’WPC DxĆ됻N(*iż2Gh =kzøµO““‡„Ot£ų«2ŒµĖæSš£Ž=Ųœę9e5b&}gŲåĮd¦~‘łś’ÜVP‰Ē›Ÿ8©¹2#’¬„N|īį|,¬÷ēś)2[/ Eć ¼ÉPmœ®•_ŃhĮß²p’$śI۟„M™ž¹ßŽfĀŅmŹ>=‰.2Xpśš8”d—-fņč±ļĶQ³É’O…£‡AųT–Ń˜±čāo¾åd蔦œņĻ›5jLņ±BĪ+3Š «:ӟ5š©0°®¤#;Ćč5™ż"Å/” ¬ÜĢ5¾iCvx°łŒƒÅUC,kä6ńņņBYŖ%³y}„¤ŗ–ģŠ@{0A:č}„°Ÿ%~ÉÆ/¼†*³*=š=­äaėF[`O¢pŲ?źĢSĆĶ%256µv9łOŲĪš°tYwŅ6gZ”"ś}‡£&¤›t_JėT¦å6L™£°²ič=|š{Mƒ_åh:„>·Ų]ĘwZ”t_µ,^š! #BŁOęę6·Ó±äTˤӽ„uÜ[¾Ķü­¬ņΚ$%ąėĄ9€łF›ę ņę}3©ŻüBUęxDŪÖ&cĄ°üŗŁP—Erč@A¦Ŗ4øtU>–ĢŌ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ź 0iI %²Ęø 0į~ 0(_ D+‡ AM² ² ’ 0Ę 0NÕ #Į# UNä ä M2(6N^^ `wl4p„ m†ō\  `‹&Times New Roman' Bozize v. Central African Republic, Communication No. 428/1990, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/428/4Doc. CCPR/C/50/D/428/"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ’’4Heading 3Ō S ŌÓ p^SÓŌ€£££Ōņ ņŌ  ŌŌ  ŌŌ€XXXŌó óÓ p^SÓ<’’:Default Para6’’4HyperlinkóóņņŌ ’ ŌóóŌ  Ō<’’:FollowedHypeóóņņŌ  ŌóóŌ  Ō< ’’:Normal (Web)Ō S ŌÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓX Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2÷U$££Ż ƒW'!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XśĻXXXŌŌ€XśĻXXXśĻŌŌŌŻ  Ż(’’$’’'dxd A<< c’’#|x(žW'$””ŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XüæXXXŌŌ€XüæXXXüæŌŌŌ(ĶO$——Ō’ŌņņóóŌ’ԘHP LaserJet 4000 Series PSČŁŲŁŁŲČŁ0(ČhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regulara,* K‹k)ź:i¢Ų+00’U‹’ĄĄĄŻ ƒW'!ŻŅܰŅŅܰŅŌ..ŌŌ  ŌŌ  ŌÓ  ÓŌ€XķĻXXXŌŌ€XķĻXXXķĻŌŌŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌBozizeŌ_Ō€v.€Central€African€RepublicóóŠ |Ģ ŠĢCommunication€No.€428/1990Š H˜ ŠĢ7€April€1994Š  d ŠĢŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/50/D/428/1990Š ą 0 ŠĢĢVIEWSó óŠ ’ā  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€Yvonne€Ō_ŌM'BoissonaŌ_ŌŠ D”  ŠĢņņVictimóó:€Her€brother,€Ō_ŌFran oisŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌBozizeŌ_ŌŠ ` ŠĢņņState€partyóó:€Central€African€RepublicŠ Ü, ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€14€November€1990€(initial€submission)óóŠ Øų ŠĢņņņņDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€8€July€1992óóŠ tÄ ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,óó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantŠ &v Šon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š  \ ŠĢņņMeetingóó€on€7€April€1994,Š Ų( ŠĢņņHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€428/1990,€submitted€to€theŠ ¤ō ŠHuman€Rights€Committee€by€Mrs.€Ō_ŌM'BoissonaŌ_Ō,€on€behalf€of€her€brother€Mr.€F.€Ō_ŌBozizeŌ_Ō,Š Š Ś Šunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Š p!Ą  ŠĢņņHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theŠ <#Œ" Šcommunication€and€the€State€party,Š "$r# ŠĢņņAdoptsóó€its€Š ī%>!% ŠÓąÓĢĢÓ  Óņ ņņņViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óŠ  (š#( ŠÓ*ÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Yvonne€Ō_ŌM'BoissonaŌ_Ō,€a€citizen€of€the€Central€AfricanŠ R+¢&+ ŠRepublic€residing€at€Stains,€France.€She€submits€the€communication€on€behalf€of€her€brother,Š 8,ˆ', ŠŌ_ŌFran oisŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌBozizeŌ_Ō,€currently€detained€at€a€penitentiary€at€Bangui,€Central€African€Republic.