ÿWPC  ãJˆÀGšvÌÛEãõÏŒû>ö-‰úÔ鼉}¼[¢7`í}Ö©øº˜\áÑÃdº~£h°ãäŠT2Àg!y½G½êžŒÎv×Ãe»5²‚…/ |ÇB”ÿ’­›‡ö­oÁ"‰Ì‚űÞ¼SîåópÕ ÷½½»eîV]Ái02íL¼-&igªt¶ôæ%¡9ô;=È™»e_÷!†*¥¬µ6~hÄ.Ÿ'sB!‰Ð?>¢ ´ž&&³šmSüãÀ†R2”ÙDÇ)Öä@£-Τ•bÐò5u¦°ñ²ý—®9MžF}’KQ ïð¸®úž¥ÛNÙClëJ§–Ëi .83*=× û„µU^±¢`ÆÂÊ0V?àÂdd—e³Ô°“o·›ÞõfUÐÇÞòÆ9ëH{aÒn1V:®~Ó ˆø+ÑØéXlâñÔnõxÔ˜ÃMØ–ƒ´DÐ6‰‚Ù¼³\ѧ"®‹Á½½qDBÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6 %7 = 0ÆM #Á UNÔ Ô M" (& NN ^ P w\ 4` t mv ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New X#|x(žÅL$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xn@XX XÔÔ€Xn@XX Xn@ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regularã€ô* Äpì*TEST30ÞŸ ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ ÅL!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ Xj¸XX XÔÔ€Xj¸XX Xj¸ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐòòÌÔ_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€ChileóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€Nðð€717/1996Ð H˜ ÐÌ23€July€1999Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/66/D/717/1996Ð à 0 ÐÐ ÐÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ ’â  ÐòòóóÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€et€al€(represented€by€Ô_ÔFundacið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔAyudaÔ_Ô€Social€de€Ô_ÔlasÔ_ÔÐ D”  ÐÔ_ÔIglesiasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCristianasÔ_Ô)€Ð *z  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€authors€Ð öF ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Chile€Ð  ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€18€April€1996óóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ @ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð &v ÐÌòòMeeting€onóó€23€July€1999€Ð òB ÐÌòòAdopts€the€followingóó:€Ð ¾ ÐÓ{ÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òDecision€on€admissibilityó óóóÐ p!À  ÐÓ  ÓÌÌÓ  ÓÓ  Ó1.€The€communication€is€submitted€on€behalf€of€Carlos€Ô_ÔMaximilianoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€andÐ "$r# Ð17€other€individuals,€all€Chilean€citizens€who€were€executed€in€1973.€It€is€alleged€that€Mr.Ð %X $ ÐÔ_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€et€al€are€victims€of€violations€by€Chile€of€articles€2;€5;€14,€paragraph€1;€15,Ð î%>!% Ðparagraphs€1€and€2;€16€and€26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ð Ô&$"& ÐThey€are€represented€by€Nelson€Ô_ÔG.C.Ô_Ô€Pereira€of€the€Ô_ÔFundacið;ðnÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔAyudaÔ_Ô€Social€de€Ô_ÔlasÔ_ÔÐ º' #' ÐÔ_ÔIglesiasÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔCristianasÔ_Ô.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ2.1€On€9€October€1973,€a€military€convoy€composed€of€several€vehicles€and€approximatelyÐ l*¼%* Ðninety€soldiers€drove€towards€an€industrial€complex€in€Ô_ÔPanguipulliÔ_Ô€(òòSector€Sur€del€Ô_ÔComplejoÔ_ÔÐ R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔMadereroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPanguipulliÔ_Ôóó).€The€victims€were€rounded€up€by€the€police€(òòÔ_ÔCarabinerosÔ_Ôóó)€of€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðtowns€of€Ô_ÔChabrancoÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔCurrieÔ_Ô,€Ô_ÔLlifenÔ_Ô€and€Ô_ÔFutronoÔ_Ô,€and€handed€over€to€the€soldiers.€Later€theÐ -n(- Ðsame€night,€the€authors€were€taken€to€the€property€of€a€civilian€situated€in€the€mountains.€AtÐ ° Ðan€unknown€hour,€the€prisoners€were€taken€from€the€trucks€and€made€to€enter€the€house.Ð –æ ÐThey€were€then€led€some€500€Ô_ÔmetresÔ_Ô€away€from€the€house,€and€were€executed.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ2.2€On€10€October€1973,€a€witness€identified€several€of€the€victims€and€testified€that€theÐ H˜ Ðbodies€had€been€mutilated.€The€bodies€remained€at€the€place€of€execution,€and€were€coveredÐ . ~ Ðonly€with€leaves€and€branches.€Only€15€days€later€were€they€buried,€by€soldiers,€in€shallowÐ  d Ðgraves.€Ð ú J ÐÌ2.3€Towards€the€end€of€1978€or€early€in€1979,€unidentified€civilians€arrived€at€the€mountainÐ Æ   Ðproperty€and€asked€the€owner€to€indicate€the€location€of€the€graves.€They€dug€up€the€gravesÐ ¬ ü  Ðand€removed€the€bodies;€it€is€unknown€where€they€were€taken€to.€It€is€known€that€the€victimsÐ ’â  Ðhad€never€been€judged€by€a€military€tribunal,€during€time€of€war;€they€were€simplyÐ xÈ  Ðsummarily€and€arbitrarily€executed.