ÿWPC¿ ÙCë‹5W VR„%Å5 ÛÅaZgæÈëaT¼üUpƒ ˆœÙ›qF‡ETÛjÔÓÒ4çWœöbñh¢«ñ ”¥L æCÔù›§Šñ±­ ÇŸôäåo·^ÿŠIJp@+;k!÷çÎ}¥¦´ÌZ—ž§lœ ‰ ïþEçÙ1K(.ŽÝ„Íâž«§< ™ª@á#=e¾ðÛ!¼Ä¢KkéPà$­§?]S°^¾ñ%ÌR 0µ 0<Ó 0Y 0_h 0iÇ 0P0 0T€ ÆÔ 0áš 0({ D+£ AMÎ %         ! 0N1 0Æ #ÁE UNMT(XN€^ ‚wŽ4’¦ m¨ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' John Wight v. Madagascar, Communication No. 115/1982 (1 April 1985), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 44U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 4"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2÷Ø$££Ý ƒfÈ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X?tXXXÔÔ€X?tXXX?tÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿX#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žfÈ$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X1(XXXÔÔ€X1(XXX1(ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular8–ù* Äpì*c(„³Corel ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒfÈ!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X?tXXXÔÔ€X?tXXX?tÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòWight€v.€MadagascaróóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€115/1982Ð H˜ ÐÌ1€April€1985Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóJohn€Wight€(represented€by€Maitre€Eric€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô)€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóJohn€Wight€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóMadagascar€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó5€January€1982€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó24€March€1983€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€1€April€1985,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€Communication€No.€115/1982€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€John€Wight€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ¾ ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned:€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóó€ó óÐ Ô&$"& ÐÓÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€5€January€1982€and€further€lettersÐ †)Ö$) Ðdated€14€February€and€22€May€1982€and€31€May€1983,€30€January€and€3€July€1984€and€aÐ l*¼%* Ðfinal€letter€(undated)€received€on€21€September€1984)€is€John€Wight,€a€South€AfricanÐ R+¢&+ Ðnational€who€was€imprisoned€in€Madagascar€from€January€1977€to€February€1984.€He€isÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrepresented€by€Maitre€Eric€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô,€who€was€a€lawyer€in€Madagascar€until€his€expulsion€onÐ -n(- Ð11€February€1982€and€is€at€present€in€France.€The€facts€of€this€case€are€similar€to€those€ofÐ ° ÐCommunication€No.€49/1979€concerning€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€another€South€African€nationalÐ –æ Ðwho€was€also€imprisoned€in€Madagascar.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€adopted€viewsÐ |Ì Ðunder€article€5,.€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€concerning€Communication€No.Ð b² Ð49/1979€on€24€March€1983.€a/€Ð H˜ ÐÌ2.1€Maitre€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô€(who€was€also€the€lawyer€of€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô,€Jr.)€alleged€at€the€time€ofÐ  d Ðsubmission€that,€as€in€the€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô€case,€his€client€Wight€was€unable€to€submit€aÐ ú J Ðcommunication€himself,€as€he€was€not€permitted€to€engage€in€correspondence€from€his€placeÐ à 0 Ðof€detention€in€Madagascar.