ÿWPCƒ   k*{d65Ø Â`ØùÈþ3=EXu…¬úŽôÞÆ|‰ìŽ3¬ä o~i¼·©G™~æ÷F~Ÿˆš~%á8¹w2Œ,a‡v¿qNý€ZB7X7êz¦ÂÏ";³A®ÐjÌèAÀ!1ܹ8Ï{ ÁÁg*D ¸Ñr¸åëì?¡¡ßü™Ñö5í‡qT†ÁÄê=[îç®ýþ‘²£=–þýv‰·ijÑÈÀÿÀBÓ°Ù¬pô–G0®ÕÁÃÉg $‹B;¶t– p+%‘ØÍPú«ú¨‚ysÄÊj‘¼fdèL­¾/Sø7-Ÿýw Æ‘½(ß™Ýö¾åÏtrU†ÛÚ M¤÷ÀLú©× ÌüŸ¿É¾§5½o2·ÙÃÞ¦´;žæÕ‰g¤ å…Ùæm4¸¯;g\a`B7º(" áJ¢õð‚ЂB´mœc\à•æp]j~_¥©×Æ>û;;°Š’<Ñ‘XŒáÎÄ¿¨5á{¡(ÐuçNìÓ#}Õh`qcj5g¸ ªª³Ë©Êa„dŸ¿MÓ±/Áˆ‘óð•<þKñÅc_a@¶·Š]c\þPi^È…m3Ò¸PÁ™Ó¾ûO4XÙHÈßrPÜ5ü3Ì»¢¶­fpd·ä¸ºquZóÜU>z̸ 0µ„ 0<9 0Yu 0_Î 0i- 0P–Ææ 0ᬠ0( D+µ AMà - 0Æ= #Á UNÄ %M(ND^ FwR4Vj mlô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Daniel Monguya Mbenge v. Zaire, Communication No. 16/1977 (8 September 1977), U.N. Doc. Su4r 1977), U.N. Doc. Su"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2íK$££Ý ƒU¾!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xr?XXXÔÔ€Xr?XXXr?ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žU¾$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xh7XXXÔÔ€Xh7XXXh7ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX8Šô* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒU¾!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xr?XXXÔÔ€Xr?XXXr?ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMbengeÔ_Ô€v.€ZaireóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€16/1977Ð H˜ ÐÌ25€March€1983Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:óó€Daniel€Ô_ÔMonguyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMbengeÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victims:óó€The€author€of€the€communication,€members€of€his€family€and€persons€inÐ D”  Ðtheir€employ€Ð *z  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:óó€Zaire€òòÐ öF ÐÌDate€of€registered€communication:óó€8€September€1977€(date€of€first€letter)€òòÐ Â ÐÌDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:óó€24€April€1979€óóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ @ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð &v ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€25€March€1983,€Ð òB ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€16/1977,€submitted€to€theÐ ¾ ÐCommittee€by€Daniel€Ô_ÔMonguyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMbengeÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ ¤ô ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€the€written€information€made€available€to€It€by€the€author€ofÐ V"¦! Ðthe€communication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð %X $ ÐÌÌòòò òÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóóÐ º' #' ÐÓïÓÌÌ1.1€The€author€of€this€communication,€Daniel€Ô_ÔMonguyaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMbengeÔ_Ô,€is€a€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€citizen€nowÐ l*¼%* Ðresiding€in€Belgium€as€a€political€refugee.€He€has€submitted€the€communication€on€his€ownÐ R+¢&+ Ðbehalf€and€on€behalf€of€the€following€relatives€and€business€connections:€Ô_ÔIbaleÔ_Ô€SimonÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÔ_ÔBiyangaÔ_Ô,€his€brothers€Abraham€Ô_ÔOyabiÔ_Ô,€his€younger€brother;€Emmanuel€Ô_ÔNgombeÔ_Ô,€his€father„Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ôin„law;€the€family€driver,€whose€name€is€not€given;€and€a€pharmacist€named€Mozola.€Ð ° ÐÌ1.2€The€author€has€approached€the€Committee€to€complain€of€what€he€considers€to€beÐ |Ì Ðsystematic€persecution€of€his€family€by€the€Government€of€Zaire.€He€alleges€that€thisÐ b² Ðpersecution€has€continued€against€his€family€since€the€time€of€his€sentence€to€death€inÐ H˜ ÐSeptember€1977€for€supposedly€having€participated€in€the€invasion€of€the€province€of€Shaba.