ÿWPCó -Sf]o×yZüÉP¨k`<ªÖrýÚèôÉÉ“*²QFlöÔ8¥ºŠòsý!5ñæKP—¾ÎôŽ/êËÉhªür‡ªô™{íÒsFý>z¦0ØÉün«(…Oì´ÕL@~E|zæúf¾šÙ‡Ÿ ·½é”õò¢4y©7cÅwµ˜ñFÇWŽ$Ѹàú}Úì•Aœâ•ÖNO>ÛË_ïó>Ò^=4¶:±”‹²#”2óó×Ë«óº¦ÖÕ$Å÷ƒÿqîÕ›÷ÞÀFEº%à\ÛYÕl+6ÅcûꩶÍI”¾YiÖN![›]°3»]áA+„`Dñ`](<“ï=gQ“˜ÑèÍ2‡Éª—à!õ³y}UCÕYÿÛÒÿ†_üAÜP¬ÛkÉD¶g¤Hm‘–‘Ää›Â¥ìÔö,Ü-+Æ Å¤ÓHŸNIÈ™b¯tkc?ž±óÿißhñ>Œ%*ênúÂQzit"‚Å­rà¾}Ôµ;~n¡£Ö¨’ ûuÿæ ŸÏ)¬oU!W½÷AƒR ãÄUikê6xÏt†9<*  ‰Zþ:g[²ª!­"›<,Ò¤(À)Ó‚-=“Äœ½©ÂWA £ ƒ¿r>½!Âŵí¶ï]uU>–ÌÔ 0µ  0<U 0Y‘ 0_ê 0iI 0P² 0T ÆV 0á 0(ý D+% AMP P  0Æ­ #Ás UN4 %‚Mˆ(ŒN´^ ¶wÂ4ÆÚ mÜô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Orlando Fals Borda and his wife, Maria Cristina Salazar de Fals Borda, Justo German Bermud4, Justo German Bermud"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2úV$££Ý ƒ—!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XçïXXXÔÔ€XçïXXXçïÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ž—$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XìËXXXÔÔ€XìËXXXìËÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX˜›D, ½ha+c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ—!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XçïXXXÔÔ€XçïXXXçïÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€et€al.€v.€ColombiaóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€R.11/46Ð H˜ ÐÌ27€July€1982Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€By:€óóOrlando€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€his€wife,€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,Ð xÈ  ÐJusto€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBecerraÔ_Ô,€all€represented€byÐ ^®  ÐPedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_ԀРD”  ÐòòÌState€party€concerned:€óóColombia€Ð ` ÐòòÌDate€of€communication:€óó6€February€1979€(Date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐòòÌDate€of€Decision€on€admissibility:€óó27€July€1981óó€Ð ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€27€July€1982,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€communication€No.€11/46€submitted€to€the€CommitteeÐ Ø( Ðby€Pedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô€on€behalf€of€Orlando€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€his€wife,€Maria€CristinaÐ ¾ ÐSalazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBecerraÔ_ÔÐ ¤ô Ðunder€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð Š Ú ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ V"¦! Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð %X $ ÐÓ§ÓÌÌÓ  Óòòò òVIEWS€UNDER€ARTICLE€5€(4)€OF€THE€OPTIONAL€PROTOCOLó óóó€Ð º' #' ÐÓ9 ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.1€The€communication€(initial€letter€dated€6€February€1979€and€further€letters€dated€26€JuneÐ l*¼%* Ð1979,€2€June,€20€October€and€31€October€1980,€30€September€1981€and€19€June€1982)€wasÐ R+¢&+ Ðsubmitted€by€Pedro€Pablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô,€Professor€of€International€Law€of€the€NationalÐ 8,ˆ', ÐUniversity€of€Colombia,€at€present€residing€in€Quito,€Ecuador.€He€submitted€theÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôcommunication€on€behalf€of€Orlando€Fals€Borda€and€his€wife,€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€FalsÐ ° ÐBorda,€Justo€German€Bermudez€and€Martha€Isabel€Valderrama€Becerra.€They€are€allÐ –æ ÐColombian€nationals.€Ð |Ì ÐÌ1.2€The€author€alleges€that€by€enacting€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978Ð H˜ Ð(Statute€of€Security)'€the€Government€of€Colombia€has€violated€articles€9€and€14€of€theÐ . ~ ÐCovenant€and€he€claims€that€the€lout€persons€he€represents€are€victims€of€these€violations.€Ð  d ÐÌ1.3€Concerning€the€cases€of€Orlando€Fals€Borda€and€his€wife,€the€author€describes€theÐ à 0 Ðrelevant€facts€as€follows:€On€21€January€1979,€Dr.€Fals€Borda,€a€Colombian€sociologist€andÐ Æ   Ðprofessor,€and€his€wife,€Maria€Christina€Salazar€de€Fals€Borda,€were€arrested€by€troops€ofÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Brigada€de€Institutos€Militates€under€the€Statute€of€Security.€Dr.€Fals€was€detainedÐ ’â  Ðincommunicado€without€judicial€guarantees,€such€as€legal€assistance,€at€the€Cuartel€deÐ xÈ  ÐInfanteria€de€Usaquin,€from€21€January€to€10€February€1979,€when€he€was€released€withoutÐ ^®  Ðcharges.€His€wife€continued€to€be€detained€for€over€a€year.€A€court€martial€then€found€thatÐ D”  Ðthere€was€no€justification€for€detaining€Mrs.€Fals€Borda.€Ð *z  ÐÌ1.4€Concerning€the€cases€or€Justo€German€Bermudez€and€Martha€Isabel€Valderrama€Becerra,Ð öF Ðthe€author€describes€the€relevant€facts€as€follows:€On€3€April€1979,€the€President€of€theÐ Ü, ÐSummary€Court€Martial€(First€Battalion€of€Military€Police,€Brigade€of€Military€Institutions)Ð Â Ðfound€Justo€German€Bermudez€Gross€guilty€of€the€offence€of€rebellion.