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.4€On€25€June€1990,€proceedings€were€initiated€in€the€Criminal€Court€of€Los€LagosÐ *z  Ð(òòÔ_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€Criminal€de€Los€Lagosóó),€with€a€view€to€ascertaining€the€whereabouts€of€theÐ ` Ðvictims'€remains.€A€special€investigating€magistrate€was€nominated€(òòÔ_ÔMinistroÔ_Ô€en€Ô_ÔVisitaÔ_ÔÐ öF ÐÔ_ÔextraordinariaÔ_Ôóó),€but€proceedings€were€aborted€by€a€petition€of€17€August€1990€emanatingÐ Ü, Ðfrom€a€military€jurisdiction.€The€special€investigator€was€ordered€to€cease€his€investigations.Ð Â ÐThis€was€officially€confirmed€by€a€decision€of€3€September€1990.€On€17€January€1991,€theÐ ¨ø Ðconflict€of€jurisdiction€was€resolved€by€the€Supreme€Court€in€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô€of€the€militaryÐ ŽÞ Ðjurisdiction.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ2.5€On€24€May€1993,€the€4th€Military€Court€of€Valdivia€(òòIV€Ô_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMilitarÔ_Ô€de€Valdiviaóó)Ð @ Ðformally€decided€to€discontinue€the€case€(òòÔ_ÔsobreseimientoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdefinitivoÔ_Ôóó);€on€13€October€1994,Ð &v Ðthe€Military€Court€(òòÔ_ÔCorteÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMarcialÔ_Ôóó)òò1óó€endorsed€this€decision.€One€of€the€civilian€judgesÐ  \ Ðdissented,€holding€that€proceedings€should€be€re„initiated€as€the€facts€appeared€to€supportÐ òB Ðevidence€to€the€effect€that€an€act€of€genocide€had€been€perpetrated.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ2.6€A€complaint€(òòÔ_ÔRecursoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔQuejaÔ_Ôóó)€was€then€filed€with€the€Supreme€Court€(òòÔ_ÔCorteÔ_ÔÐ ¤ô ÐÔ_ÔSupremaÔ_Ôóó),€on€grounds€of€abuse€of€power€on€the€part€of€the€Military€Tribunal€and€the€MilitaryÐ Š Ú ÐCourt,€by€dismissing€a€case€under€the€provisions€of€the€Amnesty€Decree€of€1978.€On€24Ð p!À  ÐOctober€1995,€the€Supreme€Court€dismissed€the€complaint.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòThe€complaint:óó€Ð "$r# ÐÌ3.1€Before€the€Supreme€Court,€the€case€was€based€on€violations€by€the€Chilean€authoritiesÐ î%>!% Ðboth€of€national€law€and€international€conventions.€Reference€was€made€in€this€context€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€1949€Geneva€Conventions,€in€force€for€Chile€since€April€1951,€under€which€certain€illicitÐ º' #' Ðacts€committed€during€an€armed€conflict€without€international€dimensions,€are€not€subjectÐ  (ð#( Ðto€an€amnesty.€In€this€respect,€it€was€alleged€that€the€events€under€investigation€had€takenÐ †)Ö$) Ðplace€during€a€state€of€siege€("òòÔ_ÔEstadoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔsitioÔ_Ô€en€Ô_ÔgradoÔ_Ô€de€'Ô_ÔDefensaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInternaÔ_Ôóó'")€in€Chile.Ð l*¼%* ÐCounsel€alleges€that€by€their€acts,€the€present€Chilean€authorities€are€condoning,€and€haveÐ R+¢&+ Ðbecome€accessories€to,€the€acts€perpetrated€by€the€former€military€regime.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð3.2€It€is€alleged€that,€regardless€of€how€the€events€in€question€may€be€defined,€i.e.€whetherÐ ° Ðunder€the€Geneva€Conventions€or€under€article€15,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant,€theyÐ –æ Ðconstitute€acts€or€omissions€which,€when€committed,€were€criminal€acts€according€to€generalÐ |Ì Ðprinciples€of€law€Ô_ÔrecognisedÔ_Ô€by€the€community€of€nations,€and€which€may€not€be€statute„Ð b² Ðbarred€nor€unilaterally€pardoned€by€any€State.€Counsel€states€that€with€the€application€of€theÐ H˜ Ðamnesty€law,€Decree€no.€2191€of€1978,€Chile€has€accepted€the€impunity€of€those€responsibleÐ . ~ Ðfor€these€acts.€It€is€alleged€that€the€State€is€renouncing€its€obligation€to€investigateÐ  d Ðinternational€crimes,€and€to€bring€those€responsible€for€them€to€justice€and€thus€determineÐ ú J Ðwhat€happened€to€the€victims.€This€means€that€fundamental€rights€of€the€authors€and€theirÐ à 0 Ðfamilies€have€been€violated.€Counsel€claims€a€violation€of€article€15,€paragraph€2,€of€theÐ Æ   ÐCovenant,€in€that€criminal€acts€have€been€unilaterally€and€unlawfully€pardoned€by€the€State.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ3.3€Counsel€alleges€that€the€application€of€the€amnesty€law€No.2.191€of€1978€deprived€theÐ xÈ  Ðvictims€and€their€families€of€the€right€to€justice,€including€the€right€to€a€fair€trial€and€toÐ ^®  Ðadequate€compensation€for€the€violations€of€the€Covenant.