ÿWPC« s‚‹“:h¤C2$,ß½ÂǪÍ*¿’HÉ2bÓDõ±˜ž8y 3›c亥•Tœ$egÓ2—°aÀtœþ½áš³èO¢ôÏâw…Ûõ¨øÚ¡¾eJr³p¨E Ay‚;r݆nèe-/žõT“åÿ¨6­pRŸn zÝÌ”~Þñ6X mcç½ ²u˜E•pJ-²ÝaÇmUmß*Fæ[üjÑArï"U’Óäs Ö0å½A†VÂÁ5”®¶úŽ¡‘…ÅbB¤Y¯äa§6ÌÀ¤ØŠñ ‹±¤s•kÌÛfŒÊÁ •°URwk•›ºøïd^·S” %#¾ó5L]òU"7ˆ\ Eã+·…ã,€ì¨€x}S÷7)[—¼©t::ÉOÊËÒ¯&ß®¤qGœ†Ú Ê­}pðöå‚ñG£Þ}ö߇²Ýùˆø$P6B„P‡8ýQîç­ „%{µÏ£ölÊÿáÔøˆêOÎ/¸8š¾vU>¤Ìâ 0µ® 0<c 0YŸ 0_ø 0iWWÆÀ 0ᆠ0(g D+ AMº º º  0N 0Æe #Á+ UNì %:M@(DNl^ nwz4~’ m”ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' M;naco de Gallicchio, on her behalf and on behalf of her granddaughter Ximena Vicario v. A4r Ximena Vicario v. A"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2ãÍ$££Ý ƒ%À!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X2ŽXXXÔÔ€X2ŽXXX2ŽÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(ž%À$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X(.XXXÔÔ€X(.XXX(.ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX\ò* Äpì*¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ%À!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X2ŽXXXÔÔ€X2ŽXXX2ŽÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMð;ðnacoÔ_Ô€v.€ArgentinaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€400/1990Ð H˜ ÐÌ3€April€1995Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/53/D/400/1990€*Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌòòóóÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Ô_ÔDarwiniaÔ_Ô€Rosa€Ô_ÔMð;ðnacoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔGallicchioÔ_Ô,€on€her€behalf€and€on€behalf€of€herÐ D”  Ðgranddaughter€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€[represented€by€counsel]Ð *z  ÐÌòòVictimsóó:€The€author€and€her€granddaughterÐ öF ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€ArgentinaÐ Â ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€2€April€1990€(initial€submission)Ð ŽÞ ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€8€July€1992óóÐ Zª ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ  \ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð òB ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€3€April€1995,Ð ¾ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€400/1990€submitted€to€the€HumanÐ Š Ú ÐRights€Committee€by€Darwinia€Rosa€Mð;ðnaco€de€Gallicchio,€on€her€behalf€and€on€behalf€ofÐ p!À  Ðher€granddaughter€Ximena€Vicario,€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€InternationalÐ V"¦! ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€authors€of€theÐ %X $ Ðcommunication,€their€counsel€and€the€State€party,Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð º' #' ÐÌÌÓŠÓò òòòÓ  ÓViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óÐ l*¼%* ÐÓìÓÓÓÌÌÐ -n(- Ð1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€Darwinia€Rosa€Mð;ðnaco€de€Gallicchio,€an€ArgentineÐ ° Ðcitizen€born€in€1925,€currently€residing€in€Buenos€Aires.€She€presents€the€communicationÐ –æ Ðon€her€own€behalf€and€on€behalf€of€her€granddaughter,€Ximena€Vicario,€born€in€ArgentinaÐ |Ì Ðon€12€May€1976€and€14€years€of€age€at€the€time€of€submission€of€the€communication.€SheÐ b² Ðclaims€that€they€are€victims€of€violations€by€Argentina€of€articles€2,€3,€7,€8,€9,€14,€16,€17,€23,Ð H˜ Ð24€and€26€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€She€is€represented€byÐ . ~ Ðcounsel.€The€Covenant€and€the€Optional€Protocol€entered€into€force€for€Argentina€on€8Ð  d ÐNovember€1986.