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ÐÌòòÔ_ÔHajriziÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDzemajlÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Serbia€and€MontenegroóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No.€161/2000Ð `° ÐÌ21€November€2002Ð 8 ˆ ÐÌCAT/C/29/D/161/2000Ð  ` ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Ô$  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byÓÓóó:€Ô_ÔHajriziÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDzemajlÔ_Ô€et€al.€(represented€by€counsel)€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimÓÓóó:€Ô_ÔHajriziÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDzemajlÔ_Ô€et€al.€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€PartyÓÓóó:€Serbia€and€Ô_ÔMontenegroÔ_ԀРH˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€complaintÓÓóó:€11€November€1999€Ð  p ÐÌòòDate€of€present€decisionÓÓóó:€21€November€2002€Ð øH ÐóóÌÌòòThe€CommitteeÓÓò ò€ÓÓó óagainst€TortureÓÓóó,€established€under€Article€17€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€andÐ ¼  ÐOther€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð ¬ü ÐÌòòMeetingÓÓóó€on€21€November€2002,€Ð „Ô ÐÌòòHaving€concludedÓÓóó€its€consideration€of€complaint€No.€161/2000,€submitted€to€the€Committee€againstÐ \ ¬ ÐTorture€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔHajriziÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDzemajlÔ_Ô€et€al.€under€article€22€of€the€Convention€against€Torture€and€OtherÐ H!˜ ÐCruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€Ð 4"„  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountÓÓóó€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€complainants,€their€counsel€andÐ  $\" Ðthe€State€party,€Ð ø$H # ÐÌòòAdopts€the€followingÓÓóó:€Ð Ð& "% ÐÌÌò òÓ  ÓòòDecision€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóóÐ ”)ä$( ÐÓÕÓÌÌ1.1€€The€complainants€are€65€persons,€all€of€Romani€origin€and€nationals€of€the€Federal€Republic€ofÐ X,¨'+ ÐYugoslavia.€They€claim€that€Yugoslavia€has€violated€articles€1,€paragraph€1,€2,€paragraph€1,€12,€13,Ð D-”(, Ð14€and€16,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€They€are€represented€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔDraganÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPrelevicÔ_Ô,€attorneyÐ ° Ðat€law,€the€Humanitarian€Law€Center,€an€Ô_ÔNGOÔ_Ô€based€in€Yugoslavia,€and€the€European€Roma€RightsÐ œì ÐCenter,€an€Ô_ÔNGOÔ_Ô€based€in€Hungary.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ1.2€€In€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€3€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€transmitted€theÐ `° Ðcomplaint€to€the€State€party€on€13€April€2000.€Ð L œ ÐÐ ÐòòThe€facts€as€presented€by€the€complainantsóóÐ $ t ÐÌ2.1€€On€14€April€1995€at€around€10€p.m.,€the€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€Police€Department€received€a€reportÐ ü L  Ðindicating€that€two€Romani€minors€had€raped€S.B.,€a€minor€ethnic€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€girl.€In€response€toÐ è 8  Ðthis€report,€around€midnight,€the€police€entered€and€searched€a€number€of€houses€in€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_ÔÐ Ô$  ÐÔ_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€Roma€settlement€and€brought€into€custody€all€of€the€young€male€Romani€men€present€in€theÐ À  Ðsettlement€(all€of€them€presently€among€the€complainants€to€this€Committee).€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ2.2€€The€same€day,€around€midnight,€two€hundred€ethnic€Ô_ÔMontenegrinsÔ_Ô,€led€by€relatives€andÐ „Ô  Ðneighbours€of€the€raped€girl,€assembled€in€front€of€the€police€station€and€publicly€demanded€that€theÐ pÀ ÐMunicipal€Assembly€adopt€a€decision€expelling€all€Roma€from€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô.€The€crowd€shoutedÐ \¬ Ðslogans€addressed€to€the€Roma,€threatening€to€"exterminate"€them€and€"burn€down"€their€houses.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.3€€Later,€two€Romani€minors€confessed€under€duress.€On€15€April,€between€4€and€5€a.m.,€all€of€theÐ  p Ðdetainees€except€those€who€confessed€were€released€from€police€custody.€Before€their€release,€theyÐ  \ Ðwere€warned€by€the€police€to€leave€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€immediately€with€their€families€because€they€wouldÐ øH Ðbe€at€risk€of€being€lynched€by€their€non„ÓÓRoma€neighbours.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ2.4€€At€the€same€time,€police€officer€Ô_ÔLjuboÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRadovicÔ_Ô€came€to€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€Roma€settlementÐ ¼  Ðand€told€the€Romani€residents€of€the€settlement€that€they€must€evacuate€the€settlement€immediately.Ð ¨ø ÐThe€officer's€announcement€caused€panic.€Most€residents€of€the€settlement€fled€towards€a€nearbyÐ ”ä Ðhighway,€where€they€could€take€buses€for€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô.€Only€a€few€men€and€women€remained€in€theÐ €Ð Ðsettlement€to€safeguard€their€homes€and€livestock.€At€approximately€5€a.m.,€police€officer€Ô_ÔLjuboÔ_ÔÐ l¼ ÐÔ_ÔRadovicÔ_Ô€returned€to€the€settlement,€accompanied€by€police€inspector€Ô_ÔBrankoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMicanovicÔ_Ô.€The€officersÐ X ¨ Ðtold€the€remaining€Roma€still€in€their€homes€(including€some€of€the€complainants)€to€leaveÐ D!” ÐÔ_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€immediately,€as€no€one€could€guarantee€their€safety€or€provide€them€with€protection.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌ2.5€€The€same€day,€at€around€8€a.m.,€a€group€of€non„ÓÓRoma€residents€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€entered€theÐ $X" ÐÔ_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€Roma€settlement,€hurling€stones€and€breaking€windows€of€houses€owned€by€theÐ ô$D # Ðcomplainants.€Those€Roma€who€had€still€not€left€the€settlement€(all€of€them€presently€among€theÐ à%0!$ Ðcomplainants€to€this€Committee)€were€hidden€in€the€cellar€of€one€of€the€houses€from€which€theyÐ Ì&"% Ðeventually€managed€to€flee€through€the€fields€and€woods€towards€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ2.6€€In€the€course€of€the€morning€of€15€April,€a€police€car€repeatedly€patrolled€the€deserted€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_ÔÐ )à$( ÐÔ_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€settlement.