€are€A.M.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔS.T.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔY.S.Ô_Ô€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô,€three€TogoleseÐ P  Ðcitizens€currently€residing€in€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô,€Togo.€€All€three€claim€to€be€victims€of€violations€of€articles€9Ð ð@  Ðand€19€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€by€Togo.€€The€Optional€ProtocolÐ à0  Ðto€the€Covenant€entered€into€force€for€Togo€on€30€June€1988.Ð Ð  ÐÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authorsóóÐ ° ÐÌ2.1€à  àThe€author€of€the€first€communication€(No.€422/1990),€Mr.€Ô_ÔAduayomÔ_Ô,€a€teacher€at€theÐ à ÐUniversity€of€Benin€(Togo)€at€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô,€states€that€he€was€arrested€on€18€September€1985€by€the€policeÐ €Ð Ðof€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€and€transferred€to€a€prison€in€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€on€25€September€1985.€€He€was€charged€with€theÐ pÀ Ðoffence€of€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ô€(outrage€au€Chef€de€Ô_ÔlððEtatÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdansÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔlððexcericeÔ_Ô€de€sa€Ô_ÔfonctionÔ_Ô)óó,€and€criminalÐ `° Ðproceedings€were€instituted€against€him.€€On€23€April€1986,€however,€the€charges€were€dropped,€andÐ P  Ðthe€author€was€released.€€Since€that€date,€he€has€unsuccessfully€requested€his€reinstatement€in€theÐ @ Ðpost€of€òòÔ_Ômað3ðtreÔ_Ô€assistantóó€at€the€University,€which€he€had€been€occupying€prior€to€his€arrest.Ð 0€ ÐÌ2.2€à  àThe€author€of€the€second€communication€(No.€423/1990),€Mr.€Ô_ÔDiassoÔ_Ô,€also€was€a€teacher€atÐ ` Ðthe€University€of€Benin.€€He€was€arrested€on€17€December€1985€by€agents€of€the€TogoleseÐ P ÐGendarmerie€Ô_ÔNationaleÔ_Ô,€allegedly€on€the€ground€that€he€was€in€possession€of€pamphlets€criticizingÐ ð@ Ðthe€living€conditions€of€foreign€students€in€Togo€and€suggesting€that€money€ð ðwastedðð€on€politicalÐ à0 Ðpropaganda€would€be€better€spent€on€improving€the€living€conditions€in,€and€the€equipment€of,Ð Ð  ÐTogolese€universities.€€He€was€taken€to€a€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô€prison€29€January€1986.€€He€was€charged€with€theÐ À! Ðoffence€of€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ôóó,€but€the€Ministry,€after€conceding€that€the€charges€against€him€wereÐ °"  Ðunfounded,€released€him€2€July€1986.€€Since€then,€he€has€unsuccessfully€sought€reinstatement€in€hisÐ  #ð! Ðformer€post€of€adjunct€professor€of€economics€at€the€University.Ð $à" ÐÌ2.3€à  àThe€author€of€communication€No.€424/1990,€Mr.€Ô_ÔDobouÔ_Ô,€was€an€inspector€in€the€ministryÐ p&À!$ Ðof€Postal€and€Telecommunications.€€He€was€arrested€on€30€September€1985€and€transferred€to€aÐ `'°"% ÐÔ_ÔLomÔ_Ô€prison€on€4€October€1985,€allegedly€because€he€had€been€found€reading€a€document€outliningÐ P( #& Ðin€draft€form€the€statute€of€a€new€political€party.€€He€was€charged€with€the€offence€of€òòÔ_ÔlseÔ_Ô„Ô_ÔmajestÔ_Ôóó.€Ð @)$' ÐOn€23€April€1986,€however,€the€charges€were€dropped€and€the€author€was€released.€€Since€that€date,Ð 0*€%( Ðhe€has€unsuccessfully€requested€reinstatement€in€his€former€post.Ð  +p&) ÐÌ2.4€à  àThe€wages€of€the€authors€were€suspended€under€administrative€procedures€subsequent€toÐ -P(+ Ðtheir€arrest,€on€the€ground€that€they€had€unjustifiably€deserted€their€post.Ð ð-@), ÐÔ_Ô‡2.5€à  àWith€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€authors€state€thatÐ ° Ðthey€submitted€their€respective€cases€to€the€National€Commission€on€Human€Rights,€an€organ€theyÐ  ð Ðclaim€was€set€up€by€the€State€party€for€the€purpose€of€investigating€human€rights€violations.€€TheÐ à ÐCommission,€however,€did€not€examine€their€complaints€and€simply€passed€their€files€on€to€theÐ €Ð ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal.€€This€body€apparently€has€not€seen€fit€to€examineÐ pÀ Ðtheir€cases.€€The€author€of€the€communication€No.€424/1990€additionally€complains€about€the€delaysÐ ` ° Ðin€the€procedure€before€the€Court€of€Appeal:€€thus€he€was€sent€documents€submitted€by€the€MinistryÐ P   Ðof€Postal€and€Telecommunications€seven€months€after€their€receipt€by€the€Court.