Ð Æ   ÐÌ2.2€Maitre€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô€states€that€John€Wight€was€a€pilot€for€South€African€Airways;€that€on€18Ð ’â  ÐJanuary€1977,€on€a€private€flight,€he€had€to€make€an€emergency€landing€at€Ô_ÔMananajaryÔ_Ô,Ð xÈ  ÐMadagascar,€for€technical€reasons;€that€on€22€March€1978€the€Military€Tribunal€ofÐ ^®  ÐAntananarivo€sentenced€him,€together€with€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô,€to€five€years'€imprisonment€andÐ D”  Ðfined€him€Ô_ÔFMGÔ_Ô€500,000€for€the€offence€of€unlawfully€overflying€Malagasy€territory;€thatÐ *z  Ðon€15€May€1981€the€Correctional€Tribunal€of€Antananarivo€sentenced€him€to€an€additionalÐ ` Ðtwo€years'€imprisonment€and€fined€him€Ô_ÔFMGÔ_Ô€1€million€for€the€offence€of€escaping€fromÐ öF Ðprison;€that€he€was€detained€at€the€prison€in€Ô_ÔManjakandrianaÔ_Ô€until€27€November€1981€when,Ð Ü, Ðby€written€order€of€M.€Honore€Ô_ÔRakotomanaÔ_Ô,€Secretary„General€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice,Ð Â Ðhe€was€transferred€to€the€Ô_ÔDGIDÔ_Ô€(political€police)€prison€at€Ô_ÔAmbohibaoÔ_Ô,€purportedly€for€theÐ ¨ø Ðprotection€of€his€physical€integrity.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ2.3€It€is€alleged€that€the€pretext€used€to€justify€the€transfer€to€Ô_ÔAmbohibaoÔ_Ô€was€false,€and€thatÐ Zª ÐJohn€Wight€was€held€there€under€the€same€inhuman€conditions€as€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô,€Jr.,€in€a€cellÐ @ Ðmeasuring€1€m€by€2€m,€that€he€could€not€receive€any€visitors€or€communicate€with€hisÐ &v Ðattorney€and€that€he€could€not€send€or€receive€letters.€b/€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.4€Maitre€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô€explains€that,€pursuant€to€articles€550€and€551€of€the€Malagasy€Code€ofÐ Ø( ÐPenal€Procedure,€convicted€persons€must€be€detained€in€the€penal€establishments€under€theÐ ¾ ÐMinistry€of€Justice€and€that€detention€of€a€convicted€person€at€a€police€establishment€isÐ ¤ô Ðillegal.€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ2.5€Maitre€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô€claims€that€Mr.€Wight€is€a€victim€of€violations€of€article€10,€paragraph€1,Ð V"¦! Ðand€article€14,€paragraph€3,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€16€March€1982,€the€Working€Group€of€the€Human€Rights€CommitteeÐ %X $ Ðtransmitted€the€communication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€theÐ î%>!% ÐState€party,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€communication.€The€Working€Group€also€requested€the€State€party€to€provide€theÐ º' #' ÐCommittee€with€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€relevant€to€the€case.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ4.1€By€a€note€dated€11€August€1982,€the€State€party€transmitted€to€the€Committee€aÐ l*¼%* Ðphotocopy€of€a€letter€dated€14€July€1982,€signed€by€Mr.€John€Wight€and€Mr.€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_ÔÐ R+¢&+ Ðand€addressed€to€the€Director€of€the€Directorate„General€of€Investigations€andÐ 8,ˆ', ÐDocumentation€of€the€Malagasy€Republic.€The€text€of€the€letter€reads€as€follows:€Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ô‡à0 4 à"We€would€like€to€thank€you€very€much€for€the€letters€from€our€families,€which€wereÐ ° Ðsafely€received€yesterday.€It€is€absolutely€wonderful€to€have€news€of€our€wives€afterÐ –æ Ðso€many€months..€Ð|Ì4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"In€writing,€I€take€the€opportunity€also€to€thank€you€for€all€the€money€which€youÐ H˜ Ðhave€provided€to€buy€cigarettes,€soap€and€medicine.€Also€for€the€food,€the€room€andÐ . ~ Ðparticularly€for€the€kindness€shown€to€us.€We€remain€in€good€spirits€and,€in€view€ofÐ  d Ðthe€circumstances,€want€for€almost€nothing€„except,€of€course,€our€freedom.€Ðú J4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"I€would€like€to€request€your€permission€to€write€to€President€Ratsiraka€to€ask€himÐ Æ   Ðif€he€might€be€so€good€as€to€consider€a€remission€of€sentence€or€an€amnesty€for€us.