€(article€7€of€theÐ ¨ø Ðjudgement)€and€sentenced€him€to€a€principal€penalty€of€six€years€and€eight€months'€rigorousÐ ŽÞ ÐImprisonment€and€interdiction€of€public€rights€and€functions,€as€well€as€the€accessoryÐ tÄ Ðpenalty€of€loss€of€òòpatria€potestas€óófor€the€same€period.€In€the€same€judgement€it€sentencedÐ Zª ÐMartha€Isabel€Valderrama€Becerra€to€six€years'€rigorous€imprisonment€and€interdiction€ofÐ @ Ðpublic€rights€and€functions€for€the€offence€of€rebellion.€The€judgement€states:€"In€conclusion,Ð &v Ðthe€sentences€to€De€passed€on€the€accused€who€have€been€declared€guilty€of€the€offends€ofÐ  \ Ð'rebellion'€shall€be€those€contained€in€article€2€of€Decree€No.€1923€of€September€1978,Ð òB Ðknown€as€the€Statute€of€Security".€Ð Ø( ÐÌ1.5€The€author€alleges€that€hy€application€of€Decree€No.€1923€Dr.€Fals€Borda€and€his€wifeÐ ¤ô Ðwere€arbitrarily€detained,€that€Mr.€Bermudez€and€Miss€Valderrama€are€subjected€to€arbitraryÐ Š Ú Ðimprisonment,€that€Mr.€Bermudez€and€Miss€Valderrama's€sentences€were€illegally€increased,Ð p!À  Ðthat€is€their€sentences€are€more€severe€than€the€maximum€penalty€stipulated€by€theÐ V"¦! ÐColombian€Penal€Code,€and€that€they€all€nave€been€victims€of€violations€of€article€14€(1),Ð <#Œ" Ð(2),€(3)€and€(5)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€because€they€haveÐ "$r# Ðbeen€brought€before€military€tribunals€which€were€not€competent,€independent€and€impartial,Ð %X $ Ðand€because€they€have€allegedly€been€deprived€of€the€procedural€guarantees€laid€down€in€theÐ î%>!% ÐColombian€Constitution€and€In€the€Covenant.€He€states€that€all€domestic€remedies€have€beenÐ Ô&$"& Ðexhausted€with€the€decision€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€upholding€the€constitutionalityÐ º' #' Ðof€the€Decree€and€that€the€cases€of€the€alleged€victims€nave€not€been€submitted€to€any€otherÐ  (ð#( Ðprocedure€of€international€Investigation€or€settlement.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ2.€On€9€August€1979,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€transmit€the€communicationÐ R+¢&+ Ðto€the€State€party,€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€requesting€informationÐ 8,ˆ', Ðand€observations€relevant€to€the€question€of€admissibility.€Ð -n(- Ї3.1€By€letters€dated€30€April€and€30€September€1980€the€State€party€refuted€the€allegationsÐ ° Ðmade€by€the€author.€Ð –æ ÐÌ3.2€The€State€party,€in€particular,€rejected€the€allegation€made€by€the€author€of€theÐ b² Ðcommunication€that€the€enactment€of€Legislative€Decree€NO.€1923€of€6€September€1978€andÐ H˜ Ðconsequently€the€arrest€and€detention€of€the€tour€persons€represented€by€the€author€wereÐ . ~ Ðcontrary€to€the€Colombian€Constitution€and€in€violation€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ  d ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights.€The€State€party€pointed€out€that€the€Decree€was€issued€by€theÐ ú J ÐPresident€of€the€Republic€of€Colombia€in€the€exercise€of€the€constitutional€powers€vested€inÐ à 0 Ðhim€by€article€121€of€the€Colombian€Constitution€after€the€declaration€of€a€"state€of€siege"Ð Æ   Ðdue€to€the€disturbance€of€public€order€and€that€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€in€a€judgementÐ ¬ ü  Ðof€30€October€1978€had€held€the€Decree€to€be€constitutional.€In€this€connection€the€StateÐ ’â  Ðparty€recalled€that€Colombia€is€experiencing€a€situation€of€disturbed€public€order€within€theÐ xÈ  Ðmeaning€of€article€4,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ3.3€The€State€party€also€rejected€the€allegations€made€by€the€complainant€that€articles€9,€11Ð *z  Ðand€12€of€Decree€No.€1923€contravene€article€14,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant.€It€quoted€theÐ ` Ðruling€of€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€in€particular€the€following:€Ð öF ÐÌ"...€Decree€No.€1923€has€done€nothing€other€than€apply€the€exception€provided€for€in€articleÐ Â Ð61€[of€the€Constitution]€which€authorizes€in€exceptional€times€the€cumulative€performance,Ð ¨ø Ðand€hence€provisional€transfer,€of€powers,€and€specifically€jurisdictional€powers,€by€and€toÐ ŽÞ Ðbodies€other€than€those€normally€exercising€them,€and€which€legitimates€the€introduction€ofÐ tÄ Ðmilitary€penal€justice,€and€empowers€the€military€and€police€authorities€specified€in€theÐ Zª ÐDecree,€to€deal€with€and€to€order€penalties€for€certain€offences.€Ð @ ÐÌ"The€Decree€does€not€establish€òòad€hoc€óóbodies€nor€does€it€change€the€origin€or€compositionÐ  \ Ðof€existing€bodies.