Ð . ~ ÐIn€March€1978,€he€was€again€sentenced€to€death€as€the€alleged€instigator€of€a€plot€against€theÐ  d Ðregime.€A€petition€for€clemency€filed€on€behalf€of€the€author€and€other€co„defendants€wasÐ ú J Ðrejected€by€the€President€of€Zaire€the€same€month.€The€movable€and€immovable€propertyÐ à 0 Ðof€the€author€has€been€transferred€to€the€State.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ2.1€Until€1972,€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge€was€Governor€of€the€Shaba€region€(formerlyÐ ’â  ÐKatanga).€In€1972,€he€was€sentenced€to€a€year's€imprisonment€for€offences€against€a€foreignÐ xÈ  Ðhead€of€State.€Subsequent€to€this€sentence€he€was€stripped€of€his€functions€as€Governor.€InÐ ^®  ÐFebruary€1974,€he€left€Zaire€for€what€he€called€reasons€of€health.€Later,€he€establishedÐ D”  Ðresidence€in€Brussels,€where€the€Belgian€authorities€in€due€course€granted€him€the€status€ofÐ *z  Ðpolitical€refugee.€Ð ` ÐÌ2.2€With€reference€to€the€two€death€sentences€passed€against€him,€the€author€claims€that€heÐ Ü, Ðlearned€of€them€through€the€press,€and€that€the€judicial€authorities€of€his€country€neitherÐ Â Ðsummoned€him€to€appear€nor€allowed€him€to€defend€himself€or€have€a€lawyer€to€defend€him.Ð ¨ø ÐFurthermore,€he€says€he€was€not€notified€of€the€sentences.€He€therefore€claims€that€he€hasÐ ŽÞ Ðbeen€the€victim€of€convictions€and€sentences€at€variance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð tÄ ÐIn€support€of€his€complaint€he€cites€article€6,€paragraphs€1,€2€and€4;€article€12,€paragraph€2;Ð Zª Ðarticle€14,€paragraph€2€and€paragraph€3€(a),€(b),€(d),€(e)€and€(g),€and€article€19,€paragraphsÐ @ Ð1€and€2€of€the€Covenant,€which€he€considers€have€been€violated€by€the€Government€of€hisÐ &v Ðcountry.€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.3€He€claims€that€the€President€of€Zaire€sought€in€vain€to€have€him€extradited€from€BelgiumÐ Ø( Ðand€practically€took€hostage€several€members€of€his€family€by€arresting€them€andÐ ¾ Ðimprisoning€them€one€after€the€other.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ3.€Asked€by€the€Committee€why€he€was€acting€on€behalf€of€the€above„mentioned€persons,Ð p!À  Ðhe€said€that€they€were€relatives€or€persons€with€whom€he€had€business€contacts€and€that€theyÐ V"¦! Ðhad€been€persecuted€as€follows:€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ(a)€Simon€Ibale€Biyanga,€the€author's€brother€and€a€former€Deputy€Chief€of€Division€in€theÐ %X $ ÐDepartment€of€the€Interior,€was€arrested€arbitrarily€by€the€security€services€of€Zaire€and€heldÐ î%>!% Ðwithout€charge€for€21€days.€He€apparently€left€Zaire€secretly€and€is€now€in€Belgium;€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ(b)€Abraham€Oyabi,€the€author's€younger€brother,€was€allegedly€arrested€on€1€SeptemberÐ  (ð#( Ð1977€and€held€hostage€during€the€course€of€a€search€for€his€older€brother,€Simon.€AccordingÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€the€latest€reports€he€was€freed€early€in€1979€or€late€in€1978€(25€December€1978).€He€wasÐ l*¼%* Ðsent€to€Miadembelo,€his€parents'€home€village,€although€he€himself€was€born€at€Kinshasa€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðhad€never€lived€in€that€village.€It€should€be€noted€that€there€is€no€documentary€evidence€ofÐ 8,ˆ', Ðany€sentence€having€been€passed€against€this€person;€Ð -n(- Ї(c)€Emmanuel€Ngombe,€the€author's€father„in„law,€was€arrested€on€1€September€1977€andÐ ° Ðfreed€in€July€1978€as€the€result€of€the€amnesty€declared€by€the€President€of€Zaire;€Ð –æ ÐÌ(d)€The€pharmacist€Mozola€and€the€family€driver€were€arrested€on€1€September€1977€andÐ b² Ðfreed€as€the€result€of€an€amnesty€in€July€1978.