Ð ¬ ü  ÐI€am€extremely€eager€to€return€home€so€as€to€be€able€to€participate€in€the€struggleÐ ’â  Ðagainst€òòapartheid€óó..."€ÐxÈ 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€further€informed€the€Committee€that€the€relevant€Malagasy€highÐ D”  Ðauthorities€were€studying€the€action€to€be€taken€on€the€requests€made€in€the€letter€referredÐ *z  Ðto€above.€Ð ` ÐÌ5.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€further€examined€the€communication€of€John€Wight€atÐ Ü, Ðits€seventeenth€session.€In€view€of€the€information€furnished€by€the€State€party,€which€theÐ Â ÐCommittee€welcomed,€and€in€order€to€give€time€to€the€President€of€Madagascar€to€respondÐ ¨ø Ðto€the€appeal€for€clemency€made€to€him€by€Mr.€Wight€and€Mr.€Marais,€the€CommitteeÐ ŽÞ Ðdecided€to€defer€further€consideration€of€their€cases€until€its€eighteenth€session.€The€StateÐ tÄ Ðparty€was€so€informed€on€25€November€1982€and€requested€to€inform€the€Committee€notÐ Zª Ðlater€than€31€January€1983€whether€the€appeal€for€clemency€made€by€Mr.€Wight€and€Mr.Ð @ ÐMarais€had€been€granted.€Ð &v ÐÌ5.2€No€further€information€was€received€from€the€State€party€prior€to€the€Committee'sÐ òB Ðeighteenth€session.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ6.1€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€notedÐ ¤ô Ðthat€it€had€not€received€any€information€that€the€subject„matter€had€been€submitted€toÐ Š Ú Ðanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ6.2€With€regard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€notedÐ <#Œ" Ðthat€the€State€party€had€not€contended€that€there€were€domestic€remedies€which€had€not€beenÐ "$r# Ðexhausted.€On€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€the€Committee€was€unable€to€concludeÐ %X $ Ðthat€there€were€remedies€available€to€the€alleged€victim€which€he€could€pursue€or€shouldÐ î%>!% Ðhave€pursued.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ6.3€Accordingly,€the€Committee€found€that€the€communication€was€not€inadmissible€underÐ  (ð#( Ðarticle€5,€paragraph€2€(a),€or€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ7.€On€24€March€1983,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€òòdecided:óó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌà0 4 à1.€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð-n(-4ü!4ü! Їà0 4 à2.€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€StateÐ ° Ðparty€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€ofÐ –æ Ðtransmittal€to€it€of€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€theÐ |Ì Ðmatter€and€the€remedy,€if€any,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it;€Ðb²4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à3.€That€the€State€party€be€informed€that€the€written€explanations€or€statementsÐ . ~ Ðsubmitted€by€it€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€must€relateÐ  d Ðprimarily€to€the€substance€of€the€matter€under€consideration.€The€Committee€stressedÐ ú J Ðthat,€in€order€to€fulfil€its€responsibilities,€it€required€specific€responses€to€theÐ à 0 Ðallegations€which€had€been€made€and€the€State€party's€explanations€of€the€actionsÐ Æ   Ðtaken€by€it.€The€State€party€was€again€requested€to€enclose€copies€of€any€court€ordersÐ ¬ ü  Ðor€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€under€consideration.€Ð’â 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ8.€In€a€note€dated€10€May€1983,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€Ð ^®  ÐÌà0 4 à"the€authorities€of€the€Democratic€Republic€of€Madagascar€have€not€deemed€itÐ *z  Ðappropriate€to€respond€to€the€appeal€for€clemency€made€by€Mr.€Dave€Marais€and€Mr.Ð ` ÐJohn€Wight€on€14€July€1982€and€will€be€unable€to€do€so€until€Nelson€Mandela€hasÐ öF Ðbeen€finally€released€in€exchange".