Ð ú J ÐÌòòFacts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróóÐ Æ   ÐÌ2.1€On€5€February€1977,€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô's€mother€was€taken€with€the€then€Ô_ÔninemonthÔ_Ô„oldÐ ’â  Ðchild€to€the€Headquarters€of€the€Federal€Police€(Ô_ÔDepartamentoÔ_Ô€Central€de€la€Ô_ÔPolicaÔ_Ô€Federal)Ð xÈ  Ðin€Buenos€Aires.€Her€father€was€apprehended€in€the€city€of€Rosario€on€the€following€day.Ð ^®  ÐThe€parents€subsequently€disappeared,€and€although€the€National€Commission€onÐ D”  ÐDisappeared€Persons€investigated€their€case€after€December€1983,€their€whereabouts€wereÐ *z  Ðnever€established.€Investigations€initiated€by€the€author€herself€finally€led,€in€1984,€toÐ ` Ðlocating€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€who€was€then€residing€in€the€home€of€Ô_ÔanurseÔ_Ô,€S.S.,€who€claimedÐ öF Ðto€have€been€taking€care€of€the€child€after€her€birth.€Genetic€blood€tests€(òòÔ_ÔhistocompatibilidadÔ_Ôóó)Ð Ü, Ðrevealed€that€the€child€was,€with€a€probability€of€99.82€per€cent,€the€author's€granddaughter.Ð Â ÐÌ2.2€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€prosecutor€ordered€the€preventive€detention€of€S.S.,€on€theÐ ŽÞ Ðground€that€she€was€suspected€of€having€committed€the€offences€of€concealing€theÐ tÄ Ðwhereabouts€of€a€minor€(òòÔ_ÔocultamientoÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔmenorÔ_Ôóó)€and€forgery€of€documents,€in€violation€ofÐ Zª Ðarticles€5,€12,€293€and€146€of€the€Argentine€Criminal€Code.Ð @ ÐÌ2.3€On€2€January€1989,€the€author€was€granted€"provisional"€guardianship€of€the€child;€S.S.,Ð  \ Ðhowever,€immediately€applied€for€visiting€rights,€which€were€granted€by€order€of€theÐ òB ÐSupreme€Court€on€5€September€1989.€In€this€decision,€the€Supreme€Court€also€held€that€theÐ Ø( Ðauthor€had€no€standing€in€the€proceedings€about€the€child's€guardianship€since,€under€articleÐ ¾ Ð19€of€Law€10.903,€only€the€parents€and€the€legal€guardian€have€standing€and€may€directlyÐ ¤ô Ðparticipate€in€the€proceedings.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ2.4€On€23€September€1989€the€author,€basing€herself€on€psychiatric€reports€concerning€theÐ V"¦! Ðeffects€of€the€visits€of€S.S.€on€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€requested€the€court€to€rule€that€such€visitsÐ <#Œ" Ðshould€be€discontinued.€Her€action€was€dismissed€on€account€of€lack€of€standing.€On€appeal,Ð "$r# Ðthis€decision€was€upheld€on€29€December€1989€by€the€Ô_ÔCmaraÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔApelacionesÔ_Ô€enÐ %X $ Ðlo€Criminal€y€Ô_ÔCorreccionalÔ_Ô€Federal€of€Buenos€Aires.€With€this,€the€author€submits,€availableÐ î%>!% Ðand€effective€domestic€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€She€adds€that€it€would€be€possible€toÐ Ô&$"& Ðfile€further€appeals€in€civil€proceedings,€but€submits€that€these€would€be€unjustifiablyÐ º' #' Ðprolonged,€to€the€extent€that€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€might€well€reach€the€age€of€legal€competenceÐ  (ð#( Ðby€the€time€of€a€final€decision.€Furthermore,€until€such€time€as€legal€proceedings€in€the€caseÐ †)Ö$) Ðare€completed,€her€granddaughter€must€continue€to€bear€the€name€given€to€her€by€S.S.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌòòComplaintóóÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð3.1€The€author€claims€that€the€judicial€decisions€in€the€case€violate€article€14€(Ô_ÔbisÔ_Ô)€of€theÐ ° ÐArgentine€Constitution,€which€guarantees€the€protection€of€the€family,€as€well€as€articles€23Ð –æ Ðand€24€of€the€Covenant.