’WPC[ ‹Of_åÕ4®÷‹”"ī<Žw†ć~uiźX}Q“'Ö¶¬§4ĶyPžAūĪć#W iS@T¹ląŻKR¼Øę˜H^¢³ģc¹™9T-Ų²OV¦ćåG«=ÓłĪŅVņe/o7¤­öTœZę 1d–%ó[ķį>ķą·£× „RŚŹB4[,}ęĒO3,§Ź¬tł¾ū¢Cõæ!¼|¶ļaōŻ"_ĆŠ>zE1ŗ¦ŽżéP4Ą1P÷#Mķ± ļ °G_²„öIĻĄ~†ƒwq÷  Ć3Ō+ĖāG½xÉ÷.§u•™™#’ĀćŖ«D볬3Š ÷ßĘ·¢doAj5ż%N“ Żõ.XÜ7+ÕȈ„_’UÜ:iłtKB72 ē>‡……›¶DŠ» zķßtå1Ą?יEœ;ēϲ^‘‹,u3*ŅcądJF‘2÷D£6āe­ląRLX•ÖøÅ%$,żš §m“½8X,J+0śƒ4iÄä%T1ęt×°Åŗq+l ĀPĘ5ŚrźŅ’ 2€ Pﱜ ÷,“ń„ąŗč–1quŃNT®c·jšVچ+_‰²Ü'(ły&#ŪWĮa±õĘ,öpŠŸ}L# #Į¶UNw %Å 0:Ė^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - StandardČŠššČŠ0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,Ō a", tQ+4 k1`cŸ3|x ’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņÓ  ÓCOMMITTEE€ON€THE€ELIMINATION€OF€RACIAL€DISCRIMINATIONŠ ° ŠĢņņZ.€U.€B.€S.€v.€AustraliaóóŠ ą ŠĢCommunication€No.€6/1995Š pĄ ŠĢ19€August€1997Š P   ŠĢŌ_ŌCERDŌ_Ō/C/51/D/6/1995*Š 0 € Šó óĢĢņ ņADMISSIBILITYó óŠ P  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€Z.€U.€B.€S.Š Š  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€€The€authorŠ ° ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€€AustraliaŠ ą ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€€17€January€1995€(initial€submission)Š pĄ ŠĢņņDate€of€present€decisionóó:€€19€August€1997óóŠ P  ŠĢĢÓ  Óņ ņņņDecision€on€Admissibilityóóó óŠ  p ŠÓ×ÓĢĢ1.€€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Z.€U.€B.€S.,€an€Australian€citizen€of€Pakistani€origin€born€inŠ š@ Š1955,€currently€residing€in€Ō_ŌEastwoodŌ_Ō,€New€South€Wales,€Australia.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€ofŠ ą0 Šviolations€by€Australia€of€articles€2,€5€and€6€of€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€ofŠ Š  ŠAll€Forms€of€Racial€Discrimination.€He€contends€that€he€has€been€the€victim€of€racial€discriminationŠ Ą! Šby€the€New€South€Wales€Fire€Brigade€Service€(hereafter€referred€to€as€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō)€and€by€the€NewŠ °"  ŠSouth€Wales€Anti„Discrimination€Board€(hereafter€referred€to€as€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō).Š  #š! ŠĢņņThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóŠ €%Š # ŠĢ2.1€€€In€February€1993€the€author,€who€had€by€then€been€residing€for€approximately€two€years€inŠ `'°"% ŠAustralia,€was€hired€as€an€Engineering€Officer€by€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō.€Before€being€hired,€he€had€appliedŠ P( #& Šfor€two€higher€level€positions€which€he€claims€were€commensurate€with€his€qualifications,Š @)$' Šexperience€and€skills.€He€was,€however,€interviewed€and€hired€for€a€lower€level€position€for€whichŠ 0*€%( Šhe€had€not€applied,€and€for€which€he€contends€he€was€not€provided€with€a€job€description.€The€author€Š  +p&) Šcontends€that€he€was€not€granted€interviews€for€the€other€two€positions,€which€went€to€two€otherŠ ,`'* Šapplicants.€1/Š -P(+ ŠŠ š-@), Š2.2€€€According€to€the€author,€his€position€was€identical€to€that€of€the€other€two€officers€on€theŠ ° ŠŌ_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō.€He€claims€that€both€of€the€other€officers€were€of€a€š šdifferent€racešš,€without€specifying€toŠ  š Šwhich€race€they€belonged,€and€claims€that€the€difference€in€treatment€between€himself€and€the€otherŠ ą Štwo€officers€was€racially€motivated.€Such€differentiation€allegedly€included€that€the€authorššsŠ €Š Šqualifications€exceeded€those€of€his€colleagues,€that€his€salary€was€inferior€to€that€of€one€of€theŠ pĄ Šofficers,€and€that€he€was€placed€on€six€months€probation,€unlike€one€of€the€officers.€In€each€case,€heŠ ` ° Šwas€treated€the€same€as€the€other€colleague,€although€he€argues€that€he€was€not€informed€of€theŠ P   Šprobationary€requirement.Š @  ŠĢ2.3€€€The€author€contends€that€he€was€given€a€heavier€workload€compared€to€his€colleagues,€that€hisŠ  p  Šparticipation€in€business€trips€was€limited,€and€that€his€access€to€workplace€information€wasŠ `  Šcurtailed.