ÿWPC} vRëÃÞO ‚}2ƒ!NysªëÞó„Kø6ï¶qí4Ìö(”> ¢Sô2˜¸«¯‚æu„Á´ ´.ÖZ4vtÀ¦cõm±©W5Á£óÄÒe5m¬ZÊ ððð¡±Ã£/h|»£-ræâg%¤$s׌‰9“]‡îZìÉÅÙ"%À >%O¨Ûñ¨Í͈P ÇJ^ÈbýqѸ›=Ìßå$)AÕ¥=vÿ>%ôóõÎ¥ðÈ&÷$·þP›g³Ès^À}½e9_Éäwܯx.éoàedróÛ§XgS±òÆ€Í1K†-:L{Q4SD ½ü4+ÏŽŠlðÇ-xlÒ¿7±^ê:·æϤ3_ª»‰°íFU . å‡z¦IæÃú;Çoõ‚,ºœ¾(ê 1§ÊÕå?× šåžë ¤½Û5–©"ÑíêU>–ÌÔ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ê 0iIƲ 0Ñx 0(I D+q AMœ œ œ é 0Nù 0¶G #Áý UN¾ % M(N>^ @wL4Pd mfô\  `‹&Times New Roman' K)t)ngu)r) Ackla v. Togo, Communication No. 505/1992, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/51/D/505/1992 (19964C/51/D/505/1992 (1996"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(©2òF$££Ý ƒ¶x!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XíoXXXÔÔ€XíoXXXíoÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(޶x$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XõgXXXÔÔ€XõgXXXõgÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXB¸ú* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ¶x!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XíoXXXÔÔ€XíoXXXíoÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔAcklaÔ_Ô€v.€TogoóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€505/1992*Ð H˜ ÐÌ25€March€1996Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/51/D/505/1992Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔKtngurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_ÔÐ D”  ÐÌòòVictimóó:€The€authorÐ ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€TogoÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€11€October€1991€(initial€submission)€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€30€June€1994óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ &v Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€25€March€1996,Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€505/1992,€submitted€to€theÐ ¤ô ÐCommittee€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔKtngurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ Š Ú ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ <#Œ" Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party,Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóó€ó óÐ  (ð#( ÐÓ‹ÓÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Ô_ÔKtngurÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_Ô,€a€Togolese€citizen€currentlyÐ R+¢&+ Ðresiding€in€Ô_ÔLomÔ_Ô,€Togo.€He€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€violations€by€Togo€of€articles€1,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðparagraphs€1€and€2;€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€(b)€and€(c);€7;€9,€paragraphs€1,€2,€3€and€5;€10,Ð -n(- Ðparagraph€1;€12,€paragraph€4;€and€17,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ ° ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights.€The€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Togo€on€30€JuneÐ –æ Ð1988.Ð |Ì ÐÌòòFacts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÐ H˜ ÐÌ2.1€The€author,€formerly€a€police€superintendent,€was€dismissed€from€his€post€by€decisionÐ  d Ðof€13€May€1986;€according€to€him,€the€decision€was€unjustifiable€and€arbitrary,€and€basedÐ ú J Ðon€fabricated€charges€of€grave€professional€Ô_ÔmisbehaviourÔ_Ô€(òòÔ_ÔfauteÔ_Ô€grave€de€serviceóó).€Mr.€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_ÔÐ à 0 Ðhimself€requested€the€establishment€of€a€disciplinary€committee€to€investigate€his€case,€butÐ Æ   Ðthis€request€was€not€followed€up€on.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ2.2€On€29€May€1987,€the€author€was€arrested€at€his€residence,€upon€order€of€the€State€party'sÐ xÈ  ÐPresident,€Ô_ÔEyademaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGnassingbeÔ_Ô.€He€was€detained€for€eight€days,€apparently€without€charges.Ð ^®  ÐOn€the€third€day€of€his€detention,€he€was€able€to€contact€the€President.€According€to€theÐ D”  Ðauthor,€he€was€detained€because€the€President€held€personal€grudges€against€him.€The€authorÐ *z  Ðcontends€that€during€his€detention,€his€house€and€his€other€properties€were€seized€and€turnedÐ ` Ðover€to€his€former€wife.