€It€is€further€submitted€that€S.S.'s€regular€visits€to€the€child€entailÐ |Ì Ðsome€form€of€"Ô_ÔpsychoaffectiveÔ_Ô"€involuntary€servitude€in€violation€of€article€15€of€theÐ b² ÐArgentine€Constitution€and€article€8€of€the€Covenant.€The€fact€that€the€author€is€deniedÐ H˜ Ðstanding€in€the€guardianship€proceedings€is€deemed€to€constitute€a€violation€of€the€principleÐ . ~ Ðof€equality€before€the€law,€as€guaranteed€by€article€16€of€the€Argentine€Constitution€andÐ  d Ðarticles€14€and€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð ú J ÐÌ3.2€The€author€also€claims€a€violation€of€the€rights€of€her€granddaughter,€who€she€contendsÐ Æ   Ðis€subjected€to€what€may€be€termed€psychological€torture,€in€violation€of€article€7€of€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐCovenant,€every€time€she€is€visited€by€S.S.€Another€alleged€breach€of€the€Covenant€concernsÐ ’â  Ðarticle€16,€under€which€every€person€has€the€right€to€recognition€as€a€person€before€the€law,Ð xÈ  Ðwith€the€right€to€an€identity,€a€name€and€a€family:€that€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€must€continue€to€bearÐ ^®  Ðthe€name€given€to€her€by€S.S.€until€legal€proceedings€are€completed€is€said€to€constitute€aÐ D”  Ðviolation€of€her€right€to€an€identity.€Moreover,€the€uncertainty€about€her€legal€identity€hasÐ *z  Ðprevented€her€from€obtaining€a€passport€under€her€real€name.Ð ` ÐÌ3.3€The€author€submits€that€the€forced€acceptance€of€visits€from€S.S.€violates€herÐ Ü, Ðgranddaughter's€rights€under€article€17,€which€should€protect€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€from€arbitraryÐ Â Ðinterference€with€her€privacy.€Moreover,€the€author€contends€that€her€own€right€to€privacyÐ ¨ø Ðis€violated€by€the€visits€of€S.S.,€and€by€her€exclusion€from€the€judicial€proceedings€over€theÐ ŽÞ Ðguardianship€of€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô.€Article€23,€which€protects€the€integrity€of€the€family€andÐ tÄ Ðof€children,€allegedly€is€violated€in€that€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€is€constantly€exposed€to,€andÐ Zª Ðmaintained€in,€an€ambiguous€psychological€situation.Ð @ ÐÌòòState€party's€observations€and€author's€commentsóóÐ  \ ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party,€after€recapitulating€the€chronology€of€events,€concedes€that€with€theÐ Ø( Ðdismissal€of€the€author's€appeal€on€29€December€1989,€the€author€has,€in€principle,€compliedÐ ¾ Ðwith€the€requirements€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Nevertheless,Ð ¤ô Ðit€draws€attention€to€the€inherent€"provisional€character"€of€judicial€decisions€in€adoption€andÐ Š Ú Ðguardianship€proceedings;€such€decisions€may€be,€and€frequently€are,€questioned€eitherÐ p!À  Ðthrough€the€appearance€of€new€circumstances€and€facts€or€the€reevaluation€of€circumstancesÐ V"¦! Ðby€the€competent€authorities€seized€of€the€matter.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ4.2€In€the€author's€case,€the€State€party€notes,€new€factual€and€legal€circumstances€have€comeÐ %X $ Ðto€light€which€will€require€further€judicial€proceedings€and€decisions;€the€latter€in€turn€mayÐ î%>!% Ðprovide€the€author€with€an€effective€remedy.