€He€alleges€harassment€and€unfair€treatment€in€the€performance€of€his€duties;€he€notes,€forŠ P  Šexample,€that€one€day€he€was€ridiculed€for€refusing€to€drink€beer€with€his€colleagues€towards€the€endŠ š@  Šof€one€dayššs€duties,€although€he€had€pointed€out€that€his€origin€and€religion€did€not€allow€him€toŠ ą0  Šdrink€alcoholic€beverages.€The€author€does€not€give€reasons€for€his€belief€that€the€difference€inŠ Š  Štreatment€compared€to€other€colleagues€was€due€to€racial€discrimination.Š Ą ŠĢ2.4€€€After€he€had€filed€two€complaints€with€the€relevant€department€under€the€Fire€BrigadeššsŠ  š Šgrievance€policy,€the€author€contends€that€management€prepared€a€report€on€his€š špoor€performancešš.Š ą ŠOn€30€July€1993,€he€lodged€a€complaint€of€racial€discrimination€in€employment€with€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€ofŠ €Š ŠNew€South€Wales,€indicating€that€the€matter€was€š šurgentšš.€On€6€August€1993,€his€employment€wasŠ pĄ Šterminated,€allegedly€without€written€notice.€The€author€informed€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€of€this€development€byŠ `° Šfax€of€9€August€1993.Š P  ŠĢ2.5€€€According€to€the€author,€the€handling€of€his€claim€by€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€was€biased€and€discriminatory,Š 0€ Šand€that€the€bias€was€racially€motivated.€The€author€bases€this€assessment€on€the€delay€in€theŠ  p Šhandling€of€his€case€which,€in€his€opinion,€led€to€his€being€dismissed.€Furthermore,€the€authorŠ ` Šcontends€that€in€a€telephone€conversation€with€a€senior€conciliation€officer€of€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€on€12€AugustŠ P Š1993,€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€had€taken€part€of€his€former€employer,€as€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€agreed€with€the€employerššsŠ š@ Šsuggestion€that€he€appeal€to€the€Government€and€Related€Employees€Appeal€Tribunal€(GREAT).Š ą0 ŠGREAT€examines€cases€of€wrongful€dismissal,€whereas€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€processes€cases€of€racialŠ Š  Šdiscrimination.€The€author€was€therefore€reluctant€to€file€his€grievances€with€GREAT,€and€tookŠ Ą! ŠŌ_ŌADBŌ_Ōššs€suggestion€to€mean€that€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€did€not€believe€that€it€was€faced€with€a€case€of€racialŠ °"  Šdiscrimination.Š  #š! ŠĢ2.6€€€On€an€unspecified€date,€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€consulted€with€solicitors€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWŌ_Ō€Legal€AidŠ €%Š # ŠCommission€(hereafter€referred€to€as€LAC)€with€a€view€to€obtaining€legal€aid€for€proceedings€beforeŠ p&Ą!$ ŠGREAT.€On€18€August€1993,€he€was€refused€legal€aid.€He€does€not€indicate€whether€he€appealedŠ `'°"% Šthis€decision€to€the€Legal€Aid€Review€Committee€within€the€28€day€limit€stipulated€in€the€applicableŠ P( #& Šregulations.€On€30€August€1993,€the€author€addressed€a€letter€to€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€confirming€his€decisionŠ @)$' Šnot€to€proceed€with€an€appeal€before€GREAT€asking€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€to€give€priority€to€his€complaint.Š 0*€%( ŠĢ2.7€€€On€an€unspecified€date,€the€author€further€contacted€the€New€South€Wales€Council€for€CivilŠ ,`'* ŠLiberties€(Ō_ŌNSWCCLŌ_Ō)€which€informed€him,€on€1€July€1994,€that€his€complaint€had€been€forwardedŠ -P(+ Što€the€Councilššs€Complaints€Sub„Committee€for€further€consideration.€The€author€does€not€elaborateŠ š-@), Šany€further€on€this€contact.Š ° ŠĢ2.8€€€On€19€December€1994,€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€informed€the€author€that€its€investigation€had€been€completed,€andŠ ą Šthat€it€found€that€there€was€no€merit€in€the€complaint.€No€reason€for€this€evaluation€were€provided.Š €Š ŠThe€letter€to€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€advised€him€of€his€right€to€appeal€the€decision€with€21€days€of€the€EqualŠ pĄ ŠOpportunity€Tribunal€(hereafter€referred€to€as€EOT).€At€the€time€of€his€initial€submission€(17€JanuaryŠ ` ° Š1995),€the€author€indicated€that€the€procedure€before€the€EOT€is€long€and€expensive.