€ÐÜ,4ü!4ü! ÐÌ9.1€On€31€May€1983,€Maitre€Hamel€submitted€a€legal€memorandum€on€behalf€of€JohnÐ ¨ø ÐWight,€alleging€that€since€27€November€1981€John€Wight€had€been€detained€in€a€dark€cellÐ ŽÞ Ðin€the€basement€of€the€Malagasy€political€police€prison€at€Ambohibao€under€the€sameÐ tÄ Ðconditions€as€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€and€completely€incommunicado,€and€that€since€that€date€theÐ Zª Ðdetainee€had€been€unable€to€communicate€with€his€lawyer.€b/€Maitre€Hamel€pointed€out€thatÐ @ Ðthree€successive€lawyers€of€the€two€South€Africans€had€all€been€arrested€and€detained€andÐ &v Ðthen€expelled€or€else€had€escaped€the€country;€the€purpose€of€the€alleged€persecution€was€toÐ  \ Ðprevent€political€prisoners€from€being€properly€defended.€In€particular€he€alleges:€Ð òB ÐÌà0 4 à"(a)€That€Maitre€J.€J.€Natbai,€their€first€lawyer,€who€was€temporarily€in€France€inÐ ¾ Ðearly€1978€(on€the€eve€of€their€trial),€was€prohibited€from€returning€to€MadagascarÐ ¤ô Ð(his€return€visa€was€cancelled)...;€ÐŠ Ú4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"(b)€That€Maitre€Boitard,€their€second€lawyer,€was€arrested€by€the€political€police€inÐ V"¦! ÐMay€1979€charged€with€conspiracy€and€with€aiding€and€abetting€the€escape€of€hisÐ <#Œ" Ðtwo€clients€detained€in€prison€and€that€he€escaped€on€3€January€1980€...;€Ð"$r#4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"(c)€That€the€present€defence€counsel€was€arrested€first€on€3€March€1980€by€DGID,Ð î%>!% Ðinterrogated€on€that€day€and€then€released€and€that€he€was€again€arrested€by€MID€inÐ Ô&$"& ÐNovember€1980,€interrogated€on€that€day€and€then€released,€that€his€chambers€wereÐ º' #' Ðsearched€by€the€Malagasy€political€police€in€early€February€1982,€that€he€wasÐ  (ð#( Ðarrested€by€the€political€police,€detained€in€a€basement€cell€of€the€Malagasy€politicalÐ †)Ö$) Ðpolice€prison€and€then€expelled€from€Madagascar€on€11€February€1982€...€[and]€thatÐ l*¼%* Ðone€of€the€principal€charges€levelled€against€this€counsel€during€his€detention€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðinterrogation€was€that€he€had€defended€political€prisoners,€including€the€two€SouthÐ 8,ˆ', ÐAfricans."€Ð-n(-4ü!4ü! Ї9.2€With€regard€to€the€facts€of€the€case,€Maitre€Hamel€elaborates€on€the€initialÐ ° Ðcommunication€and€explains€that€Ð –æ ÐÌà0 4 à"the€South€African€aircraft€piloted€by€the€detainee€made€an€emergency€landing€atÐ b² ÐManjary€for€technical€reasons€and€in€order€to€refuel€because€of€atmosphericÐ H˜ Ðdisturbances€and€bad€weather€between€Madagascar€and€La€Reunion€and€MauritiusÐ . ~ Ð(the€month€of€January,€which€is€mid„summer€in€the€southern€hemisphere,€is€generallyÐ  d Ða€period€of€bad€weather€and€cyclones).€That€since€then,€many€aircraft€have€madeÐ ú J Ðemergency€landings€for€technical€reasons€at€Madagascar€(aircraft€from€Botswana,Ð à 0 ÐZambia,€French€aircraft€from€La€Reunion,€etc.)€and€that€none€of€the€pilots€orÐ Æ   Ðpassengers€of€those€aircraft€has€been€arrested€or€harassed,€that€in€general€suchÐ ¬ ü  Ðaircraft€remain€on€the€field€guarded€by€the€army€or€the€gendarmerie,€the€passengersÐ ’â  Ðare€confined€to€the€aircraft€but€are€given€food,€and€that€after€the€necessary€repairs€orÐ xÈ  Ðrefuelling,€the€aircraft€are€authorized€to€take€off€for€their€scheduled€destination."€Ð^® 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ9.3€Maitre€Hamel€therefore€concludes€that€John€Wight€and€Dave€Marais€were€arrested€andÐ *z  Ðcharged€primarily€because€of€their€South€African€nationality€and€because€of€the€SouthÐ ` ÐAfrican€nationality€of€their€aircraft.€Ð öF ÐÌ10.1€In€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€dated€12€JanuaryÐ Â Ð1984,€the€State€party€explains€with€respect€to€the€nature€of€Mr.