Š -n(- ŠŌ_ŌShe€claims€that€her€brother€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€his€human€rights€by€the€authorities€ofŠ ° Šthe€Central€African€Republic,€but€does€not€invoke€any€provisions€of€the€InternationalŠ –ę ŠCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Š |Ģ ŠĢņņThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó:Š H˜ ŠĢ2.1€The€author€states€that€her€brother€was€a€highlevel€military€officer€of€the€armed€forces€ofŠ  d Šthe€Central€African€Republic.€On€3€March€1982,€he€instigated€a€ņ ņcoup€d'tató ó;€after€its€failure,Š ś J Šhe€went€into€exile€in€Benin.€On€24€July€1989,€the€author's€brother€was€arrested€at€a€hotel€inŠ ą 0 ŠCotonou,€Benin,€together€with€11€other€citizens€of€the€Central€African€Republic;€all€wereŠ Ę   Špresumed€members€of€the€political€opposition,€the€Central€African€Movement€of€NationalŠ ¬ ü  ŠLiberation€(Mouvement€centrafricain€de€libration€nationale).€On€31€August€1989,€Mr.Š ’ā  ŠBozize€and€the€other€opposition€activists€were€repatriated€by€force,€allegedly€with€the€helpŠ xČ  Šof€a€Central€African€Republic€military€commando€allowed€to€operate€within€Benin;€thisŠ ^®  Š"extradition"€is€said€to€have€been€negotiated€between€the€Governments€of€Benin€and€theŠ D”  ŠCentral€African€Republic.€The€forced€repatriation€occurred€without€a€formal€extraditionŠ *z  Šrequest€having€been€issued€by€the€Government€of€the€Central€African€Republic.Š ` ŠĢ2.2€Upon€his€return€to€Bangui,€Mr.€Bozize€was€imprisoned€at€Camp€Roux,€where€heŠ Ü, Šallegedly€suffered€serious€maltreatment€and€beatings.€The€author€claims€that€her€brother€wasŠ Ā Šnot€allowed€access€to€a€lawyer€of€his€own€choosing,€nor€to€a€member€of€his€family.Š Øų ŠAllegedly,€not€even€a€doctor€was€allowed€to€see€him€to€provide€basic€medical€care.Š ŽŽ ŠFurthermore,€the€sanitary€conditions€of€the€prison€are€said€to€be€deplorable€and€the€foodŠ tÄ Šallegedly€consists€of€rotten€meat€mixed€with€sand;€as€a€result,€the€weight€of€Mr.€BozizeŠ ZŖ Šdropped€to€40€kilograms€by€the€summer€of€1990.Š @ ŠĢ2.3€During€the€night€of€10€to€11€July€1990,€the€prison€authorities€of€Camp€Roux€reportedlyŠ  \ Šstagemanaged€a€power€failure€in€the€sector€of€town€where€the€prison€is€located,€purportedlyŠ ņB Što€incite€Mr.€Bozize€to€attempt€an€escape.€As€this€practice€is€said€to€be€common€andŠ Ų( Šinvariably€results€in€the€death€of€the€wouldbe€escapee,€Mr.€Bozize€did€not€leave€his€cell.€TheŠ ¾ Šauthor€contends€that,€in€the€course€of€the€night,€her€brother€was€brutally€beaten€for€severalŠ ¤ō Šhours€and€severely€injured.€This€version€of€the€events€was€confirmed€by€Mr.€Bozize'sŠ Š Ś Šlawyer,€Maš3štre€Thiangaye,€who€was€able€to€visit€his€client€on€26€October€1990€and€whoŠ p!Ą  Šnoticed€numerous€traces€of€beatings€and€ascertained€that€Mr.€Bozize€had€two€broken€ribs.Š V"¦! ŠThe€lawyer€also€reported€that€Mr.€Bozize€was€kept€shackled,€that€his€reading€material€hadŠ <#Œ" Šbeen€confiscated€and€that€the€prison€guards€only€allowed€him€out€of€his€cell€twice€a€week.Š "$r# ŠAllegedly,€this€treatment€is€known€to,€and€condoned€by,€President€Kolingba€and€theŠ %X $ ŠMinisters€of€Defence€and€of€the€Interior.Š ī%>!% ŠĢ2.4€The€authorities€of€the€Central€African€Republic€consistently€maintain€that€Mr.€BozizeŠ ŗ' #' Šindeed€attempted€to€escape€from€the€prison€and€that€he€sustained€injuries€in€the€process.