€He€argues€thatŠ P   Šhe€cannot€pay€the€costs€for€legal€representation€since€he€remained€unemployed€after€his€dismissal.Š @  ŠHe€does€not€indicate,€however,€whether€he€applied€for€legal€aid€with€the€LAC€of€New€South€Wales.Š 0 € ŠĢņņThe€complaintóóŠ `  ŠĢ3.€€It€is€submitted€by€the€author€that€the€facts€stated€above€amount€to€violations€of€articles€2,€5€andŠ š@  Š6€of€the€Convention.Š ą0  ŠĢņņState€partyššs€observationsóóŠ Ą ŠĢ4.1€€In€a€submission€dated€March€1996,€the€State€party€notes€that€when€the€author€initially€submittedŠ  š Šhis€case€to€the€Committee,€it€was€clearly€inadmissable€for€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€asŠ ą ŠMr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€had€then€instituted€proceedings€before€the€EOT.€€On€30€October€1995,€however,€theŠ €Š ŠEOT€handed€down€a€judgement€in€the€authorššs€Ō_ŌfavourŌ_Ō€and€awarded€him€$A€40,000€of€damages€andŠ pĄ Šordered€his€former€employer€to€address€a€written€apology€(within€14€days)€to€him.€€While€the€EOTŠ `° Šdismissed€the€authorššs€claims€of€racial€discrimination,€it€did€find€that€the€author€had€been€victimizedŠ P  Šas€a€result€of€his€complaint.€€Victimization€of€an€individual€who€has€initiated€a€complaint€of€racialŠ @ Šdiscrimination€is€unlawful€under€section€50€of€the€New€South€Wales€Anti„Discrimination€Act€ofŠ 0€ Š1977.Š  p ŠĢ4.2€€The€State€party€considers€that€with€the€judgement€of€the€EOT,€the€authorššs€case€should€beŠ P Šconsidered€closed.€€It€adds€that€the€author€could€have€appealed€the€judgement€of€30€October€1995Š š@ Šon€a€point€of€law,€but€that€no€notification€of€appeal€was€ever€received.€€This€implies€that€if€the€authorŠ ą0 Šwas€dissatisfied€with€the€judgement,€he€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies€because€he€didŠ Š  Šnot€file€an€appeal€within€the€statutory€deadlines.Š Ą! ŠĢ4.3€€The€State€party€summarizes€the€EOTššs€findings€in€the€authorššs€case:Š  #š! ŠĢą0  ą„€€€In€respect€of€the€authorššs€claim€that€he€had€been€racially€discriminated€in€respect€of€hisŠ €%Š # Šacademic€qualifications,€the€appointment€terms€and€conditions€and€the€probationary€periodŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€six€months,€the€Tribunal€found€that€there€was€š šno€doubtšš€that€the€author€had€been€š štreatedŠ `'°"% Šdifferentlyšš€from€his€colleagues€in€respect€€of€his€salary€and€commencement€date.€€It€foundŠ P( #& Šthat€this€was€attributable€to€his€lack€of€local€experience.€€The€EOT€also€found€that€theŠ @)$' ŠŌ_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ōššs€failure€to€advise€the€author€of€the€probationary€period€š šwas€unfortunatešš€and€aŠ 0*€%( Šš šbreach€of€contractšš,€and€that€the€author€was€probably€exploited.€€But€though€the€author€wasŠ  +p&) Šš štreated€adverselyšš,€the€EOT€considered€that€this€š šwas€not€a€ground€concerning€his€race€orŠ ,`'* Ša€characteristic€of€his€race€or€a€characteristic€imputed€to€his€racešš.Š-P(+(#(# ŠŌ_ŌŠ š-@), Šą0  ą„€€€In€respect€of€the€authorššs€claim€of€excessive€workload,€the€EOT€found€that€the€evidenceŠ ° Špresented€did€not€amount€to€discrimination.€€While€the€author€was€at€one€time€working€onŠ  š Šfive€projects€and€his€two€colleagues€were€working€on€only€two,€an€analysis€of€the€projectsŠ ą Šrevealed€that€the€colleaguesšš€projects€were€of€substantially€greater€complexity€than€theŠ €Š Šauthorššs.€€In€respect€of€the€authorššs€claim€that€he€had€to€attend€to€duties€of€contractŠ pĄ Šadministration€of€a€higher€accountability€than€his€colleagues,€the€EOT€did€not€accept€hisŠ ` ° Šcase,€as€evidence€produced€by€the€respondent€showed€that€the€colleagues€also€attended€toŠ P   Šsuch€duties€at€various€times.Š@ (#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€€As€to€the€claim€that€the€author€was€discriminated€against€because€he€was€not€allowed€toŠ  p  Šattend€two€courses€relevant€to€his€work,€the€EOT€found€that€he€did€in€fact€attend€one€course.