Ð @  ÐÌòòThe€complaintóóÐ  p  ÐÌ3.1€à  àThe€authors€contend€that€both€their€arrest€and€their€detention€were€arbitrary€and€contrary€toÐ P  Ðarticle€9,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€€This€was€implicitly€conceded€by€the€State€party€when€itÐ ð@  Ðdropped€all€charges€against€them.€€They€further€claim€that€the€State€party€violated€article€19€in€theirÐ à0  Ðrespect,€because€they€were€persecuted€for€having€carried,€read€or€disseminated€documents€thatÐ Ð  Ðcontained€no€more€than€an€assessment€of€the€conduct€of€Togolese€politics€at€the€domestic€or€foreignÐ À Ðpolicy€level.Ð ° ÐÌ3.2€à  àThe€authors€request€reinstatement€in€the€posts€they€occupied€prior€to€their€arrest,€and€claimÐ à Ðcompensation€under€article€9,€paragraph€5,€of€the€Covenant.Ð €Ð ÐÌòòThe€State€partyððs€information€and€observationsóóÐ `° ÐÌ4.1€à  àThe€State€party€objects€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communications,€on€the€ground€that€theÐ @ Ðauthors€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies.€€It€observes€that€the€procedure€is€regularlyÐ 0€ Ðengaged€before€the€Court€of€Appeal.€€In€the€cases€concerning€Mr.€Aduayom€and€Mr.€DiassoÐ  p Ð(communications€Nos.€422/1990€and€423/1990),€the€employer€(the€University€of€Benin)€did€notÐ ` Ðmake€its€own€submission,€so€that€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€cannot€passÐ P Ðsentence.€€With€respect€to€the€case€of€Mr.€Dobou€(communication€No.€424/1990),€the€authorÐ ð@ Ðallegedly€did€not€comment€on€the€statement€of€the€Ministry€of€Postal€and€Telecommunications.€€TheÐ à0 ÐState€party€concludes€that€the€domestic€remedies€have€not€been€exhausted,€as€the€AdministrativeÐ Ð  ÐChamber€has€not€handed€down€a€decision.Ð À! ÐÌ4.2€à  àThe€State€party€further€asserts€that€the€amnesty€law€of€11€April€1991€constitutes€anotherÐ  #ð! Ðremedy€for€the€authors.€€This€law€applies€to€all€political€cases€as€defined€by€the€criminal€codeÐ $à" Ð(ð ðinfractions€€caractre€ou€dððinspiration€politiques,€prvues€par€la€lgislation€pnaleðð)€whichÐ €%Ð # Ðoccurred€before€11€April€1991.€€Article€2€expressly€allows€for€reinstatement€in€public€and€privateÐ p&À!$ Ðoffice.€€The€amnesty€is€granted€by€the€Public€Prosecutor€(ð ðProcureur€de€la€Rpublique€ou€juge€chargÐ `'°"% Ðdu€Ministre€publicðð)€within€three€days€after€the€request€(article€4).€€According€to€article€three€of€theÐ P( #& Ðlaw,€the€petition€under€these€provisions€does€not€prevent€the€victim€from€requesting€his€claims€beforeÐ @)$' Ðthe€regular€judicial€Tribunals.Ð 0*€%( ÐÌòòAuthorsðð€observations€and€clarificationsóóÐ ,`'* ÐÌ5.1€à  àFollowing€a€request€from€the€Committee€for€further€information€formulated€during€the€49thÐ ð-@), Ðsession,€the€authors,€by€letters€dated€23€December,€15€November€and€16€December€1993Ð ° Ðrespectively,€inform€the€Committee€that€they€have€been€reinstated€in€their€posts€pursuant€to€theÐ  ð ÐAmnesty€Law€of€11€April€1991.€€Mr.€Diasso€states€that€he€has€been€reinstated€as€of€27€May€1991,Ð à Ðthe€other€authors€as€of€1€July€1991.Ð €Ð ÐÌ5.2€à  àThe€authors€submit€that€there€has€been€no€progress€in€the€proceedings€before€theÐ ` ° ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€and€that€their€cases€appear€to€have€been€filed,Ð P   Ðfollowing€their€reinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Law.€€They€argue,€however,€that€the€Amnesty€LawÐ @  Ðwas€improperly€applied€to€them,€since€they€were€never€tried€and€convicted€for€having€committed€anÐ 0 € Ðoffence,€but€were€unlawfully€detained€and€subsequently€released,€once€the€charges€against€them€hadÐ  p  Ðbeen€dropped.€€They€submit€that€they€have€not€been€given€the€arrears€on€their€salaries€for€the€periodÐ `  Ðbetween€their€arrest€and€their€reinstatement,€during€which€they€were€wrongfully€denied€their€income.Ð P  ÐÌ5.3€à  àAs€regards€the€statute€of€the€University€of€Benin,€the€authors€submit€that,€although€theÐ à0  ÐUniversity€is,€at€least€in€theory,€administratively€and€financially€autonomous,€it€is€in€practiceÐ Ð  Ðcontrolled€by€the€State,€since€95%€of€its€budget€is€State„funded.Ð À ÐÌ5.4€à  àThe€authors€dispute€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€they€have€not€exhausted€domesticÐ  ð Ðremedies.€€In€this€context,€they€argue€that€the€proceedings€before€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€theÐ à ÐCourt€of€Appeal€are€wholly€ineffective,€since€their€cases€have€obviously€been€filed€after€theirÐ €Ð Ðreinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Law,€and€nothing€has€happened€since.