€It€simply€empowers€certain€authorities€to€perform€simultaneously€theirÐ òB Ðown€ordinary€functions€and€those€vested€in€them€provisionally€by€virtue€of€the€enablingÐ Ø( Ðprovisions€of€article€61€of€the€Constitution€....€"€Ð ¾ ÐÌThe€State€party€added€that€the€ruling€of€the€Supreme€Court€was€quoted€precisely€in€order€toÐ Š Ú Ðshow€that€military€tribunals€are€not€òòad€hoc€óóbodies€but€an€integral€part€of€the€branch€of€theÐ p!À  Ðpublic€power€responsible€for€the€administration€of€justice€in€conformity€with€the€NationalÐ V"¦! ÐConstitution€and€cannot€be€dismissed€as€unqualified,€as€was€done€by€the€complainant,€Dr.Ð <#Œ" ÐCamargo,€who€sought€to€deny€their€legality€in€order€to€establish€an€alleged€violation€of€theÐ "$r# ÐCovenant€on€that€basis.€Ð %X $ ÐÌ3.4€With€regard€to€the€specific€case€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda,€the€State€party€confirmedÐ Ô&$"& Ðtheir€release,€which€was€ordered€when€it€was€found€during€an€investigation€that€theirÐ º' #' Ðcontinued€detention€was€not€justified.€The€State€party€added€that€there€is€no€ground€forÐ  (ð#( Ðdeducing€directly€from€the€fact€that€these€orders€were€issued€that€arbitrary€detention€tookÐ †)Ö$) Ðplace€in€either€or€both€of€these€cases.€It€was€further€stated€by€the€State€party€that,€should€Mr.Ð l*¼%* Ðand€Mrs.€Fals€Borda€consider€that€their€detention€was€arbitrary€(in€the€sense€that€the€requisiteÐ R+¢&+ Ðlegal€formalities€and€rules€had€not€been€complied€with),€they€may€file€a€complaint€with€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcompetent€authorities€and€institute€the€appropriate€proceedings€for€the€recovery€of€damages.Ð -n(- ÐTo€challenge€their€detention€on€the€ground€that€the€requisite€legal€formalities€and€rules€hadÐ ° Ðnot€been€complied€with,€a€criminal€investigation€could€be€initiated€by€the€alleged€victims,Ð –æ Ðthrough€the€judicial€police,€the€Attorney€General€or€the€Judge€Advocate€General€of€theÐ |Ì ÐArmed€Forces.€To€obtain€compensation€for€damages€and€injuries€resulting€from€an€allegedÐ b² Ðarbitrary€detention€civil€proceedings€may€then€be€instituted}€if€the€violation€of€rights€is€theÐ H˜ Ðresult€of€action€by€a€public€official€the€complainants€may€also€appeal€to€the€administrativeÐ . ~ Ðcourts.€As€none€of€the€aforementioned€procedures€have€been€resorted€to€by€Mr.€and€Mrs.Ð  d ÐFals€Borda€the€State€party€concluded€that€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted€in€theirÐ ú J Ðcase.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ3.5€With€regard€to€the€case€of€Mr.€Justo€German€Bermudez€and€Miss€Martha€IsabelÐ ¬ ü  ÐValderrama,€The€State€party€claimed€that€the€accused€nave€benefitted€from€all€proceduralÐ ’â  Ðguarantees€accorded€by€the€law€and€that€the€allegedly€improper€length€of€their€prison€terms,Ð xÈ  Ðbased€on€charges€of€rebellion,€was€justified€by€the€provisions€of€Decree€No.€1923,€applicableÐ ^®  Ðunder€the€present€"state€of€singe"€in€Colombia.€The€State€party€stated€that€the€appeal€was€stillÐ D”  Ðbeing€heard€in€the€Higher€Military€Tribunal€and€explained€that€'the€time€that€has€elapsed€inÐ *z  Ðthis€connexion€...€is€due€both€to€the€nature€of€the€case€and€to€the€large€number€of€appeals€andÐ ` Ðinquiries€with€which€the€Higher€Military€Tribunal€has€to€deal'.€The€State€party€concludedÐ öF Ðthat€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted€in€this€case€either.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ4.€On€29€July€1980€the€Human€Rights€Committee€decided€to€request€the€State€party€toÐ ¨ø Ðfurnish€detailed€information€as€to:€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ(a)€How,€if€at€all,€the€state€of€siege€proclaimed€In€Colombia€affects€the€present€case;€Ð Zª ÐÌ(b)€Which€are€the€competent€authorities,€before€which€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda€may€tile€aÐ &v Ðcomplaint€and€institute€proceedings€for€the€recovery€of€damages€in€the€particularÐ  \ Ðcircumstances€of€their€case,€as€well€as€the€nature€of€such€proceedings,€based€on€the€law€inÐ òB Ðtorts;€Ð Ø( ÐÌ(c)€The€status€of€the€appeal€of€German€Bermudez€Gross€and€Martha€Isabel€ValderramaÐ ¤ô Ðbefore€the€Higher€Military€Tribunal,€and,€if€not€yet€concluded,€the€reasons€for€the€apparentÐ Š Ú Ðdelay€and€the€anticipated€time€for€the€completion€or€those€proceedings.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ5.1€By€a€note€dated€1€October€1980,€the€State€party€submitted€further€information.€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party€maintained€that€the€state€of€siege€affected€the€present€case,€so€far€asÐ %X $ Ðconcerns€the€situation€of€Justo€German€Bermudez€and€Martha€Isabel€Valderrama,€by€reasonÐ î%>!