€ThisŠ  (š#( Šis€denied€by€the€author,€who€points€to€her€brother's€weak€physical€condition€in€the€summerŠ †)Ö$) Šof€1990€and€argues€that€he€could€not€possibly€have€climbed€over€the€threemetre€high€prisonŠ l*¼%* Šwall.Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ2.5€Mr.€Bozize's€wife,€who€currently€resides€in€France,€has€requested€the€good€offices€of€theŠ -n(- ŠFrench€authorities.€By€a€letter€of€29€October€1990,€the€President€of€the€National€AssemblyŠ ° Šinformed€her€that€the€French€foreign€service€had€ascertained€that€Mr.€Bozize€was€alive€andŠ –ę Šthat€he€had€been€transferred€to€the€Kassai€prison€at€Bangui.Š |Ģ ŠĢ2.6€As€to€the€issue€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€it€is€submitted€that€criminalŠ H˜ Šproceedings€against€Mr.€Bozize€were€to€have€been€opened€on€28€February€1991,€allegedlyŠ . ~ Šin€order€to€profit€from€the€momentary€absence,€due€to€a€trip€abroad,€of€his€lawyer.€However,Š  d Šthe€trial€was€postponed€for€"technical€reasons".€Since€then,€the€trial€has€apparently€beenŠ ś J Špostponed€on€other€occasions.€Mrs.€Bozize€complains€that€in€the€months€following€his€arrest,Š ą 0 Šher€husband€was€denied€access€to€counsel;€later,€the€family€retained€the€services€of€a€lawyerŠ Ę   Što€defend€him.€The€lawyer,€however,€was€denied€authorization€to€visit€his€client;€the€lawyerŠ ¬ ü  Šallegedly€also€suffered€restrictions€of€his€freedom€of€movement€on€account€of€his€client.Š ’ā  ŠĢņņThe€complaint:óóŠ ^®  ŠĢ3.€It€is€submitted€that€the€events€described€above€constitute€violations€of€Mr.€Bozize's€rightsŠ *z  Šunder€the€Covenant.€Although€the€author€does€not€specifically€invoke€any€provisions€of€theŠ ` ŠCovenant,€it€transpires€from€the€context€of€her€submissions€that€her€claims€relate€primarilyŠ öF Što€articles€7,€9,€10,€14€and€19€of€the€Covenant.Š Ü, ŠĢņņThe€Committee's€admissibility€decision:óóŠ Øų ŠĢ4.1€During€its€forty„fifth€session,€in€July€1992,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibilityŠ tÄ Šof€the€communication.€It€noted€with€concern€that,€in€spite€of€two€reminders€addressed€to€theŠ ZŖ ŠState€party,€in€July€and€September€1991,€no€information€or€observations€on€the€admissibilityŠ @ Šof€the€communication€had€been€received€from€the€State€party.€In€the€circumstances,€theŠ &v ŠCommittee€found€that€it€was€not€precluded€from€considering€the€communication€underŠ  \ Šarticle€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Š ņB ŠĢ4.2€On€8€July€1992,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissible€in€so€far€as€itŠ ¾ Šappeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€9,€10,€14,€paragraphs€1,€3,€and€19,€of€the€Covenant.Š ¤ō ŠĢņņExamination€of€the€meritsóó:Š p!Ą  ŠĢ5.1€The€State€party€did€not€provide€any€information€in€respect€of€the€substance€of€theŠ <#Œ" Šauthor's€allegations,€in€spite€of€two€reminders€addressed€to€it€in€June€1993€and€FebruaryŠ "$r# Š1994.€The€Committee€notes€with€regret€and€great€concern€the€absence€of€cooperation€on€theŠ %X $ Špart€of€the€State€party,€in€respect€of€both€the€admissibility€and€the€substance€of€the€author'sŠ ī%>!% Šallegations.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€and€in€rule€91€ofŠ Ō&$"& Šthe€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€that€a€State€party€to€the€Covenant€must€investigate€inŠ ŗ' #' Šgood€faith€all€the€allegations€of€violations€of€the€Covenant€made€against€it€and€its€authorities,Š  (š#( Šand€to€furnish€to€the€Committee€the€information€available€to€it.