€Groups€of€non„ÓÓRoma€residents€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€gathered€in€different€locationsÐ |*Ì%) Ðin€the€town€and€in€the€surrounding€villages.€Around€2€p.m.€the€non„ÓÓRoma€crowd€arrived€in€theÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€settlement€„ÓÓ€in€cars€and€on€foot.€Soon€a€crowd€of€at€least€several€hundred€non„ÓÓRomaÐ T,¤'+ Ð(according€to€different€sources,€between€400€and€3,000€persons€were€present)€assembled€in€the€thenÐ @-(, Ðdeserted€Roma€settlement.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.7€€Between€2€and€3€p.m.,€the€crowd€continued€to€grow€and€some€began€to€shout:€"We€shall€evictÐ ˆØ Ðthem!"€"We€shall€burn€down€the€settlement!"€"We€shall€raze€the€settlement!"€Shortly€after€3€p.m.,Ð tÄ Ðthe€demolition€of€the€settlement€began.€The€mob,€with€stones€and€other€objects,€first€broke€windowsÐ `° Ðof€cars€and€houses€belonging€to€Roma€and€then€set€them€on€fire.€The€crowd€also€destroyed€and€setÐ L œ Ðfire€to€the€haystacks,€farming€and€other€machines,€animal€feed€sheds,€stables,€as€well€as€all€otherÐ 8 ˆ Ðobjects€belonging€to€the€Roma.€They€hurled€explosive€devices€and€"Molotov"€cocktails€that€they€hadÐ $ t Ðprepared€beforehand,€and€threw€burning€cloths€and€foam€rubbers€into€houses€through€the€brokenÐ  ` Ðwindows.€Shots€and€explosions€could€be€heard€amid€the€sounds€of€destruction.€At€the€same€time,Ð ü L  Ðvaluables€were€looted€and€cattle€slaughtered.€The€pogrom€endured€unhindered€for€hours.€Ð è 8  ÐÌ2.8€€Throughout€the€course€of€this€pogrom,€police€officers€present€failed€to€act€in€accordance€withÐ À  Ðtheir€legal€obligations.€Shortly€after€the€attack€began,€rather€than€intervening€to€halt€the€violence,Ð ¬ü  Ðthese€officers€simply€moved€their€police€car€to€a€safe€distance€and€reported€to€their€superior€officer.Ð ˜è  ÐAs€the€violence€and€destruction€unfolded,€police€officers€did€no€more€than€feebly€seek€to€persuadeÐ „Ô  Ðsome€of€the€attackers€to€calm€down€pending€a€final€decision€of€the€Municipal€Assembly€with€respectÐ pÀ Ðto€a€popular€request€to€evict€Roma€from€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€settlement.€Ð \¬ ÐÌ2.9€€The€outcome€of€the€anti„ÓÓRoma€rage€was€that€the€whole€settlement€was€levelled€and€all€propertiesÐ 4„ Ðbelonging€to€its€Roma€residents€burnt€or€completely€destroyed.€Although€the€police€did€nothing€toÐ  p Ðhalt€the€destruction€of€the€Roma€settlement,€they€did€ensure€that€the€fire€did€not€spread€to€any€of€theÐ  \ Ðsurrounding€buildings,€which€belonged€to€the€non„ÓÓRoma.€Ð øH ÐÌ2.10€€The€police€and€the€investigating€magistrate€of€the€Basic€Court€in€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€subsequentlyÐ Ð  Ðdrew€up€an€on„ÓÓsite€investigation€report€regarding€the€damage€caused€by€those€who€took€part€in€theÐ ¼  Ðpogrom.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ2.11€€Official€police€documents,€as€well€as€statements€given€by€a€number€of€police€officers€and€otherÐ €Ð Ðwitnesses€alike,€both€before€the€court€and€in€the€initial€stage€of€the€investigation,€indicate€that€theÐ l¼ Ðfollowing€non„ÓÓRoma€residents€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€were€among€those€who€took€part€in€the€destructionÐ X ¨ Ðof€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€Roma€settlement:€Ô_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDragisaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMakocevicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔGojkoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô,Ð D!” ÐÔ_ÔBoskoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMitrovicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔJoksimÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBobicicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDarkoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJanjusevicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔVlatkoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCacicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRadojicaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMakocevicÔ_Ô.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌ2.12€€Moreover,€there€is€evidence€that€police€officers€Ô_ÔMiladinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDragasÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔRajkoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRadulovicÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDraganÔ_ÔÐ $X" ÐÔ_ÔBuricÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔDjordjijeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔStankovicÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔVukÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔRadovicÔ_Ô€were€all€present€as€the€violence€unfolded€and€didÐ ô$D # Ðnothing€or€not€enough€to€protect€the€Roma€residents€of€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€or€their€property.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ2.13€€Several€days€following€the€incident,€the€debris€of€the€Roma€settlement€was€completely€clearedÐ ¸'#& Ðaway€by€heavy€construction€machines€of€the€Public€Utility€Company.€All€traces€of€the€existence€ofÐ ¤(ô#' Ðthe€Roma€in€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€were€obliterated.€Ð )à$( ÐÌ2.14€€Following€the€pogrom,€and€pursuant€to€the€relevant€domestic€legislation,€on€17€April€1995,€theÐ h+¸&* ÐÔ_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€Police€Department€filed€a€criminal€complaint€with€the€Basic€Public€Prosecutor's€OfficeÐ T,¤'+ Ðin€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô.€The€complaint€alleged€that€a€number€of€unknown€perpetrators€had€committed€theÐ @-(, Ðcriminal€offence€of€causing€public€danger€under€article€164€of€the€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€Criminal€Code€and,Ð ° Ðòòinter€aliaóó,€explicitly€stated€that€there€are€"reasonable€grounds€to€believe€that,€in€an€organized€mannerÐ œì Ðand€by€using€open€flames€ð8ð€they€caused€a€fire€to€break€out€...€on€15€April€1995€ð8ð€which€completelyÐ ˆØ Ðconsumed€dwellings€ð8ð€and€other€Ô_Ôpropert[iesÔ_Ô]€belonging€to€persons€who€used€to€reside€in€ð8ð€[theÐ tÄ ÐÔ_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô]€settlement".€Ð `° ÐÌ2.15€€On€17€April€1995€the€police€brought€in€20€individuals€for€questioning.