€Thus,€a€complaint€was€filed€on€13€FebruaryÐ Ô&$"& Ð1990€in€the€Federal€Court€of€First€Instance€by€the€Federal€Prosecutor€charged€with€theÐ º' #' Ðinvestigation€of€the€cases€of€the€children€of€disappeared€persons;€the€case€was€registeredÐ  (ð#( Ðunder€case€file€A56/90.€On€16€September€1990,€the€Prosecutor€submitted€a€report€from€aÐ †)Ö$) Ðprofessor€of€juvenile€clinical€psychology€of€the€University€of€Buenos€Aires,€which€addressedÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€impact€of€the€visits€from€S.S.€on€the€mental€health€of€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô;€the€reportÐ R+¢&+ Ðrecommended€that€the€visiting€rights€regime€should€be€reviewed.Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð4.3€The€State€party€further€indicates€that€before€the€civil€courts€in€the€province€of€BuenosÐ ° ÐAires€(Ô_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€en€lo€Civil€No.€10€del€Ô_ÔDepartamentoÔ_Ô€Judicial€de€Ô_ÔMorð;ðnÔ_Ô)€an€action€initiatedÐ –æ Ðby€the€author€had€been€pending,€with€a€view€to€declaring€the€adoption€of€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_ÔÐ |Ì Ðby€S.S.€invalid.€On€9€August€1991,€the€Ô_ÔJuzgadoÔ_Ô€en€lo€Civil€No.€10€held€that€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_ÔÐ b² ÐÔ_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô's€adoption€and€her€birth€inscription€as€R.P.S.€were€invalid.€The€decision€is€on€appealÐ H˜ Ðbefore€the€Supreme€Court€of€the€province€of€Buenos€Aires.Ð . ~ ÐÌ4.4€Finally,€the€State€party€notes€that€criminal€proceedings€against€S.S.€remain€pending,€forÐ ú J Ðthe€alleged€offences€of€falsification€of€documents€and€Ô_ÔkidnappingÔ_Ô€of€a€minor.€A€finalÐ à 0 Ðdecision€in€this€matter€has€not€been€taken.Ð Æ   ÐÌ4.5€The€State€party€concludes€that,€in€the€light€of€the€provisional€nature€of€decisions€inÐ ’â  Ðguardianship€proceedings,€it€is€important€to€await€the€outcome€of€the€various€civil€andÐ xÈ  Ðcriminal€actions€pending€in€the€author's€case€and€that€of€Ximena€Vicario,€as€this€may€modifyÐ ^®  Ðthe€author's€and€Ximena€Vicario's€situation.€Accordingly,€the€State€party€requests€theÐ D”  ÐCommittee€to€decide€that€it€would€be€inappropriate€to€adjudicate€the€matter€underÐ *z  Ðconsideration€at€this€time.Ð ` ÐÌ4.6€In€respect€of€the€alleged€violations€of€the€Argentine€Constitution,€the€State€party€affirmsÐ Ü, Ðthat€it€is€beyond€the€Committee's€competence€to€evaluate€the€compatibility€of€judicialÐ Â Ðdecisions€with€domestic€law,€and€that€this€part€of€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ ¨ø Ðinadmissible.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ5.1€In€her€comments,€the€author€contends€that€no€new€circumstances€have€arisen€that€wouldÐ Zª Ðjustify€a€modification€of€her€initial€claims€submitted€to€the€Committee.€Thus,€herÐ @ Ðgranddaughter€continues€to€receive€regular€visits€from€S.S.,€and€the€civil€and€criminalÐ &v Ðproceedings€against€the€latter€have€not€shown€any€notable€progress.€The€author€points€outÐ  \ Ðthat€by€the€spring€of€1991,€the€criminal€proceedings€in€case€A„62/84€had€been€pending€forÐ òB Ðover€six€years€at€first€instance;€as€any€judgement€could€be€appealed€to€the€Court€of€AppealÐ Ø( Ðand€the€Supreme€Court,€the€author€surmises€that€Ximena€Vicario€would€reach€legal€age€(18Ð ¾ Ðyears)€without€a€final€solution€to€her,€and€the€author's,€plight.€Therefore,€the€judicial€processÐ ¤ô Ðshould€be€deemed€to€have€been€"unreasonably€prolonged".