òò2óó€Counsel€further€alleges€aÐ D”  Ðviolation€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant,€in€that€the€victims€and€their€families€were€notÐ *z  Ðafforded€access€on€equal€terms€to€the€courts,€nor€afforded€the€right€to€a€fair€and€impartialÐ ` Ðhearing.€Since€the€cases€were€remitted€to€the€military€courts,€the€principle€of€equality€of€armsÐ öF Ðwas€violated.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ3.4€To€counsel,€the€decision€of€the€military€tribunals€not€to€investigate€the€victims'€deathsÐ ¨ø Ðamounts€to€a€violation€of€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€i.e.€failure€to€recognize€the€victims€asÐ ŽÞ Ðpersons€before€the€law.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.5€As€to€the€reservation€entered€by€Chile€upon€ratification€of€the€Optional€Protocol€in€1992,Ð @ Ðit€is€alleged€that€although€the€events€complained€of€occurred€prior€to€11€March€1990,€theÐ &v Ðdecisions€challenged€by€the€present€communication€are€the€judgments€of€the€Supreme€CourtÐ  \ Ðof€October€1995.€Ð òB ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€and€counsel's€commentsóó:€Ð ¾ ÐÌ4.1€In€submissions€dated€6€December€1996,€12€February€1997€and€9€February€1998,€theÐ Š Ú ÐState€party€provides€a€detailed€account€of€the€history€of€the€cases€and€of€the€amnesty€law€ofÐ p!À  Ð1978.€It€specifically€concedes€that€the€facts€did€occur€as€described€by€the€authors.€It€wasÐ V"¦! Ðindeed€in€reaction€to€the€serious€human€rights€violations€committed€by€the€former€militaryÐ <#Œ" Ðregime€that€former€President€Aylwin€instituted€the€National€Truth€and€ReconciliationÐ "$r# ÐCommission€by€Decree€of€25€April€1990.€For€its€report,€the€Commission€had€to€set€out€aÐ %X $ Ðcomplete€record€of€the€human€rights€violations€that€had€been€brought€to€its€attention;€amongÐ î%>!% Ðthese€was€the€so„called€"Ô_ÔBaosÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔChihuioÔ_Ô"€incident,€during€which€Mr.€Ô_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€andÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€others€were€killed.€The€State€party€gives€a€detailed€account€of€investigations€into€thisÐ º' #' Ðincident.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€submits€that€the€facts€at€the€basis€of€the€communication€cannot€beÐ l*¼%* Ðattributed€to€the€constitutionally€elected€government(s)€which€succeeded€the€military€regime.Ð R+¢&+ ÐIt€provides€a€detailed€account€of€the€historical€context€in€which€large€numbers€of€ChileanÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcitizens€disappeared€and€were€summarily€and€extrajudicially€executed€during€the€period€ofÐ -n(- Ðthe€military€regime.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.3€The€State€party€notes€that€it€is€not€possible€to€abrogate€the€Amnesty€Decree€of€1978,€andÐ |Ì Ðadduces€reasons:€first,€legislative€initiatives€such€as€those€relating€to€amnesties€can€only€beÐ b² Ðinitiated€in€the€Senate€(article€62€of€the€Constitution),€where€the€Government€is€in€aÐ H˜ Ðminority.€Second,€abrogation€of€the€law€would€not€necessarily€have€repercussions€underÐ . ~ Ðcriminal€law€for€possible€culprits,€on€account€of€the€prohibition€of€retroactive€application€ofÐ  d Ðcriminal€laws.€This€principle€is€enshrined€in€article€19€lit.3€of€the€Chilean€Constitution€andÐ ú J Ðarticle€15,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Three,€the€composition€of€the€Constitutional€Court.Ð à 0 ÐFour,€the€designation€of€the€Commanders€in€Chief€of€the€Armed€Forces;€the€President€of€theÐ Æ   ÐRepublic€may€not€remove€the€present€officers,€including€General€Pinochet.€Lastly€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðcomposition€and€attributions€of€the€National€Security€Council€(òòÔ_ÔConsejoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔSeguridadÔ_ÔÐ ’â  ÐÔ_ÔNacionalÔ_Ôóó)€restrict€the€attributions€of€the€democratic€authorities€in€all€matters€pertaining€toÐ xÈ  Ðinternal€or€external€national€security.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ4.4€The€State€party€further€observes€that€the€existence€of€the€amnesty€law€does€not€inhibitÐ *z  Ðthe€continuation€of€criminal€investigations€already€under€way€in€Chilean€tribunals.€In€thisÐ ` Ðsense,€the€amnesty€decree€of€1978€may€extinguish€the€criminal€responsibility€of€thoseÐ öF Ðaccused€of€crimes€under€the€military€regime,€but€it€cannot€in€any€way€suspend€theÐ Ü, Ðcontinuation€of€investigations€that€seek€to€establish€what€happened€to€individuals€who€wereÐ Â Ðdetained€and€later€disappeared.€This€has€been€the€interpretation€of€the€decree€both€by€theÐ ¨ø ÐMilitary€Court€and€by€the€Supreme€Court.