€No€conviction€appears€to€have€been€givenÐ H˜ Ðagainst€them.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.€On€24€January€1978,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€theÐ ú J Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€concerned€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€ofÐ à 0 Ðprocedure€and€to€request€it€to€submit€information€and€observations€on€the€question€of€theÐ Æ   Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication.€No€reply€has€been€received€from€the€State€party.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ5.€On€24€April€1979,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ xÈ  Ðconcluded:€Ð ^®  ÐÌ(a)€That,€in€addition€to€himself,€the€author€was€justified€in€acting€on€behalf€of€his€brothersÐ *z  Ðand€his€father„in„law€by€reason€of€close€family€connections€Ð ` ÐÌ(b)€That€the€facts€of€the€claim,€as€presented€by€the€author,€merited€that€the€communicationÐ Ü, Ðbe€declared€admissible,€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€himself€and€his€younger€brother,€AbrahamÐ Â ÐOyabi,€with€regard€to€the€events€alleged€to€have€occurred€on€or€after€1€February€1977;€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ(c)€That€further€information€was€needed€with€regard€to€the€situation€of€the€author's€brother,Ð tÄ ÐSimon€Biyanga,€and€his€father„in„law,€before€the€Committee€could€decide€on€theÐ Zª Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€them;€Ð @ ÐÌ(d)€That€the€author€had€not€established€any€grounds€justifying€his€authority€to€act€on€behalfÐ  \ Ðof€the€pharmacist,€Mozola,€and€the€unnamed€family€driver.€Ð òB ÐÌThe€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð ¾ ÐÌ(i)€That,€in€addition€to€himself,€the€author€was€justified€by€reason€of€close€family€connectionÐ Š Ú Ðin€acting€on€behalf€of€his€brothers,€Simon€Biyanga€and€Abraham€Oyabi,€and€his€father„in„Ð p!À  Ðlaw,€Emmanuel€Ngombe;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(ii)€That€the€communication€was€admissible,€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€events€alleged€to€haveÐ "$r# Ðoccurred€on€or€after€1€February€1977,€in€respect€of€the€author€and€his€brother,€AbrahamÐ %X $ ÐOyabi;€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ(iii)€That€the€author€be€requested€to€furnish,€within€six€weeks€of€the€transmittal€of€theÐ º' #' Ðdecision€to€him,€detailed€information€on€the€facts€of€the€claim€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€hisÐ  (ð#( Ðbrother,€Simon€Biyanga,€and€his€father„in„law,€Emmanuel€Ngombe,€including€preciseÐ †)Ö$) Ðinformation€on€their€present€situation€and€whereabouts,€and€why€they€could€not€act€forÐ l*¼%* Ðthemselves;€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ(iv)€that€the€communication€was€inadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€the€other€allegedÐ -n(- Ðvictims,€the€pharmacist,€Mozola,€and€the€family€drivers€Ð ° ÐÌ(v)€That€any€reply€received€from€the€author€pursuant€to€paragraph€3€of€the€decision€shouldÐ |Ì Ðbe€transmitted€to€the€State€party€to€enable€it€to€comment€thereon€within€four€weeks€of€theÐ b² Ðdate€of€the€transmittal;€Ð H˜ ÐÌ(vi)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€should€beÐ  d Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ ú J Ðof€the€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€in€so€far€as€theÐ à 0 Ðcommunication€related€to€Daniel€Mbenge€and€Abraham€Oyabi,€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€thatÐ Æ   Ðmight€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ(vii)€That€the€State€party€should€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ xÈ  Ðsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€primarily€relate€to€theÐ ^®  Ðsubstance€of€the€matter€under€consideration,€and€in€particular€the€specific€violations€allegedÐ D”  Ðto€have€occurred.