’WPC[ ž;³ŗ.ÓDOyō“ĘrO/æ‚“ ¼-D<9ņŲh•”j‹ųĄT¢ü!k™N„IĻįė5uk•“ū+’>'ĢdE÷GZ²Ž<»QXšqŸ* Ož„”w–ńa²Äq.åyo}ŅĻ 9¼_"ø‹Ś„-{y{» Ė0ƟbĘF“&÷ |` §ęÉfŽō‹¢Ė>ĆõSż?ćIńy§i©5S:‚¾‹4„}p0ć]Œa½– +£„øµĀCē¶½”b–Ć?°ż‹ĄÉZ¬wĆ=ł3Ęß§GaÓė‡  ńަ“sĆé}³Ū—ŽY]KŠ×F¬pž{ĶNV4¤‹čsFɛĢåV—ŌkkŻ”{ŚK4Ɗ¾hź“.«ƒ6Ī«?ę†⇔+Ż1Z“OlsQE×?PĆrū?N4 ¹Ž„2Peƒ[ź3üŁĒĢ0K‘F…R0tĮpüÓĮQå=2!PĒÅ ™ķJÉ­qžüūsŪu⿉Ļƙ×5møL-8·÷^ƒ+äCV£ļ@rUWöä®}¶¦~E)eĀlõ,@^“Œ-_'ßX övWm ø! µq·ńöV§ ăP{ėĶHJ¬ŃĮ#1s&7|Ūɐö #Į¶UNw %Å 0:Ė^ w4)8 m:QNY˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0&Öd9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$””ŌUSUS.,ŌŠ‘ų* Äpģ*4 k1`cŸ3|x’U‹’ĄĄĄ Ż ƒüœ!ŻŌUSUS.,ŌŻ  ŻŌ_Ōņ ņHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEŠ ° ŠĢņņŌ_ŌPrknyiŌ_Ō€Ō_Ōv.Ō_Ō€HungaryóóŠ ą ŠĢCommunication€No.€410/1990Š pĄ ŠĢ22€March€1991Š P   ŠĢŌ_ŌCCPRŌ_Ō/C/41/D/410/1990€*Š 0 € ŠĢĢADMISSIBILITYó óŠ P  ŠĢĢņņņņSubmitted€byóó:€€Ō_ŌCsabaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌPrknyiŌ_ŌŠ Š  ŠĢņņAlleged€victimóó:€€The€authorŠ ° ŠĢņņState€party€concernedóó:€€HungaryŠ ą ŠĢņņDate€of€communicationóó:€€15€January€1990Š pĄ ŠĢņņDocument€referencesóó:€€Prior€decisions€„€Special€Rapporteurššs€decision€under€rule€91,€dated€27Š P  ŠSeptember€1990€(not€issued€in€document€form)Š @ ŠĢņņDate€of€present€decisionóó:€€22€March€1991óóŠ  p ŠĢĢņņÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€acting€through€its€Working€Group€under€rule€87,€paragraph€2,€of€theŠ š@ ŠCommitteeššs€rules€of€procedure,€adopts€the€following:€Š ą0 ŠÓŪÓĢĢņ ņÓ  ÓņņDecision€on€admissibilityóóó ó.Š °"  ŠÓĮÓĢĢÓ  Ó1.€€€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€submission€dated€15€January€1990€and€subsequentŠ €%Š # Šcorrespondence)€is€Ō_ŌCsabaŌ_Ō€Ō_ŌPrknyiŌ_Ō,€a€Hungarian€citizen€and€resident€of€the€city€of€Ō_ŌSiofokŌ_Ō,€at€the€timeŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€submission€serving€a€prison€sentence€at€the€Budapest€Penitentiary,€but€subsequently€released€byŠ `'°"% Švirtue€of€an€amnesty.€€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€violations€by€Hungary€of€articles€9,€10€and€11Š P( #& Šof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€€The€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€forceŠ @)$' Šfor€Hungary€on€7€December€1988.Š 0*€%( ŠĢņņFacts€as€submittedóóŠ ,`'* ŠĢ2.1€€€In€1980,€the€author€became€the€managing€director€of€the€Building€Cooperative€Joint€VentureŠ š-@), ŠŌ_Ōof€the€city€of€Ō_ŌSiofokŌ_Ō.€€For€several€years,€he€led€the€company€to€prosperity,€but€a€general€economicŠ ° Šdownturn€towards€the€end€of€1984€seriously€affected€performance.€€At€approximately€the€same€time,Š  š Šthe€local€party€committee€of€the€Hungarian€Socialist€Workersšš€party€initiated€an€investigation€againstŠ ą Šhim€and€the€company.€€According€to€the€author,€this€investigation€was€conducted€with€a€view€toŠ €Š Šremoving€him€from€his€position.Š pĄ ŠĢ2.2€€€In€August€1986,€the€director€of€one€of€the€companyššs€departments€was€arrested€on€charges€ofŠ P   Šfraud€and€embezzlement€of€funds.€€On€3€September€1986,€the€author€was€arrested€and€charged€withŠ @  Šbeing€€an€accessory€to€fraud€and€embezzlement.