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ4.5€The€Government€emphasizes€that€the€Chilean€Constitution€(article€73)€protects€theÐ Zª Ðindependence€of€the€judiciary.€As€such,€the€Executive€cannot€interfere€with€the€applicationÐ @ Ðand€the€interpretation€of€domestic€laws€by€the€courts,€even€if€the€courts'€decisions€go€againstÐ &v Ðthe€interests€of€the€Government.€Ð  \ ÐÌ4.6€With€respect€to€the€terms€of€the€amnesty€law,€the€State€party€points€to€the€necessity€toÐ Ø( Ðreconcile€the€desire€for€national€reconciliation€and€pacification€of€society€with€the€need€toÐ ¾ Ðascertain€the€truth€of€past€human€rights€violations€and€to€seek€justice.€These€criteria€inspiredÐ ¤ô Ðex„President€Aylwin€when€he€set€up€the€Truth€and€Reconciliation€Commission.€To€the€StateÐ Š Ú Ðparty,€the€composition€of€the€Commission€was€a€model€in€Ô_ÔrepresentativityÔ_Ô,€as€it€includedÐ p!À  Ðmembers€associated€with€the€former€military€regime,€former€judges€and€members€of€civilÐ V"¦! Ðsociety,€including€the€founder€and€president€of€the€Chilean€Human€Rights€Commission.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ4.7€The€State€party€distinguishes€between€an€amnesty€granted€de€facto€by€an€authoritarianÐ %X $ Ðregime,€by€virtue€of€its€failure€to€denounce€or€investigate€massive€human€rights€abuses€orÐ î%>!% Ðby€adopting€measures€designed€to€ensure€the€impunity€of€its€members,€and€an€amnestyÐ Ô&$"& Ðadopted€by€a€constitutionally€elected€democratic€regime.€It€is€submitted€that€theÐ º' #' Ðconstitutionally€elected€governments€of€Chile€have€not€adopted€any€amnesty€measures€orÐ  (ð#( Ðdecrees€which€could€be€considered€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant;€norÐ †)Ö$) Ðhave€they€committed€any€acts€which€would€be€incompatible€with€Chile's€obligations€underÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€Covenant.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.8€The€State€party€recalls€that€after€the€end€of€the€mandate€of€the€Truth€and€ReconciliationÐ -n(- ÐCommission,€another€body€„€the€so„called€"òòÔ_ÔCorporacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€la€Ô_ÔVerdadÔ_Ô€yÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔReconciliacið;ðnÔ_Ô"€„€cóóontinued€the€work€of€the€former,€thereby€underlining€the€Government'sÐ –æ Ðdesire€to€investigate€the€massive€violations€of€the€former€military€regime.€The€"Ô_ÔCorporacið;ðnÔ_ÔÐ |Ì ÐÔ_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô"€presented€a€detailed€report€to€the€Government€in€August€of€1996,€in€which€itÐ b² Ðadded€the€cases€of€899€further€victims€of€the€previous€regime.€This€body€also€oversees€theÐ H˜ Ðimplementation€of€a€policy€of€compensation€for€victims€which€had€been€recommended€byÐ . ~ Ðthe€Truth€and€Reconciliation€Commission.€Ð  d ÐÌ4.9€The€legal€basis€for€the€compensation€to€victims€of€the€former€military€regime€is€LawÐ à 0 ÐNo.19.123€of€8€February€1992,€which:€Ð Æ   ÐÌ*€sets€up€the€Ô_ÔCorporacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€and€mandates€it€to€promote€the€compensation€to€theÐ ’â  Ðvictims€of€human€rights€violations,€as€identified€in€the€final€report€of€the€Truth€andÐ xÈ  ÐReconciliation€Commission;€Ð ^®  ÐÌ*€mandates€the€Ô_ÔCorporacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€to€continue€investigations€into€situations€and€cases€inÐ *z  Ðrespect€of€which€the€Truth€and€Reconciliation€Commission€could€not€determine€whether€theyÐ ` Ðwere€the€result€of€political€violence;€Ð öF ÐÌ*€fixes€maximum€levels€for€the€award€of€compensation€pensions€in€every€case,€dependingÐ Â Ðon€the€number€of€beneficiaries;€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ*€establishes€that€the€compensation€pensions€are€Ô_ÔreadjustableÔ_Ô,€much€like€the€general€systemÐ tÄ Ðof€pensions;€Ð Zª ÐÌ*€grants€a€"compensation€bonus"€equivalent€to€12€monthly€compensation€pension€payments;€Ð &v ÐÌ*€increases€the€pensions€by€the€amount€of€monthly€health€insurance€costs,€so€that€all€health„Ð òB Ðrelated€expenditures€will€be€borne€by€the€State;€Ð Ø( ÐÌ*€decrees€that€the€education€of€children€of€victims€of€the€former€regime€will€be€borne€by€theÐ ¤ô ÐState,€including€university€education;€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ*€lays€down€that€the€children€of€victims€of€the€former€regime€may€request€to€be€exemptedÐ V"¦! Ðfrom€military€service.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌIn€accordance€with€the€above€guidelines,€the€relatives€of€Mr.