% Ðof€the€fact€that€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978€increased€the€penalty€for€the€crime€ofÐ Ô&$"& Ðrebellion€and€also€because€both€the€aforesaid€Decree€and€Legislative€Decree€No.€2260€ofÐ º' #' Ð1976€ascribed€responsibility€rot€the€hearing€of€cases€involving€offences€against€theÐ  (ð#( Ðconstitutional€regime€and€against€the€security€of€the€State€to€the€military€criminal€courts.€ItÐ †)Ö$) Ðadded€that€with€regard€to€the€proceedings€which€Dr.€Orlando€Fals€Borda€and€Mrs.€MariaÐ l*¼%* ÐChristina€Salazar€de€Fals€Borda€could€institute,€the€provisions€enacted€by€virtue€of€the€stateÐ R+¢&+ Ðof€siege€had€no€effect.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð5.3€The€state€party€reiterated€the€information€submitted€(see€para.€3.4)€concerning€theÐ ° Ðcompetent€authorities€before€which€Dr.€Fals€Borda€and€his€wife€could€file€complaints€withÐ –æ Ðrespect€to€an€alleged€arbitrary€detention,€and€the€proceedings€they€could€institute€tot€theÐ |Ì Ð.recovery€of€damages.€It€added€that€a€civil€action€to€obtain€compensation€can€be€brought€inÐ b² Ðthe€context€of€the€military€criminal€proceedings€for€common„law€offences.€Ii€the€injuredÐ H˜ Ðparties€did€not€take€part€in€the€criminal€proceedings€and€do€not€agree€with€the€judgement€soÐ . ~ Ðrat€as€concerns€compensation,€they€can€bring€an€appropriate€action€before€a€civil€court.€TheyÐ  d Ðcan€also€appeal€to€the€administrative€courts,€on€the€ground€of€State€liability,€if€in€fact€it€isÐ ú J Ðconfirmed€that€arbitrary€detention€took€place.€Ð à 0 ÐÌ5.4€The€State€party€informed€the€Committee€that€the€case€against€German€Bermudez€GrossÐ ¬ ü  Ðand€Marina€Isabel€Valderrama€for€the€crime€of€rebellion€was€in€the€offices€of€Dr.€RobertoÐ ’â  ÐRamiraz€Laserna,€Judge€of€the€Higher€Military€Tribunal,€awaiting€a€decision€by€the€court€ofÐ xÈ  Ðsecond€instance.€The€apparent€delay€in€reaching€a€decision€on€the€appeal€was€due€to€theÐ ^®  Ðheavy€workload€of€the€Tribunal,€which€has€to€deal€with€many€cases.€Ð D”  ÐÌ6.1€Commenting€on€the€State€party's€submission,€the€author€claimed€that€as€far€as€theÐ ` Ðspecific€cases€of€the€arbitrary€detention€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda€were€concerned,€allÐ öF Ðdomestic€legal€remedies€had€been€exhausted,€and€no€valid€remedy€existed€for€claimingÐ Ü, Ðdamages€on€account€of€this€arbitrary€detention.€The€arguments€were€as€follows:€Ð  ÐÌ"(a)€Without€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978€(Statute€of€Security),€neither€the€arbitraryÐ ŽÞ Ðdetention€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda,€nor€that€of€thousands€of€other€victims,€would€everÐ tÄ Ðhave€occurred.€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda€were€deprived€not€only€of€the€guarantee€laid€downÐ Zª Ðin€article€9,€paragraph€3,€of€the€Covenant,€but€also€the€remedy€of€òòhabeas€corpus€óóguaranteedÐ @ Ðby€article€9,€paragraph€4€of€the€Covenant€and€by€article€417€of€the€Code€of€CriminalÐ &v ÐProcedure€of€Colombia,€which€states:.€'Any€person€deprived€of€his€freedom€for€more€thanÐ  \ Ð48€hours€may,€if€he€considers€that€a€breach€at€the€law€has€taken€place,€apply€to€a€municipal,Ð òB Ðcriminal€or€combined€criminal/civil€court€judge€for€òòhabeas€corpus€óó...';€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"(b)€With€the€decision€of€the€Higher€Military€Tribunal,€which€,s€not€open€to€appeal,€domesticÐ ¤ô Ðlegal€remedies€have€been€exhausted.€However,€that€decision€states,€not€that€a€case€ofÐ Š Ú Ðarbitrary€detention€had€taken€place,€but€that€there€was€no€justification€ice€the€continuedÐ p!À  Ðenforcement€of€the€detention€order€issued€by€the€military€authorities€without€due€process€ofÐ V"¦! Ðlaw;€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"(c)€It€is€not€possible€to€bring€'an€action€Ear€arbitrary€arrest€before€an€ordinary€court€againstÐ %X $ Ðthe€military€investigators€who€ordered€the€arrest€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Fals€Borda.€The€handlingÐ î%>!% Ðof€such€a€charge€would€fall€to€the€military€authorities,€as€is€made€clear€in€article€309€of€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐCode€of€Military€Criminal€Justice:€'As€a€general€rule,€accused€persons€shall€be€tried€byÐ º' #' Ðmembers€of€the€branch€of€the€armed€forces€to€which€they€belong.'