€€The€author€claims€that€the€activities€of€theŠ 0 € Šdepartment€under€investigation€represented€no€more€than€5€per€cent€of€the€companyššs€total€turnoverŠ  p  Šand€that,€as€the€departmental€activities€were€carried€out€some€150€Ō_ŌkilometresŌ_Ō€from€headquarters,€itŠ `  Šwas€difficult€for€him€to€verify€them€and,€if€necessary,€intervene.€€In€the€course€of€the€trial,€oneŠ P  Šwitness€estimated€the€sum€total€of€embezzled€funds€at€500,00€forint,€which€the€author€claims€isŠ š@  Šexaggerated€and€indicative€of€the€fact€that€the€party€bureaucracy€did€not€spare€any€efforts€to€unsettleŠ ą0  Šwhomever€it€did€not€consider€a€loyal€supporter€of€the€party€line.€€The€author€refers€to€the€exampleŠ Š  Šof€a€party€official€who€participated€in€the€investigations€against€his€company€and€who€later€becameŠ Ą Šinvolved€in€another€embezzlement€scandal;€this€official,€to€the€authorššs€knowledge,€was€neverŠ ° Šprosecuted.Š  š ŠĢ2.3€€€On€8€February€1989,€the€author€was€convicted€by€the€city€court€of€Ō_ŌKapš;šsvarŌ_Ō€and€sentenced€toŠ €Š Štwo€years€and€eight€months€imprisonment;€property€valued€at€400,000€forint€belonging€to€him€wasŠ pĄ Šconfiscated.€€On€13€July€1989,€the€Court€of€Appeal€confirmed€the€prison€sentence€but€reduced€theŠ `° Šconfiscation€of€property€to€130,000€forint.€€It€further€ordered€the€author€to€pay€legal€expenses€in€theŠ P  Šamount€of€60,000€forint.€€His€lawyers€applied€for€leave€to€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€onŠ @ Šunspecified€procedural€grounds,€but€the€petition€was€dismissed€in€September€1989.€€The€author,€whoŠ 0€ Šbegan€serving€his€sentence€on€13€August€1989,€appealed€to€the€Minister€of€Justice€and€requested€aŠ  p Šretrial,€without€success.€€On€26€June€1990,€he€was€release€by€virtue€of€an€amnesty€decree.Š ` ŠĢņņComplaintóóŠ š@ ŠĢ3.1€€€The€author€contends€that€his€arrest€and€detention€of€the€police€of€Ō_ŌSomogyŌ_Ō€County€wereŠ Š  Šarbitrary,€since€no€adequate€evidence€could€be€produced€to€support€the€charges,€and€that€theŠ Ą! Šconditions€of€his€pre„trial€detention€were€deplorable.€€In€this€context,€he€notes€that€detainees€in€theŠ °"  Špolice€lock„up,€including€himself,€were€dressed€in€rags,€and€that€he€was€not€able€to€retrieve€his€ownŠ  #š! Šclothes€for€an€entire€week.€€Only€five€minutes€were€allowed€for€basic€hygiene€in€the€morning,€andŠ $ą" Ša€shower€could€be€taken€only€once€a€week;€similarly,€a€mere€five€minutes€of€recreation€per€day€wereŠ €%Š # Šallowed,€which€consisted€of€a€walk€in€an€open€place€about€20€square€Ō_ŌmetresŌ_Ō€in€size,€against€the€wallsŠ p&Ą!$ Šof€which€warders€frequently€urinated.€€Meals€were€wholly€inadequate,€and€although€the€author€wasŠ `'°"% Šable€to€receive€some€food€from€home€during€weekends,€he€lost€over€10€kilograms€during€pre„trialŠ P( #& Šdetention.€€The€warders€allegedly€intimidated€him€by€suggesting€that€if€no€confession€was€obtained,Š @)$' Šthey€would€fabricate€different,€constantly€changing,€charges€so€as€to€justify€an€extension€of€theŠ 0*€%( Šdetention.€€This,€the€author€adds,€exposed€him€to€continued€mental€stress.