€Ô_ÔAcuaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔInostrozaÔ_Ô€and€the€otherÐ %X $ Ðvictims€have€received€and€are€currently€receiving€monthly€pension€payments.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ4.10€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€State€party€requests€the€Committee€to€find€that€it€cannotÐ º' #' Ðbe€held€responsible€for€the€acts€which€are€at€the€basis€of€the€present€communication.€ItÐ  (ð#( Ðsolicits,€moreover,€a€finding€that€the€creation€of€the€National€Truth€and€ReconciliationÐ †)Ö$) ÐCommission€and€the€corrective€measures€provided€for€in€Law€No.19.123€constituteÐ l*¼%* Ðappropriate€remedies€within€the€meaning€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ4.11€By€a€further€submission€dated€29€July€1997,€the€State€party€reaffirms€that€the€realÐ -n(- Ðobstacle€to€the€conclusion€of€investigations€into€disappearances€and€summary€executionsÐ ° Ðsuch€as€in€the€authors'€cases€remains€the€Amnesty€Decree€of€1978€adopted€by€the€formerÐ –æ Ðmilitary€government.€The€current€Government€cannot€be€held€responsible€internationally€forÐ |Ì Ðthe€serious€human€rights€violations€which€are€at€the€basis€of€the€present€complaints.Ð b² ÐEverything€possible€to€ensure€that€the€truth€be€established,€that€justice€be€done€and€thatÐ H˜ Ðcompensation€be€awarded€to€the€victims€or€their€relatives€has€been€undertaken€by€the€presentÐ . ~ ÐGovernment,€as€noted€in€the€previous€submission(s).€The€desire€of€the€Government€toÐ  d Ðpromote€respect€for€human€rights€is€reflected€in€the€ratification€of€several€internationalÐ ú J Ðhuman€rights€instruments€since€1990,€as€well€as€the€withdrawal€of€reservations€to€someÐ à 0 Ðinternational€and€regional€human€rights€instruments€which€had€been€made€by€the€militaryÐ Æ   Ðregime.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ4.12€The€State€party€further€recalls€that€with€the€transition€to€democracy,€the€victims€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðformer€regime€have€been€able€to€count€on€the€full€cooperation€of€the€authorities,€with€a€viewÐ ^®  Ðto€recovering,€within€the€limits€of€the€law€and€the€circumstances,€their€dignity€and€theirÐ D”  Ðrights.€Reference€is€made€to€the€ongoing€work€of€the€Ô_ÔCorporacið;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔReparacið;ðnÔ_ÔÐ *z  Ðy€Ô_ÔReconciliacið;ðnÔ_Ô.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.1€In€his€comments,€counsel€takes€issue€with€several€of€the€State€party's€observations.€HeÐ Ü, Ðcontends€that€the€State€party's€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€ignores€or€at€the€very€least€misconstrues€Chile'sÐ Â Ðobligations€under€international€law,€which€are€said€to€mandate€the€Government€to€takeÐ ¨ø Ðmeasures€to€mitigate€or€eliminate€the€effects€of€the€amnesty€decree€of€1978.€Article€2€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐAmerican€Convention€on€Human€Rights€and€article€2,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Covenant€imposeÐ tÄ Ða€duty€on€the€State€party€to€take€the€necessary€measures€(by€legislation,€administrative€orÐ Zª Ðjudicial€action)to€give€effect€to€the€rights€enshrined€in€these€instruments.€To€counsel,€it€isÐ @ Ðwrong€to€argue€that€there€is€no€other€way€than€to€abrogate€or€declare€null€and€void€the€1978Ð &v Ðamnesty€decree:€nothing€prevents€the€State€party€from€amnestying€those€who€committedÐ  \ Ðwrongs,€except€where€the€wrongs€committed€constitute€international€crimes€or€crimesÐ òB Ðagainst€humanity.€For€counsel,€the€facts€at€the€basis€of€the€present€communication€fall€intoÐ Ø( Ðthe€latter€category.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ5.2€To€counsel,€it€is€equally€wrong€to€argue€that€the€principle€of€non„retroactivity€of€criminalÐ Š Ú Ðlaws€operates€against€the€possibility€of€prosecuting€those€deemed€responsible€for€graveÐ p!À  Ðviolations€of€human€rights€under€the€former€military€regime.€This€principle€does€not€applyÐ V"¦! Ðto€crimes€against€humanity,€which€cannot€be€statute„barred.€Moreover,€if€the€application€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€principle€of€non„retroactivity€of€criminal€legislation€operates€in€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô€of€the€perpetratorÐ "$r# Ðbut€collides€with€other€fundamental€rights€of€the€victims,€such€as€the€right€to€a€remedy,€theÐ %X $ Ðconflict€must€be€solved€in€favour€of€the€latter,€as€it€derives€from€violations€of€fundamentalÐ î%>!