€In€the€circumstances,€dueŠ †)Ö$) Šweight€must€be€given€to€the€author's€allegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€beenŠ l*¼%* Šsubstantiated.Š R+¢&+ ŠĢ5.2€The€Committee€decides€to€base€its€Views€on€the€following€facts,€which€have€not€beenŠ -n(- Šcontested€by€the€State€party.€Mr.€Fran ois€Bozize€was€arrested€on€24€July€1989€and€wasŠ ° Štaken€to€the€military€camp€at€Roux,€Bangui,€on€31€August€1989.€There,€he€was€subjected€toŠ –ę Šmaltreatment€and€was€held€incommunicado€until€26€October€1990,€when€his€lawyer€was€ableŠ |Ģ Što€visit€him.€During€the€night€of€10€to€11€July€1990,€he€was€beaten,€and€sustained€seriousŠ b² Šinjuries,€which€was€confirmed€by€his€lawyer.€Moreover,€while€detained€in€Camp€Roux,€heŠ H˜ Šwas€held€under€conditions€which€did€not€respect€the€inherent€dignity€of€the€human€person.Š . ~ ŠAfter€his€arrest,€Mr.€Bozize€was€not€brought€promptly€before€a€judge€or€other€officerŠ  d Šauthorized€by€law€to€exercise€judicial€power,€was€denied€access€to€counsel,€and€was€not,€inŠ ś J Šdue€time,€afforded€the€opportunity€to€obtain€a€decision€by€a€court€on€the€lawfulness€of€hisŠ ą 0 Šarrest€and€detention.€The€Committee€finds€that€the€above€amounts€to€violations€by€the€StateŠ Ę   Šparty€of€articles€7,€9,€and€10€in€the€case.Š ¬ ü  ŠĢ5.3€The€Committee€notes€that€although€Mr.€Bozize€has€not€yet€been€tried,€his€right€to€a€fairŠ xČ  Štrial€has€been€violated;€in€particular,€his€right€to€be€tried€within€a€"reasonable€time"€underŠ ^®  Šarticle€14,€paragraph€3(c),€has€not€been€respected,€as€he€does€not€appear€to€have€been€triedŠ D”  Šat€first€instance€after€over€four€years€of€detention.Š *z  ŠĢ5.4€In€respect€of€a€possible€violation€of€article€19€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€notes€thatŠ öF Šthis€claim€has€remained€unsubstantiated.€The€Committee€therefore€makes€no€finding€of€aŠ Ü, Šviolation€in€this€respect.€Š Ā ŠĢ6.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalŠ ŽŽ ŠProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theŠ tÄ Šfacts€before€it€disclose€violations€of€articles€7,€9,€10€and€14,€paragraph€3(c),€of€the€Covenant.Š ZŖ ŠĢ7.€The€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Fran ois€Bozize€is€entitled,€under€article€2,Š &v Šparagraph€3(a),€of€the€Covenant,€to€an€effective€remedy,€including€his€release€andŠ  \ Šappropriate€compensation€for€the€treatment€suffered.€The€State€party€should€investigate€theŠ ņB Ševents€complained€of€and€bring€to€justice€those€held€responsible€for€the€author's€treatment;Š Ų( Šit€further€is€under€an€obligation€to€take€effective€measures€to€ensure€that€similar€violationsŠ ¾ Šdo€not€occur€in€the€future.Š ¤ō ŠĢ8.€The€Committee€would€wish€to€receive€prompt€information€on€any€relevant€measures€takenŠ p!Ą  Šby€the€State€party€in€respect€of€the€Committee's€Views.Š V"¦! ŠĢ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Š "$r# ŠSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sŠ %X $ Šannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Š ī%>!% ŠĢĢņņFootnotesóóŠ  (š#( ŠĢ*/€€€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Š l*¼%* ŠÓ„Ó