€In€other€words,€anyÐ  (ð#( Ðcomplaint€lodged€against€military€personnel€for€abuse€of€authority€or€arbitrary€detention€fallsÐ †)Ö$) Ðwithin€the€direct€jurisdiction€of€the€military€authorities€or€the€military€prosecutor,€Oath€ofÐ l*¼%* Ðwhom€are€under€the€orders€at€the€Government€of€Colombia;€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ'(d)€In€the€unlikely€event€of€military€criminal€proceedings€being€instituted€against€the€Ô_ÔofficersÐ -n(- Ðresponsible€for€the€arbitrary€detention€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€it€would€not€be€possibleÐ ° Ðto€bring€a€civil€suit€for€damages€on€behalf€of€the€victims,€since€the€offence€in€question€isÐ –æ Ðsupposedly€of€an€essentially€military€nature€...;€Ð |Ì ÐÌ'(e)€Article€9,€paragraph€5€of€the€Covenant€states:€'Anyone€who€has€been€the€victim€ofÐ H˜ Ðunlawful€arrest€or€detention€shall€have€an€enforceable€right€to€compensation.'€No€provisionÐ . ~ Ðis€made€for€such€action€in€Colombian€law;€Ð  d ÐÌ"(f)€The€Government€of€Colombia€cites€article€67€of€the€Administrative€Code,€which€states:Ð à 0 Ð'In€the€event€of€violation€of€a€right€established€or€recognized€by€a€civil€or€administrativeÐ Æ   Ðregulation,€the€injured€party€may€request€not€only€that€the€act€be€annulled€but€also€that€hisÐ ¬ ü  Ðright€be€restored.'€In€the€case€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€there€has€been€no€ruling€to€theÐ ’â  Ðeffect€that€arbitrary€detention€took€place€or€that,€as€a€result€of€such€an€unlawful€act,€the€StateÐ xÈ  Ðhas€a€duty€to€compensate€the€victims.€However,€the€time„limit€for€bringing€such€aÐ ^®  Ðhypothetical€administrative€action€has€expired,€by€virtue€of€the€provisions€of€article€83€of€theÐ D”  ÐCode€in€question€which€states€that€an€action€(not€a€remedy)€'intended€to€obtain€compensationÐ *z  Ðfor€infringement€of€individual€rights€shall,€in€the€absence€of€any€legal€provision€to€theÐ ` Ðcontrary,€lapse€four€months€after€the€date€of€publication,€modification€or€execution€of€theÐ öF Ðact,€or€the€occurrences€or€administrative€procedure€giving€rise€to€the€action'.'€Ð Ü, ÐÌ6.2€In€his€submission€of€20€October€1980€the€author€informed€the€committee€that€in€the€caseÐ ¨ø Ðof€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô,€sentenced€to€imprisonment€onÐ ŽÞ Ð3€April€1979€by€the€Summary€Military€court,€the€sentences€had€been€upheld€by€the€HigherÐ tÄ ÐMilitary€court.€Ð Zª ÐÌ7.1€The€Committee€found,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€that€it€was€not€precludedÐ &v Ðby€article€5€(2)€(a)€of€the€Optional€Protocol€from€considering€the€communication€since€thereÐ  \ Ðwas€no€indication€that€the€same€matter€had€been€submitted€under€another€procedure€ofÐ òB Ðinternational€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ7.2€As€to€the€question€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€in€the€case€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_ÔÐ ¤ô ÐÔ_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€the€committee€considered€whether€the€communication€should€be€declaredÐ Š Ú Ðinadmissible€because€of€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€However,€the€essence€of€thisÐ p!À  Ðcomplaint€was€that€Decree€No.€1923€deprived€them€of€safeguards€guaranteed€by€articles€9Ð V"¦! Ðand€14€of€the€covenant€and€that€in€these€circumstances€the€domestic€remedies€for€arbitraryÐ <#Œ" Ðarrest€would€have€been€of€no€avail.€The€committee€considered€that€this€was€a€question€whichÐ "$r# Ðit€could€effectively€examine€only€in€the€context€of€the€application€of€the€Decree€generallyÐ %X $ Ðto€the€case€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ7.3€In€the€case€of€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô,€the€committee,Ð º' #' Ðhaving€been€informed€by€the€author€on€20€October€1980€that€the€Higher€Military€TribunalÐ  (ð#( Ðhad€upheld€the€sentences€of€the€court€of€first€instance€and,€considering€that€this€informationÐ †)Ö$) Ðhad€not€been€refuted€by€the€State€party,€understood€that€domestic€remedies€had€now€beenÐ l*¼%* Ðexhausted€and€that€consequently€the€communication€might€be€declared€admissible€in€theirÐ R+¢&+ Ðcase.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð8.€On€27€July€1981,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided:€Ð ° ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€was€admissible;€Ð |Ì ÐÌ(b)€That€the€author€of€the€communication€be€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee€not€laterÐ H˜ Ðthan€10€October€1981€a€statement,€in€respect€of€each€relevant€provision€of€the€Covenant,€ofÐ . ~ Ðthe€grounds€for€claiming€that€the€covenant€has€been€violated€(a}€in€regard€to€Mr.€and€Mrs.Ð  d ÐÔ_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€(b)€in€regard€to€Mr.