Š  +p&) ŠĢ3.2€€€The€author€contends€that€he€was€never€able€to€see€a€copy€of€his€indictment€although,€whenŠ -P(+ Šsummoned€to€the€party€office€for€the€first€time,€the€investigators€of€his€case€were€in€possession€ofŠ š-@), ŠŌ_Ōa€copy.Š ° ŠĢ3.3€€€The€author€submits€that€he€did€not€have€a€fair€trial,€and€that€the€judicial€proceedings€against€himŠ ą Šwere€a€travesty€of€justice.€€Thus,€his€application€to€have€witnesses€testify€on€his€behalf€was€rejectedŠ €Š Šby€the€court;€the€legal€advisor€of€his€former€company,€a€prosecution€witness€whose€testimony€theŠ pĄ Šauthor€also€requested,€was€never€cross„examined,€in€spite€of€the€fact€that€he€was€knowledgeableŠ ` ° Šabout€the€companyššs€financial€situation.€€The€author€further€contends€that€although€some€of€theŠ P   Šprosecution€witnesses€indirectly€confirmed€his€own€version€of€the€case,€the€court€passed€over€themŠ @  Šin€silence.Š 0 € ŠĢ3.4€€€According€to€the€author,€the€courts€failed€to€observe€the€applicable€rules€and€directives€of€theŠ `  ŠSupreme€Court€of€Hungary€governing€the€evaluation€of€evidence.€€By€failing€to€carry€out€aŠ P  Šcomprehensive€evaluation€of€witness€testimony,€the€courts€allegedly€violated€the€presumption€ofŠ š@  Šinnocence.€€The€only€evidence€used€against€him€was€that€of€a€former€colleague,€whose€testimony,Š ą0  Šaccording€to€the€author,€was€not€only€in€contradiction€with€that€of€other€prosecution€witnesses€butŠ Š  Šalso€internally€inconsistent.€€The€court€rejected€the€testimony€as€an€admissible€defence€for€theŠ Ą Šcolleague€and€accepted€it€as€evidence€against€the€author.€€Finally,€the€author€contends€that€the€courtŠ ° Šfailed€to€consider€highly€relevant€company€documents,€such€as€his€instructions€to€companyŠ  š Šdepartments,€the€operational€rules€of€the€company,€and€measures€adopted€by€him€to€streamlineŠ ą Šcompany€activities.Š €Š ŠĢņņState€partyššs€observationsóóŠ `° ŠĢ4.€€€The€State€party€concedes€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.€€Although€the€events€leadingŠ @ Što€the€authorššs€conviction€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€HungaryŠ 0€ Šon€7€December€1988,€conviction€on€first€instance€occurred€thereafter,€on€8€February€1989.€€The€StateŠ  p Šparty€notes€that€since€the€events€that€occurred€before€7€December€1988€cannot€be€consideredŠ ` Šseparately€from€the€criminal€proceedings€against€the€author,€the€communication€is€admissible€ņņrationeŠ P Štemporisóó;€it€adds€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted€in€the€caseŠ š@ ŠĢņņIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóŠ Š  ŠĢ5.1€€€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeŠ °"  Šmust,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€rules€of€procedures,€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissibleŠ  #š! Šunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.Š $ą" ŠĢ5.2€€€Although€the€State€party€has€not€raised€any€objection€to€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,Š p&Ą!$ Šit€is€incumbent€on€the€Committee€to€ascertain€that€the€communication€meets€all€the€conditions€forŠ `'°"% Šbeing€declared€admissible.