Ð Š Ú ÐÌ5.2€The€author€contends€that€the€Supreme€Court's€decision€denying€her€standing€in€theÐ V"¦! Ðjudicial€proceedings€binds€all€other€Argentine€tribunals€and€therefore€extends€the€violationsÐ <#Œ" Ðsuffered€by€her€to€all€grandparents€and€parents€of€disappeared€children€in€Argentina.€InÐ "$r# Ðsupport€of€her€contention,€she€cites€a€recent€judgement€of€the€Court€of€Appeal€of€La€Plata,Ð %X $ Ðconcerning€a€case€similar€to€hers.€These€judgements,€in€her€opinion,€have€nothingÐ î%>!% Ð"provisional"€about€them.€In€fact,€the€psychological€state€of€Ximena€Vicario€is€said€to€haveÐ Ô&$"& Ðdeteriorated€to€such€an€extent€that,€on€an€unspecified€date,€a€judge€denied€S.S.€the€month€ofÐ º' #' Ðsummer€vacation€with€Ximena€Vicario€she€had€requested;€however,€the€judge€authorizedÐ  (ð#( ÐS.S.€to€spend€a€week€with€Ximena€Vicario€in€April€1991.€The€author€concludes€that€sheÐ †)Ö$) Ðshould€be€deemed€to€have€complied€with€the€admissibility€criteria€of€the€Optional€Protocol.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌòòCommittee's€decision€on€admissibilityóóÐ 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð6.1€During€its€forty„fifth€session€the€Committee€considered€the€admissibility€of€theÐ ° Ðcommunication.€The€Committee€took€note€of€the€State€party's€observations,€according€toÐ –æ Ðwhich€several€judicial€actions€which€potentially€might€provide€the€author€with€a€satisfactoryÐ |Ì Ðremedy€were€pending.€It€noted,€however,€that€the€author€had€availed€herself€of€domesticÐ b² Ðappeals€procedures,€including€an€appeal€to€the€Supreme€Court€of€Argentina,€and€that€herÐ H˜ Ðappeals€had€been€unsuccessful.€In€the€circumstances,€the€author€was€not€required,€forÐ . ~ Ðpurposes€of€article€5,€paragraph€2(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€to€repetition€the€ArgentineÐ  d Ðcourts€if€new€circumstances€arose€in€the€dispute€over€the€guardianship€of€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô.Ð ú J ÐÌ6.2€In€respect€of€the€author's€claims€under€articles€2,€3,€7,€8€and€14,€the€Committee€found€thatÐ Æ   Ðthe€author€had€failed€to€substantiate€her€claims,€for€purposes€of€admissibility.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ7.€On€8€July€1992€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€that€the€communication€wasÐ xÈ  Ðadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€might€raise€issues€under€articles€16,€17,€23,€24€and€26€of€theÐ ^®  ÐCovenant.Ð D”  ÐÌòòAuthor's€and€State€party's€further€submissions€on€the€meritsóóÐ ` ÐÌ8.1€By€note€verbale€of€7€September€1992,€the€State€party€forwarded€the€text€of€the€decisionÐ Ü, Ðadopted€on€11€August€1992€by€the€Cmara€de€Apelacið;ðn€en€lo€Civil€y€Comercial€Sala€II€delÐ Â ÐDepartamento€Judicial€de€Morð;ðn,€according€to€which€the€nullity€of€Ximena€Vicario'sÐ ¨ø Ðadoption€was€affirmed.Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ8.2€By€note€verbale€of€6€July€1994€the€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€S.S.€hadÐ Zª Ðappealed€the€nullity€of€the€adoption€before€the€Supreme€Court€of€the€Province€of€BuenosÐ @ ÐAires€and€that€Ximena€Vicario€had€been€heard€by€the€court.€Ð &v ÐÌ8.3€With€regard€to€the€visiting€rights€initially€granted€to€S.S.€in€1989,€the€State€partyÐ òB Ðindicates€that€these€were€terminated€in€1991,€in€conformity€with€the€express€wishes€ofÐ Ø( ÐXimena€Vicario,€then€a€minor.Ð ¾ ÐÌ8.4€With€regard€to€the€guardianship€of€Ximena€Vicario,€which€had€been€granted€to€herÐ Š Ú Ðgrandmother€on€29€December€1988,€the€Buenos€Aires€Juzgado€Nacional€de€PrimeraÐ p!