€Wight's€imprisonment€that€Ð ¨ø ÐÌà0 4 à"under€article€550€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure,€to€which€the€communicationÐ tÄ Ðsubmitted€on€behalf€of€John€Wight€refers,€imprisonment€may€be€effected€in€twoÐ Zª Ðtypes€of€place:€a€prison€or€separate€quarters€of€a€penal€establishment.€This€provisionÐ @ Ðof€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€points€to€the€concept€of€quarters€and€signifies€thatÐ &v Ða€penal€establishment€(forming€a€whole€at€the€administrative€level)€may€haveÐ  \ ÐQuarters€in€a€number€of€different€places:€so€much€so€that€in€the€case€of€AntananarivoÐ òB ÐCentral€Prison,€the€Quarters€reserved€for€adults€and€for€juveniles€are€in€two€differentÐ Ø( Ðplaces€more€than€15€kilometres€apart.€Nevertheless,€these€premises€are€under€theÐ ¾ Ðadministration€of€the€Head€Warden€of€the€Central€Prison€...€The€Central€Prison€ofÐ ¤ô ÐAntananarivo,€to€which€Mr.€John€Wight€was€committed,€has€never€ceased€to€beÐ Š Ú Ðresponsible€for€him."€Ðp!À 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.2€With€respect€to€the€charge€of€unlawful€detention,€the€State€party€notes€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌà0 4 à"that€the€definition€of€unlawful€detention€depends€not€on€the€place€of€detention€butÐ %X $ Ðon€the€existence€of€a€proper€detention€order€issued€by€the€competent€judicialÐ î%>!% Ðauthority.€Following€his€arrest,€the€author€of€the€communication€was€the€subject€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€following€detention€orders€in€due€form:€warrant€of€commitment€issued€by€theÐ º' #' Ðexamining€magistrate€in€charge€of€the€case€following€examination;€warrant€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðcommitment€issued€by€the€indictment€division€which€is€valid€until€the€time€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðprisoner€is€tried€by€the€competent€court;€decision€of€the€military€court€whichÐ l*¼%* Ðconvicted€him€and€authorized€his€imprisonment€until€completion€of€his€sentence."€ÐR+¢&+4ü!4ü! ÐÌ10.3€With€respect€to€the€Question€of€any€irregularity€in€the€imprisonment€of€Mr.€Wight,€theÐ -n(- ÐState€party€declares€that€the€provisions€of€article€557€of€the€Malagasy€Code€of€PenalÐ ° ÐProcedure€have€been€respected€and€points€out€that€extracts€from€the€Prison€Calendar€(whichÐ –æ Ðthe€State€party€submits€to€the€Committee)€bears€witness€to€the€fact€that€the€provisions€of€theÐ |Ì Ðlaw€were€complied€with.€Ð b² ÐÌà0 4 à"It€is€clear€from€those€documents€that€Mr.€John€Wight€has€never€ceased€to€be€underÐ . ~ Ðthe€authority€of€Antananarivo€Central€Prison.€If€Mr.€John€Wight€was€transferred€toÐ  d Ðanother€place€of€detention,€it€was€in€order€to€strengthen€surveillance€and€prevent€anyÐ ú J Ðrecurrence€of€his€escape.€His€present€whereabouts€are€more€appropriate€for€suchÐ à 0 Ðsurveillance€and€can€guarantee€the€security€of€his€person."€ÐÆ  4ü!4ü! ÐÌ11.1€The€State€party€also€forwarded€a€copy€of€the€sentence€of€the€military€court€ofÐ ’â  ÐAntananarivo€dated€22€March€1978,€and€a€copy€of€the€decision€of€20€March€1979€of€theÐ xÈ  ÐSupreme€Court€of€Madagascar,€dismissing€the€appeal€filed€by€Messrs.€Marais,€LappemanÐ ^®  Ðand€Wight.€Ð D”  ÐÌ11.2€On€the€question€of€the€legitimacy€of€the€overflight€of€Malagasy€territory€by€the€aircraftÐ ` Ðof€which€Mr.€Wight€was€the€pilot,€the€Supreme€Court€of€Madagascar€held€Ð öF ÐÌà0 4 à"WITH€REGARD€TO€THE€SECOND€GROUND€FOR€CASSATION€proposed€byÐ Â ÐMe.