€Š `  ŠFurthermore,€š šfinancial€considerations€restrained€the€allocation€of€personnel€to€otherŠ P  Šcoursesšš,€and€as€the€author€lacked€seniority,€the€respondent€could€justifiably€exclude€theŠ š@  Šauthor€from€attendance€of€the€second€course.Šą0 (#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€€As€to€the€authorššs€claim€that€he€was€vilified€on€account€of€his€race€or€a€characteristicŠ Ą Špertaining€to€his€race,€the€EOT€found€that€the€authorššs€superiorššs€instructions€to€Mr.€Ō_ŌZ.U.B.S.Ō_ŌŠ ° Što€finish€some€tender€documents€by€the€first€working€day€after€Easter€š šwere€robust,€perhapsŠ  š Šinsensitivešš,€but€did€not€amount€to€discrimination.€€Several€other€comments€alleged€to€haveŠ ą Šbeen€made€by€the€authorššs€colleagues€were€carefully€evaluated€by€the€EOT,€which€concludedŠ €Š Šthat€they€were€isolated€remarks€made€on€š špurely€social€occasions€and€did€not€reflect€anyŠ pĄ Švilification€.€.€.€or€a€basis€for€a€finding€of€racial€discriminationšš.€€In€sum,€the€EOT€found€thatŠ `° ŠMr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€was€not€discriminated€against€by€his€employer€in€relation€to€the€terminationŠ P  Šof€his€employment€on€the€basis€of€his€race.Š@(#(# ŠĢ4.4€€Concerning€the€victimization€issue,€the€State€party€notes€that€the€EOT€concluded€that€theŠ  p Šauthorššs€case€satisfied€the€major€constitutive€elements€of€victimization.€€EOT€considered€thatŠ ` ŠŌ_ŌZ.U.B.S.Ō_Ōššs€š šcomplaints€of€racial€discrimination€significantly€hardenedšš€his€superiorššs€views€of€him.€Š P ŠIt€considered€that€the€authorššs€complaint€š šwas€a€substantial€and€operative€factor€upon€the€respondentŠ š@ Šadopting€the€viewšš€that€the€author€be€dismissed€rather€than€seeking€to€resolve€the€issue€by€resortingŠ ą0 Što€a€grievance€procedure.€€The€Tribunal€also€was€of€the€view€that€although€the€respondent€had€stated,Š Š  Šin€a€letter€to€the€President€of€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€that€the€author€was€dismissed€because€he€refused€to€do€certainŠ Ą! Šwork,€the€respondent€had€š šsubjectedšš€the€author€š što€a€detriment,€namely€to€termination€of€hisŠ °"  Šemployment€without€noticešš€because€of€his€discrimination€allegations:€€this,€in€the€tribunalššsŠ  #š! Šopinion,€was€contrary€to€Section€50€of€the€Anti„Discrimination€Act€1977.Š $ą" ŠĢ5.1€€In€comments,€the€author€reiterates€that€the€attitude€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō€violated€his€rights€underŠ p&Ą!$ Šarticles€2,€3,€5(c),€5(e)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€and€6€of€the€Convention.€€He€bases€his€claims€on:Š `'°"% ŠĢą0  ą(a)€€alleged€race„based€harassment€and€offensive€Ō_ŌbehaviourŌ_Ō€on€the€part€of€former€colleaguesŠ @)$' Šin€his€former€workplace;€and€Š0*€%((#(# ŠĢą0  ą(b)€€discrimination€as€to€the€terms€of€his€appointment,€discrimination€in€his€employmentŠ ,`'* Šconditions€and€in€the€termination€of€his€employment.€€He€reiterates€that€there€š šis€a€clearŠ -P(+ Špattern€of€unfair€treatment€and€discrimination€against€the€petitioner€on€the€ground€of€his€raceŠ š-@), Šand€unfair€advantage€to€the€officers€of€another€racešš.а(#(# ŠĢ5.2€€According€to€the€author,€the€attitude€of€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€in€his€case€violated€his€rights€under€articles€2,Š ą Š5(a)€and€6€of€the€Convention.€€In€particular,€he€contends€that€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€did€not€handle€his€urgentŠ €Š Šcomplaint€impartially,€that€it€victimized€and€disadvantaged€him;€it€is€further€submitted€that€byŠ pĄ Šš šdelaying€the€case€for€22€monthsšš,€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€protected€the€personnel€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō.Š ` ° ŠĢ5.3€€The€attitude€of€the€EOT€in€the€case€is€said€to€have€violated€the€authorššs€rights€under€articles€2,Š @  Š5(a)€and€6€of€the€Convention.€€It€transpires€from€his€submissions,€however,€that€he€primarily€takesŠ 0 € Šissue€with€the€way€EOT€evaluated€the€facts€and€the€evidence€presented€in€his€case,€during€theŠ  p  Šhearings€held€form€11€to€15€September€1995.