À  ÐInstancia€en€lo€Criminal€y€Correccional€terminated€the€regime€by€decision€of€15€June€1994,Ð V"¦! Ðbearing€in€mind€that€Ms.€Vicario€had€reached€the€age€of€18€years.Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ8.5€In€1993€the€Federal€Court€issued€Ximena€Vicario€identity€papers€under€that€name.Ð %X $ ÐÌ8.6€As€to€the€criminal€proceedings€against€S.S.,€an€appeal€is€currently€pending.Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ8.7€In€the€light€of€the€above,€the€State€party€contends€that€the€facts€of€the€case€do€not€revealÐ  (ð#( Ðany€violation€of€articles€16,€17,€23,€24€or€26€of€the€Covenant.Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ9.1€In€her€submission€of€10€February€1993,€the€author€expressed€her€concern€over€the€appealÐ R+¢&+ Ðlodged€by€S.S.€against€the€nullity€of€the€adoption€and€contends€that€this€uncertaintyÐ 8,ˆ', Ðconstitutes€a€considerable€burden€to€herself€and€to€Ô_ÔXimenaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô.Ð -n(- Ї9.2€In€her€submission€of€3€February€1995,€the€author€states€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€theÐ ° ÐProvince€of€Buenos€Aires€has€issued€a€final€judgement€confirming€the€nullity€of€theÐ –æ Ðadoption.Ð |Ì ÐÌòòCommittee's€Views€on€the€meritsóóÐ H˜ ÐÌ10.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€merits€of€the€communication€in€theÐ  d Ðlight€of€all€the€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€for€in€article€5,Ð ú J Ðparagraph€1,€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€It€bases€its€Views€on€the€following€considerations.Ð à 0 ÐÌ10.2€With€regard€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€findsÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€the€facts€before€it€do€not€sustain€a€finding€that€the€State€party€has€denied€Ximena€VicarioÐ ’â  Ðrecognition€as€a€person€before€the€law.€In€fact,€the€courts€of€the€State€party€have€endeavouredÐ xÈ  Ðto€establish€her€identity€and€issued€her€identity€papers€accordingly.Ð ^®  ÐÌ10.3€As€to€Darwinia€Rosa€Mð;ðnaco€de€Gallicchio's€claim€that€her€right€to€recognition€as€aÐ *z  Ðperson€before€the€law€was€violated,€the€Committee€notes€that,€although€her€standing€toÐ ` Ðrepresent€her€granddaughter€in€the€proceedings€about€the€child's€guardianship€was€deniedÐ öF Ðin€1989,€the€courts€did€recognize€her€standing€to€represent€her€granddaughter€in€a€numberÐ Ü, Ðof€proceedings,€including€her€suit€to€declare€the€nullity€of€the€adoption,€and€that€she€wasÐ Â Ðgranted€guardianship€over€Ximena€Vicario.€While€these€circumstances€do€not€raise€an€issueÐ ¨ø Ðunder€article€16€of€the€Covenant,€the€initial€denial€of€Mrs.€Mð;ðnaco's€standing€effectively€leftÐ ŽÞ ÐXimena€Vicario€without€adequate€representation,€thereby€depriving€her€of€the€protection€toÐ tÄ Ðwhich€she€was€entitled€as€a€minor.€Taken€together€with€the€circumstances€mentioned€inÐ Zª Ðparagraph€10.5€below,€the€denial€of€Mrs.€Mð;ðnaco's€standing€constituted€a€violation€of€articleÐ @ Ð24€of€the€Covenant.Ð &v ÐÌ10.4€As€to€Ximena€Vicario's€and€her€grandmother's€right€to€privacy,€it€is€evident€that€theÐ òB Ðabduction€of€Ximena€Vicario,€the€falsification€of€her€birth€certificate€and€her€adoption€byÐ Ø( ÐS.S.€entailed€numerous€acts€of€arbitrary€and€unlawful€interference€with€their€privacy€andÐ ¾ Ðfamily€life,€in€violation€of€article€17€of€the€Covenant.