Ð öF ÐÌ2.3€Prior€to€his€release€on€6€June€1987,€Mr.€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_Ô€was€notified€of€the€President's€decisionÐ Â Ðto€deny€him€the€right€to€enter€the€district€of€La€Ô_ÔKozahÔ_Ô€(òòinterdiction€de€Ô_ÔsjourÔ_Ôóó)€and€his€nativeÐ ¨ø Ðtown€of€Kara,€situated€in€this€district.€On€24€July€1987,€the€police€once€more€tried€to€arrestÐ ŽÞ Ðhim€when€he€returned€to€Kara€to€retrieve€some€personal€effects.€He€managed€to€escape€andÐ tÄ Ðsubsequently€requested€his€sister€to€retrieve€his€belongings;€she€was€unable€to€do€so.€TheÐ Zª Ðauthor€adds€that€he€was€informed€in€June€1990€that€the€police€had€once€again€visited€hisÐ @ Ðhome€in€his€native€town€and€ransacked€it.Ð &v ÐÌ2.4€As€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€notes€that€he€sentÐ òB Ðover€40€communications€to€the€Togolese€authorities,€requesting€his€reinstatement€in€theÐ Ø( Ðpolice,€a€lift€on€the€interdiction€to€enter€the€La€Ô_ÔKozahÔ_Ô€district€and€his€native€village,€and€theÐ ¾ Ðrestitution€of€his€estate.€He€did€not€receive€a€reply.€He€also€unsuccessfully€discussed€his€caseÐ ¤ô Ðwith€two€ministers.€As€to€steps€taken€to€exhaust€available€remedies€before€the€local€courts,Ð Š Ú ÐMr.€Ô_ÔAcklaÔ_Ô€states€that€he€sent€a€petition€to€an€unspecified€court€in€charge€of€Ô_ÔlabourÔ_Ô€disputes,Ð p!À  Ðand€that€an€examining€magistrate€informed€him€that€he€was€not€competent€to€investigate€theÐ V"¦! Ðvalidity€of€an€order€of€President€Ô_ÔEyademaÔ_Ô.€This€magistrate€allegedly€told€him€that€only€theÐ <#Œ" ÐPresident€could€reinstate€him€in€the€police€force.€After€submitting€his€complaint€to€theÐ "$r# ÐHuman€Rights€Committee,€the€author€appealed€to€the€President€of€the€Court€of€Appeal,€whoÐ %X $ Ðis€said€to€have€replied€that€the€administrative€tribunal€did€not€function€in€Togo,€owing€to€theÐ î%>!% Ðlack€of€qualified€judges.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ2.5€The€author€adds€that€he€sought€help€from€various€local€organizations,€including€theÐ  (ð#( ÐTogolese€human€rights€commission,€to€no€avail.€He€concludes€that€no€effective€remediesÐ †)Ö$) Ðexist,€and€that€he€cannot€defend€himself€against€a€biased€and€discriminatory€judicial€system.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌòòThe€complaintóóÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ô3.1€The€author€seeks€the€restitution€of€his€property,€in€particular€of€his€home,€as€well€asÐ ° Ðcompensation€for€the€lost€revenue€derived€from€the€rental€of€his€home,€totalling€1,078,000Ð –æ ÐCFA€francs€by€the€beginning€of€1992.€He€challenges€the€decision€to€deny€him€access€to€theÐ |Ì ÐLa€Kozah€district€and€his€native€village,€which€remains€in€force,€and€the€refusal€of€the€ChiefÐ b² Ðof€National€Security,€dating€from€1991,€to€reinstate€him€in€his€functions.Ð H˜ ÐÌ3.2€Mr.€Ackla€further€complains€about€arbitrary€and€unlawful€interferences€with€his€privacy,Ð  d Ðfamily€home€and€correspondence,€and€about€unlawful€attacks€on€his€honour€and€hisÐ ú J Ðreputation.€Furthermore,€the€seizure€of€his€home€and€his€unemployment€have€prevented€himÐ à 0 Ðfrom€meeting€both€his€own€medical€expenses€and€the€fees€for€the€education€of€his€children.Ð Æ   ÐHe€adds€that€he€is€by€now€unable€to€pay€for€appropriate€legal€representation.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€submission€on€admissibility€and€the€author's€comments€thereonóóÐ xÈ  ÐÌ4.€In€its€submission€under€rule€91,€dated€20€October€1992,€the€State€party€notes€that€theÐ D”  Ðauthor€has€been€reinstated€in€the€police€force,€at€a€higher€grade.€As€a€result,€the€State€partyÐ *z  Ðsubmits,€the€author's€complaint€to€the€Human€Rights€Committee€should€be€considered€moot.Ð ` ÐÌ5.1€In€his€comments,€the€author€confirms€that€he€was€reinstated€in€the€police€force€on€26Ð Ü, ÐMay€1992€and€that,€while€there€were€initial€questions€about€his€grade,€he€was€laterÐ Â Ðreclassified€at€a€higher€level.€At€the€private€level,€however,€there€have€been€no€changes:Ð ¨ø Ðneither€his€property€nor€the€sums€derived€from€its€rental€(1,228,000€CFA€francs€as€of€mid„Ð ŽÞ ÐJanuary€1993)€have€been€restituted,€and€the€order€prohibiting€him€from€visiting€the€La€KozahÐ tÄ Ðdistrict€and€his€native€village€remains€in€force.