€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Miss€Martha€IsabelÐ ú J ÐÔ_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô;€Ð à 0 ÐÌ(c)€That€a€copy€of€any€submission€received€from€the€author€pursuant€to€paragraph€2€of€thisÐ ¬ ü  Ðdecision€be€transmitted€to€the€State€party€as€soon€as€possible€to€enable€it€to€take€it€intoÐ ’â  Ðaccount€in€the€preparation€of€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol;€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(d)€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€party€beÐ D”  Ðrequested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€the€transmittal€to€itÐ *z  Ðof€any€submission€received€from€the€author€of€the€communication€pursuant€to€operativeÐ ` Ðparagraph€2€above,€written€explanations€and€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,Ð öF Ðif€any,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it.€The€State€party€was€requested,'in€this€Ô_ÔconnexionÔ_Ô,€toÐ Ü, Ðenclose€copies€of€any€court€orders€or€decisions€of€relevance€to€the€matter€underÐ Â Ðconsideration.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ9.1€In€accordance€with€operative€paragraph€2€of€the€decision€adopted€by€the€Human€RightsÐ tÄ ÐCommittee€on€27€July€1981,€the€author€submitted€further€information€dated€30€SeptemberÐ Zª Ð1981.€Ð @ ÐÌ9.2€He€claimed€that€the€detention€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€was€arbitrary€and€violatedÐ  \ Ðarticles€9€and€14€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€for€the€followingÐ òB Ðreasons:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"1.€òòArticle€9€of€the€Covenantóó€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€were€definitely€subject€to€violation€of€their€right€to€liberty€andÐ p!À  Ðsecurity€of€person,€since€they€were€detained€arbitrarily.€They€were€not€detained€for€any€ofÐ V"¦! Ðthe€reasons€laid€down€in€criminal€law€(the€Penal€Code),€nor€in€accordance€with€theÐ <#Œ" Ðappropriate€legal€procedure,€provided€for€in€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€(articles€426€toÐ "$r# Ð471),€but€under€a€substantive€and€adjectival€rule€of€emergency€law,€namely,€LegislativeÐ %X $ ÐDecree€No.€1923€of€1978€(the€'Statute€of€Security'),€which€violates€the€ColombianÐ î%>!% ÐConstitution€and€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ"Secondly,€the€right€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€to€be€tried€'within€a€reasonable€time'€or€beÐ  (ð#( Ðreleased,€as€provided€for€in€article€9.(3)€of€the€Covenant,€was€violated.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ"In€its€submission€dated€30€September€1980,€the€Colombian€Government€recognized€that,Ð R+¢&+ Ðbesides€arbitrary€detention,€the€requirement€of€reasonable€time€had€not€been€observed,€sinceÐ 8,ˆ', Ðit€stated:€'The€orders€under€which€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€were€released€were€an€outcomeÐ -n(- Ðof€the€decision€that€there€was€no€justification€for€their€continued€detention.'€It€has€beenÐ ° Ðshown€that€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€had€been€detained€for€over€a€year.€Ð –æ ÐÌ"Thirdly,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€were€victim€of€the€violation€of€the€òòhabeas€corpusÐ b² Ðóósafeguard,€recognized€both€in€article€417€of€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€and€in€article€9€(4)Ð H˜ Ðof€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð . ~ ÐÌ"By€means€of€the€emergency€procedure€laid€down€in€the€'Statute€of€Security',€the€militaryÐ ú J Ðauthorities€prevented€and€denied€the€exercise€of€this€right,€thus€permitting€the€arbitraryÐ à 0 Ðdetention€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô.€Ð Æ   ÐÌ"2.€òòArticle€14€of€the€Covenantóó€Ð ’â  ÐÌ"The€subjection€of€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€to€military€or€emergency€penal€procedure,€inÐ ^®  Ðimplementation€of€the€'Statute€of€Security'€violated€their€rights€under€article€14€(1)€of€theÐ D”  ÐCovenant.€Ð *z  ÐÌ"In€the€first€place,€the€military€courts€which€judge€civilians,€as€provided€for€in€article€9€ofÐ öF Ðthe€'Statute€of€Security',€as€well€as€the€judicial€powers€granted€to€army,€navy€and€air€forceÐ Ü, Ðcommanders€(article€11)€and€police€chiefs€(article€12),€nullify€the€right€to€a€competent,Ð Â Ðindependent€and€impartial€tribunal.€Articles€9,€11€and€12€of€Decree€No.€1923€ignore€not€onlyÐ ¨ø Ðthe€universally€recognized€principle€òòÔ_ÔnemoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔjudexÔ_Ô€in€Ô_ÔsuaÔ_Ô€causa€óóbut€also€the€right€to€a€naturalÐ ŽÞ Ðor€judicial€tribunal,€provided€for€in€article€26€of€the€Colombian€Constitutions€'No€one€mayÐ tÄ Ðbe€tried€except€in€conformity€with€the€laws€in€force€prior€to€the€commission€of€the€act€withÐ Zª Ðwhich€he€is€charged,€by€a€court€having€competent€jurisdiction,€and€in€accordance€with€allÐ @ Ðformalities€proper€to€each€case.'