% Ðrights,€such€as€the€right€to€life,€to€liberty€or€physical€integrity.€In€other€words,€the€perpetratorÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€serious€crimes€cannot€be€deemed€to€benefit€from€more€rights€than€the€victims€of€theseÐ º' #' Ðcrimes.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.3€Counsel€further€claims€that€from€a€strictly€legal€point€of€view,€the€State€party€has,€withÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€modification€of€Chile's€Constitution€in€1989€and€with€the€incorporation€into€the€domesticÐ R+¢&+ Ðlegal€order€of€international€and€regional€human€rights€instruments€such€as€the€AmericanÐ 8,ˆ', ÐConvention€on€Human€Rights€and€the€Covenant,€implicitly€abrogated€all€(domestic)€normsÐ -n(- Ðincompatible€with€these€instruments;€this€would€include€the€Amnesty€Decree€D.L.2.191€ofÐ ° Ð1978.€Ð –æ ÐÌ5.4€In€respect€of€the€State€party's€argument€relating€to€the€independence€of€the€judiciary,Ð b² Ðcounsel€concedes€that€the€application€of€the€amnesty€decree€and€consequently€the€denial€ofÐ H˜ Ðappropriate€remedies€to€the€victims€of€the€former€military€regime€derives€from€acts€ofÐ . ~ ÐChilean€tribunals,€in€particular€the€military€jurisdictions€and€the€Supreme€Court.€However,Ð  d Ðwhile€these€organs€are€independent,€they€remain€agents€of€the€State,€and€their€acts€mustÐ ú J Ðtherefore€engage€State€responsibility€if€they€are€incompatible€with€the€State€party'sÐ à 0 Ðobligations€under€international€law.€Counsel€therefore€considers€unacceptable€the€StateÐ Æ   Ðparty's€argument€that€it€cannot€interfere€with€the€acts€of€the€judiciary:€no€political€system€canÐ ¬ ü  Ðjustify€the€violation€of€fundamental€rights€by€one€of€the€branches€of€Government,€and€itÐ ’â  Ðwould€be€absurd€to€conclude€that€while€the€executive€branch€of€government€seeks€toÐ xÈ  Ðpromote€adherence€to€international€human€rights€standards,€the€judiciary€may€act€in€waysÐ ^®  Ðcontrary€to,€or€simply€ignore,€these€standards.€Ð D”  ÐÌ5.5€Counsel€finally€argues€that€the€State€party€has€misleadingly€adduced€the€conclusions€ofÐ ` Ðseveral€reports€and€resolutions€of€the€Inter„American€Commission€on€Human€Rights€inÐ öF Ðsupport€of€its€arguments.€To€counsel,€it€is€clear€that€the€Commission€would€hold€any€formÐ Ü, Ðof€amnesty€which€obstructs€the€determination€of€the€truth€and€prevents€justice€from€beingÐ Â Ðdone,€in€areas€such€as€enforced€and€involuntary€disappearances€and€summary€executions,Ð ¨ø Ðas€incompatible€with€and€in€violation€of€the€American€Convention€on€Human€Rights.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ5.6€In€additional€comments,€counsel€reiterates€his€allegations€as€summarized€in€paragraphsÐ Zª Ð3.2€and€3.3€above.€What€is€at€issue€in€the€present€case€is€not€the€granting€of€some€form€ofÐ @ Ðcompensation€to€victims€of€the€former€regime,€but€the€denial€of€justice€to€them:€the€StateÐ &v Ðparty€resigns€itself€to€arguing€that€it€òòcannotóó€investigate€and€prosecute€the€crimes€committedÐ  \ Ðby€the€military€regime,€thereby€foreclosing€the€possibility€of€any€judicial€remedy€for€theÐ òB Ðvictims.€To€counsel,€there€is€no€better€remedy€than€the€determination€of€the€truth,€by€way€ofÐ Ø( Ðjudicial€proceedings,€and€the€prosecution€of€those€held€responsible€for€the€crimes.€In€theÐ ¾ Ðinstant€case,€this€would€imply€ascertaining€the€burial€sites€of€the€victims,€why€they€wereÐ ¤ô Ðmurdered,€who€killed€them€or€ordered€them€to€be€killed,€and€thereafter€indicting€andÐ Š Ú Ðprosecuting€those€responsible.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.7€Counsel€adds€that€his€interpretation€of€the€invalidity€of€Amnesty€Decree€2.191€of€1978,Ð <#Œ" Ðin€the€light€of€international€law€and€the€Covenant,€has€been€endorsed€by€the€Inter„AmericanÐ "$r# ÐCommission€on€Human€Rights€in€a€Resolution€adopted€in€March€1997.€In€this€resolution,Ð %X $ Ðthe€Commission€held€the€amnesty€law€to€be€contrary€to€the€American€Convention€on€HumanÐ î%>!% ÐRights,€and€admonished€the€State€party€to€amend€its€legislation€accordingly.€The€ChileanÐ Ô&$"& ÐGovernment€was€requested€to€continue€investigations€into€disappearances€that€occurredÐ º' #' Ðunder€the€former€regime,€and€to€indict,€prosecute€and€try€those€held€responsible.€To€counsel,Ð  (ð#( Ðthe€Commission's€resolution€perfectly€sets€out€Chile's€responsibility€for€facts€and€acts€suchÐ †)Ö$) Ðas€those€at€the€basis€of€the€present€communications.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌòòAdmissibility€considerations:óó€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð6.