€BOITARD,€counsel,€referring€to€the€violation€of€article€5€of€the€ChicagoÐ ¨ø ÐConvention,€in€that€that€article€explicitly€provides€that€each€contracting€StateÐ ŽÞ Ðauthorizes€the€overflight€of€its€territory€and€landing€in€that€territory€for€reasons€ofÐ tÄ Ðsafety,€and€that€it€cannot€be€denied€that€both€the€Democratic€Republic€of€MadagascarÐ Zª Ðand€the€Republic€of€South€Africa€are€signatories€to€that€Convention;€Ð@4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Whereas€article€5€of€the€Chicago€Convention€of€7€December€1944€does€indeedÐ  \ Ðstipulate€that€each€contracting€State€agrees€that€all€aircraft€of€the€other€contractingÐ òB ÐStates,€being€aircraft€not€engaged€in€scheduled€international€air€services,€shall€haveÐ Ø( Ðthe€right€to€make€flights€into€or€transit€non„stop€across€its€territory€and€to€make€stopsÐ ¾ Ðfor€non„traffic€purposes€without€the€necessity€of€obtaining€prior€permission,€underÐ ¤ô Ðarticle€9€(b)€of€the€Convention€each€contracting€State€reserves€the€right,€inÐ Š Ú Ðexceptional€circumstances€or€during€a€period€of€emergency,€or€in€the€interest€ofÐ p!À  Ðpublic€safety,€and€with€immediate€effect,€temporarily€to€restrict€or€prohibit€flyingÐ V"¦! Ðover€the€whole€or€any€part€of€its€territory;€Ð<#Œ"4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Whereas,€by€prohibiting€flying€over€its€territory€during€a€period€of€emergency,€andÐ %X $ Ðin€the€interest€of€public€safety,€the€State€of€Madagascar€was€merely€availing€itself€ofÐ î%>!% Ðthe€possibility€afforded€by€article€9€(b)€of€the€Chicago€Convention;€ÐÔ&$"&4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"Whence€it€follows€that€the€appeal€is€unfounded."€Ð (ð#(4ü!4ü! ÐÌ12.1€On€30€January€1984,€Maitre€Hamel€submitted€a€memorandum€concerning€the€StateÐ l*¼%* Ðparty's€submission€under€article€4€,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€He€points€out,€òòinterÐ R+¢&+ Ðalia,€óóthat€the€State€party€has€failed€to€submit€the€judgement€by€the€Correctional€Tribunal€ofÐ 8,ˆ', ÐAntananarivo€of€14€May€1981,€c/€which€sentenced€John€Wight€for€escaping€from€prison€andÐ -n(- Ðoverflying€the€territory.€He€reiterates€that€the€place€of€imprisonment€of€John€Wight€isÐ ° Ðirregular,€explaining€that€from€the€legal€point€of€view,€the€Malagasy€political€police€(DGID)Ð –æ Ðis€a€police€and€intelligence€service€responsible€for€preliminary€investigations,€and€that€theÐ |Ì Ðpolitical€police€prison€is€not€part€of€the€prison€service,€but€is€administered€directly€by€theÐ b² Ðpolitical€police.€Prisoners€are€guarded€Ý‚ ÿÿÿÝòòÔÔÝ  Ýnot€Ý‚ ÿÿÿ‰W€admÝóóÔÔÝ  Ýby€prison€service€officials,€but€by€political€policeÐ H˜ Ðstaff€and€military€personnel€from€various€units.€Moreover,€the€political€police€prison€has€noÐ . ~ Ðcommitment€register€because€prisoners€held€there€are€listed€in€the€Commitment€registers€ofÐ  d Ðthe€ordinary€prisons.€Within€the€legal€meaning€of€the€term,€the€political€police€prison€is€notÐ ú J Ða€prison.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ12.2€With€respect€to€the€conditions€of€detention,€Maitre€Hamel€reiterates€that€his€client€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðheld€in€the€basement€of€the€political€police€prison,€where€he€was€even€chained€at€times.€HeÐ ’â  Ðwas€kept€in€the€strictest€solitary€confinement,€could€not€see€anyone,€could€not€receive€orÐ xÈ  Ðsend€letters€and€could€not€communicate€with€his€lawyer.€"No€one€from€outside€DGID,Ð ^®  Ðincluding€chaplains,€is€allowed€to€enter€the€prison.€Prisoners€are€also€prohibited€from€talkingÐ D”  Ðto€one€another,€as€the€undersigned€counsel€is€in€a€particularly€good€position€to€know,€sinceÐ *z  Ðhe€was€detained€in€that€prison€in€the€same€conditions."€d/€Ð ` ÐÌ12.3€Maitre€Hamel€also€submitted€a€copy€of€the€order€for€release€"from€the€lock„up"€and€theÐ Ü, Ðtext€of€Ordinance€No.€021/77€of€10€June€1977€amending€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€toÐ Â Ðread,€òòinter€alia,€óó"Article€54€(new):€A€prisoner€awaiting€trial€may,€after€his€first€hearing,Ð ¨ø Ðcommunicate€freely€with€his€defence€counsel.