€Ð &v ÐÌ"Accordingly,€the€only€competent,€independent€and€impartial€tribunals€are€the€courts€ofÐ òB Ðcommon€jurisdiction€or€judiciary€set€up€under€title€XV,€'the€Administration€of€Justice',€of€theÐ Ø( ÐColombian€Constitution€and€in€accordance€with€Title€II,€'Jurisdiction€and€Competence',€ofÐ ¾ Ðthe€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€(Decree€No.€409€of€1971).€This€is€on€the€basis€not€only€of€theÐ ¤ô Ðconstitutional€principle€of€separation€of€powers,€but€also€of€article€58€of€the€ColombianÐ Š Ú ÐConstitution:€'Justice€is€administered€by€the€Supreme€Court,€by€superior€district€courts€andÐ p!À  Ðby€such€other€courts€and€tribunals€as€may€be€established€by€law.'€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ"The€Colombian€Constitution€does€not€allow€military€or€emergency€penal€justice€for€citizensÐ "$r# Ðor€civilians.€Article€170€of€the€Colombian€Constitution€provides€for€courts€martial€but€onlyÐ %X $ Ðfor€'offences€committed€by€military€personnel€on€active€service€and€in€relation€to€thatÐ î%>!% Ðservice.'€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌ"Military€courts€or€courts€martial€nevertheless€operate€in€Colombia€in€breach€of€the€country'sÐ  (ð#( Ðconstitution€and€laws€and€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€inÐ †)Ö$) Ðparticular€to€try€political€opponents,€under€Decree€No.€1923€of€1978€(the€'Statute€ofÐ l*¼%* ÐSecurity')}€this€is€in€violation€of€article€14€of€the€United€Nations€International€Covenant€onÐ R+¢&+ ÐCivil€.and€Political€Rights.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"Secondly,€the€military€or€emergency€courts€provided€for€in€articles€9,€11€and€12€of€DecreeÐ ° ÐNo.€1923€the€'Statute€of€Security'€are€not€only€not€competent,€independent€and€impartialÐ –æ Ð(article€14€(1)€of€the€Covenant),€but€they€were€not€up€under€a€proper€law€passed€by€CongressÐ |Ì Ðvalidly€amending€or€repealing€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€(Decree€No.€409€of€1971).€TheÐ b² Ð'Statute€of€Security'€is€a€state„of„Ô_ÔseigeÔ_Ô€decree€which€violates€the€safeguard€of€legalityÐ H˜ Ðprovided€in€the€Covenant,€particularly€since€it€is€indefinite,€as€may€be€seen€in€article€1€of€theÐ . ~ ÐStatute,€which€provides€for€sentences€of€30€years€which€do€not€exist€in€the€Penal€Code.€Ð  d ÐÌ"In€addition,€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€were€obviously€deprived€of€the€rights€mentioned€inÐ à 0 Ðparagraphs€2,€3€and€4€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant."€Ð Æ   ÐÌ9.3€Concerning€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô,€the€author€claimedÐ ’â  Ðthat€they€were€victims€of€arbitrary€arrest€and€imprisonment,€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ'...€because€they€were€deprived€of€their€liberty€on€grounds€not€established€by€criminal€lawÐ D”  Ð(the€Penal€Code)€but€under€an€emergency€provision€such€as€the€'Statute€of€Security',€inÐ *z  Ðviolation€of€the€Colombian€Constitution€and€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ ` ÐPolitical€Rights.€Likewise,€they€suffered€arbitrary€imprisonment€because€they€were€subjectÐ öF Ðto€a€penal€procedure€that€was€not€that€of€ordinary€penal€justice€as€laid€down€in€the€Code€ofÐ Ü, ÐPenal€Procedure,€but€a€military,€governmental,€emergency€òòad€hoc€óóprocedure.€Ð  ÐÌ"Furthermore,€the€military€sentence€pronounced€against€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€Gross€andÐ ŽÞ ÐMartha€Isabel.€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€deprived€them€of€the€rights€provided€for€in€paragraphs€2€and€3Ð tÄ Ðof€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€as€well€as€the€òòhabeas€corpus€óósafeguard€contained€in€article€417Ð Zª Ðof€the€Code€of€Penal€Procedure€and€article€9€(4)€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ @ ÐPolitical€Rights."€Ð &v ÐÌ9.4€In€addition,€the€author€claimed€that€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€IsabelÐ òB ÐÔ_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€had€been€deprived€of€the€procedural€rights€mentioned€in€paragraphs€1,€2,€3,€andÐ Ø( Ð5€of€article€14€of€the€Covenant€for€the€same€reasons€as€those€mentioned€above€in€paragraphÐ ¾ Ð9.2€concerning€Mr.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€his€wife.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ9.5€At€this€stage€in€the€proceedings€the€author€raised€the€claim€that€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_ÔÐ p!