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ ° ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedure,€decide€whether€or€notÐ –æ Ðit€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€not€explicitly€challenge€the€admissibilityÐ H˜ Ðof€the€communication,€although€it€does€point€out€that€the€events€complained€of€by€theÐ . ~ Ðauthors,€including€the€Amnesty€Decree€of€1978,€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€theÐ  d ÐOptional€Protocol€for€Chile,€which€ratified€that€instrument€on€28€August€1992€with€theÐ ú J Ðfollowing€declaration:€"In€ratifying€the€competence€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee€toÐ à 0 Ðreceive€and€consider€communications€from€individuals,€it€is€the€understanding€of€theÐ Æ   ÐGovernment€of€Chile€that€this€competence€applies€in€respect€of€acts€occurringòò€óóafter€the€entryÐ ¬ ü  Ðinto€force€for€that€State€of€the€Optional€Protocol€or,€in€any€event,€to€acts€which€began€afterÐ ’â  Ð11€March€1990."€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.3€The€Committee€notes€that€the€authors€also€challenge€the€judgments€of€the€Supreme€CourtÐ D”  Ðof€Chile€of€24€October€1995€denying€their€request€for€the€revision€of€earlier€adverseÐ *z  Ðdecisions€rendered€on€their€applications€by€military€courts.€Ð ` ÐÌ6.4€The€Committee€notes€that€the€acts€giving€rise€to€the€claims€related€to€the€deaths€of€theÐ Ü, Ðauthors€occurred€prior€to€the€international€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant,€on€23€MarchÐ Â Ð1976.€Hence,€these€claims€are€inadmissible€òòratione€temporisóó.€The€Supreme€Court€judgementÐ ¨ø Ðof€1995€cannot€be€regarded€as€a€new€event€that€could€affect€the€rights€of€a€person€who€wasÐ ŽÞ Ðkilled€in€1973.€Consequently,€the€communication€is€inadmissible€under€article€1€of€theÐ tÄ ÐOptional€Protocol,€and€the€Committee€does€not€need€to€examine€whether€the€declarationÐ Zª Ðmade€by€Chile€upon€accessing€to€the€Optional€Protocol€has€to€be€regarded€as€a€reservationÐ @ Ðor€a€mere€declaration.€Ð &v ÐÌ6.5€The€question€of€whether€the€next€of€kin€of€the€executed€victims€might€have€a€valid€claimÐ òB Ðunder€the€Covenant€notwithstanding€the€inadmissibility€of€the€instant€communication€is€notÐ Ø( Ðbefore€the€Committee€and€need€not€be€addressed€in€these€proceedings.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ7.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ(a)€that€the€communication€is€inadmissible;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(b)€that€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party,€and€to€the€authors'€counsel.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ_________________€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ*/€€€The€following€members€of€the€Committee€participated€in€the€examination€of€the€presentÐ º' #' Ðcommunication:€Mr.€Abdelfattah€Amor,€Mr.€Nisuke€Ando,€Mr.€Prafullachandra€N.Ð  (ð#( ÐBhagwati,€Ms.€Christine€Chanet,€Lord€Colville,€Ms.€Elizabeth€Evatt,€Ms.€Pilar€Gaitn€deÐ †)Ö$) ÐPombo,€Mr.€Eckart€Klein,€Mr.€David€Kretzmer,€Mr.€Rajsoomer€Lallah,€Mr.€Martin€Scheinin,Ð l*¼%* ÐMr.€Hipð;ðlito€Solari€Yrigoyen,€Mr.€Roman€Wieruszewski,€Mr.€Maxwell€Yalden€and€Mr.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÔ_ÔAbdallahÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔZakhiaÔ_Ô.€Pursuant€to€rule€85€of€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure,€Ms.€CeciliaÐ 8,ˆ', ÐMedina€Ô_ÔQuirogaÔ_Ô€did€not€participate€in€the€examination€of€the€case.€Ð -n(- Ї**/€€€The€texts€of€two€individual€opinions€are€appended€to€the€present€document.€Ð ° ÐÌ1/€€Counsel€explains€that€this€Court€is€made€up€of€five€judges,€three€are€officers,€one€eachÐ |Ì Ðfrom€the€army,€the€air€force€and€the€Ô_ÔCarabinerosÔ_Ô,€the€other€two€are€civil€judges€from€theÐ b² ÐSantiago€Court€of€Appeal.Ð H˜ ÐÌ2/€€In€this€respect,€reference€is€made€to€the€Inter„American€Commission's€decision€in€theÐ  d ÐòòÔ_ÔVelasquezÔ_Ô€Rodriguezóó€case.Ð ú J ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð ¬ ü  ÐSubsequently€to€be€translated€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ ’â  Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð xÈ  ÐÌÌÌÓÓò òòòAPPENDIXóóó óÐ ` ÐÓÓÌÌò òòòIndividual€opinion€by€Committee€member€Ô_ÔHipð;ðlitoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔSolariÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYrigoyenÔ_Ôóó€(òòdissentingóó)ó óÐ Â ÐÌI€hold€a€dissenting€opinion€on€paragraph€6.4,€which€should€have€read€as€Ô_ÔfolowsÔ_Ô:€"WithÐ ŽÞ Ðregard€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€notes€that€theÐ tÄ Ðcommunication€concerns€the€violation€of€the€author's€right€to€recognition€everywhere€as€aÐ Zª Ðperson€before€the€law,€as€a€consequence€of€the€lack€of€investigation€of€his€whereabouts€orÐ @ Ðlocation€of€the€body.