€On€18€April€1995,€aÐ 8 ˆ Ðmemorandum€was€drawn€up€by€the€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€Police€Department€which€quoted€the€statement€ofÐ $ t ÐÔ_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô€as€follows:€"...€I€noticed€flames€in€a€hut€which€led€me€to€conclude€that€the€crowdÐ  ` Ðhad€started€setting€fire€to€huts€so€I€found€several€pieces€of€foam€rubber€which€I€lit€with€a€lighter€I€hadÐ ü L  Ðon€me€and€threw€them,€alight,€into€two€huts,€one€of€which€caught€fire."€Ð è 8  ÐÌ2.16€€On€the€basis€of€this€testimony€and€the€official€police€memorandum,€the€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€PoliceÐ À  ÐDepartment€ordered,€on€18€April€1995,€that€Ô_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô€be€remanded€into€custody,€on€theÐ ¬ü  Ðgrounds€that€there€were€reasons€to€believe€that€he€had€committed€the€criminal€offence€of€causingÐ ˜è  Ðpublic€danger€in€the€sense€of€article€164€of€the€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€Criminal€Code.€Ð „Ô  ÐÌ2.17€€On€25€April€1995,€and€with€respect€to€the€incident€at€the€origin€of€this€complaint,€the€PublicÐ \¬ ÐProsecutor€instituted€proceedings€against€one€person€only€„€Ô_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.18€€Ô_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô€was€charged€under€article€164€of€the€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€Criminal€Code.€The€sameÐ  p Ðindictment€charged€Ô_ÔDragisaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMakocevicÔ_Ô€with€illegally€obtaining€firearms€in€1993€„ÓÓ€an€offenceÐ  \ Ðunrelated€to€the€incident€at€issue€notwithstanding€the€evidence€implicating€him€in€the€destruction€ofÐ øH Ðthe€Roma€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€settlement.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ2.19€€Throughout€the€investigation,€the€investigating€magistrate€of€the€Basic€Court€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_ÔÐ ¼  Ðheard€a€number€of€witnesses€all€of€whom€stated€that€they€had€been€present€as€the€violence€unfoldedÐ ¨ø Ðbut€were€not€able€to€identify€a€single€perpetrator.€On€22€June€1995,€the€investigating€magistrate€ofÐ ”ä Ðthe€Basic€Court€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€heard€officer€Ô_ÔMiladinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDragasÔ_Ô.€Contrary€to€the€official€memorandumÐ €Ð Ðhe€had€personally€drawn€up€on€16€April€1995,€officer€Ô_ÔDragasÔ_Ô€now€stated€that€he€had€not€seen€anyoneÐ l¼ Ðthrowing€an€inflammable€device,€nor€could€he€identify€any€of€the€individuals€involved.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ2.20€€On€25€October€1995,€the€Basic€Public€Prosecutor€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€requested€that€the€investigatingÐ 0"€  Ðmagistrate€of€the€Basic€Court€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€undertake€additional€investigation€into€the€facts€of€theÐ #l! Ðcase.€Specifically,€the€prosecutor€proposed€that€new€witnesses€be€heard,€including€officers€from€theÐ $X" ÐÔ_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€Police€Department€who€had€been€entrusted€with€protecting€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€RomaÐ ô$D # Ðsettlement.€The€investigating€magistrate€of€the€Basic€Court€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€then€heard€the€additionalÐ à%0!$ Ðwitnesses,€all€of€whom€stated€that€they€had€seen€none€of€the€individuals€who€had€caused€the€fire.€TheÐ Ì&"% Ðinvestigating€magistrate€took€no€further€action.€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ2.21€€Due€to€the€"lack€of€evidence",€the€Basic€Public€Prosecutor€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€dropped€all€chargesÐ )à$( Ðagainst€Ô_ÔVeselinÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPopovicÔ_Ô€on€23€January€1996.€On€8€February€1996,€the€investigating€magistrate€ofÐ |*Ì%) Ðthe€Basic€Court€of€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€issued€a€decision€to€discontinue€the€investigation.€From€FebruaryÐ h+¸&* Ð1996€up€to€and€including€the€date€of€filing€of€this€complaint,€the€authorities€took€no€further€steps€toÐ T,¤'+ Ðidentify€and/or€punish€those€individuals€responsible€for€the€incident€at€issue€„ÓÓ€"civilians"€and€policeÐ @-(, Ðofficers€alike.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.22€€In€violation€of€domestic€legislation,€the€complainants€were€not€served€with€the€court€decisionÐ ˆØ Ðof€8€February€1996€to€discontinue€the€investigation.€They€were€thus€prevented€from€assuming€theÐ tÄ Ðcapacity€of€a€private€prosecutor€and€to€continue€with€the€prosecution€of€the€case.€Ð `° ÐÌ2.23€€Even€prior€to€the€closing€of€the€proceedings,€on€18€and€21€September€1995,€the€investigatingÐ 8 ˆ Ðmagistrate,€while€hearing€witnesses€(among€them€a€number€of€the€complainants),€failed€to€adviseÐ $ t Ðthem€of€their€right€to€assume€the€prosecution€of€the€case€in€the€event€that€the€Public€ProsecutorÐ  ` Ðshould€decide€to€drop€the€charges.€This€contravened€domestic€legislation€which€explicitly€providesÐ ü L  Ðthat€the€Court€is€under€an€obligation€to€advise€ignorant€parties€of€avenues€of€legal€redress€availableÐ è 8  Ðfor€the€protection€of€their€interests.€Ð Ô$  ÐÌ2.24€€On€6€September€1996,€all€71€complainants€filed€a€civil€claim€for€damages,€pecuniary€and€non„Ð ¬ü  ÐÓÓpecuniary,€with€the€first€instance€court€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€„ÓÓ€each€plaintiff€claiming€approximatelyÐ ˜è  ÐUS$100,000.€The€pecuniary€damages€claim€was€based€on€the€complete€destruction€of€all€propertiesÐ „Ô  Ðbelonging€to€the€plaintiffs,€while€the€non„ÓÓpecuniary€damages€claim€was€based€on€the€pain€andÐ pÀ Ðsuffering€of€the€plaintiffs€associated€with€the€fear€they€were€subjected€to,€and€the€violation€of€theirÐ \¬ Ðhonour,€reputation,€freedom€of€movement€and€the€right€to€choose€their€own€place€of€residence.€TheÐ H˜ Ðplaintiffs€addressed€these€claims€against€the€Republic€of€Montenegro€and€cited€articles€154,€180(1),Ð 4„ Ð200,€and€203€of€the€Federal€Law€on€Obligations.€More€than€five€years€after€the€submission€of€theirÐ  p Ðclaim,€the€civil€proceedings€for€damages€are€still€pending.€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.25€€On€15€August€1996,€eight€of€the€Ô_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€Roma,€all€of€them€among€the€complainants€inÐ ä4 Ðthe€instant€case,€who€were€dismissed€by€their€employers€for€failing€to€report€to€work,€filed€a€law€suitÐ Ð  Ðrequesting€that€the€court€order€their€return€to€work.