ÿWPC |MÀDûä“š+賑[h…v&KJ_Râ¦Cï>TÎÜ%%¬:*ôÂ`kAõ`ÛHæJë` (CÐÖ°ú¿—IcHkêê²/ÄNÝk°ÏˆÙ›¾¶8ˆÂ#\zîù4ؘº™ª$O &–rZ!5|Ôiù| 7M< ).$/ð:Ó)î‚lžçdáã${T¡çUÿÆ¡ßîìlý„Jž¡•fÑIêÃ)‘Kô4!ûd@ë Å›[wO½ïät²ØTÈRËó~’wi~;ê¿ Š¶f\L·ePZÙ,©¦…zRͽl-E[pt'ñÊÓÀlkÊÄM¬Ne¿~—µ&d‚õÁ(·óKU>l̪ 0µv 0<+ 0Yg 0_À 0iƈ 0ÑN 0( D+G AMr ¿ 0¶Ï #Á… UNF %” Mš (ž NÆ ^ È wÔ 4Ø ì mî ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' S. S. v. Norway, Communication No. 79/1980 (2 April 1980), U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/OP/1 at 30 (194CCPR/C/OP/1 at 30 (19"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2ª@$££Ý ƒT!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X)XXXÔÔ€X)XXX)ÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ŽT$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X(ãXXXÔÔ€X(ãXXX(ãÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX®{) K‹k)ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒT!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X)XXXÔÔ€X)XXX)ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòS.€S.€v.€NorwayóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€79/1980Ð H˜ ÐÌ2€April€1982Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€S.€S.€on€5€September€1980€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€Norway€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€inadmissibilityóó:€2€April€1982€(fifteenth€session)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òòòDecision€on€Admissibilityóóó óÐ ŽÞ ÐÓ ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€5€September€1980€and€furtherÐ @ Ðsubmission€dated€16€November€1981)€is€a€77„year„old€Norwegian€national,€living€inÐ &v ÐNorway.€He€submits€the€communication€on€his€own€behalf.€Ð  \ ÐÌ2.1€The€author€complains€that€for€over€20€years€he€has€been€the€victim€of€relentless€attacksÐ Ø( Ðupon€his€privacy€by€boys€and€youths€in€the€town€where€he€lives€and€that€his€repeatedÐ ¾ Ðrequests€for€protection€and€proper€investigation€have€gone€unheeded€by€the€police.€AllÐ ¤ô Ðwindows€on€the€ground€floor€and€first€floor€of€his€house€had€been€broken€and€he€had€givenÐ Š Ú Ðup€on€having€them€repaired€and€moved€instead€down€to€the€basement,€where€he€slept€in€aÐ p!À  Ðwindowless€room.€Cars€were€frequently€parked€in€front€of€his€house€illegally€in€such€aÐ V"¦! Ðmanner€that€he€had€difficulties€entering€and€leaving€his€house.€In€anguish€and€desperationÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€author€had€on€a€number€of€occasions€resorted€to€acts€which€he€describes€as€self„defenceÐ "$r# Ð(in€1978,€twice€throwing€bucketfuls€of€excrement€and€urine€over€cars€parked€in€front€of€hisÐ %X $ Ðhouse,€and,€in€1979,€firing€shots€from€his€shotgun€in€the€direction€of€a€group€of€youngstersÐ î%>!% Ðacross€the€street€and€accidentally€wounding€three€of€them).€In€the€criminal€court€proceedingsÐ Ô&$"& Ðthat€ensued,€the€author€explained€that,€in€all€cases,€he€had€suspected€the€occupants€of€the€carsÐ º' #' Ðand€the€group€of€youngsters€across€the€street€of€being€would„be€stone€throwers€whom€heÐ  (ð#( Ðonly€wanted€to€scare€away.€He€was,€however,€found€guilty€of€violating€a€number€ofÐ †)Ö$) Ðprovisions€of€the€penal€code,€found€liable€for€damages€and€sentenced€to€30€days'Ð l*¼%* Ðimprisonment,€suspended.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ2.2€The€author€feels€strongly€that€it€is€unjust€that€he€has€been€found€guilty€and€sentenced,€asÐ -n(- Ðhe€sees€it,€merely€for€trying€to€defend€himself€and€his€property,€while€the€real€offenders,€i.e,Ð ° Ðthose€who€for€years€have€been€annoying€him€and€damaging€his€property,€have€been€neitherÐ –æ Ðapprehended€nor€charged.€He€also€feels€that€a€number€of€procedural€errors€have€been€madeÐ |Ì Ðby€the€prosecuting€authorities€and€the€trial€court€in€the€conduct€of€his€case.€Ð b² ÐÌ2.3€The€author€did€not€initially€specify€the€article€or€articles€of€the€International€CovenantÐ . ~ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights€which€have€allegedly€been€violated€by€Norway€in€his€case.