€The€same€acts€also€constitutedÐ ¤ô Ðviolations€of€article€23,€paragraph€1,€and€article€24,€paragraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ð Š Ú ÐThese€acts,€however,€occurred€prior€to€the€entry€into€force€of€the€Covenant€and€of€theÐ p!À  ÐOptional€Protocol€for€Argentina€on€8€November€1986,òò€1óó€and€the€Committee€is€not€in€aÐ V"¦! Ðposition€òòratione€temporisóó€to€emit€a€decision€in€their€respect.€The€Committee€could,€however,Ð <#Œ" Ðmake€a€finding€of€a€violation€of€the€Covenant€if€the€continuing€effects€of€those€violationsÐ "$r# Ðwere€found€themselves€to€constitute€violations€of€the€Covenant.€The€Committee€notes€thatÐ %X $ Ðthe€grave€violations€of€the€Covenant€committed€by€the€military€regime€of€Argentina€inthisÐ î%>!% Ðcase€have€been€the€subject€of€numerous€proceedings€before€the€courts€of€the€State€party,Ð Ô&$"& Ðwhich€have€ultimately€vindicated€the€right€to€privacy€and€family€life€of€both€Ximena€VicarioÐ º' #' Ðand€her€grandmother.€As€to€the€visiting€rights€initially€granted€to€S.S.,€the€CommitteeÐ  (ð#( Ðobserves€that€the€competent€courts€of€Argentina€first€endeavoured€to€determine€the€facts€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðbalance€the€human€interests€of€the€persons€involved€and€that€in€connection€with€thoseÐ l*¼%* Ðinvestigations€a€number€of€measures€were€adopted€to€give€redress€to€Ximena€Vicario€and€herÐ R+¢&+ Ðgrandmother,€including€the€termination€of€the€regime€of€visiting€rights€accorded€to€S.S,Ð 8,ˆ', Ðfollowing€the€recommendations€of€psychologists€and€Ximena€Vicario's€own€wishes.Ð -n(- ÐNevertheless,€these€outcomes€appear€to€have€been€delayed€by€the€initial€denial€of€standingÐ ° Ðof€Mrs.€Mð;ðnaco€to€challenge€the€visitation€order.Ð –æ ÐÌ10.5€While€the€Committee€appreciates€the€seriousness€with€which€the€Argentine€courtsÐ b² Ðendeavoured€to€redress€the€wrongs€done€to€Ms.€Vicario€and€her€grandmother,€it€observes€thatÐ H˜ Ðthe€duration€of€the€various€judicial€proceedings€extended€for€over€10€years,€and€that€someÐ . ~ Ðof€the€proceedings€have€not€yet€been€completed.€The€Committee€notes€that€in€the€meantimeÐ  d ÐMs.€Vicario,€who€was€7€years€of€age€when€found,€reached€the€age€of€maturity€(18€years)€inÐ ú J Ð1994,€and€that€it€was€not€until€1993€that€her€legal€identity€as€Ximena€Vicario€was€officiallyÐ à 0 Ðrecognized.€In€the€specific€circumstances€of€this€case,€the€Committee€finds€that€theÐ Æ   Ðprotection€of€children€stipulated€in€article€24€of€the€Covenant€required€the€State€party€to€takeÐ ¬ ü  Ðaffirmative€action€to€grant€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€prompt€and€effective€relief€from€her€predicament.€InÐ ’â  Ðthis€context,€the€Committee€recalls€its€General€Comment€on€article€24,òò€2óó€in€which€it€stressedÐ xÈ  Ðthat€every€child€has€a€right€to€special€measures€of€protection€because€of€his/her€status€as€aÐ ^®  Ðminor;€those€special€measures€are€additional€to€the€measures€that€States€are€required€to€takeÐ D”  Ðunder€article€2€to€ensure€that€everyone€enjoys€the€rights€provided€for€in€the€Covenant.Ð *z  ÐBearing€in€mind€the€suffering€already€endured€by€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô,€who€lost€both€of€her€parentsÐ ` Ðunder€tragic€circumstances€imputable€to€the€State€party,€the€Committee€finds€that€the€specialÐ öF Ðmeasures€required€under€article€24,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant€were€not€expeditiouslyÐ Ü, Ðapplied€by€Argentina,€and€that€the€failure€to€recognize€the€standing€of€Mrs.