Š `  ŠĢ5.4€€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€claims€that€the€office€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWŌ_Ō€Ombudsman,€which€he€seized€of€his€case,Š š@  Šhandled€his€grievances€in€violation€of€articles€2,€5(a)€and€6€of€the€Convention:€€š šThe€Ombudsman,Š ą0  Šwithout€contacting€the€petitioner,€accepted€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ōššs€version€of€the€dispute.€€The€conduct€of€theŠ Š  ŠOmbudsman€Office€in€this€case€was€disappointing.€€It€is€worth€noting€that€the€Ō_ŌNSWŌ_Ō€OmbudsmanŠ Ą Šin€office€served€as€Race€Discrimination€Commissioner€in€the€Federal€Human€Rights€and€EqualŠ ° ŠOpportunities€Commission€for€several€years€and€is€fully€aware€of€racism€in€Australia,€including€theŠ  š ŠŌ_ŌADBŌ_Ōššs€general€attitude€in€handling€the€complaints€of€race€discriminationšš.Š ą ŠĢ5.5€€Finally,€Mr.€€contends€that€the€„€reasoned€„€decision€of€the€LAC€of€New€South€Wales€not€toŠ pĄ Šprovide€him€with€free€legal€assistance€violated€his€rights€under€articles€2,€5(a)€and€6€of€theŠ `° ŠConvention.€€It€remains€unclear€whether€factors€other€than€the€simple€denial€of€his€request€for€legalŠ P  Šassistance€are€deemed€to€have€been€discriminatory.Š @ ŠĢ6.1€€Prior€to€the€Committeeššs€49ņņthóó€session,€the€State€party€requested€an€opportunity€to€provide€furtherŠ  p Šcomments€on€the€admissibility€of€the€authorššs€claims,€as€the€author€has€raised€new€arguments€in€hisŠ ` Šsubmission€of€April€1996.€€In€June€1997,€the€State€party€transmitted€to€the€Committee€furtherŠ P Šadmissibility€observations.Š š@ ŠĢ6.2€€The€State€party€rejects€the€claim€under€article€2€of€the€Convention€as€inadmissible€asŠ Š  Šincompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€pursuant€to€rule€91€(c)€of€the€rules€of€procedure;Š Ą! Šit€points€out€in€this€context€that€the€Committee€has€no€jurisdiction€to€review€the€laws€of€AustraliaŠ °"  Šņņin€Ō_ŌabstractoŌ_Ōóó,€and€that,€in€addition,€no€ņņspecificóó€allegations€against€Australia€have€been€made€by€theŠ  #š! Šauthor€in€relation€to€article€2.€€If€the€Committee€were€to€consider€itself€competent€to€review€theŠ $ą" Šallegation,€the€State€party€submits€that€it€should€be€rejected€as€inadmissible€ņņrations€Ō_ŌmateriaeŌ_Ōóó.€€ItŠ €%Š # Šargues€that€the€authorššs€rights€under€article€2€are€accessory€in€nature,€and€that€if€no€violation€underŠ p&Ą!$ Šarticles€3,€5€or€6€of€the€Convention€can€be€established€in€relation€to€the€conduct€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō,€theŠ `'°"% ŠŌ_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€the€EOT,€the€Ombudsmanššs€Office€or€the€LAC€(see€below),€then€no€violation€of€article€2€canŠ P( #& Šbe€established€either.€€Subsidiarily,€the€State€party€contends€that€if€the€Committee€were€to€hold€thatŠ @)$' Šarticle€2€is€not€accessory€in€nature,€it€remains€the€case€that€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€did€not€provide€ņņprimaŠ 0*€%( Šfacieóó€evidence€that€the€above€bodies€engaged€in€acts€or€practices€of€racial€discrimination€against€him.Š  +p&) ŠĢ6.3€€The€State€party€rejects€the€authorššs€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€in€that€heŠ -P(+ Šš šwas€segregated€.€.€.€€from€English€speaking€background€personnel€during€a€trip€to€Melbourne€andŠ š-@), Šin€an€external€training€coursešš:€€this€is€deemed€inadmissible€as€incompatible€ņņŌ_ŌrationeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌmateriaeŌ_Ōóó€withŠ ° Šthe€Convention.€€For€the€State€party,€the€author€has€failed€to€raise€an€issue€in€relation€to€article€3;Š  š Šsubsidiarily,€it€is€argued€that€the€claim€under€article€3€has€been€insufficiently€substantiated,€forŠ ą Špurposes€of€admissibility:€€there€is€no€system€of€racial€segregation€or€apartheid€in€Australia.