€The€State€party€was€requested,€in€this€connection,€to€enclose€copies€of€anyÐ *z  Ðcourt€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Ð ` ÐÌ6.€In€reply€to€its€request€for€further€information€concerning€the€alleged€victims€SimonÐ Ü, ÐBiyanga€and€Emmanuel€Ngombe,€the€author€informed€the€Committee€by€letter€dated€7€JuneÐ Â Ð1979€that€his€brother,€Simon€Biyanga,€and€his€brother's€family€had€left€Zaire€and€that€theyÐ ¨ø Ðwere€then€living€in€Belgium,€and€that€his€father„in„law,€Emmanuel€Ngombe,€had€beenÐ ŽÞ Ðreleased€and€has€rejoined€his€family.€The€author€further€informed€the€Committee€that€hisÐ tÄ Ðbrother,€Abraham€Oyabi,€had€been€released€from€detention€towards€the€end€of€1978€or€earlyÐ Zª Ðin€1979.€Ð @ ÐÌ7.€In€the€light€of€this€information,€the€Committee€decided,€on€21€July€1980,€to€discontinueÐ  \ Ðconsideration€of€the€communication€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€Simon€Biyanga€and€EmmanuelÐ òB ÐNgombe,€since€it€appeared€that€these€alleged€victims€would€now€be€in€a€position€to€act€onÐ Ø( Ðtheir€own€behalf,€if€they€so€wished.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ8.€In€its€explanations€of€3€June€1980,€communicated€pursuant€to€article€4€(2)€of€the€OptionalÐ Š Ú ÐProtocol,€the€State€party€declared€that€Daniel€M.€Mbenge€and€Abraham€Oyabi€had€benefittedÐ p!À  Ðfrom€the€amnesty€laws€in€Zaire€and€were€therefore€free€to€return€to€the€country;€adding,€withÐ V"¦! Ðregard€to€Daniel€M.€Mbenge,€that€although€he€"is€a€former€criminal€sentenced€forÐ <#Œ" Ðembezzlement"€he€had€been€granted€a€presidential€pardon.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ9.€On€15€June€1980,€the€author€submitted€his€comments€in€response€to€the€explanationsÐ î%>!% Ðfurnished€by€the€State€party,€describing€the€latter€as€false€and€defamatory.€He€asserted€that,Ð Ô&$"& Ðcontrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€amnesty€laws€and€the€favourable€effect€they€were€meant€toÐ º' #' Ðproduce,€his€possessions,€which€had€been€seized€by€the€State€when€he€was€sentenced,€wereÐ  (ð#( Ðstill€being€sold€by€auction€in€Kinshasa.€In€particular,€he€rejected€the€assertion€by€the€StateÐ †)Ö$) Ðparty€that€he€had€been€convicted€for€embezzlement.€He€reiterated€that€he€had€been€sentencedÐ l*¼%* Ðfor€political€reasons.€He€added€that,€despite€the€fact€that€the€amnesty€measure€of€1978€hadÐ R+¢&+ Ðalso€applied€to€his€brother€Oyabi,€the€latter€had€had€to€take€refuge€in€the€Congo€in€NovemberÐ 8,ˆ', Ð1979€to€avoid€arbitrary€arrest€by€the€security€forces€of€Zaire€for€a€second€time.€He€thereforeÐ -n(- Ðconcluded€that€to€return€to€Zaire€as€required€under€the€amnesty€laws€would€not€be€withoutÐ ° Ðrisk€for€him.€Ð –æ ÐÌ10.€By€its€decision€of€21€July€1980,€the€Committee€invited€the€Government€of€Zaire€toÐ b² Ðprovide€it€with€further€particulars€of€the€legal€effects€of€the€amnesty€laws,€in€so€far€as€theyÐ H˜ Ðrelated€to€the€persons€and€property€of€M.€Mbenge€and€A.