€Throughout€the€proceedings,€the€plaintiffs€arguedÐ ¼  Ðthat€their€failure€to€appear€at€work€during€the€relevant€time€period€was€justified€by€their€reasonableÐ ¨ø Ðfear€that€their€lives€would€have€been€endangered€had€they€come€to€work€so€soon€after€the€incident.Ð ”ä ÐOn€26€February€1997,€the€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€first€instance€court€rendered€its€decision€dismissing€the€claimsÐ €Ð Ðof€the€plaintiffs€on€the€grounds€that€they€had€been€absent€from€work€for€five€consecutive€daysÐ l¼ Ðwithout€justification.€In€doing€so€the€court€cited€article€75€paragraph€2€of€the€Federal€Labour€CodeÐ X ¨ Ðwhich€òòinter€aliaóó€provides€that€"if€a€person€fails€to€report€to€work€for€five€consecutive€days€withoutÐ D!” Ðproper€justification€his€employment€will€be€terminated".€On€11€June€1997,€the€plaintiffs€appealedÐ 0"€  Ðthis€decision€and€almost€five€months€later,€on€29€October€1997,€the€second€instance€court€inÐ #l! ÐÔ_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€quashed€the€first€instance€ruling€and€ordered€a€retrial.€The€reasoning€underlying€theÐ $X" Ðsecond€instance€decision€was€based€on€the€fact€that€the€plaintiffs€had€apparently€not€been€properlyÐ ô$D # Ðserved€with€their€employer's€decision€to€terminate€their€employment.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌ2.26€In€the€meantime,€the€case€went€again€up€to€the€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€Supreme€Court€which€orderedÐ ¸'#& Ðanother€retrial€before€the€first€instance€court€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô.€The€case€is€still€pending.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌ2.27€€The€complainants,€having€been€driven€out€of€their€homes€and€their€property€having€beenÐ |*Ì%) Ðcompletely€destroyed,€fled€to€the€outskirts€of€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô,€the€Ô_ÔMontenegrinÔ_Ô€capital,€where€during€theÐ h+¸&* Ðfirst€few€weeks€following€the€incident€they€hid€in€parks€and€abandoned€houses.€Local€Roma€fromÐ T,¤'+ ÐÔ_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€supplied€them€with€basic€food€and€told€them€that€groups€of€angry€non„ÓÓRoma€men€hadÐ @-(, Ðbeen€looking€for€them€in€the€Roma€suburbs€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô.€From€this€time€on,€the€banishedÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔDanilovgradÔ_Ô€Roma€have€continued€to€live€in€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€in€abject€poverty,€makeshift€shelters€orÐ œì Ðabandoned€houses,€and€have€been€forced€to€work€at€the€Ô_ÔPodgoricaÔ_Ô€city€dump€or€to€beg€for€a€living.Ð ˆØ ÐÌÌòòThe€ComplaintóóÐ L œ ÐÌ3.1€€The€complainants€submit€that€the€State€party€has€violated€articles€2,€paragraph€1€read€inÐ $ t Ðconjunction€with€article€1,€16,€paragraph€1,€and€12,€13,€14€taken€alone€or€together€with€article€16,Ð  ` Ðparagraph€1€of€the€Convention.€Ð ü L  ÐÌ3.2€€With€regard€to€the€admissibility€of€the€complaint,€and€more€particularly€the€exhaustion€of€localÐ Ô$  Ðremedies,€the€complainants€submit€that,€given€the€level€of€wrongs€suffered,€and€alongside€theÐ À  Ðjurisprudence€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights,òò1óó/€only€a€criminal€remedy€would€be€effectiveÐ ¬ü  Ðin€the€instant€case.€Civil€and/or€administrative€remedies€do€not€provide€sufficient€redress€in€this€case.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ3.3€€The€complainants€note€further€that€the€authorities€had€the€obligation€to€investigate,€or€at€leastÐ pÀ Ðto€continue€their€investigation€if€they€considered€the€available€evidence€insufficient.€Moreover,€evenÐ \¬ Ðthough€they€acknowledge€that€they€have€never€filed€a€criminal€complaint€against€individualsÐ H˜ Ðresponsible€for€the€pogrom,€they€contend€that€both€the€police€and€the€prosecuting€authorities€wereÐ 4„ Ðsufficiently€aware€of€the€facts€to€initiate€and€conduct€the€investigation€ex€officio.€The€complainantsÐ  p Ðtherefore€conclude€that€there€is€no€effective€remedy.€Ð  \ ÐÌ3.4€€The€complainants€also€note€that€since€there€is€no€effective€remedy€in€respect€of€the€allegedÐ ä4 Ðbreach€of€the€Convention,€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€should€be€dealt€with€togetherÐ Ð  Ðwith€the€merits€of€the€case€since€there€is€a€claim€of€violation€of€articles€13€and€14€of€the€Convention.€Ð ¼  ÐÌ3.5€€Referring€to€a€number€of€excerpts€from€Ô_ÔNGOÔ_Ô€and€governmental€sources,€the€complainants€firstÐ ”ä Ðrequest€that€the€complaint€be€considered€taking€into€account€the€situation€of€the€Roma€in€YugoslaviaÐ €Ð Ðas€victims€of€systematic€police€brutality€and€dire€human€rights€situation€in€general.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ3.6€€The€complainants€allege€that€Yugoslav€authorities€have€violated€the€Convention€under€eitherÐ D!” Ðarticle€2,€paragraph€1€read€in€conjunction€with€article€1,€because,€during€the€events€describedÐ 0"€  Ðpreviously,€the€police€stood€by€and€watched€as€the€events€unfolded,€or€article€16,€paragraph€1€for€theÐ #l! Ðsame€reasons.€In€this€regard,€the€complainants€consider€that€the€particularly€vulnerable€character€ofÐ $X" Ðthe€Roma€minority€has€to€be€taken€into€account€in€assessing€the€level€of€ill„ÓÓtreatment€that€has€beenÐ ô$D # Ðcommitted.€They€suggest€that€"a€given€level€of€physical€abuse€is€more€likely€to€constitute€'degradingÐ à%0!$ Ðor€inhuman€treatment€or€punishment'€when€motivated€by€racial€animus".€Ð Ì&"% ÐÌ3.7€€With€regard€to€the€fact€that€the€acts€have€mostly€been€committed€by€non„ÓÓState€actors,€theÐ ¤(ô#' Ðcomplainants€rely€on€a€review€of€international€jurisprudence€on€the€principle€of€"due€diligence"€andÐ )à$( Ðremind€the€current€state€of€international€law€with€regard€to€"positive"€obligations€that€are€incumbentÐ |*Ì%) Ðon€States.€They€submit€that€the€purpose€of€the€provisions€of€the€Convention€is€not€limited€to€negativeÐ h+¸&* Ðobligations€for€States€parties€but€include€positive€steps€that€have€to€be€taken€in€order€to€avoid€thatÐ T,¤'+ Ðtorture€and€other€related€acts€are€committed€by€private€persons.€Ð @-(, Ї3.8€€The€complainants€further€contend€that€the€acts€of€violence€occurred€with€the€"consent€orÐ ° Ðacquiescence"€of€the€police€whose€duty€under€the€law€was€to€secure€their€safety€and€afford€themÐ œì Ðprotection.