ÿWPC`' ø’3h—áÜõñ—à×ø1~[(PGtÕNI?ñ­‘R‚I(”ë`PIŸ3­R+`YýRnJ¥[§¨jQl¹ê÷ÙR¸Ü?Ûð{ÓìïF6é³ ?E,žk€Ýz@`!j„".ÑbqŒ½ìmlh8’¢lЍ'TJî‹Ê<ÒÓÿ;¼ˆÓó.”ŒÐ(ê+a0T Œ;ß eRi.õÛìz4Eæ#8ѳ<}WS{ÎF: ¬ÏQ5ö`»È ”÷1ß8î7+,Ìj 0µ6 0<ë 0Y' 0_€ 0iß ÆH 0Ñ 0(ß D+ AM2 0î 0ëm 0èX 0å@ V% V{  Ñ  Ýé 0Nù 0¶G#ÁýUN¾ % M(N>^ @wL4Pd mf 0â} 0ß_ 0Ü> 0Ù 0Öó 0ÜÉ 0Ù¥ 0Ö~ 0ÓT 0Ð' 0Í÷ 0ÊÄ 0ÇŽ 0ÄU 0Û 0Øô 0ÕÌ! 0Ò¡" 0Ïs# 0ÌB$ 0É% 0Æ×% 0Ã&ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Pauline Muzonzo Paku Kisoki v. 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Ðcommunication,€her€counsel€and€the€State€party,Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð %X $ ÐÓFÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€22,€paragraph€7,€of€the€Conventionó óóó€Ð º' #' ÐÓÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Pauline€Ô_ÔMuzonzoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPakuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKisokiÔ_Ô,€a€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€citizenÐ l*¼%* Ðcurrently€residing€in€Sweden,€where€she€is€seeking€refugee€status.€She€claims€that€her€forcedÐ R+¢&+ Ðreturn€to€Zaire€would€constitute€a€violation€by€Sweden€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€againstÐ 8,ˆ', ÐTorture.€She€is€represented€by€counsel.€€1/Ð -n(- ЇòòThe€facts€as€submittedóóÐ ° ÐÌ2.1€The€author€states€that€on€18€October€1990,€members€of€the€Government€party€MPRÐ |Ì Ðvisited€her€restaurant€in€Ô_ÔKisantoÔ_Ô,€not€far€from€Kinshasa,€indicating€that€they€wished€to€holdÐ b² Ða€party€rally€there€the€following€day.€The€author€refused€this,€since€she€was€an€activist€of€theÐ H˜ Ðopposition€party€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€and€her€husband€worked€as€personal€secretary€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔBosasiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBoliaÔ_Ô,Ð . ~ Ðone€of€the€leaders€of€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô.€Ð  d ÐÌ2.2€On€20€October€1990,€the€author€and€her€husband€were€arrested€by€security€forces.€TheÐ à 0 Ðauthor€was€raped€in€her€home€in€front€of€her€children.€She€was€then€taken€to€a€smallÐ Æ   Ðdetention€centre€on€the€way€to€Kinshasa€where€she€was€brutally€beaten.€The€following€dayÐ ¬ ü  Ðshe€was€taken€to€Makal€prison€in€Kinshasa.€The€author€describes€the€inhuman€and€degradingÐ ’â  Ðcircumstances€of€detention€in€prison.€She€was€not€allowed€to€receive€any€visits€and€sharedÐ xÈ  Ða€cell€of€3€by€6€meters€with€seven€other€inmates.€There€were€no€proper€sanitary€provisionsÐ ^®  Ðand€they€had€to€urinate€on€the€floor.€Every€morning€guards€came€into€the€cell€and€forced€theÐ D”  Ðwomen€to€dance,€beat€them€and€sometimes€raped€them.€The€author€states€that€she€was€rapedÐ *z  Ðmore€than€ten€times€during€her€time€in€prison.€She€further€submits€that€she€was€regularlyÐ ` Ðbeaten,€sometimes€with€whips€made€of€tires€on€which€metal€thread€was€stuck,€she€was€burntÐ öF Ðwith€cigarettes€on€the€inside€of€her€thighs€and€struck€with€batons.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ2.3€The€author€was€detained€for€one€year€without€trial.€On€20€October€1991,€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðassistance€of€one€of€the€supervisors€of€the€prison€whom€had€been€bribed€by€the€author'sÐ ŽÞ Ðsister,€the€author€was€able€to€escape.€She€then€travelled€to€Sweden,€via€Belgium,€on€aÐ tÄ Ðpassport€of€a€woman€who€resembled€her.€Later,€she€sent€the€passport€back€to€the€woman.Ð Zª ÐÌ2.4€The€author€arrived€in€Sweden€on€14€November€1991€and€immediately€requested€asylum.