€Oyabi€and,€in€particular,€to€confirmÐ . ~ Ðin€this€connection€the€Committee's€interpretation;€namely,€that€the€convictions€and€twoÐ  d Ðsentences€delivered€against€Daniel€M.€Mbenge,€as€well€as€all€the€consequences€of€theseÐ ú J Ðconvictions€in€criminal€and€civil€law,€were€expunged€by€the€amnesty.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ11.€In€its€reply€the€State€party,€under€cover€of€its€note€of€6€October€1980,€forwarded€to€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐCommittee€the€texts€of€the€amnesty€laws€and€of€the€judicial€decisions€by€which€D.€M.Ð ’â  ÐMbenge€was€sentenced€in€1972,€1977€and€1978.€The€State€party€added€that€"if€a€ZairianÐ xÈ  Ðcitizen€decided€to€return€to€the€country,€even€after€the€expiry€of€the€time„limit€(for€theÐ ^®  Ðamnesty),€the€President€of€the€Republic€was€quite€ready€to€grant€him€a€new€amnesty€whichÐ D”  Ðmight€affect€his€person€and€his€property."€The€Government€of€Zaire€has€not€provided€otherÐ *z  Ðdetails€in€response€to€the€Committee's€request.€Ð ` ÐÌ12.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€considering€the€present€communication€in€the€light€ofÐ Ü, Ðall€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€for€in€article€5€(1)€of€theÐ Â ÐOptional€Protocol,€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€undisputed€submissions€of€the€author€ofÐ ¨ø Ðthe€communication€and€on€the€documents€transmitted€by€the€State€party,€in€particular€theÐ ŽÞ Ðjudgements€of€17€August€1977€and€16€March€1978.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ13.€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge,€a€Zairian€citizen€and€former€Governor€of€the€province€ofÐ @ ÐShaba,€who€had€left€Zaire€in€1974€and€is€at€present€living€in€Brussels,€was€twice€sentencedÐ &v Ðto€capital€punishment€by€Zairian€tribunals.€The€first€death€sentence€was€pronounced€againstÐ  \ Ðhim€by€judgement€of€17€August€1977,€in€particular€for€his€alleged€involvement€in€theÐ òB Ðinvasion€of€the€province€of€Shaba€by€the€so„called€Katangan€gendarmes€in€March€1977.€TheÐ Ø( Ðsecond€judgement€is€dated€16€March€1978.€It€pronounces€the€death€sentence€for€"treason'€andÐ ¾ Ð'conspiracy"€without€providing€facts€to€establish€these€charges.€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge,Ð ¤ô Ðlearned€about€the€trials€through€the€press.€He€had€not€been€duly€summoned€at€his€residenceÐ Š Ú Ðin€Belgium€to€appear€before€the€tribunals.€An€amnesty€decree€of€28€June€1978€(Act€78„023Ð p!À  Ðof€29€December€1978)€covering€offences€"against€the€external€or€„internal€security€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐState€or€any€other€offence€against€the€laws€and€regulations€of€the€Republic€of€Zaire',Ð <#Œ" Ðcommitted€by€Zairians€having€sought€refuge€abroad,€was€restricted€to€persons€returning€toÐ "$r# ÐZaire€before€30€June€1979.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ14.1€In€the€first€place,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€to€examine€whether€the€proceedingsÐ Ô&$"& Ðon€the€basis€of€which€the€author€of€the€communication€has€been€twice€sentenced€to€deathÐ º' #' Ðdisclose€any€breach€of€rights€protected€under€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ  (ð#( ÐPolitical€Rights.€According€to€article€14€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€everyone€is€entitled€to€be€triedÐ †)Ö$) Ðin€his€presence€and€to€defend€himself€in€person€or€through€legal€assistance.€This€provisionÐ l*¼%* Ðand€other€requirements€of€due€process€enshrined€in€article€14€cannot€be€construed€asÐ R+¢&+ Ðinvariably€rendering€proceedings€in€absentia€inadmissible€irrespective€of€the€reasons€for€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðaccused€person's€absence.