Ð Zª ÐÌ5.2€In€the€latter€context,€the€author€notes€that,€on€9€January€1993,€he€visited€his€house€inÐ &v ÐKara€at€his€own€risk,€having€decided€to€sell€it€to€a€local€merchant.€Upon€his€arrival,€he€wasÐ  \ Ðthreatened€by€his€ex„wife€and€her€sons,€who€sought€to€have€him€arrested€upon€orders€of€theÐ òB Ðmayor€of€Kara€and€tried€to€discourage€the€potential€buyer€of€the€house.€As€a€result,€Mr.Ð Ø( ÐAckla€was€unable€to€sell€the€house.Ð ¾ ÐÌòòThe€Committee's€admissibility€decisionóóÐ Š Ú ÐÌ6.1€At€its€51st€session,€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€the€communication.Ð V"¦! ÐThe€Committee€noted€the€State€party's€contention€that€as€Mr.€Ackla€was€reintegrated€in€theÐ <#Œ" Ðpolice,€his€complaint€should€be€considered€moot,€but€considered€that€the€author's€claimsÐ "$r# Ðrelating€to€arbitrary€arrest€and€detention,€to€expropriation€of€his€house€and€to€the€restrictionsÐ %X $ Ðon€his€freedom€of€movement€were€distinct€from€his€claims€related€to€his€dismissal,€in€1986,Ð î%>!% Ðfrom€civil€service,€and€thus€had€not€become€moot.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ6.2€The€Committee€noted€that€the€author's€claims€under€articles€7,€9€and€10,€paragraph€1,€ofÐ  (ð#( Ðthe€Covenant€related€to€events€that€occurred€prior€to€30€June€1988,€the€date€of€entry€intoÐ †)Ö$) Ðforce€of€the€Optional€Protocol€for€the€State€party.€In€this€respect,€therefore,€the€CommitteeÐ l*¼%* Ðdecided€that€the€communication€was€inadmissible€òòratione€temporisóó.Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ6.3€Concerning€the€author's€claim€relating€to€the€failure€of€the€authorities€to€restitute€hisÐ -n(- Ðproperty€and€the€rents€derived€from€unlawful€rental€thereof,€the€Committee€noted€that,Ð ° Ðirrespective€of€the€fact€that€the€confiscation€took€place€prior€to€the€date€of€entry€into€forceÐ –æ Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol€for€Togo,€the€right€to€property€was€not€protected€by€the€Covenant.Ð |Ì ÐAccordingly,€the€Committee€decided€that€this€claim€was€inadmissible€òòratione€materiaeóó,€underÐ b² Ðarticle€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð H˜ ÐÌ6.4€The€Committee€considered€that€the€author€had€failed€to€substantiate,€for€purposes€ofÐ  d Ðadmissibility,€his€claims€under€articles€1€and€2€of€the€Covenant€and€concluded€that€the€factsÐ ú J Ðas€submitted€did€not€raise€issues€under€these€provisions.Ð à 0 ÐÌ6.5€As€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€17,€the€Committee€noted€that€on€the€basis€of€theÐ ¬ ü  Ðinformation€given€by€the€author,€which€had€remained€uncontested,€interferences€with€hisÐ ’â  Ðhome,€his€privacy€and€his€honour€and€reputation€continued€after€30€June€1988.€However,Ð xÈ  Ðthere€was€nothing€to€indicated€that€the€author€had€sought€to€have€this€issue€adjudicatedÐ ^®  Ðbefore€the€domestic€tribunals€and€in€particular€before€the€civil€courts;€his€generalized€claimÐ D”  Ðthat€he€was€defenceless€against€a€biased€and€partial€judicial€system€had€not€been€furtherÐ *z  Ðcorroborated.€The€Committee€considered€that€mere€doubts€about€the€effectiveness€of€civilÐ ` Ðremedies€did€not€absolve€the€author€from€attempting€to€exhaust€them.€In€this€respect,€theÐ öF ÐCommittee€concluded€that€the€author€had€not€satisfied€the€requirements€of€article€5,Ð Ü, Ðparagraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð Â ÐÌ6.6€Finally,€as€to€the€author's€claim€under€article€12,€the€Committee€noted€that€the€State€partyÐ ŽÞ Ðhad€not€contested€that€the€prohibition,€pronounced€against€the€author,€to€enter€the€La€KozahÐ tÄ Ðdistrict€and€to€visit€his€native€village€was€still€in€force.€The€Committee€noted€that€the€authorÐ Zª Ðhad€sought€to€bring€this€matter€to€the€attention€of€the€judicial€authorities,€who€had€repliedÐ @ Ðthat€administrative€tribunals€were€inoperative€in€Togo.€In€these€circumstances,€theÐ &v ÐCommittee€concluded€that€no€effective€remedy€was€available€to€Mr.€Ackla.Ð  \ ÐÌ7.€Accordingly,€on€30€June€1994€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€theÐ Ø( Ðcommunication€was€admissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€an€issue€under€article€12€of€theÐ ¾ ÐCovenant.Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€CommitteeóóÐ p!À  ÐÌ8.€The€deadline€for€the€submission€of€the€State€party's€observations€under€article€4,Ð <#Œ" Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol€expired€on€10€February€1995.€No€submission€has€beenÐ "$r# Ðreceived€from€the€State€party,€in€spite€of€two€reminders€addressed€to€it€on€14€July€and€31Ð %X $ ÐAugust€1995.€The€Committee€regrets€the€absence€of€cooperation€on€the€part€of€the€StateÐ î%>!% Ðparty,€as€far€as€the€merits€of€the€author's€claims€are€concerned.€It€is€implicit€in€article€4,Ð Ô&$"& Ðparagraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€a€State€party€must€furnish€the€Committee,€in€goodÐ º' #' Ðfaith€and€within€the€imparted€deadlines,€with€all€the€information€at€its€disposal.€In€theÐ  (ð#( Ðabsence€of€information€from€the€State€party,€due€weight€must€be€given€to€the€author'sÐ †)Ö$) Ðallegations,€to€the€extent€that€they€have€been€substantiated.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ9.€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communicationÐ 8,ˆ', Ðin€the€light€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€articleÐ -n(- Ð5,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð ° ÐÌ10.€The€Committee€notes€that€the€only€admissible€issue,€which€has€to€be€examined€on€theÐ |Ì Ðmerits,€is€the€author's€uncontested€allegation€that€he€is€under€prohibition€of€entering€theÐ b² Ðdistrict€of€La€Kozah€and€his€native€village€which€forms€part€of€this€district.€Article€12€of€theÐ H˜ ÐCovenant€establishes€the€right€to€liberty€of€movement€and€freedom€to€choose€residence€forÐ . ~ Ðeveryone€lawfully€within€the€territory€of€the€State.€In€the€absence€of€any€explanation€fromÐ  d Ðthe€State€party€justifying€the€restrictions€to€which€the€author€has€been€subjected,€pursuantÐ ú J Ðto€paragraph€3€of€article€12,€the€Committee€is€of€the€opinion€that€the€restriction€of€theÐ à 0 Ðauthor's€freedom€of€movement€and€residence€is€in€violation€of€article€12,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ Æ   ÐCovenant.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ11.€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ xÈ  ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ ^®  Ðfacts€before€it€disclose€a€violation€of€article€12,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€CovenantÐ D”  Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights.Ð *z  ÐÌ12.€Pursuant€to€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€Mr.€Ackla€is€entitled€to€anÐ öF Ðeffective€remedy.€In€the€Committee's€opinion,€this€remedy€should€entail€measures€toÐ Ü, Ðimmediately€restore€Mr.€Ackla's€freedom€of€movement€and€residence,€as€well€as€appropriateÐ Â Ðcompensation.€The€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€to€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€notÐ ¨ø Ðoccur€in€the€future.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ13.€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€State€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€partyÐ Zª Ðhas€recognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€aÐ @ Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant€or€not€and€that,€pursuant€to€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ &v ÐParty€has€undertaken€to€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€itsÐ  \ Ðjurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€and€to€provide€an€effective€andÐ òB Ðenforceable€remedy€in€case€a€violation€has€been€established,€the€Committee€wishes€toÐ Ø( Ðreceive€from€the€State€party,€within€90€days,€information€about€the€measures€taken€to€giveÐ ¾ Ðeffect€to€the€Committee's€Views.Ð ¤ô ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ V"¦! ÐÌòò*óó/€€€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð "$r# ÐÌÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð Ô&$"& ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ º' #' Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€