Ð &v ÐOn€31€January€1994,€the€Swedish€Board€of€Immigration€refused€her€request,€noting€that€theÐ  \ Ðpolitical€situation€in€Zaire€had€improved€and€considering€that€it€was€not€likely€that€Ms.Ð òB ÐMuzonzo€would€be€subjected€to€persecution€or€severe€harassment€because€of€her€pastÐ Ø( Ðactivities€for€the€UDPS.€The€Board€further€questioned€the€circumstances€surrounding€herÐ ¾ Ðrelease€from€prison€and€her€leaving€Zaire.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ2.5€On€13€February€1995,€The€Aliens€Appeal€Board€confirmed€the€decision€of€the€SwedishÐ p!À  ÐBoard€of€Immigration€and€concluded€that€in€the€present€circumstances€in€Zaire,€Ms.Ð V"¦! ÐMuzonzo€did€not€risk€persecution€by€the€authorities.€The€author€then€submitted€a€"newÐ <#Œ" Ðapplication"€to€the€Appeal€Board,€referring€to€the€United€Nations€Commission€on€HumanÐ "$r# ÐRights'€Special€Rapporteur's€report€on€Zaire€of€23€December€1994.€On€16€March€1995€theÐ %X $ ÐBoard€rejected€her€application,€considering€that€the€circumstances€invoked€by€the€authorÐ î%>!% Ðcould€not€be€seen€as€new€evidence.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ2.6€On€12€December€1995,€the€author€submitted€yet€another€new€application€to€the€SwedishÐ  (ð#( ÐAliens€Appeal€Board,€on€the€basis€of€new€forensic€medical€evidence,€prepared€by€the€CenterÐ †)Ö$) Ðfor€Torture„€and€Trauma€Survivors€in€Stockholm.€On€7€February€1996,€the€Aliens€AppealÐ l*¼%* ÐBoard€rejected€the€author's€application,€judging€that€the€information€now€submitted€couldÐ R+¢&+ Ðeasily€have€been€submitted€earlier,€thereby€decreasing€the€trustworthiness€of€her€claim.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐòòThe€complaintóóÐ ° ÐÌ3.1€The€author€claims€that€the€decisions€taken€by€the€Swedish€authorities€are€founded€on€aÐ |Ì Ðfalse€image€of€the€situation€in€Zaire.€She€refers€to€the€UN€Commission€on€Human€Rights'Ð b² ÐSpecial€Rapporteur's€report€on€Zaire€€2/€€where€it€is€reported€that€the€practice€of€torture€isÐ H˜ Ðcommon€in€Zaire€and€that€female€prisoners€are€often€raped.€She€also€refers€to€the€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô'sÐ . ~ Ð"Background€paper€on€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€refugees€and€asylum€seekers"€of€March€1995,€where€it€isÐ  d Ðmentioned€that€the€Security€Police€has€shown€a€particular€interest€in€returned€asylumÐ ú J Ðseekers,€who€are€being€subjected€to€long€sessions€of€interrogation.Ð à 0 ÐÌ3.2€The€author€recalls€that€she€is€a€member€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€since€1987€and€that€her€restaurantÐ ¬ ü  Ðwas€frequently€used€by€the€local€branch€of€the€party€for€political€meetings.€Moreover,€theÐ ’â  Ðauthor€headed€the€local€women's€group€and€participated€in€several€large€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_ÔÐ xÈ  Ðdemonstrations€against€the€Mobutu€regime.€In€the€summer€of€1990€she€organized€a€women'sÐ ^®  Ðprotest€in€Kinshasa€in€which€thousands€of€women€participated.€Moreover,€the€author€statesÐ D”  Ðthat€she€has€continued€her€political€activities€in€Sweden€and€that€she€regularly€attends€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_ÔÐ *z  Ðmeetings€and€demonstrations.€A€letter€of€support€from€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€Sweden€is€enclosed€withÐ ` Ðthe€communication.€In€this€context,€the€author€also€states€that€between€1985€and€1990€herÐ öF Ðhusband€was€the€personal€secretary€of€Ô_ÔBosasiÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBoliaÔ_Ô,€a€co„founder€and€leader€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô.Ð Ü, ÐAt€present,€he€is€seeking€asylum€in€Congo.€Ð  ÐÌ3.3€Medical€certificates€prepared€by€the€Center€for€Torture„€and€Trauma€Survivors€inÐ ŽÞ ÐStockholm€show€scar€tissue€consistent€with€the€author's€claims€of€torture€and€ill„treatment,Ð tÄ Ðas€well€as€signs€of€a€distinct€Post€Traumatic€Stress€Disorder.Ð Zª ÐÌ3.4€The€author€asks€the€Committee€to€request€Sweden,€pursuant€to€rule€108,€paragraph€9,€ofÐ &v Ðthe€rules€of€procedure,€not€to€return€her€to€Zaire€while€her€communication€is€underÐ  \ Ðconsideration€by€the€Committee.Ð òB ÐÌòòState€party's€observationsóóÐ ¾ ÐÌ4.€On€28€February€1996,€the€Committee,€through€its€Special€Rapporteur,€transmitted€theÐ Š Ú Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€for€comments€and€requested€the€State€party€not€to€expelÐ p!À  Ðthe€author€while€her€communication€was€under€consideration€by€the€Committee.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ5.1€By€submission€of€18€April€1996,€the€State€party€challenges€the€admissibility€of€theÐ "$r# Ðcommunication,€but€also€addresses€the€merits€of€the€case.€It€requests€the€Committee,€shouldÐ %X $ Ðit€not€find€the€communication€inadmissible,€to€examine€the€communication€on€its€merits€asÐ î%>!% Ðsoon€as€possible.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party€recalls€that€it€was€one€of€the€co„sponsors€of€resolution€1995/69€adoptedÐ  (ð#( Ðby€the€UN€Commission€on€Human€Rights€on€8€March€1995€concerning€the€human€rightsÐ †)Ö$) Ðsituation€in€Zaire€and€that€it€is€aware€of€the€deplorable€situation€with€regard€to€human€rightsÐ l*¼%* Ðin€Zaire.€However,€the€State€party,€while€referring€to€the€Special€Rapporteur's€report€onÐ R+¢&+ ÐZaire,€submits€that€there€seems€to€have€been€a€change€for€the€better€since€the€appointmentÐ 8,ˆ', Ðof€Mr.€Ô_ÔKengoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔWaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔDondoÔ_Ô€as€Prime€Minister€on€14€June€1994.€Political€prisoners€wereÐ -n(- Ðreleased€and€politically€motivated€detentions€declined€drastically.€In€this€context,€the€StateÐ ° Ðparty€also€refers€to€a€report€prepared€by€the€Voice€of€the€Voiceless€for€Human€RightsÐ –æ Ðconcerning€problems€of€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€refugee€claimants,€where€it€was€concluded€that€it€could€notÐ |Ì Ðbe€confirmed€òòa€priorióó€that€expelled€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€asylum€seekers€are€in€danger€in€Zaire.€It€was€saidÐ b² Ðthat€each€case€deserved€to€be€examined€on€its€own€merits.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ5.3€As€regards€the€domestic€procedure,€the€State€party€explains€that€the€basic€provisionsÐ  d Ðconcerning€the€right€of€aliens€to€enter€and€to€remain€in€Sweden€are€found€in€the€1989€AliensÐ ú J ÐAct.€For€the€determination€of€refugee€status€there€are€normally€two€instances,€the€SwedishÐ à 0 ÐImmigration€Board€and€the€Aliens€Appeals€Board.€In€exceptional€cases,€an€application€isÐ Æ   Ðreferred€to€the€Government.€Chapter€8,€section€1,€of€the€Act€corresponds€with€article€3€of€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐConvention€against€Torture€and€states€that€an€alien,€who€has€been€refused€entry€or€who€shallÐ ’â  Ðbe€expelled,€may€never€be€sent€to€a€country€where€there€is€firm€reason€to€believe€that€he€orÐ xÈ  Ðshe€would€be€in€danger€of€suffering€capital€or€corporal€punishment€or€of€being€subjected€toÐ ^®  Ðtorture,€nor€to€a€country€where€he€is€not€protected€from€being€sent€on€to€a€country€where€heÐ D”  Ðwould€be€in€such€danger.