Š €Š ŠĢ6.4€€The€State€party€submits€that€the€claim€of€a€violation€of€article€5(a),€(c)€and€(e)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€of€theŠ ` ° ŠConvention€by€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō,€the€EOT,€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€the€Ombudsman€and€the€LAC€is€inadmissibleŠ P   ŠņņŌ_ŌrationeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌmateriaeŌ_Ōóó;€in€relation€to€the€allegations€against€the€conduct€of€the€case€by€the€EOT€and€theŠ @  ŠLAC,€Australia€further€argues€that€the€author€has€failed€to€exhaust€available€and€effective€domesticŠ 0 € Šremedies.Š  p  ŠĢ6.5€€As€to€the€authorššs€claim€that€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō€violated€his€rights€under€subparagraph€5(c)€to,€ņņinterŠ P  Šaliaóó,€have€equal€access€to€public€service€and€further€violated€his€right,€under€subparagraph€5(e)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō),Š š@  Što€work,€to€free€choice€of€employment,€to€just€and€Ō_ŌfavourableŌ_Ō€conditions€of€work€and€justŠ ą0  Šremuneration,€the€State€party€argues€that:Š Š  ŠĢą0  ą„€€these€allegations€were€reviewed€by€Australian€tribunals€in€good€faith€and€in€a€reasonableŠ ° Šmanner€and€in€accordance€with€established€procedures.€€It€is€submitted€that€it€would€beŠ  š Šincompatible€with€the€role€of€the€Committee€to€act€as€a€further€court€of€appeal€in€theseŠ ą Šcircumstances;Š€Š(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€subsidiarily,€the€State€party€submits€that€alleged€racial€discrimination€in€employment€hasŠ `° Šbeen€insufficiently€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€as€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€did€notŠ P  Šprovide€ņņprima€facieóó€evidence€which€might€€give€rise€to€a€finding€of€racial€discrimination.Š@(#(# ŠĢ6.6€€As€to€the€claim€that€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.ššs€right€to€equal€treatment€before€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€the€EOT,€theŠ  p ŠOmbudsman€and€the€LAC€were€violated,€the€State€party€argues€that:Š ` ŠĢą0  ą„€€these€allegations€(with€the€exception€of€the€one€against€the€LAC)€are€incompatible€with€theŠ š@ Šprovisions€of€the€Convention,€on€the€ground€that€the€Committee€is€not€mandated€to€reviewŠ ą0 Šthe€determination€of€facts€and€law€of€domestic€tribunals,€in€particular€in€cases€in€which€theŠ Š  Šcomplainant€failed€to€exhaust€available€and€effective€domestic€remedies;ŠĄ!(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€the€claims€related€to€the€treatment€of€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€by€EOT€and€LAC€are€inadmissible,Š  #š! Šas€the€author€failed€to€exhaust€available€domestic€remedies,€pursuant€to€article€14,€paragraphŠ $ą" Š7(a),€of€the€Convention.€€Thus,€the€allegations€of€unfair€and€unequal€treatment€could€haveŠ €%Š # Šbeen€reviewed€by€the€New€South€Wales€Supreme€Court,€and€the€claims€of€unequal€and€unfairŠ p&Ą!$ Štreatment€by€the€LAC€could€have€been€reviewed€by€the€Legal€Aid€Review€Committee.€Š `'°"% ŠNeither€avenue€was€pursued€by€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.ŠP( #&(#(# ŠĢ6.7€€With€respect€to€the€authorššs€contention€that€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō,€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō,€the€EOT,€the€OmbudsmanŠ 0*€%( Šand€the€LAC€violated€his€rights€under€article€6€of€the€Convention,€the€State€party€submits€that:Š  +p&) ŠĢą0  ą„€€this€allegation€is€inadmissible€ņņŌ_ŌrationeŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌmateriaeŌ_Ōóó€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€asŠ -P(+ Šthe€alleged€violations€of€the€authorššs€rights€by€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō€and€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€were€properlyŠ š-@), Šreviewed€by€the€domestic€courts,€š šin€a€reasonable€manner€and€in€accordance€with€the€lawšš.€Š ° ŠThe€State€party€emphasizes€that€it€š šis€incompatible€with€the€role€of€the€Committee€under€theŠ  š ŠConvention€to€act€as€a€further€court€of€appeal€in€these€circumstances.