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌ3.9€€The€complainants€then€allege€a€violation€of€article€12€read€alone€or,€if€the€acts€committed€do€notÐ `° Ðamount€to€torture,€taken€together€with€article€16,€paragraph€1€because€the€authorities€failed€toÐ L œ Ðconduct€a€prompt,€impartial,€and€comprehensive€investigation€capable€of€leading€to€the€identificationÐ 8 ˆ Ðand€punishment€of€those€responsible.€Considering€the€jurisprudence€of€the€Committee€againstÐ $ t ÐTorture,€it€is€submitted€that€the€State€party€had€the€obligation€to€conduct€"not€just€any€investigation"Ð  ` Ðbut€a€proper€investigation,€even€in€the€absence€of€the€formal€submission€of€a€complaint,€since€theyÐ ü L  Ðwere€in€possession€of€abundant€evidence.òò2óó/€The€complainants€further€suggest€that€the€impartialityÐ è 8  Ðof€the€same€investigation€depends€on€the€level€of€independence€of€the€body€conducting€it.€In€thisÐ Ô$  Ðcase,€it€is€alleged€that€the€level€of€independence€of€the€investigative€magistrate€was€not€sufficient.€Ð À  ÐÌ3.10€€The€complainants€finally€allege€a€violation€of€article€13€read€alone€and/or€taken€together€withÐ ˜è  Ðarticle€16,€paragraph€1,€because€"their€right€to€complain€and€to€have€[their]€case€promptly€andÐ „Ô  Ðimpartially€examined€by€[the]€competent€authorities"€was€violated.€They€also€allege€a€violation€ofÐ pÀ Ðarticle€14€read€alone€and/or€taken€together€with€article€16,€paragraph€1,€because€of€the€absence€ofÐ \¬ Ðredress€and€of€fair€and€adequate€compensation.€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€on€admissibilityóóÐ  p ÐÌ4.€€In€a€submission€dated€9€November€1998,€the€State€party€contended€that€the€complaint€wasÐ øH Ðinadmissible€because€the€case€had€been€conducted€according€to€the€Yugoslavian€legislation€andÐ ä4 Ðbecause€all€available€legal€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€Ð Ð  ÐÌòòComments€by€the€complainantsóóÐ ¨ø ÐÌ5.€€In€a€submission€dated€20€September€2000,€the€complainants€reiterated€their€main€arguments€withÐ €Ð Ðregard€to€the€admissibility€of€the€complaint€and€underlined€that€the€State€party€had€not€explainedÐ l¼ Ðwhat€domestic€remedies€would€still€be€available€which€the€complainants€should€still€exhaust.€InÐ X ¨ Ðaddition,€they€consider€that€since€the€State€party€has€failed€to€put€forward€any€other€objections€in€thatÐ D!” Ðrespect,€it€has€in€effect€waived€its€right€to€contest€other€admissibility€criteria.€Ð 0"€  ÐÌòòDecision€on€admissibilityóóÐ $X" ÐÌ6.€€At€its€twenty„ÓÓfifth€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€the€complaint.€TheÐ à%0!$ ÐCommittee€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5€(a)€of€the€Convention,Ð Ì&"% Ðthat€the€same€matter€had€not€been€and€was€not€being€examined€under€another€procedure€ofÐ ¸'#& Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€Regarding€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€theÐ ¤(ô#' ÐCommittee€took€note€of€the€arguments€made€by€the€complainants€and€noted€that€it€had€not€receivedÐ )à$( Ðany€argumentation€or€information€from€the€State€party€on€this€issue.€Referring€to€rule€108,€paragraphÐ |*Ì%) Ð7€of€its€Rules€of€Procedure,€the€Committee€declared€the€complaint€admissible€on€23€November€2000.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€on€the€meritsóóÐ @-(, Ї7.€€Notwithstanding€the€Committee's€call€for€observations€on€the€merits,€transmitted€by€a€note€of€5Ð ° ÐDecember€2000,€and€two€reminders€of€9€October€2001€and€11€February€2002,€the€State€party€has€notÐ œì Ðmade€any€further€submission.€Ð ˆØ ÐÌÌòòComplainants'€additional€comments€on€the€meritsóóÐ L œ ÐÌ8.1€€By€a€letter€of€6€December€2001,€the€complainants€transmitted€to€the€Committee€additionalÐ $ t Ðinformation€and€comments€on€the€merits€of€the€case.€In€the€same€submission,€the€complainants€haveÐ  ` Ðtransmitted€detailed€information€on€different€questions€that€were€asked€by€the€Committee,€namely,Ð ü L  Ðon€the€presence€and€behaviour€of€the€police€during€the€events,€the€actions€that€have€been€takenÐ è 8  Ðtowards€the€local€population,€the€relations€between€the€different€ethnic€groups,€and€their€respectiveÐ Ô$  Ðtitles€of€property.€Ð À  ÐÌ8.2€€With€regard€to€the€presence€and€behaviour€of€the€police€during€the€events€and€the€actions€thatÐ ˜è  Ðhave€been€taken€towards€the€local€population,€the€complainants€give€a€detailed€description€of€theÐ „Ô  Ðfacts€referred€to€in€paragraphs€2.1€to€2.29€above.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ8.3€€With€regard€to€the€general€situation€of€the€Roma€minority€in€the€Federal€Republic€of€Yugoslavia,Ð H˜ Ðthe€complainants€contend€that€the€situation€has€remained€largely€unchanged€after€the€departure€ofÐ 4„ ÐPresident€Ô_ÔMilosevicÔ_Ô.€Referring€to€a€report€that€was€earlier€submitted€by€the€Humanitarian€Law€Ô_ÔCenterÔ_ÔÐ  p Ðto€the€Committee€against€Torture€and€to€the€2001€Annual€Report€of€Human€Rights€Watch,€theÐ  \ Ðcomplainants€submit€that€the€situation€of€Roma€in€the€State€party€is€today€very€preoccupying€andÐ øH Ðemphasize€that€there€have€been€a€number€of€serious€incidents€against€Roma€over€the€last€few€yearsÐ ä4 Ðwhile€no€significant€measures€to€find€or€prosecute€the€perpetrators€or€to€compensate€the€victims€haveÐ Ð  Ðbeen€taken€by€the€authorities.€Ð ¼  ÐÌ8.4€€With€regard€to€the€property€titles,€the€complainants€explain€that€most€were€lost€or€destroyedÐ ”ä Ðduring€the€events€of€14€and€15€April€1995€and€that€this€was€not€challenged€by€the€State€party'sÐ €Ð Ðauthorities€during€the€civil€proceedings.€Ð l¼ ÐÌ8.5€€The€complainants€then€make€a€thorough€analysis€of€the€scope€of€application€of€articles€1,Ð D!” Ðparagraph€1,€and€16,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention.€They€first€submit€that€the€European€Court€ofÐ 0"€  ÐHuman€Rights€has€ascertained€in€òòIreland€v.€United€Kingdomóó€and€in€the€òòGreekóó€case,€that€article€3€ofÐ #l! Ðthe€European€Convention€on€Human€Rights€also€covered€"the€infliction€of€mental€suffering€byÐ $X" Ðcreating€a€state€of€anguish€and€stress€by€means€other€than€bodily€assault".òò3óó/€Ð ô$D # ÐÌ8.6€€Moreover,€the€complainants€reiterate€that€the€assessment€of€the€level€of€ill„ÓÓtreatment€alsoÐ Ì&"% Ðdepends€on€the€vulnerability€of€the€victim€and€should€thus€also€take€into€account€the€sex,€age,€stateÐ ¸'#& Ðof€health€or€ethnicity€of€the€victim.€As€a€result,€the€Committee€should€consider€the€Romani€ethnicityÐ ¤(ô#' Ðof€the€victims€in€their€appreciation€of€the€violations€committed,€particularly€in€Yugoslavia.€In€theÐ )à$( Ðsame€line,€they€reiterate€that€a€given€level€of€physical€abuse€is€more€likely€to€constitute€a€treatmentÐ |*Ì%) Ðprohibited€by€article€16€of€the€Convention€if€it€is€motivated€by€racial€considerations.