€Further,€under€chapter€2,€section€5,€subsection€3,€of€the€Act,€anÐ *z  Ðalien,€who€is€to€be€refused€entry€or€expelled,€can€apply€for€a€residence€permit€if€theÐ ` Ðapplication€is€based€on€circumstances€which€have€not€previously€been€examined€in€the€caseÐ öF Ðand€if€either€the€alien€is€entitled€to€asylum€in€Sweden€or€if€it€will€otherwise€be€in€conflictÐ Ü, Ðwith€humanitarian€requirements€to€enforce€the€decision€on€refusal€of€entry€or€expulsion.€Ð  ÐÌ5.4€As€regards€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€argues€that€theÐ ŽÞ Ðcommunication€is€inadmissible€as€being€incompatible€with€the€provisions€of€the€Convention,Ð tÄ Ðfor€lacking€the€necessary€substantiation.Ð Zª ÐÌ6.1€As€to€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€State€party€refers€to€the€Committee'sÐ &v Ðjurisprudence€in€the€case€of€òòÔ_ÔMutomboÔ_Ô€v.€Switzerlandóó,€€3/€and€the€criteria€established€by€theÐ  \ ÐCommittee,€first,€that€a€person€must€personally€be€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture,€and,Ð òB Ðsecond,€that€such€torture€must€be€a€necessary€and€foreseeable€consequence€of€the€return€ofÐ Ø( Ðthe€person€to€his€or€her€country.Ð ¾ ÐÌ6.2€As€regards€the€general€situation€of€human€rights€in€Zaire,€the€State€party€acknowledgesÐ Š Ú Ðthat€the€situation€is€grave€and€unacceptable,€despite€some€improvements€since€1994.€TheÐ p!À  ÐState€party€submits,€however,€that€in€general€returning€asylum€seekers€are€not€faced€withÐ V"¦! Ðpolitical€persecution.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ6.3€The€State€party€refers€to€its€own€legislation€and€states€that€its€principles€reflect€the€sameÐ %X $ Ðprinciple€as€that€of€article€3€of€the€Convention.€The€State€party's€authorities€thus€apply€theÐ î%>!% Ðsame€test€as€the€Committee€in€deciding€on€the€return€of€a€person€to€his€or€her€country.€TheÐ Ô&$"& ÐState€party€recalls€that€the€mere€possibility€that€a€person€be€subjected€to€ill„treatment€in€hisÐ º' #' Ðor€her€country€of€origin€does€not€suffice€to€require€that€a€person€be€given€asylum€in€a€thirdÐ  (ð#( Ðcountry€or€to€prohibit€his€or€her€return€as€being€incompatible€with€article€3€of€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐConvention.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ6.4€In€the€instant€case,€the€State€party€relies€on€the€opinions€of€the€Immigration€Board€andÐ 8,ˆ', Ðthe€Appeal€Board,€which€after€a€careful€examination€of€the€facts€of€the€author's€caseÐ -n(- Ðconcluded€that€she€would€not€be€personally€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€whenÐ ° Ðreturned€to€Zaire.Ð –æ ÐÌ6.5€The€State€party€further€points€to€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story,€in€relation€to€theÐ b² Ðrape€of€which€she€was€allegedly€a€victim.€The€author,€according€to€the€medical€statement€ofÐ H˜ ÐMay€1995,€had€said€that€she€was€raped€more€than€ten€times€during€the€time€she€spent€inÐ . ~ Ðdetention,€whereas€in€her€interview€with€the€Swedish€police€in€February€1992,€sheÐ  d Ðmentioned€being€beaten,€but€not€raped,€and€in€her€account€of€21€January€1993,€she€mentionsÐ ú J Ðhaving€been€raped€twice.€According€to€the€State€party,€these€inconsistencies€impactÐ à 0 Ðsignificantly€on€the€veracity€of€the€author's€story.