€€Australia€has€aŠ ą Šdomestic€system€which€provides€effective€protections€and€remedies€against€any€acts€of€racialŠ €Š Šdiscriminationšš.€€The€mere€fact€that€the€authorššs€allegations€were€dismissed€is€no€reflectionŠ pĄ Šon€their€effectiveness.Š` °(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€subsidiarily,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€rights€under€article€6€of€the€Convention€areŠ @  Šsimilar€to€those€enshrined€in€article€2€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€PoliticalŠ 0 € ŠRights.€€These€are€general€rights€which€are€accessory€in€nature€and€linked€to€the€specificŠ  p  Šrights€enshrined€in€the€Convention.€€As€no€independent€violation€of€articles€2,€3€and€5€of€theŠ `  ŠConvention€has€been€made€out€by€the€author,€no€violation€of€article€6€can€be€established.ŠP (#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€still€subsidiarily,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€allegations€under€article€6€have€beenŠ ą0  Šinsufficiently€substantiated,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€as€the€author€did€not€submit€anyŠ Š  Šņņprima€facieóó€evidence€that€he€did€not€have€the€opportunity€to€seek€effective€protection€andŠ Ą Šremedies€against€alleged€acts€of€racial€discrimination€in€his€employment€before€theseŠ ° Štribunals,€in€a€manner€similar€to€every€individual€in€New€South€Wales€subject€to€theirŠ  š Šjurisdiction.Аą(#(# ŠĢ6.8€€In€comments€dated€3€August€1997,€the€author€reiterates€his€allegations,€claiming€that:Š pĄ ŠĢą0  ą„€€š šsix€Anglo„Celtic€officialsšš€of€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō€š šmaliciously€employedšš€him,€treated€himŠ P  Šunfairly€during€his€employment€and€victimized€him€when€he€complained€about€their€attitude;Š@(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€he€has€exhausted€all€available€domestic€remedies€under€Australian€anti„discriminationŠ  p Šlegislation,€š šalthough€the€remedies€were€unfair,€extensively€exhaustive€and€prolongedšš;Š`(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€he€did€not€file€an€appeal€against€the€decision€of€the€LAC€because€the€LACššs€advice€to€himŠ š@ Što€appeal€for€a€review€of€its€decision€š šwas€not€in€good€faith€and€misleadingšš;Šą0(#(# ŠĢą0  ą„€€finally,€as€far€as€the€proceedings€before€the€EOT€were€concerned,€the€case€was€conductedŠ Ą! Šš šin€a€biased€environment.€€The€author€claims€that€a€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō€barrister€š štampered€withŠ °"  Šsubpoena€documentsšš€and€removed€files€from€the€record,€and€that€EOT€š šplantedšš€aŠ  #š! Šdocument€in€his€personnel€file€š šin€order€to€dismiss€the€case€of€racial€discrimination€againstŠ $ą" Šthe€members€of€the€dominant€racešš.Š€%Š #(#(# ŠĢņņAdmissibility€considerationsóóŠ `'°"% ŠĢ7.1€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€on€the€EliminationŠ @)$' Šof€Racial€Discrimination€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€91€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whetherŠ 0*€%( Šor€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€International€Convention€on€the€Elimination€of€all€Forms€of€RacialŠ  +p&) ŠDiscrimination.Š ,`'* ŠĢ7.2€€The€author€has€alleged€violations€of€articles€2€and€6€of€the€Convention€by€all€the€instances€seizedŠ š-@), Šof€his€grievances,€and€of€article€3€by€the€New€South€Wales€Fire€Brigade.€€The€Committee€does€notŠ ° Šagree€with€the€State€partyššs€assessment€that€the€author€has€failed€to€substantiate€these€allegations,Š  š Šfor€purposes€of€admissibility;€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€ņņhasóó€formulated€a€ņņprima€facieóó€claim€of€a€violation€ofŠ ą Šthese€provisions€by€the€Ō_ŌNSWFBŌ_Ō.€€The€Committee€considers€that€only€the€examination€on€the€meritsŠ €Š Šwould€enable€it€to€consider€the€substance€of€the€authorššs€claim.