Ð  d ÐHowever,€the€facts€set€out€in€his€letter€dated€5€September€1980€indicate€that€he€claims€to€beÐ ú J Ða€victim€of€violations€of€the€provisions€of€article€17€of€the€Covenant.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ2.4€He€requests€the€Human€Rights€Committee€to€consider€his€claim,€pointing€out€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðdomestic€remedies€were€exhausted€by€the€refusal€of€the€Supreme€Court€on€31€July€1980€toÐ ’â  Ðallow€his€appeal.€He€also€maintains€that€other€admissibility€criteria,€set€out€in€the€OptionalÐ xÈ  ÐProtocol,€are€fulfilled.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ2.5€There€is€no€indication€in€the€communication€that€the€same€matter€has€been€submitted€toÐ *z  Ðanother€procedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð ` ÐÌ3.€By€its€decision€of€27€March€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€transmitted€theÐ Ü, Ðcommunication€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure€to€the€State€partyÐ Â Ðconcerned,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibilityÐ ¨ø Ðof€the€communication,€in€so€far€as€it€may€raise€issues€under€article€17€of€the€InternationalÐ ŽÞ ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ4.1€By€a€note€dated€21€October€1981,€the€State€party€objected€to€the€competence€of€theÐ @ ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€to€consider€the€communication,€stating€that€if€the€communicationÐ &v Ðis€to€be€interpreted€as€alleging€a€breach€of€article€17€because€S.€S.,€acting€in€legitimate€self„Ð  \ ÐÔ_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô,€was€not€acquitted€in€the€criminal€proceedings€instituted€against€him,€it€is€theÐ òB Ðopinion€of€the€Norwegian€authorities€that€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ Ø( Ðinadmissible€as€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Covenant€in€accordance€with€theÐ ¾ Ðprovisions€of€article€3€in€fine€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Article€17€provides€that€no€one€shallÐ ¤ô Ðbe€subjected€to€arbitrary€or€unlawful€interference€with€his€privacy,€family,€home€orÐ Š Ú Ðcorrespondence,€nor€to€unlawful€attacks€on€his€Ô_ÔhonourÔ_Ô€and€reputation.€It€does€not€contain€anyÐ p!À  Ðright€to€be€acquitted€because€of€self„Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ4.2€The€State€party€then€continues€that€Should€one€take€the€view€that€a€right€to€self„Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_ÔÐ "$r# Ðfalls€within€the€scope€of€article€17,€it€is€at€any€rate€clear€that€the€author€went€too€far€whenÐ %X $ Ðexercising€this€(possible)€right.€in€fact,€three€children€were€hit€during€the€shooting€incident.Ð î%>!% ÐConsiderable€damage€was€caused€to€the€cars€of€persons€parking€for€a€limited€period€of€timeÐ Ô&$"& Ðat€the€bus„stop,€in€one€case€without€any€prior€warning€from€the€author.€In€the€court's€opinion,Ð º' #' Ðhe€exceeded€his€right€to€self„Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô,€and€this€must€also€be€the€result€under€article€17€of€theÐ  (ð#( ÐCovenant.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌNorwegian€authorities€have€clearly€not€interfered€with€the€privacy,€home€etc.,€of€the€author.Ð R+¢&+ ÐThe€main€problem€in€relation€to€article€17€is€therefore€whether€the€authorities€have€affordedÐ 8,ˆ', Ðsufficient€protection€to€S.€S.€against€interference€by€other€persons,€or,€to€put€it€differently,Ð -n(- Ðwhether€Norway€has€ensured€the€author€the€right€recognized€in€article€17€of€the€CovenantÐ ° Ð(see€article€2€(1)€of€that€instrument).€Ð –æ ÐÌSeen€from€this€angle,€the€relevant€domestic€remedies€are€not€in€the€hands€of€the€courts,€butÐ b² Ðof€the€various€police€authorities,€which€have€as€their€major€task€to€maintain€public€order€andÐ H˜ Ðprotect€the€rights€of€the€individual.