€Further,€the€State€party€recalls€that€theÐ Æ   Ðmedical€evidence€was€only€submitted€in€1995,€that€is,€after€the€procedure€for€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðestablishment€of€the€refugee€claim€was€terminated,€thus€weakening€further€the€author'sÐ ’â  Ðcredibility.Ð xÈ  ÐÌ6.6€The€State€party€argues€that€the€evidence€presented€by€the€author€is€insufficient€toÐ D”  Ðdemonstrate€that€the€risk€of€her€being€tortured€is€a€foreseeable€and€necessary€consequenceÐ *z  Ðof€her€return€to€Zaire.€In€this€context,€the€State€party€submits€that€the€present€day€situationÐ ` Ðin€Zaire€is€different€than€that€when€the€author€was€being€detained€for€her€political€activitiesÐ öF Ðand€that€there€is€no€reason€to€believe€that€the€author€now€would€be€arrested€by€the€authoritiesÐ Ü, Ðupon€her€return€to€her€country.€Ð  ÐÌòòCounsel's€commentsóóÐ ŽÞ ÐÌ7.1€In€her€comments€on€the€State€party's€submission,€counsel€confirms€that€the€SwedishÐ Zª ÐImmigration€Board,€on€8€March€1996,€decided€to€stay€the€author's€expulsion€until€25€MayÐ @ Ð1996.Ð &v ÐÌ7.2€She€refers€to€the€US€Department€of€State€report€on€Zaire€Human€Rights€Practices€ofÐ òB Ð1995,€where€it€was€stated€that€the€Government€continued€to€tolerate€and€commit€seriousÐ Ø( Ðhuman€rights€abuses,€especially€through€its€security€forces.Ð ¾ ÐÌ7.3€As€regards€the€alleged€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story,€counsel€maintains€that€theÐ Š Ú Ðauthor€already€at€first€instance€invoked€serious€ill„treatment€and€rapes,€and€refers€to€articlesÐ p!À  Ðin€medical€journals€explaining€the€psychological€blockage€in€torture€victims€preventing€themÐ V"¦! Ðfrom€telling€the€full€story€upon€arrival€in€a€safe€country.€In€this€context,€counsel€points€outÐ <#Œ" Ðthat€the€author's€statements€about€her€sufferings€are€initially€sparse€and€casual,€and€are€onlyÐ "$r# Ðelaborated€later,€with€the€passage€of€time.€Counsel€emphasizes€that€the€author's€story€hasÐ %X $ Ðremained€unchanged,€coherent€and€plausible€throughout.€Counsel€further€states€that€theÐ î%>!% Ðfailure€to€present€medical€evidence€before€July€1995€was€caused€by€the€author's€convictionÐ Ô&$"& Ðof€the€righteousness€of€her€claims€and€further€by€a€lack€of€financial€means.Ð º' #' ÐÌ7.4€As€regards€the€State€party's€statement€that€the€human€rights€situation€in€Zaire€hasÐ †)Ö$) Ðimproved€and€that€therefore€there€is€no€danger€for€the€author€in€returning€to€her€country,Ð l*¼%* Ðcounsel€refers€to€an€opinion€of€a€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€senior€legal€adviser,€on€9€May€1995,€to€the€effectÐ R+¢&+ Ðthat,€although€the€Ô_ÔUNHCRÔ_Ô€no€longer€opposed€the€return€of€rejected€asylum€seekers€to€Zaire,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðan€exception€existed€for€groups€particularly€at€risk,€such€as€active€members€of€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_ÔÐ -n(- Ðpolitical€opposition€parties€and€in€particular€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô.€Counsel€argues€that€despite€certainÐ ° Ðimprovements,€there€still€does€exist€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violationsÐ –æ Ðof€human€rights€in€Zaire.Ð |Ì ÐÌ7.5€Counsel€concludes€that€the€author€has€presented€sufficient€evidence€that€she€was€aÐ H˜ Ðpolitical€activist€for€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€and€well€known€to€the€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_Ô€authorities,€that€she€has€beenÐ . ~ Ðimprisoned,€tortured€and€ill€treated€due€to€her€political€activities,€that€the€human€rightsÐ  d Ðsituation€in€Zaire€is€deplorable€and€that€especially€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€activists€are€in€danger€ofÐ ú J Ðpersecution.