Š pĄ ŠĢ7.3€€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authorššs€claims€under€article€5(c)€and€(e)€(Ō_ŌiŌ_Ō)€against€his€formerŠ P   Šemployer,€the€New€South€Wales€Fire€Brigades,€were€reviewed€by€the€Equal€Opportunities€TribunalŠ @  Šin€September€1995.€€It€dismissed€the€authorššs€claims€as€far€as€they€related€to€racial€discriminationŠ 0 € Šby€judgement€of€30€October€1995,€but€awarded€him€$A€40,000€on€the€ground€that€the€employerššsŠ  p  Šhandling€of€his€grievances€amounted€to€victimization.€€The€Committee€does€not€agree€with€the€StateŠ `  Špartyššs€argument€that€to€admit€the€authorššs€claim€would€amount€to€a€review,€on€appeal,€of€all€theŠ P  Šfacts€and€the€evidence€in€his€case.€€Only€an€examination€on€the€merits€would€enable€the€CommitteeŠ š@  Što€ascertain€whether€the€procedure€before€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€and€the€EOT€in€the€authorššs€case€was€compatibleŠ ą0  Šwith€the€provisions€of€the€Convention.€€At€this,€procedural,€state€of€the€admissibility€of€the€authorššsŠ Š  Šcomplaint,€the€Committee€is€satisfied€that€his€claims€are€compatible€with€the€rights€protected€by€theŠ Ą ŠConvention,€under€rul€91€(c)€of€the€rules€of€procedure.Š ° ŠĢ7.4€€The€author€has€alleged€a€violation€of€article€5€(a)€of€the€Convention€by€those€administrative€andŠ ą Šjudicial€organs€seized€of€his€case.€€The€Committee€does€not€share€the€State€partyššs€argument€that€thisŠ €Š Šclaim€is€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,€since€to€declare€it€admissible€wouldŠ pĄ Šamount€to€a€review€of€the€determination€of€facts€and€law€by€Australian€tribunals.€€Only€anŠ `° Šexamination€on€the€merits€would€allow€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€the€author€was€treatedŠ P  Šby€these€organs€in€any€way€different€from€any€other€individual€subject€to€their€jurisdiction.€€TheŠ @ Šsame€considerations€as€in€paragraph€7.3€above€ņņin€fineóó€apply.Š 0€ ŠĢ7.5€€Finally,€the€State€party€has€claimed€that€Mr.€Z.€U.€B.€S.€could€have€appealed€the€judgment€ofŠ ` Šthe€EOT€of€30€October€1995€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€New€South€Wales,€and€could€have€availedŠ P Šhimself€of€the€opportunity€to€have€the€decision€of€the€LAC€to€deny€him€legal€aid€reviewed€by€theŠ š@ ŠLegal€Aid€Review€Committee.€€The€Committee€considers€that€even€if€this€possibility€still€remainedŠ ą0 Šopen€to€the€author,€it€would€be€necessary€to€take€into€account€the€length€of€the€appeal€process;€as€theŠ Š  Šconsideration€of€the€authorššs€grievances€took€in€excess€of€two€years€before€the€Ō_ŌADBŌ_Ō€and€the€EOT,Š Ą! Šthe€circumstances€of€the€present€case€justify€the€conclusion€that€the€application€of€domestic€remediesŠ °"  Šwould€be€unreasonably€prolonged,€within€the€meaning€of€article€14,€paragraph€7€(a),€of€theŠ  #š! ŠConvention.Š $ą" ŠĢ8.€€The€Committee€on€the€Elimination€of€Racial€Discrimination€therefore€decides:Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢą0  ą(a)€€that€the€communication€is€admissible;ŠP( #&(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(b)€€that,€in€accordance€with€rule€94€of€the€Committeeššs€rules€of€procedure,€the€State€partyŠ 0*€%( Šshall€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€three€months€of€the€date€of€transmittalŠ  +p&) Što€it€of€the€present€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€case€underŠ ,`'* Šconsideration;Š-P(+(#(# ŠŠ š-@), Šą0  ą(c)€€that€any€explanations€or€statements€submitted€by€the€State€party€pursuant€to€rule€94€shallŠ ° Šbe€transmitted€to€the€author€of€the€communication€under€rule€94,€paragraph€4,€of€the€rule€ofŠ  š Šprocedure,€for€comments;Аą(#(# ŠĢą0  ą(d)€€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author€of€theŠ pĄ Šcommunication.Š` °(#(# ŠĢ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Š @  ŠĢĢ__________Š `  Šą  ą*All€persons€handling€this€document€are€requested€to€respect€and€observe€its€confidentialŠ P  Šnature.ņņóóŠ š@  ŠĢą  ą1/€€€It€would€appear€from€the€file€that€the€author€was€considered€over„qualified€for€the€twoŠ Š  Šother€positions.