€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ8.7€€Concerning€the€devastation€of€human€settlements,€the€complainants€refer€to€two€cases€that€wereÐ @-(, Ðdecided€by€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€and€whose€factual€circumstances€were€similar€toÐ ° Ðthe€one€at€issue.òò4óó/€The€European€Court€considered€in€both€cases€that€the€burning€and€destruction€ofÐ œì Ðhomes€as€well€as€the€eviction€of€their€inhabitants€from€the€village€constituted€acts€that€were€contraryÐ ˆØ Ðto€article€3€of€the€European€Convention.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ8.8€€Concerning€the€perpetrators€of€the€alleged€violations€of€articles€1€and€16€of€the€Convention,€theÐ L œ Ðcomplainants€submit€that€although€only€a€public€official€or€a€person€acting€in€an€official€capacityÐ 8 ˆ Ðcould€be€the€perpetrator€of€an€act€in€the€sense€of€either€of€the€above€provisions,€both€provisions€stateÐ $ t Ðthat€the€act€of€torture€or€of€other€ill„ÓÓtreatment€may€also€be€inflicted€with€the€consent€or€acquiescenceÐ  ` Ðof€a€public€official.€Therefore,€while€they€do€not€dispute€that€the€acts€have€not€been€committed€byÐ ü L  Ðthe€police€officers€or€that€the€latter€have€not€instigated€them,€the€complainants€consider€that€theyÐ è 8  Ðhave€been€committed€with€their€consent€and€acquiescence.€The€police€were€informed€of€what€wasÐ Ô$  Ðgoing€to€happen€on€15€April€1995€and€were€present€on€the€scene€at€the€time€when€the€pogrom€tookÐ À  Ðplace€but€did€not€prevent€the€perpetrators€from€committing€their€wrongdoing.€Ð ¬ü  ÐÌ8.9€€With€regard€to€the€positive€obligations€of€States€to€prevent€and€suppress€acts€of€violenceÐ „Ô  Ðcommitted€by€private€individuals,€the€complainants€refer€to€General€Comment€20€of€the€HumanÐ pÀ ÐRights€Committee€on€article€7€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€accordingÐ \¬ Ðto€which€this€provision€covers€acts€that€are€committed€by€private€individuals,€which€implies€a€dutyÐ H˜ Ðfor€States€to€take€appropriate€measures€to€protect€everyone€against€such€acts.€The€complainants€alsoÐ 4„ Ðrefer€to€the€United€Nations€Code€of€Conduct€for€Law€Enforcement€Officials,€the€Basic€PrinciplesÐ  p Ðon€the€Use€of€Force€and€Firearms€by€law€Enforcement€Officials€and€the€Council€of€Europe'sÐ  \ ÐFramework€Convention€for€the€Protection€of€National€Minorities,€which€have€provisions€with€aÐ øH Ðsimilar€purpose.€Ð ä4 ÐÌ8.10€€On€the€same€issue,€the€complainants€cite€a€decision€of€the€Inter„ÓÓAmerican€Court€of€HumanÐ ¼  ÐRights€in€ÓÓòòÔ_ÔVelasquezÔ_Ô€Rodriguez€v.€HondurasòòóóÓÓóó€according€to€which€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà0  à[Ô_Ôa]nÔ_Ô€illegal€act€which€violates€human€rights€and€which€is€initially€not€directly€imputable€toÐ €Ð Ða€State€(for€example,€because€it€is€the€act€of€a€private€person€or€because€the€personÐ l¼ Ðresponsible€has€not€been€identified)€can€lead€to€international€responsibility€of€the€State,€notÐ X ¨ Ðbecause€of€the€act€itself€but€because€of€the€lack€of€due€diligence€to€prevent€the€violation€orÐ D!” Ðto€respond€to€it€as€required€by€the€Convention.òò5óó/€Ð0"€ (#(# ÐÌSimilarly,€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€has€addressed€the€issue€in€ÓÓòòÔ_ÔOsmanÔ_Ô€v.€UnitedÐ $X" ÐKingdomóó€and€stated€that€Ð ô$D # ÐÌà0  à[Ô_Ôa]rticleÔ_Ô€2€of€the€Convention€may€also€imply€in€certain€well„ÓÓdefined€circumstances€a€positiveÐ Ì&"% Ðobligation€on€the€authorities€to€take€preventive€operational€measures€to€protect€an€individualÐ ¸'#& Ðwhose€life€is€at€risk€from€the€criminal€acts€of€another€individual€ð8ð€[Ô_ÔW]hereÔ_Ô€there€is€anÐ ¤(ô#' Ðallegation€that€the€authorities€have€violated€their€positive€obligation€to€protect€the€right€to€lifeÐ )à$( Ðin€the€context€of€their€above„ÓÓmentioned€duty€to€prevent€and€suppress€offences€against€theÐ |*Ì%) Ðperson€ð8ð€it€must€be€established€to€its€satisfaction€that€the€authorities€knew€or€ought€to€haveÐ h+¸&* Ðknown€at€the€time€of€the€existence€of€a€real€and€immediate€risk€to€the€life€of€an€identifiedÐ T,¤'+ Ðindividual€or€individuals€from€the€criminal€acts€of€a€third€party€and€that€they€failed€to€takeÐ @-(, Ðmeasures€within€the€scope€of€their€powers€which,€judged€reasonably,€might€have€beenÐ ° Ðexpected€to€avoid€that€risk€...€[Ô_ÔH]avingÔ_Ô€regard€to€the€nature€of€the€right€protected€by€articleÐ œì Ð2,€a€right€fundamental€in€the€scheme€of€the€Convention,€it€is€sufficient€for€an€applicant€toÐ ˆØ Ðshow€that€the€authorities€did€not€do€all€that€could€be€reasonably€expected€of€them€to€avoidÐ tÄ Ða€real€and€immediate€risk€to€life€of€which€they€have€or€ought€to€have€knowledge.òò6óó/Ð`°(#(# ÐÌ8.11€€The€complainants€further€contend€that€the€extent€of€the€obligation€to€take€preventive€measuresÐ 8 ˆ Ðmay€increase€with€the€immediacy€of€the€risk€to€life.€In€support€of€this€argument,€they€extensively€relyÐ $ t Ðon€the€judgement€of€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€in€òòÔ_ÔMahmutÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKayaÔ_Ô€v.€Turkeyóó€where€theÐ  ` ÐCourt€laid€down€the€obligations€of€States€as€follows:€first,€States€have€an€obligation€to€take€everyÐ ü L  Ðreasonable€step€in€order€to€prevent€a€real€and€immediate€threat€to€the€life€and€integrity€of€a€personÐ è 8  Ðwhen€the€actions€could€be€perpetrated€by€a€person€or€group€of€persons€with€the€consent€orÐ Ô$  Ðacquiescence€of€public€authorities;€second,€States€have€an€obligation€to€provide€an€effective€remedy,Ð À  Ðincluding€a€proper€and€effective€investigation,€with€regard€to€actions€committed€by€non„ÓÓState€actorsÐ ¬ü  Ðundertaken€with€the€consent€or€acquiescence€of€public€authorities.€Ð ˜è  ÐÌ8.12€€The€complainants€also€underline€that€the€obligation€of€the€States€under€the€EuropeanÐ pÀ ÐConvention€on€Human€Rights€goes€well€beyond€mere€criminal€sanctions€for€private€individuals€whoÐ \¬ Ðhave€committed€acts€contrary€to€article€3€of€the€said€Convention.€In€òòZ.€v.€United€Kingdomóó,€theÐ H˜ ÐEuropean€Commission€on€Human€Rights€held€that€Ð 4„ ÐÌà0  àthe€authorities€were€aware€of€the€serious€ill„treatment€and€neglect€suffered€by€the€applicantsÐ  \ Ðover€a€period€of€years€at€the€hands€of€their€parents€and€failed,€despite€the€means€reasonablyÐ øH Ðavailable€to€them,€to€take€any€effective€steps€to€bring€it€to€an€end€...