€She€therefore€claims€that€the€author's€return€to€Zaire€would€have€the€foreseeableÐ à 0 Ðand€necessary€consequence€of€exposing€her€to€a€real€risk€of€being€detained€and€tortured.Ð Æ   ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÐ ’â  ÐÌ8.€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€againstÐ ^®  ÐTorture€must€decide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€TheÐ D”  ÐCommittee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€22,€paragraph€5(a),€of€theÐ *z  ÐConvention,€that€the€same€matter€has€not€been€and€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ ` Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€The€Committee€also€notes€that€allÐ öF Ðavailable€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted€and€finds€that€no€further€obstacles€to€theÐ Ü, Ðadmissibility€of€the€communication€exist.€Since€both€the€State€party€and€the€author's€counselÐ Â Ðhave€provided€observations€on€the€merits€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€proceedsÐ ¨ø Ðimmediately€with€the€consideration€of€the€merits€of€the€communication.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ9.1€The€issue€before€the€Committee€is€whether€the€forced€return€of€the€author€to€Zaire€wouldÐ Zª Ðviolate€the€obligation€of€Sweden€under€article€3€of€the€Convention€not€to€expel€or€to€returnÐ @ Ða€person€to€another€State€where€there€are€substantial€grounds€for€believing€that€he€or€sheÐ &v Ðwould€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture.Ð  \ ÐÌ9.2€Pursuant€to€paragraph€1€of€article€3,€the€Committee€must€decide€whether€there€areÐ Ø( Ðsubstantial€grounds€for€believing€that€Ms.€Ô_ÔKisokiÔ_Ô€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subject€toÐ ¾ Ðtorture€upon€return€to€Zaire.€In€reaching€this€decision,€the€Committee€must€take€into€accountÐ ¤ô Ðall€relevant€considerations,€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€article€3,€including€the€existence€ofÐ Š Ú Ða€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€mass€violations€of€human€rights.€The€aim€of€theÐ p!À  Ðdetermination,€however,€is€to€establish€whether€the€individual€concerned€would€beÐ V"¦! Ðòòpersonallyóó€at€risk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€in€the€country€to€which€he€or€she€wouldÐ <#Œ" Ðreturn.€It€follows€that€the€existence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross,€flagrant€or€massÐ "$r# Ðviolations€of€human€rights€in€a€country€does€not€as€such€constitute€a€sufficient€ground€forÐ %X $ Ðdetermining€that€a€person€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€his€returnÐ î%>!% Ðto€that€country;€specific€grounds€must€exist€that€indicate€that€the€individual€concerned€wouldÐ Ô&$"& Ðbe€personally€at€risk.€Similarly,€the€absence€of€a€consistent€pattern€of€gross€violations€ofÐ º' #' Ðhuman€rights€does€not€mean€that€a€person€cannot€be€considered€to€be€in€danger€of€beingÐ  (ð#( Ðsubjected€to€torture€in€his€or€her€specific€circumstances.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ9.3€In€the€instant€case,€the€Committee€considers€that€the€author's€political€affiliation€andÐ R+¢&+ Ðactivities,€her€history€of€detention€and€torture,€should€be€taken€into€account€whenÐ 8,ˆ', Ðdetermining€whether€she€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€upon€her€return.