€In€no€case€shall€the€prohibition€onÐ ŽÞ Ðcommunication€apply€to€him.€However,€any€person€who€is€being€held€in€custody€inÐ tÄ Ðconnection€with€an€investigation€of€a€crime€or€offence€against€State€security€and€who€is€alsoÐ Zª Ðcharged€with€other€offences€may€be€prohibited€by€the€competent€Judicial€officer€fromÐ @ Ðcommunicating€with€his€defence€counsel€except€during€hearings€at€which€his€presence€isÐ &v Ðrequired€and€during€sentencing."€Ð  \ ÐÌ13.€By€telegram€dated€26€March€1984,€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€Messrs.Ð Ø( ÐJohn€Wight€and€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€had€been€released€from€prison€upon€completion€of€theirÐ ¾ Ðterms€of€imprisonment€and€that€they€had€left€Malagasy€territory€on€16€February€1984.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ14.€In€a€letter€dated€3€July€1984,€requesting€the€Committee€to€continue€consideration€of€hisÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€for€the€purpose€of€adopting€views€thereon,€Mr.€Wight€confirmed€that€theÐ V"¦! Ðfacts€as€described€by€Maitre€Hamel€are€basically€correct,€but€added€the€followingÐ <#Œ" Ðclarifications€concerning€the€conditions€of€his€detention:€Ð "$r# ÐÌà0 4 à"(i)€After€our€escape€from€prison€and€subsequent€recapture€in€September€1978,€I€wasÐ î%>!% Ðkept€in€a€solitary€room€at€the€DGID€chained€to€a€bed€spring€on€the€floor,€withÐ Ô&$"& Ðminimal€clothing€and€a€severe€rationing€of€food€(I€lost€25€kg€of€weight)€for€a€periodÐ º' #' Ðof€3€1/2€months.€I€was€then€fortunate€in€contracting€hepatitis€and€was€transferred€toÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€hospital.€During€the€period€of€being€chained€to€the€floor,€I€was€seldom€allowedÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€wash€(perhaps€once€a€fortnight).€During€this€period€and€in€fact€until€July€1979€(10Ð l*¼%* Ðmonths),€I€was€held€totally€incommunicado.€ÐR+¢&+4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"(ii)€From€July€1979€until€November€1981€I€was€held€in€a€prison€at€ManjakandrianaÐ -n(- Ðwhere€conditions€were€at€least€human.€Ð°4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"(iii)€I€was€then€transferred€to€the€DGID€where€I€was€kept€in€a€basement€cell€2€m€xÐ |Ì Ð11/2€m€in€inhuman€conditions€for€a€period€of€one€month.€Incommunicado.€Ðb²4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"(iv)€In€January€1982,€I€was€transferred€from€the€basement€cell€to€a€room€3€m€x€3€m,Ð . ~ Ðwhich€I€shared€with€Dave€Marais€until€our€release.€The€conditions€were€satisfactoryÐ  d Ðand€the€treatment€good,€except€that€for€the€first€18€months€of€these€last€two€years€weÐ ú J Ðwere€òònever€óóallowed€out€of€the€room.€We€were€now€for€the€first€time€òòofficiallyÐ à 0 Ðóópermitted€to€correspond€with€our€families.€ÐÆ  4ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à"The€above€are€the€basic€facts€of€my€detention€which€are€far€less€severe€than€theÐ ’â  Ðconditions€under€which€Dave€Marais€was€detained.€He€was€held€incommunicado€inÐ xÈ  Ðthe€2€m€x€11/2€m€basement€cells€for€a€period€of€more€than€two€years."€Ð^® 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ15.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€the€obligation€under€article€5,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ *z  ÐOptional€Protocol€to€consider€this€communication€in€the€light€of€all€written€informationÐ ` Ðmade€available€to€it€by€or€on€behalf€of€John€Wight,€and€by€the€State€party.€It€thereforeÐ öF Ðdecides€to€base€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€have€not€been€contradicted€by€theÐ Ü, ÐState€party.€Ð  ÐÌ15.2€John€Wight,€a€South€African€national,€was€the€pilot€of€a€private€South€African€aircraftÐ ŽÞ Ðwhich,€en€route€to€Mauritius,€made€an€emergency€landing€in€Madagascar€on€18€JanuaryÐ tÄ Ð1977.