€A€person€claiming€that€he€has€been€harassed€by€others,Ð . ~ Ðhas€to€address€himself€to€the€police€authorities€giving€them€the€opportunity€to€investigate€theÐ  d Ðmatter€with€a€view€to€preventing€similar€events€in€the€future.€Ð ú J ÐÌIn€the€countryside,€his€first€possibility€is€to€inform€the€sheriff€(Ô_ÔlensmannenÔ_Ô).€If€he€is€of€theÐ Æ   Ðopinion€that€the€sheriff€is€not€pursuing€the€matter€in€an€efficient€manner,€he€may€complainÐ ¬ ü  Ðto€the€police,€which€will€then€investigate€the€matter€and€ask€the€sheriff€for€clarifications.€IfÐ ’â  Ðthe€person€concerned€is€still€not€satisfied,€he€may€complain€to€the€Crown€ProsecutorÐ xÈ  Ð(Ô_ÔstatsadvokatenÔ_Ô)€and€in€the€last€instance€to€the€Attorney„General€(Ô_ÔriksadvokatenÔ_Ô).Ð ^®  ÐAccordingly,€a€hierarchical€system€of€remedies€is€available€to€persons€claiming€to€beÐ D”  Ðsubjected€to€harassment€or€other€criminal€acts.€Ð *z  ÐÌIn€the€case€of€S.€S.,€it€is€a€matter€of€clear€fact€that€he€never€addressed€himself€to€the€policeÐ öF Ðor€the€Crown€Prosecutor€because€of€the€alleged€harassment€....€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.3€The€State€party€points€out€in€this€connection€that€"the€author€has€not€adopted€an€activeÐ ¨ø Ðattitude€towards€the€police€authorities"€and€that€apart€from€the€two€incidents€mentioned€inÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€author's€communication:€Ð tÄ ÐÌ...€the€sheriff's€office€has€never€been€informed€by€S.€S.€of€alleged€trouble€on€his€property.Ð @ ÐAccording€to€S.€S.€he€has€been€terrorized€for€a€long€time.€The€remedy€open€to€him€was€thenÐ &v Ðto€report€to€the€sheriff's€office,€a€remedy€of€which€he€does€not€seem€to€have€made€adequateÐ  \ Ðuse.€But€at€any€rate€he€might€have€entered€into€contact€with€the€police€or€the€CrownÐ òB Ðprosecutor,€arguing€that€he€was€not€satisfactorily€protected.€As€stated€above,€it€is€clear€thatÐ Ø( Ðhe€never€did€this.€Ð ¾ ÐÌAccordingly,€it€is€the€opinion€of€the€Norwegian€authorities€that€the€author€has€not€exhaustedÐ Š Ú Ðthe€domestic€remedies€available€to€him€in€accordance€with€article€2€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ4.4€The€State€party€adds:€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ...€that€the€sheriff's€office€in€fact€kept€an€eye€on€S.€S.'s€house,€situated€about€6„8€km€from€theÐ %X $ Ðoffice,€as€the€officers€passed€the€house€several€times€every€day.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌIt€should€also€be€pointed€out€that€the€sheriff's€area€covers€240€km€with€a€population€of€aboutÐ º' #' Ð6,500.€The€office€has€a€heavy€workload.€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ5.1€On€16€November€1981,€the€author€of€the€communication€forwarded€his€comments€inÐ l*¼%* Ðreply€to€the€State€party's€submission€of€21€October€1981.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ5.2€The€author€rejects€the€State€party's€contention€that€the€communication€does€not€revealÐ -n(- Ða€violation€of€article€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€andÐ ° Ðtherefore€is€inadmissible,€stating,€in€particular,€that€"it€is€extremely€disheartening€andÐ –æ Ðdisquieting€that€the€Government€should€consider€that€the€events€and€hooliganism€...€to€whichÐ |Ì ÐI€was€subjected€for€a€long€time€are€not€covered€by€article€17.€For€that€matter€the€situation€isÐ b² Ðalso€covered€by€article€12€of€the€Universal€Declaration€of€Human€Rights,€whose€wordingÐ H˜ Ðcorresponds€fully€with€that€of€article€17."€Ð . ~ ÐÌ5.3€He€further€claims€that€the€right€to€self„Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€has€been€acknowledged€by€the€NorwegianÐ ú J Ðcourts€in€many€cases€similar€to€his€own.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.4€With€regard€to€the€specific€incidents€referred€to€in€his€communication€and€commentedÐ ¬ ü  Ðupon€by€the€State€party,€the€author€states€that€he€personally€had€informed€automobile€ownersÐ ’â  Ðwho€parked€illegally€in€front€of€his€property€"of€that€rather€undesirable€effect".