Ð pÀ ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÐ P  ÐÌ6.1€à  àBefore€considering€any€claim€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ 0€ Ðmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleÐ  p Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Ð ` ÐÌ6.2€à  àOn€26€October€1993,€the€Committee€requested€the€State€party€to€provide€additionalÐ ð@ Ðinformation€and€clarifications€in€respect€of€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€in€the€authorsðð€casesÐ à0 Ðand€their€reinstatement.€€The€Committee€notes€with€concern€that€no€reply€has€been€received€fromÐ Ð  Ðthe€State€party,€despite€a€reminder€sent€on€10€February€1994.Ð À! ÐÌ6.3€à  àThe€Committee€has€further€noted€the€authorsðð€claim€that€their€arrest€and€detention€in€1985Ð  #ð! Ðand€1986€were€unlawful,€that€they€should€have€been€reinstated€in€their€posts€immediately€and€that,Ð $à" Ðunder€article€9,€paragraph€5,€they€are€entitled€compensation€for€their€loss€of€income€for€the€periodÐ €%Ð # Ðbetween€their€arrest€in€1985€and€their€reinstatement€in€1991.€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authorsððÐ p&À!$ Ðarrest€and€detention€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo€(30€JuneÐ `'°"% Ð1988).€€The€Committee€further€notes€that€the€alleged€violations€had€continuing€effects€after€the€entryÐ P( #& Ðinto€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo,€in€that€the€authors€were€denied€reinstatement€in€theirÐ @)$' Ðposts€until€27€May€respectively€1€July€1991,€and€that€no€payment€of€salary€arrears€or€other€forms€ofÐ 0*€%( Ðcompensation€have€been€made€to€them.€€The€Committee€considers€that€these€continuing€effects€canÐ  +p&) Ðbe€seen€as€an€affirmation€of€the€previous€violations€allegedly€committed€by€the€State€party.€€TheÐ ,`'* ÐCommittee€concludes€therefore€that€it€is€not€precluded€òòratione€temporisóó€to€consider€theÐ -P(+ Ðcommunications€and€considers€that€they€may€raise€issues€under€articles€9,€paragraph€5,€19€and€25(c)Ð ð-@), Ðof€the€Covenant.Ð ° ÐÌ6.4€à  àThe€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€partyððs€argument€that€the€authors€have€failed€toÐ à Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies,€since€their€application€before€the€Administrative€Chamber€of€the€CourtÐ €Ð Ðof€Appeal€remains€pending.€€The€Committee€has€also€noted€the€authorsðð€claim€that€said€remedy€isÐ pÀ Ðineffective,€since€no€progress€has€been€made€in€the€proceedings€and€their€cases€appear€to€have€beenÐ ` ° Ðfiled€after€their€reinstatement€under€the€Amnesty€Act.€€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€theÐ P   ÐCommittee€does€not€consider€that,€in€the€specific€circumstances,€the€application€before€theÐ @  ÐAdministrative€Chamber€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€constitutes€an€available€and€effective€remedy€withinÐ 0 € Ðthe€meaning€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€which€the€authors€should€stillÐ  p  Ðpursue.Ð `  ÐÌ7.€à  àThe€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Ð ð@  ÐÌà  à(a)€à ` àthat€the€communications€are€admissible€in€as€much€as€they€appear€to€raise€issuesÐ Ð  Ðunder€articles€9,€paragraph€5,€19€and€25(c)€of€the€Covenant;Ð À ÐÌà  à(b)€à ` àthat,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€StateÐ  ð Ðparty€shall€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€transmittal€toÐ à Ðit€of€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€measures,€if€any,Ð €Ð Ðthat€may€have€been€taken€by€it;Ð pÀ ÐÌà  à(c)€à ` àthat€any€explanations€or€statements€received€from€the€State€party€shall€beÐ P  Ðcommunicated€by€the€Secretary„General€under€rule€93,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ @ Ðauthors,€with€the€request€that€any€comments€which€they€may€wish€to€make€should€reach€the€HumanÐ 0€ ÐRights€Committee,€in€care€of€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€withinÐ  p Ðsix€weeks€of€the€date€of€transmittal;Ð ` ÐÌà  à(d)€à ` àthat€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€authors.Ð ð@ ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Ð À! ÐÌÌ___________Ð $à" ÐÌ*/€à  àAll€persons€handling€this€document€are€requested€to€respect€and€observe€its€confidentialÐ p&À!$ Ðnature.