Ð -n(- ÐThe€State€party€has€pointed€to€contradictions€and€inconsistencies€in€the€author's€story,€butÐ ° Ðthe€Committee€considers€that€complete€accuracy€is€seldom€to€be€expected€by€victims€ofÐ –æ Ðtorture€and€that€such€inconsistencies€as€may€exist€in€the€author's€presentation€of€the€facts€areÐ |Ì Ðnot€material€and€do€not€raise€doubts€about€the€general€veracity€of€the€author's€claims.€Ð b² ÐÌ9.4€The€Committee€has€noted€the€State€party's€assertion€that€in€general€returned€asylumÐ . ~ Ðseekers€do€not€face€political€persecution€upon€return,€due€to€the€fact€that€the€Ô_ÔZairianÔ_ÔÐ  d ÐGovernment€is€aware€that€many€leave€because€of€economic,€not€political€reasons.€Be€this€asÐ ú J Ðit€may,€in€the€instant€case€the€author€has€claimed,€and€the€State€party€has€not€contested,€thatÐ à 0 Ðshe€was€an€active€member€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô,€chairperson€of€the€women's€group€in€her€homeÐ Æ   Ðtown,€that€her€husband€was€the€personal€secretary€of€one€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€leaders,€that€she€wasÐ ¬ ü  Ðdetained€because€of€her€political€activities,€and€that€she€has€continued€her€political€activitiesÐ ’â  Ðin€support€of€the€Ô_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€in€Sweden.€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€need€not€take€intoÐ xÈ  Ðconsideration€the€general€situation€of€returned€refugee€claimants,€but€rather€the€situation€ofÐ ^®  Ðreturned€refugee€claimants€who€are€active€members€of€the€opposition€to€the€Government€ofÐ D”  ÐPresident€Mobutu.Ð *z  ÐÌ9.5€In€this€context,€the€Committee€has€noted€the€position€of€the€UN€High€Commissioner€forÐ öF ÐRefugees,€according€to€whom€deportees€who€are€discovered€to€have€sought€asylum€abroadÐ Ü, Ðundergo€interrogation€upon€arrival€at€Kinshasa€airport,€following€which€those€who€areÐ Â Ðbelieved€to€have€a€political€profile€are€at€risk€of€detention€and€consequently€ill„treatment.Ð ¨ø ÐThe€Committee€also€notes€that,€according€to€the€information€available,€members€of€theÐ ŽÞ ÐÔ_ÔUDPSÔ_Ô€continue€to€be€targeted€for€political€persecution€in€Zaire.Ð tÄ ÐÌ9.6€In€the€circumstances,€the€Committee€considers€that€substantial€grounds€exist€forÐ @ Ðbelieving€that€the€author€would€be€in€danger€of€being€subjected€to€torture€if€returned€to€Zaire.Ð &v ÐÌ9.7€The€Committee€concludes€that€the€expulsion€or€return€of€the€author€to€Zaire€in€theÐ òB Ðprevailing€circumstances€would€constitute€a€violation€of€article€3€of€the€Convention€againstÐ Ø( ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment.Ð ¾ ÐÌ10.€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€Committee€is€of€the€view€that,€in€the€prevailingÐ Š Ú Ðcircumstances,€the€State€party€has€an€obligation€to€refrain€from€forcibly€returning€PaulineÐ p!À  ÐÔ_ÔMuzonzoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔPakuÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔKisokiÔ_Ô€to€Zaire.Ð V"¦! ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.]Ð "$r# ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ Ô&$"& ÐÌòòÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†,iÔ*óó/€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Committee€against€Torture.Ð  (ð#( ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†ŸiÔ1.)€A€previous€communication€on€behalf€of€the€same€author,€communication€No.€30/1995,Ð l*¼%* Ðwas€declared€inadmissible€by€the€Committee€on€20€November€1995,€for€non„exhaustion€ofÐ R+¢&+ Ðdomestic€remedies.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†ÎjÔ2.)€€E/CN.4/1995/67.Ð ° ÐÌÔ% ‡ ÔÔ%†kÔ3.)€€Communication€No.€13/1993.€Views€adopted€on€27€April€1994.Ð |Ì ÐÓ{Ó