€He€continuesÐ xÈ  Ðthat:€Ð ^®  ÐÌThose€who€eventually€claimed€otherwise€were€quite€familiar€with€the€situation€from€hearingÐ *z  Ðothers€say€that€the€best€way€to€tease€'the€smith'€was€to€ignore€him€completely€and€simplyÐ ` Ðcontinue€parking€there.€The€way€those€cars€were€parked€meant€that€my€only€access€to€myÐ öF Ðproperty€was€completely€blocked€each€day.€In€wintertime,€with€high€snow€drifts,€theÐ Ü, Ðsituation€was€so€bad€that€I€was€forced€to€go€out€via€highway€120€behind€my€smithy€and€wadeÐ Â Ðin€through€l„Ô_ÔmetreÔ_Ô„high€snow€in€order€to€get€back€to€my€house.€When,€after€a€year€it€wasÐ ¨ø Ðimpossible€to€get€the€authorities€(sheriff)€and€the€offenders€to€understand€my€hopelessÐ ŽÞ Ðsituation€and€I€was€met€with€honking€automobile€horns€and€derisive€laughter,€an€old€75„year„Ð tÄ Ðold€man€had€no€other€possibility€available€than€to€take€matters€into€his€own€hands€on€theÐ Zª Ðbasis€of€the€right€of€retaliation€under€criminal€law€(see€Criminal€Code,€paragraphs€228€andÐ @ Ð250).€Ð &v ÐÌ5.5€The€author€further€rejects€as€untrue€the€State€party's€assertion€that,€apart€from€theÐ òB Ðincidents€mentioned€in€the€communication,€he€has€never€informed€the€sheriff's€office€ofÐ Ø( Ðalleged€trouble€on€his€property.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ5.6€He€also€refers€to€his€Ô_ÔdefenceÔ_Ô€counsel's€statement€made€in€the€latest€criminal€case€againstÐ Š Ú Ðhim€that€"the€sheriff's€employees€had€themselves€said€that€they€had€heard€that€'S.€the€smith'Ð p!À  Ðwas€a€'special€person'€as€soon€as€they€came€to€the€town,€that€is€to€say€a€man€who€was€notÐ V"¦! Ðentirely€normal".€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ5.7€The€author€concludes:€Ð %X $ ÐÌMy€point€is€obvious:€are€complaints€received€from€the€"town€crank"€taken€as€seriously€asÐ Ô&$"& Ðthose€from€respected€citizens€in€Ô_ÔEnebakkÔ_Ô?€...€It€should€obviously€make€no€difference€whoÐ º' #' Ðreports€criminal€actions€that€are€taking€place€in€the€town€to€the€Ô_ÔEnebakkÔ_Ô€Sheriff's€Office.€IÐ  (ð#( Ðhave€in€no€way€remained€passive€and€the€means€for€complaint€available€to€an€old€man€haveÐ †)Ö$) Ðbeen€exhausted€without€being€heard€by€the€authorities.€The€distance€from€the€Sheriff'sÐ l*¼%* ÐOffice,€the€size€of€his€district,€the€size€of€the€population€and€his€workload€are€irrelevantÐ R+¢&+ Ðconsiderations€here.€The€only€determining€factors€are€that€the€prosecuting€authorities€haveÐ 8,ˆ', Ðnot€fully€realized€in€this€situation€that€their€duty€is€to€maintain€law€and€order€so€that€olderÐ -n(- Ðpeople€in€particular€are€protected€from€hooliganism€by€children€and€youths.€Ð ° ÐÌ6.1€The€issue€to€be€resolved€by€the€Committee€in€the€last€resort€relates€to€whether€or€notÐ |Ì Ðdomestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted€by€the€author€of€the€communication.€Ð b² ÐÌ6.2€It€is€not€clear€whether€there€were€any€remedies€such€as€an€action€for€trespass€which€theÐ . ~ Ðauthor€of€the€communication€might€have€been€able€to€pursue€in€a€court€of€law.€However,€theÐ  d ÐCommittee€concludes,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€available€to€it,€that€the€author€hasÐ ú J Ðfailed€to€pursue€remedies€which€the€State€party€has€submitted€were€available€to€him,€namely,Ð à 0 Ðto€pursue€the€matter€before€the€appropriate€higher€police€authorities,€the€Crown€ProsecutorÐ Æ   Ðand,€in€the€last€instance,€the€Attorney„General.€The€author€appears€to€intimate€that€furtherÐ ¬ ü  Ðefforts€by€him€to€exhaust€available€remedies€might€not€have€been€taken€"seriously"€by€theÐ ’â  Ðauthorities.€His€doubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€these€remedies€do€not,€however,€absolveÐ xÈ  Ðhim€from€exhausting€them,€as€required€by€article€5€(2)€(b)€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ^®  ÐÌThe€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð *z  ÐÌà 4 à1.€The€communication€is€inadmissible;€Ð öF ÐÌà 4 à2.€This€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€author€and€to€the€State€party.€Ð  ÐÓøÓ