€Indeed,€proceedings€in€absentia€are€in€some€circumstances€(forÐ -n(- Ðinstance,€when€the€accused€person,€although€informed€of€the€proceedings€sufficiently€inÐ ° Ðadvance,€declines€to€exercise€his€right€to€be€present)€permissible€in€the€interest€of€the€properÐ –æ Ðadministration€of€justice.€Nevertheless,€the€effective€exercise€of€the€rights€under€article€14Ð |Ì Ðpresupposes€that€the€necessary€steps€should€be€taken€to€inform€the€accused€beforehand€aboutÐ b² Ðthe€proceedings€against€him€(art.€14€(3)€(a)).€Judgement€in€absentia€requires€that,Ð H˜ Ðnotwithstanding€the€absence€of€the€accused,€all€due€notification€has€been€made€to€inform€himÐ . ~ Ðof€the€date€and€place€of€his€trial€and€to€request€his€attendance.€Otherwise,€the€accused,€inÐ  d Ðparticular,€is€not€given€adequate€time€and€facilities€for€the€preparation€of€his€defence€(art.€14Ð ú J Ð(3)€(b)),€cannot€defend€himself€through€legal€assistance€of€his€own€choosing€(art.€14€(3)€(d))Ð à 0 Ðnor€does€he€have€the€opportunity€to€examine,€or€have€examined,€the€witnesses€against€himÐ Æ   Ðand€to€obtain€the€attendance€and€examination€of€witnesses€on€his€behalf€(art.€14€(3)€(e)).€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ14.2€The€Committee€acknowledges€that€there€must€be€certain€limits€to€the€efforts€which€canÐ xÈ  Ðduly€be€expected€of€the€responsible€authorities€of€establishing€contact€with€the€accused.€WithÐ ^®  Ðregard€to€the€present€communication,€however,€those€limits€need€not€be€specified.€The€StateÐ D”  Ðparty€has€not€challenged€the€author's€contention€that€he€had€known€of€the.€trials€only€throughÐ *z  Ðpress€reports€after€they€had€taken€place.€It€is€true€that€both€judgements€state€explicitly€thatÐ ` Ðsummonses€to€appear€had€been€issued€by€the€clerk€of€the€court.€However,€no€indication€isÐ öF Ðgiven€of€any€steps€actually€taken€by€the€State€party€in€order€to€transmit€the€summonses€toÐ Ü, Ðthe€author,€whose€address€in€Belgium€is€correctly€reproduced€in€the€judgement€of€17€AugustÐ Â Ð1977€and€which€was€therefore€known€to€the€judicial€authorities.€The€fact€that,€according€toÐ ¨ø Ðthe€judgement€in€the€second€trial€of€March€1978,€the€summons€had€been€issued€only€threeÐ ŽÞ Ðdays€before€the€beginning€of€the€hearings€before€the€court,€confirms€the€Committee€in€itsÐ tÄ Ðconclusion€that€the€State€party€failed€to€make€sufficient€efforts€with€a€view€to€informing€theÐ Zª Ðauthor€about€the€impending€court€proceedings,€thus€enabling€him€to€prepare€his€defence.€InÐ @ Ðthe€view€of€the€Committee,€therefore,€the€State€party€has€not€respected€D.€MonguyaÐ &v ÐMbenge's€rights€under€article€14€(3)€(a),€(b),€(d)€and€(e)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð  \ ÐÌ15.€With€reference€to€the€claim€that€the€death€sentences€were€pronounced€for€politicalÐ Ø( Ðreasons€on€trumped„up€charges,€the€Committee€observes€that€it€does€not€come€within€itsÐ ¾ Ðgeneral€mandate€to€review€judicial€decisions€of€national€courts€of€States€parties€and€that€itÐ ¤ô Ðmay€not€reject€as€false€the€facts€mentioned€therein€unless€there€is€clear€evidence€that€the€trialÐ Š Ú Ðin€question€was€affected€by€serious€irregularities€in€violation€of€the€Covenant.€Due€,nÐ p!À  Ðparticular€to€a€lack€of€information€from€the€Government€of€Zaire,€there€may€be€some€reasonÐ V"¦! Ðto€question€the€correctness€of€the€charges€brought€against€D.€Monguya€Mbenge,€especiallyÐ <#Œ" Ðwith€regard€to€the€judgement€of€16€March€1978.