€€As€to€the€allegation€of€a€violation€of€article€11,€the€Committee€considersŠ P( #& Šthat€the€author€has€failed€to€substantiate€sufficiently,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€that€he€wasŠ @)$' Šsubjected€to€detention€on€account€of€his€inability€to€fulfil€a€contractual€obligation.€€In€this€respect,Š 0*€%( Štherefore,€he€has€no€claim€under€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Š  +p&) ŠĢ5.3€€€On€the€other€hand,€the€Committee€observes€that€several€of€the€authorššs€allegations€relate€toŠ -P(+ Šviolations€of€his€rights€under€articles€10€and€14.€€In€respect€of€the€allegations€of€unfair€trial,€theŠ š-@), ŠCommittee€observes€that€inasmuch€as€the€alleged€improper€evaluation€of€evidence€by€the€courts€isŠ ° Šconcerned,€it€is€generally€for€the€appellate€courts€of€States€parties€to€the€Covenant€to€evaluate€theŠ  š Šfacts€and€the€evidence€in€a€particular€case.€€It€is€not€in€principle€for€the€Committee€to€review€theŠ ą Šconduct€of€the€trial€by€the€trial€judge,€unless€it€can€be€ascertained€that€the€judge€manifestly€violatedŠ €Š Šhis€obligation€of€impartiality.€€The€Committee€has€no€evidence€that€the€trial€was€deficient€in€thisŠ pĄ Šrespect;€accordingly,€this€part€of€the€communication€is€inadmissible€as€incompatible€with€theŠ ` ° Šprovisions€of€the€Covenant,€pursuant€to€article€3€of€the€Covenant.Š P   ŠĢ5.4€€€The€Committee€observes,€however,€that€the€authorššs€claim€that€he€was€unable€to€obtain€a€copyŠ 0 € Šof€his€indictment€may€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraph€1.€€Furthermore,€his€claim€that€hisŠ  p  Šrequest€to€have€witnesses€testify€on€his€behalf€was€denied€by€the€court€may€raise€issues€under€articleŠ `  Š14,€paragraph€3€(e).€€These€claims€should,€accordingly,€be€considered€on€the€merits.Š P  ŠĢ5.5€€€The€Committee€further€observes,€and€the€State€party€itself€concedes,€that€the€communicationŠ ą0  Šis€admissible€ņņratione€temporisóó.Š Š  ŠĢ6.€€€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:Š ° ŠĢÓ-°‚X'ž` ˜X°œX-Ӏ€(a)€€€That€the€communication€is€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€may€raise€issues€under€articles€10€and€14,Š ą Šparagraphs€1€and€3€(e),€of€the€Covenant;Š €Š ŠĢ€€(b)€€€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€shallŠ `° Šbe€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€transmittal€to€it€of€thisŠ P  Šdecision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€measures,€if€any,€that€mayŠ @ Šhave€been€taken€by€it;Š 0€ ŠĢ€€(c)€€€That€any€explanations€or€statements€received€from€the€State€party€shall€be€communicated€byŠ ` Šthe€Secretary„General€under€rule€93,€paragraph€3,€of€the€rules€of€procedure€to€the€author,€with€theŠ P Šrequest€that€any€comment€that€he€may€wish€to€submit€thereon€should€reach€the€Committee€in€careŠ š@ Šof€the€Centre€for€Human€Rights,€United€Nations€Office€at€Geneva,€within€six€weeks€of€the€date€ofŠ ą0 Šthe€transmittal;Š Š  ŠĢ€€(d)€€€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€State€party€and€to€the€author.Š °"  ŠĢ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Š $ą" ŠĢ€___________Š p&Ą!$ ŠĢ*/€€€All€persons€handling€this€document€are€requested€to€respect€and€observe€its€confidential€nature.