€The€Committee€considers€this€a€fundamental€right€to€which€anyone€isÐ &v Ðentitled,€even€after€his€death,€and€one€that€should€be€protected€whenever€its€recognition€isÐ  \ Ðsought.€It€therefore€does€not€need€to€consider€whether€the€declaration€made€by€Chile€uponÐ òB Ðaccession€to€the€Optional€Protocol€should€be€regarded€as€a€reservation€or€a€mere€declaration,Ð Ø( Ðand€can€conclude€that€it€is€not€precluded€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ô€óófrom€examining€the€author'sÐ ¾ Ðcommunication€on€the€matter.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌRegarding€the€claim€under€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€it€is€submitted€that€inÐ p!À  Ðthe€author's€case€the€trial€was€not€impartial€in€determining€whether€a€violation€of€article€16Ð V"¦! Ðof€the€Covenant€had€occurred.€The€Committee€considers€it€has€been€sufficientlyÐ <#Œ" Ðsubstantiated€for€admissibility€purposes€that€the€author's€case€was€not€heard€by€anÐ "$r# Ðindependent€tribunal."€Ð %X $ ÐÌH.€Ô_ÔSolariÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔYrigoyenÔ_Ô€(signed)€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€Spanish€text€being€the€original€version.Ð  (ð#( ÐSubsequently€to€be€translated€also€into€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐCommittee's€annual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌÌò òòòIndividual€opinion€by€Committee€member€Christine€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ôó óóó€Ð -n(- Ðò òòòconcerning€communications€Nos.€717/1996€and€718/1996ó óóóÐ ° ÐÌI€challenge€the€decision€taken€by€the€Committee,€which,€in€dealing€with€the€twoÐ |Ì Ðcommunications,€dismissed€the€applicants€on€the€grounds€of€the€òòÔ_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ôóó€reservationÐ b² Ðlodged€by€CHILE€at€the€time€of€its€accession€to€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð H˜ ÐÌIn€my€view€the€question€could€not€be€addressed€in€this€manner,€in€view€of€the€fact€thatÐ  d ÐÔ_Ôjudicial€decisions€taken€by€the€State€party€were€adopted€after€the€date€it€had€specified€in€itsÐ ú J Ðreservation€and€that€the€problem€raised€in€connection€with€article€16€of€the€Covenant€relatesÐ à 0 Ðto€a€situation€which,€as€long€as€it€is€not€permanently€ended,€has€long„term€consequences.€Ð Æ   ÐÌIn€the€case€in€question,€even€if€the€actual€circumstances€referred€to€in€the€twoÐ ’â  Ðcommunications€diverge,€the€attitude€of€the€State€regarding€the€consequences€to€be€drawnÐ xÈ  Ðfrom€the€disappearances€necessarily€raised€a€question€as€regards€article€16€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ^®  ÐÌUnder€article€16,€everyone€has€the€right€to€recognition€as€a€person€before€the€law.€Ð *z  ÐÌWhile€this€right€is€extinguished€on€the€death€of€the€individual,€it€has€effects€which€lastÐ öF Ðbeyond€his€or€her€death;€this€applies€in€particular€to€wills,€or€the€thorny€issue€of€organÐ Ü, Ðdonation;€Ð  ÐÌThis€right€survives€òòa€fortiorióó€when€the€absence€of€the€person€is€surrounded€by€uncertainty;Ð ŽÞ Ðhe€or€she€may€reappear,€and€even€if€not€present,€does€not€cease€to€exist€under€the€law;€it€isÐ tÄ Ðnot€possible€to€substitute€civil€death€for€confirmed€natural€death;€Ð Zª ÐÌThese€observations€do€not€imply€that€this€right€is€of€unlimited€duration:€either€theÐ &v Ðidentification€of€the€body€is€incontestable€and€a€declaration€of€death€can€be€made,€orÐ  \ Ðuncertainty€remains€concerning€the€absence€or€the€identification€of€the€person€and€the€StateÐ òB Ðmust€lay€down€rules€applicable€to€all€these€cases;€it€may,€for€example,€specify€a€period€afterÐ Ø( Ðwhich€the€disappeared€person€is€regarded€as€dead.€Ð ¾ ÐÌThis€is€what€the€Committee€should€have€sought€to€find€out€in€this€particular€case€byÐ Š Ú Ðexamining€the€matters€in€depth.€Ð p!À  ÐÌCh.€Ô_ÔChanetÔ_Ô€(signed)€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€French€text€being€the€original€version.Ð %X $ ÐSubsequently€to€be€translated€also€into€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐCommittee's€annual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÓW‚Ó