€While€the€earlier€judgement€of€17€AugustÐ "$r# Ð1977€contains€a€rather€elaborate€statement€of€facts€and€expressly€refers€to€witnesses€havingÐ %X $ Ðtestified€under€oath,€the€judgement€of€16€March€1978€does€not€even€specify€the€chargesÐ î%>!% Ðbrought€forward€against€the€accused€and€thus€leaves€open€the€question€why€the€author€of€theÐ Ô&$"& Ðcommunication€was€convicted€of€treason€and€conspiracy.€Nevertheless,€the€CommitteeÐ º' #' Ðconsiders€that€it€does€not€have€sufficient€information€in€order€to€arrive€at€the€conclusion€thatÐ  (ð#( ÐDaniel€Monguya€Mbenge€has€been€the€victim€of€purely€politically€motivated€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðsubstantially€unfounded€charges.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ16.€In€view€of€the€findings€of€violations€of€article€14€(3)€of€the€Covenant,€the€CommitteeÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdoes€not€consider€it€necessary€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case€to€examine€further€theÐ -n(- Ðquestion€whether€article€14€(2)€was€also€violated.€Ð ° ÐÌ17.€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge€also€alleges€a€breach€of€article€6€of€the€Covenant.€ParagraphÐ |Ì Ð2€of€that€article€provides€that€sentence€of€death€may€be€imposed€only€"in€accordance€withÐ b² Ðthe€law€[of€the€State€party]€in€force€at€the€time€of€the€commission€of€the€crime€and€notÐ H˜ Ðcontrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant".€This€requires€that€both€the€substantive€and€theÐ . ~ Ðprocedural€law€in€the€application€of€which€the€death€penalty€was€imposed€was€not€contraryÐ  d Ðto€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€and€also€that€the€death€penalty€was€imposed€in€accordanceÐ ú J Ðwith€that€law€and€therefore€in€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant.Ð à 0 ÐConsequently,€the€failure€of€the€State€party€to€respect€the€relevant€requirements€of€article€14Ð Æ   Ð(3)€leads€to€the€conclusion€that€the€death€sentences€pronounced€against€the€author€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcommunication€were€imposed€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant,€and€therefore€inÐ ’â  Ðviolation€of€article€6€(2).€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ18.€The€Committee€has€next€to€examine€whether€any€measure€taken€by€the€State€partyÐ D”  Ðsubsequent€to€the€pronouncement€of€the€death€penalties€and,€in€particular,€the€amnesty€toÐ *z  Ðwhich€the€Committee's€attention€has€been€drawn,€provided€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge€withÐ ` Ðan€effective€remedy€for€the€violation€of€his€rights,€in€accordance€with€article€2€(3)€of€theÐ öF ÐCovenant.€The€adverse€effects€of€the€two€Judgements€cannot€be€deemed€to€have€ceased€byÐ Ü, Ðreason€of€the€amnesty€put€into€force€by€Act€No.€78„012€of€28€June€1978€and€extended€untilÐ Â Ð30€June€1979€by€Act€No.€78„023€of€29€December€1978.€It€appears€that€the€author€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðcommunication€could€have€enjoyed€this€amnesty€only€if€he€had€returned€to€Zaire€before€theÐ ŽÞ Ðexpiration€date.€It€is,€however,€understandable€that€he€hesitated€to€take€advantage€of€theÐ tÄ Ðamnesty€decree,€since€the€second€trial€in€which€he€had€again€been€sentenced€to€death€tookÐ Zª Ðplace€only€about€three€months€before€the€coming€into€force€of€the€amnesty.€In€fact€heÐ @ Ðsubmits€that,€notwithstanding€the€amnesty€measure,€his€brother€Oyabi€had€been€persecutedÐ &v Ðin€November€1979.