€Ô_ÔMð;ðnacoÔ_Ô€in€theÐ Â Ðguardianship€and€visitation€proceedings€and€the€delay€in€legally€establishing€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô'sÐ ¨ø Ðreal€name€and€issuing€identity€papers€also€entailed€a€violation€of€article€24,€paragraph€2,€ofÐ ŽÞ Ðthe€Covenant,€which€is€designed€to€promote€recognition€of€the€child's€legal€personality.Ð tÄ ÐÌ10.6€As€to€an€alleged€violation€of€article€26€of€the€Covenant,€the€Committee€concludes€thatÐ @ Ðthe€facts€before€it€do€not€provide€sufficient€basis€for€a€finding€that€either€Ms.€Ô_ÔVicarioÔ_Ô€or€herÐ &v Ðgrandmother€were€victims€of€prohibited€discrimination.Ð  \ ÐÌ11.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ Ø( ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€is€of€the€view€that€theÐ ¾ Ðfacts€which€have€been€placed€before€it€reveal€a€violation€by€Argentina€of€article€24,Ð ¤ô Ðparagraphs€1€and€2,€of€the€Covenant.Ð Š Ú ÐÌ11.2€In€accordance€with€article€2,€paragraph€3€(a),€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ V"¦! Ðan€obligation€to€provide€the€author€and€her€granddaughter€with€an€effective€remedy,Ð <#Œ" Ðincluding€compensation€from€the€State€for€the€undue€delay€of€the€proceedings€and€resultingÐ "$r# Ðsuffering€to€which€they€were€subjected.€Furthermore,€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligationÐ %X $ Ðto€ensure€that€similar€violations€do€not€occur€in€the€future.Ð î%>!% ÐÌ11.3€Bearing€in€mind€that,€by€becoming€a€party€to€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€hasÐ º' #' Ðrecognized€the€competence€of€the€Committee€to€determine€whether€there€has€been€aÐ  (ð#( Ðviolation€of€the€Covenant€or€not€and€that,€Ô_ÔpursuanttoÔ_Ô€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€StateÐ †)Ö$) Ðparty€has€undertaken€to€ensure€to€all€individuals€within€its€territory€and€subject€to€itsÐ l*¼%* Ðjurisdiction€the€rights€recognized€in€the€Covenant€to€provide€an€effective€and€enforceableÐ R+¢&+ Ðremedy€in€case€a€violation€has€been€established,€the€Committee€wishes€to€receive€from€theÐ 8,ˆ', ÐState€party,€within€ninety€days,€information€about€the€measures€taken€to€give€effect€to€theÐ -n(- ÐCommittee's€Views.Ð ° ÐÌ12.€With€reference€to€the€violations€of€the€Covenant€which€occurred€prior€to€8€NovemberÐ |Ì Ð1986,€the€Committee€encourages€the€State€party€to€persevere€in€its€efforts€to€investigate€theÐ b² Ðdisappearance€of€children,€determine€their€true€identity,€issue€to€them€identity€papers€andÐ H˜ Ðpassports€under€their€real€names,€and€grant€appropriate€redress€to€them€and€their€families€inÐ . ~ Ðan€expeditious€manner.Ð  d ÐÌ[Adopted€in€English,€French€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€original€version.Ð à 0 ÐSubsequently€to€be€issued€also€in€Arabic,€Chinese€and€Russian€as€part€of€the€Committee'sÐ Æ   Ðannual€report€to€the€General€Assembly.]€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌÌòòFootnotesóóÐ ^®  ÐÌÓ_ÓòòÓ  Ó*óó/€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð *z  ÐÌ1/€€See€the€Committee's€decision€on€admissibility€concerning€communication€No.€275/1988,Ð öF ÐÔ_ÔS.E.Ô_Ô€v.€Argentina€,€declared€inadmissible€Ô_ÔrationeÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔtemporisÔ_Ô€on€26€March€1990,€para.€5.3.Ð Ü, ÐÌ2/€€General€Comment€No.€17,€adopted€at€the€thirty„fifth€session€of€the€Committee,€in€1989.