€[The€State€had€therefore]Ð ä4 Ðfailed€in€its€positive€obligation€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€to€provide€the€applicantsÐ Ð  Ðwith€adequate€protection€against€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment.òò7óó/€Ð¼ (#(# ÐÌ8.13€€In€conclusion,€the€complainants€submit€that€"they€were€indeed€subjected€to€acts€of€communityÐ ”ä Ðviolence€inflicting€on€them€great€physical€and€mental€suffering€amounting€to€torture€and/or€cruel,Ð €Ð Ðinhuman€and€degrading€treatment€or€punishment".€They€further€state€that€"this€happened€for€theÐ l¼ Ðpurpose€of€punishing€them€for€an€act€committed€by€a€third€person€(the€rape€of€Ô_ÔS.B.Ô_Ô),€and€that€theÐ X ¨ Ðcommunity€violence€(or€rather€the€racist€pogrom)€at€issue€took€place€in€the€presence€of,€and€thus€withÐ D!” Ðthe€'consent€or€acquiescence'€of,€the€police€whose€duty€under€law€was€precisely€the€opposite€„ÓÓ€toÐ 0"€  Ðsecure€their€safety€and€afford€them€protection".€Ð #l! ÐÌ8.14€€Finally,€concerning€the€absence€of€observations€by€the€State€party€on€the€merits,€theÐ ô$D # Ðcomplainants€refer€to€rule€108€òò6óó/€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€and€consider€that€suchÐ à%0!$ Ðprinciple€should€be€equally€applicable€during€the€phase€of€the€merits.€Relying€on€the€jurisprudenceÐ Ì&"% Ðof€the€European€Court€of€Human€Rights€and€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee,€the€complainantsÐ ¸'#& Ðfurther€argue€that,€by€not€contesting€the€facts€or€the€legal€arguments€developed€in€the€complaint€andÐ ¤(ô#' Ðfurther€submissions,€the€State€party€has€tacitly€accepted€the€claims€at€issue.€Ð )à$( ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó€Ð h+¸&* ÐÌ9.1€€The€Committee€has€considered€the€complaint€in€the€light€of€all€information€made€available€toÐ @-(, Ðit€by€the€parties€concerned,€in€accordance€with€article€22,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Convention.€Moreover,Ð ° Ðin€the€absence€of€any€submission€from€the€State€party€following€the€Committee's€decision€onÐ œì Ðadmissibility,€the€Committee€relies€on€the€detailed€submissions€made€by€the€complainants.€TheÐ ˆØ ÐCommittee€recalls€in€this€respect€that€a€State€party€has€an€obligation€under€article€22,€paragraph€3,Ð tÄ Ðof€the€Convention€to€cooperate€with€the€Committee€and€to€submit€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ `° Ðclarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€been€granted.€Ð L œ ÐÌ9.2€€As€to€the€legal€qualification€of€the€facts€that€have€occurred€on€15€April€1995,€as€they€wereÐ $ t Ðdescribed€by€the€complainants,€the€Committee€first€considers€that€the€burning€and€destruction€ofÐ  ` Ðhouses€constitute,€in€the€circumstances,€acts€of€cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment€or€punishment.Ð ü L  ÐThe€nature€of€these€acts€is€further€aggravated€by€the€fact€that€some€of€the€complainants€were€stillÐ è 8  Ðhidden€in€the€settlement€when€the€houses€were€burnt€and€destroyed,€the€particular€vulnerability€ofÐ Ô$  Ðthe€alleged€victims€and€the€fact€that€the€acts€were€committed€with€a€significant€level€of€racialÐ À  Ðmotivation.€Moreover,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€complainants€have€sufficientlyÐ ¬ü  Ðdemonstrated€that€the€police€(public€officials),€although€they€had€been€informed€of€the€immediateÐ ˜è  Ðrisk€that€the€complainants€were€facing€and€had€been€present€at€the€scene€of€the€events,€did€not€takeÐ „Ô  Ðany€appropriate€steps€in€order€to€protect€the€complainants,€thus€implying€"acquiescence"€in€the€senseÐ pÀ Ðof€article€16€of€the€Convention.€In€this€respect,€the€Committee€has€reiterated€on€many€instances€itsÐ \¬ Ðconcerns€about€"inaction€by€police€and€law„ÓÓenforcement€officials€who€fail€to€provide€adequateÐ H˜ Ðprotection€against€racially€motivated€attacks€when€such€groups€have€been€threatened"€(concludingÐ 4„ Ðobservations€on€the€initial€report€of€Slovakia,€CAT€A/56/44€(2001),€paragraph€104;€see€alsoÐ  p Ðconcluding€observations€on€the€second€periodic€report€of€the€Czech€Republic,€CAT€A/56/44€(2001),Ð  \ Ðparagraph€113€and€concluding€observations€on€the€second€periodic€report€of€Georgia,€CAT€A/56/44Ð øH Ð(2001),€paragraph€81).€Although€the€acts€referred€to€by€the€complainants€were€not€committed€byÐ ä4 Ðpublic€officials€themselves,€the€Committee€considers€that€they€were€committed€with€theirÐ Ð  Ðacquiescence€and€constitute€therefore€a€violation€of€article€16,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Convention€by€theÐ ¼  ÐState€party.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ9.3€€Having€considered€that€the€facts€described€by€the€complainants€constitute€acts€within€theÐ €Ð Ðmeaning€of€article€16,€paragraph€1€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€will€analyse€other€allegedÐ l¼ Ðviolations€in€the€light€of€that€finding.€Ð X ¨ ÐÌ9.4€€Concerning€the€alleged€violation€of€article€12€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee,€as€it€hasÐ 0"€  Ðunderlined€in€previous€cases€(see€òòinter€aliaóó€ÓÓòòÔ_ÔEncarnacionÔ_Ô€Blanco€Ô_ÔAbadÔ_Ô€v.€SpainòòóóÓÓóó,€Case€No.€59/1996,Ð #l! Ðdecided€on€14€May€1998),€is€of€the€opinion€that€a€criminal€investigation€must€seek€both€to€determineÐ $X" Ðthe€nature€and€circumstances€of€the€alleged€acts€and€to€establish€the€identity€of€any€person€who€mightÐ ô$D # Ðhave€been€involved€therein.€In€the€present€case,€the€Committee€notes€that,€despite€the€participationÐ à%0!$ Ðof€at€least€several€hundred€non„ÓÓRoma€in€the€events€of€15€April€1995€and€the€presence€of€a€numberÐ Ì&"% Ðof€police€officers€both€at€the€time€and€at€the€scene€of€those€events,€no€person€nor€any€member€of€theÐ ¸'#& Ðpolice€forces€has€been€tried€by€the€courts€of€the€State€party.€In€these€circumstances,€the€CommitteeÐ ¤(ô#' Ðis€of€the€view€that€the€investigation€conducted€by€the€authorities€of€the€State€party€did€not€satisfy€theÐ )à$( Ðrequirements€of€article€12€of€the€Convention.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌ9.5€€Concerning€the€alleged€violation€of€article€13€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€considers€thatÐ T,¤'+ Ðthe€absence€of€an€investigation€as€described€in€the€previous€paragraph€also€constitutes€a€violation€ofÐ @-(, Ðarticle€13€of€the€Convention.€Moreover,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party's€failureÐ ° Ðto€inform€the€complainants€of€the€results€of€the€investigation€by,€òòinter€aliaóó,€not€serving€on€them€theÐ œì Ðdecision€to€discontinue€the€investigation,€effectively€prevented€them€from€assuming€"privateÐ ˆØ Ðprosecution"€of€their€case.