€The€submission€of€the€State€party€to€the€effect€that€the€President€of€theÐ  \ ÐRepublic€would€be€entirely€prepared€to€grant€a€new€amnesty€to€citizens€re„entering€ZaireÐ òB Ðeven€after€the€expiration€of€the€amnesty€decree€does€not€offer€a€secure€legal€basis€uponÐ Ø( Ðwhich€the€author€could€firmly€have€relied.€The€Committee€notes€further€that€no€valid€reasonsÐ ¾ Ðhave€been€put€forward€by€the€State€party€which€would€explain€why€a€person,€in€order€toÐ ¤ô Ðbenefit€from€the€amnesty,€should€have€been€required€to€return€to€the€territory€of€Zaire.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ19.€In€his€communication,€the€author€also€referred€to€articles€12€(2)€and€19€(1)€and€(2)€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐCovenant€as€being€relevant€in€his€case.€As€regards€article€12€(2),€the€Committee€recalls€thatÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€author€had€already€left€his€country€before€1€February€1977,€the€date€of€entry€into€forceÐ "$r# Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€in€respect€of€Zaire,€and€has€not€returned€there€since.€As€regardsÐ %X $ Ðarticle€19€(1)€and€(2),€the€author,€who€has€been€living€outside€Zaire€since€1974,€has€notÐ î%>!% Ðfurnished€the€Committee€with€any€relevant€facts€as€to€the€measures€taken€against€him€by€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐGovernment€of€Zaire€on€or€after€1€February€1977.€The€events€predating€1€February€1977,Ð º' #' Ðwhich€are€described€by€the€author€at€some€length,€cannot€be€taken€into€account€by€theÐ  (ð#( ÐCommittee.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ20.€Concerning€Abraham€Oyabi,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€bases€its€assessment€on€theÐ R+¢&+ Ðundisputed€fact€that€he€was€arrested€on€1€September€1977€in€order€to€force€him€to€discloseÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€whereabouts€of€Simon€Biyanga€and€that€he€was€not€released€from€detention€until€late€inÐ -n(- Ð1978€or€early€in€1979.€The€State€party€has€not€claimed€that€there€was€any€criminal€chargeÐ ° Ðagainst€him.€In€the€view€of€the€Committee,€therefore,€he€was€subject€to€arbitrary€arrest€andÐ –æ Ðdetention€contrary€to€article€9€of€the€Covenant.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ21.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5€(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€to€theÐ H˜ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€the€facts€set€out€inÐ . ~ Ðparagraphs€13€to€20€above,€in€so€far€as€they€have€occurred€on€or€after€1€February€1977,Ð  d Ðdisclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€in€particular:€Ð ú J ÐÌ(a)€With€respect€to€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge:€Ð Æ   ÐÌof€article€6€(2),€because€Daniel€Monguya€Mbenge€was€twice€sentenced€to€death€inÐ ’â  Ðcircumstances€contrary€to€the€provisions€of€the€Covenants€Ð xÈ  ÐÌof€article€14€(3)€(a),€(b),€(d)€and€(e),€because€he€was€charged,€tried€and€convicted€inÐ D”  Ðcircumstances€in€which€he€could€not€effectively€enjoy€the€safeguards€of€due€process,Ð *z  Ðenshrined€in€these€provisions;€Ð ` ÐÌ(b)€With€respect€to€Abraham€Oyabi:€Ð Ü, ÐÌof€article€9,€because€he€was€subjected€to€arbitrary€arrest€and€detention.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ22.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ tÄ Ðprovide€the€victims€with€effective€remedies,€including€compensation€for€the€violations€theyÐ Zª Ðhave€suffered,€and€to€take€steps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€