€A€passenger€on€the€plane,€Dave€Marais,€Jr.,€a€South€African€national,€anotherÐ Zª Ðpassenger,€Ed€Lappeman,€a€national€of€the€United€States€of€America,€and€John€Wight€wereÐ @ Ðtried€and€sentenced€to€five€years'€imprisonment€and€a€fine€for€overflying€the€country€withoutÐ &v Ðauthority€and€thereby€endangering€the€external€security€of€Madagascar.€On€19€August€1978,Ð  \ Ðwhile€serving€his€sentence,€John€Wight€escaped€from€the€Antananarivo€Central€Prison,€wasÐ òB Ðsubsequently€apprehended,€tried€on€charges€of€prison„breaking€and,€on€15€May€1981,Ð Ø( Ðsentenced€to€an€additional€two€years'€imprisonment.€After€his€recapture€in€September€1978,Ð ¾ ÐJohn€Wight€was€kept€in€a€solitary€room€at€the€political€police€prison€at€Ambohibao€(DGID),Ð ¤ô Ðchained€to€a€bed€spring€on€the€floor,€with€minimal€clothing€and€severe€rationing€of€food,€forÐ Š Ú Ða€period€of€3€1/2€months.€During€this€period€and€until€July€1979€(10€months)€he€was€heldÐ p!À  Ðincommunicado.€He€was€then€held€from€July€1979€to€November€1981€in€a€prison€atÐ V"¦! ÐManjakandriana€where€conditions€were€better.€In€November€1981€he€was€again€transferredÐ <#Œ" Ðto€the€DGID€prison€where€he€was€kept€incommunicado€in€a€basement€cell€measuring€2€mÐ "$r# Ðby€11/2€m€in€inhuman€conditions€for€a€period€of€one€month.€In€January€1982,€he€was€movedÐ %X $ Ðfrom€the€basement€cell€to€a€room€measuring€3€m€by€3€m,€which€he€shared€with€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_ÔÐ î%>!% Ðuntil€their€release.€Although€they€were€not€allowed€out€of€the€room€for€the€first€18€monthsÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€this€period,€John€Wight€acknowledges€that€the€conditions€were€otherwise€satisfactory€andÐ º' #' Ðthe€treatment€good.€They€were€now€allowed€for€the€first€time€since€their€arrest€to€correspondÐ  (ð#( Ðwith€their€families.€John€Wight€and€Dave€Ô_ÔMaraisÔ_Ô€were€released€in€February€1984€uponÐ †)Ö$) Ðcompletion€of€their€prison€sentences.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ16.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€observes€that€the€information€available€to€it€is€insufficientÐ 8,ˆ', Ðto€show€that€Mr.€Wight€was€arrested€and€charged€primarily€because€of€his€South€AfricanÐ -n(- Ðnationality€and€the€South€African€nationality€of€his€aircraft.€Ð ° ÐÌ17.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ |Ì ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ b² Ðfacts€as€found€by€the€Committee€disclose€violations€of€the€International€Covenant€on€CivilÐ H˜ Ðand€Political€Rights,€with€respect€to:€Ð . ~ ÐÌà0 4 à„€article€7€and€article€10,€paragraph€1,€because€of€the€inhuman€conditions€in€whichÐ ú J ÐJohn€Wight€was€at€times€held€in€prison€in€Madagascar;€Ðà 04ü!4ü! ÐÌà0 4 à„€article€14,€paragraph€3€(b),€because€during€a€10„month€period€(from€SeptemberÐ ¬ ü  Ð1978€to€July€1979),€while€criminal€charges€against€him€were€being€investigated€andÐ ’â  Ðdetermined,€he€was€kept€incommunicado€without€access€to€legal€counsel.€ÐxÈ 4ü!4ü! ÐÌ18.€The€Committee,€accordingly,€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ D”  Ðtake€effective€measures€to€remedy€the€violations€which€John€Wight€has€suffered€and€to€takeÐ *z  Ðsteps€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.€Ð ` ÐÌÌòòNotesóó€Ð  ÐÌa/€€€See€òòOfficial€Records€of€the€General€Assembly,€Thirty„eighth€Session,€Supplement€No.Ð ŽÞ Ð40€óó(A/38/40),€annex€XI.€Ð tÄ ÐÌb/€€€See€Data.€14,€further€clarifications€concerning€his€conditions€of€imprisonment,€receivedÐ @ Ðfrom€John€Wight€after€his€release.€Ð &v ÐÌc/€€€In€an€earlier€submission€(see€Data.€2.2€above)€Maitre€Ô_ÔHamelÔ_Ô€gives€the€date€of€thisÐ òB Ðjudgement€as€being€15€May€1981.€Ð Ø( ÐÌd/€€€See€footnote€b.€