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€finds€that€this€constitutes€a€furtherÐ tÄ Ðviolation€of€article€13€of€the€Convention.€Ð `° ÐÌ9.6€€Concerning€the€alleged€violation€of€article€14€of€the€Convention,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðscope€of€application€of€the€said€provision€only€refers€to€torture€in€the€sense€of€article€1€of€theÐ $ t ÐConvention€and€does€not€cover€other€forms€of€ill„ÓÓtreatment.€Moreover,€article€16,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ  ` Ðthe€Convention€while€specifically€referring€to€articles€10,€11,€12,€and€13,€does€not€mention€articleÐ ü L  Ð14€of€the€Convention.€Nevertheless,€article€14€of€the€Convention€does€not€mean€that€the€State€partyÐ è 8  Ðis€not€obliged€to€grant€redress€and€fair€and€adequate€compensation€to€the€victim€of€an€act€in€breachÐ Ô$  Ðof€article€16€of€the€Convention.€The€positive€obligations€that€flow€from€the€first€sentence€of€articleÐ À  Ð16€of€the€Convention€include€an€obligation€to€grant€redress€and€compensate€the€victims€of€an€act€inÐ ¬ü  Ðbreach€of€that€provision.€The€Committee€is€therefore€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€has€failed€toÐ ˜è  Ðobserve€its€obligations€under€article€16€of€the€Convention€by€failing€to€enable€the€complainants€toÐ „Ô  Ðobtain€redress€and€to€provide€them€with€fair€and€adequate€compensation.€Ð pÀ ÐÌ10.€€The€Committee,€acting€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Convention,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ H˜ Ðfacts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€articles€16,€paragraph€1,€12€and€13€of€the€Convention€againstÐ 4„ ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.€Ð  p ÐÌ11.€€In€pursuance€of€rule€111,€paragraph€5,€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€the€Committee€urges€the€StateÐ øH Ðparty€to€conduct€a€proper€investigation€into€the€facts€that€occurred€on€15€April€1995,€prosecute€andÐ ä4 Ðpunish€the€persons€responsible€for€those€acts€and€provide€the€complainants€with€redress,€includingÐ Ð  Ðfair€and€adequate€compensation€and€to€inform€it,€within€90€days€from€the€date€of€the€transmittal€ofÐ ¼  Ðthis€decision,€of€the€steps€it€has€taken€in€response€to€the€views€expressed€above.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌò òòòÓ  ÓAnnexó óóóÐ €Ð ÐÓÍÉÓÌ(Case€No.€161/1999€„ÓÓ€òòÔ_ÔHajriziÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDzemajlÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€Yugoslaviaóó)ÓӀРX ¨ ÐÌòòIndividual€opinion€by€Mr.€Fernando€Ô_ÔMarioÔ_Ô€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_Ô€under€rule€113€ofÐ 0"€  Ðthe€Rules€of€ProcedureóóÐ #l! ÐÌWe€are€issuing€this€opinion€to€emphasize€that,€in€our€judgement,€the€illegal€incidents€for€which€theÐ ô$D # ÐYugoslav€State€is€responsible€constitute€"torture"€within€the€meaning€of€article€1,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ à%0!$ ÐConvention,€not€merely€"cruel,€inhuman€or€degrading€treatment"€as€covered€by€article€16.€The€failureÐ Ì&"% Ðof€the€State€authorities€to€react€to€violent€evictions,€forced€displacement€and€the€destruction€of€homesÐ ¸'#& Ðand€property€by€individuals€amounts€to€unlawful€acquiescence€which,€in€our€judgement,€violatesÐ ¤(ô#' Ðarticle€1,€paragraph€1,€particularly€when€read€in€conjunction€with€article€2,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ )à$( ÐConvention.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌWe€believe€that,€in€fact,€the€suffering€visited€upon€the€victims€was€severe€enough€to€qualify€asÐ T,¤'+ Ð"torture",€because:€Ð @-(, Ї(a)€€The€inhabitants€of€the€Ô_ÔBozovaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGlavicaÔ_Ô€settlement€were€forced€to€abandon€their€homes€in€hasteÐ ° Ðgiven€the€risk€of€severe€personal€and€material€harm;€Ð œì ÐÌ(b)€€Their€settlement€and€homes€were€completely€destroyed.€Basic€necessities€were€also€destroyed;€Ð tÄ ÐÌ(c)€€Not€only€did€the€resulting€forced€displacement€prevent€them€from€returning€to€their€originalÐ L œ Ðsettlement,€but€many€members€of€the€group€were€forced€to€live€poorly,€without€jobs€or€fixed€placesÐ 8 ˆ Ðof€abode;€Ð $ t ÐÌ(d)€€Thus€displaced€and€wronged,€these€Yugoslav€nationals€have€still€not€received€any€compensation,Ð ü L  Ðseven€years€after€the€fact,€although€they€have€approached€the€domestic€authorities;€Ð è 8  ÐÌ(e)€€All€the€inhabitants€who€were€violently€displaced€belong€to€the€Romani€ethnic€group,€which€isÐ À  Ðknown€to€be€especially€vulnerable€in€many€parts€of€Europe.€In€view€of€this,€States€must€afford€themÐ ¬ü  Ðgreater€protection;€Ð ˜è  Ðà  àÌThe€above€amounts€to€a€presumption€of€"severe€suffering",€certainly€"mental"€but€also€inescapablyÐ pÀ Ð"physical"€in€nature€even€if€the€victims€were€not€subjected€to€direct€physical€aggression.€Ð \¬ ÐÌWe€thus€consider€that€the€incidents€at€issue€should€have€been€categorized€as€"torture".€Ð 4„ ÐÌ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€(ÓÓòòSignedÓÓóó):€Ð  \ ÐÐ Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Fernando€Ô_ÔMarioÔ_ԀРä4 Ѐ€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€Ô_ÔAlejandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGonzlezÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPobleteÔ_ԀРР ÐÌÌòòNotesóóÐ ”ä ÐÌòò1óó/€€See€òòÔ_ÔAssenovÔ_Ô€v.€Bulgariaóó,€Judgement€of€28€October€1998,€paras.€102,€117;€òòÔ_ÔAksoyÔ_Ô€v.€Turkeyóó,Ð l¼ ÐJudgement€of€18€December€1996;€òòÔ_ÔAydinÔ_Ô€v.€Turkeyóó,€Judgement€of€29€September€1997;€òòX€and€Y€v.€TheÐ X ¨ ÐNetherlandsóó,€8€Ô_ÔEHRRÔ_Ô€235€(1985),€paras.€21„ÓÓ30.€Ð D!” ÐÌòò2óó/€€See€òòÔ_ÔEncarnacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Blanco€Ô_ÔAbadÔ_Ô€v.€Spainóó,€14€May€1998,€CAT/C/20/D/59/1996,€para.€8.2;€ÓÓòòHenriÐ #l! ÐÔ_ÔUnaiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔParotÔ_Ô€v.€Spainóó,€2€May€1995,€CAT/C/14/D/6/1990.€Ð $X" ÐÌòò3óó/€€Report€of€5€November€1969,€Yearbook€XII;€the€ÓÓòòGreekóóòòÓÓóó€case€(1969),€p.€461.€Ð à%0!$ ÐÌòò4óó/€€òòÔ_ÔMentesÔ_Ô€and€Others€v.€Turkeyóó,€58/1996/677/867€and€òòÔ_ÔSelcukÔ_Ô€and€Asker€v.€Turkeyóó,Ð ¸'#& Ð12/1997/796/998„999.€Ð ¤(ô#' ÐÌòò5óó/€€òòÔ_ÔVelasquezÔ_Ô€Rodriguez€v.€Hondurasóó,€judgment€of€29€July€1988,€p.€291.€Ð |*Ì%) ÐÌòò6óó/€€òòÔ_ÔOsmanÔ_Ô€v.€United€Kingdomóó,€paras.€115„ÓÓ116.€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ðòò7óó/€€òòZ.€v.€United€Kingdomóó,€para.€98.€Ð ° Ð