À  Ðand€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€are€also€victims€of€violations€of€article€15€of€the€Covenant.Ð V"¦! ÐHe€argues€as€follows,€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"Article€15€of€the€Covenant€lays€down€the€followings€'Nor€shall€a€heavier€penalty€beÐ %X $ Ðimposed€than€the€one€that€was€applicable€at€the€time€when€the€criminal€offence€wasÐ î%>!% Ðcommitted.'€However,€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€Gross€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€received€aÐ Ô&$"& Ðheavier€penalty€under€article€2€of€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978,€whichÐ º' #' Ðincreased€the€penalty€of€ordinary€imprisonment€for€the€offence€of€rebellion€to€between€8€andÐ  (ð#( Ð14€years,€whereas€in€the€Colombian€Penal€Code€(Decree€No.€2300€of€14€September€1936),Ð †)Ö$) Ðin€force€at€the€time€of€the€military€judgement,€the€penalty€was€only€six€months€to€four€yearsÐ l*¼%* Ð(art.€139).€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ'In€addition,€article€125€of€the€new€Colombian€Penal€Code,€promulgated€on€25€January€1980Ð -n(- Ðand€in€force€since€25€January€1981€(Decree„Law€No.€100€of€1980)€provides€that€'personsÐ ° Ðwho€use€arms€in€attempting€to€overthrow€the€national€government€or€to€abolish€or€modifyÐ –æ Ðthe€existing€constitutional€or€legal€regime€shall€be€liable€to€ordinary€imprisonment€for€threeÐ |Ì Ðto€six€years'.€However,€neither€the€Colombian€Government€nor€the€Brigade€of€MilitaryÐ b² ÐInstitutions€applied€the€principle€of€benefit€of€penal€law,€laid€down€not€only€in€theÐ H˜ ÐColombian€Constitution,€but€also€in€article€15€(1)€of€the€Covenant:€'If,€subsequent€to€theÐ . ~ Ðcommission€of€the€offence,€provision€is€made€by€law€for€the€imposition€of€a€lighter€penalty,Ð  d Ðthe€offender€shall€benefit€thereby'."€Ð ú J ÐÌ10.€In€its€submission€under€article€4€(2)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€24€March€1982,€theÐ Æ   ÐState€party€reiterated€that:€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ'The€charges€made€by€Mrs.€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€Orlando€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,€JustoÐ xÈ  ÐGerman€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBecerraÔ_Ô€through€their€attorney,€Dr.€PedroÐ ^®  ÐPablo€Ô_ÔCamargoÔ_Ô,€that€they€were€arbitrarily€detained€lack€all€legal€basis€since€it€is€within€theÐ D”  Ðpower€of€the€Government€to€carry€out€investigations€through€the€judiciary€in€Ô_ÔreapcUtÔ_Ô€ofÐ *z  Ðpersons€who€are€presumed€to€have€committed€an€Ô_ÔoEfenceÔ_Ô€and,€to€ensure€that€they€appear€inÐ ` Ðcourt,€they€may€be€placed€under€preventive€detention.€However,€if€citizens€consider€thatÐ öF Ðthere€has€been€a€departure€from€the€law,€they€may,€in€accordance€with€articles€272„275€ofÐ Ü, Ðthe€Penal€Code,€make€a€complaint€on€the€grounds€of€arbitrary€detention.€Ð  ÐÌ'It€should€be€pointed€out€with€respect€to€civil€responsibility€arising€from€a€punishable€act€thatÐ ŽÞ Ðthere€is€a€prescriptive€period€of€20€years€if€an€action€is€brought€independently€of€criminalÐ tÄ Ðproceedings€and€a€prescriptive€period€equal€to€that€for€the€relevant€criminal€proceedings€ifÐ Zª Ðan€action€is€brought€as€part€of€such€proceedings€in€accordance€with€article€108€of€theÐ @ ÐCriminal€Code.€Where€the€sentence€may€be€one€of€deprivation€of€liberty,€the€prescriptiveÐ &v Ðperiod€for€criminal€proceedings€is€equal€to€the€maximum€sentence€provided€for€by€law,€butÐ  \ Ðin€no€case€may€it€be€less€than€five€years€or€more€than€20€years.€In€the€case€with€which€weÐ òB Ðare€concerned€(arbitrary€detention),€the€period€will€be€five€years,€that€being€the€maximumÐ Ø( Ðsentence€which€may€be€imposed.€Ð ¾ ÐÌ'Concerning€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô,€the€law€authorizesÐ Š Ú Ðthem,€providing€the€period€of€prescription€is€still€running,€to€submit€an€appeal€for€review€orÐ p!À  Ðto€vacate€if€they€believe€that€the€judgement€of€the€Higher€Military€Court€was€not€inÐ V"¦! Ðaccordance€with€the€legal€principles€in€force€in€our€country.€There€is€no€period€establishedÐ <#Œ" Ðby€law€within€which€an€action€for€review€must€be€submitted,€although,€according€to€theÐ "$r# Ðinterpretation€of€articles€584„585€of€the'€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,€doctrine€holds€that€thisÐ %X $ Ðshould€be€done€while€the€person€is€serving€the€sentence.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ'The€parties€would€have€a€period€of€15€days€from€the€date€of€notification€of€the€sentence€ofÐ º' #' Ðthe€Higher€Military€Court€to€submit€an€appeal€to€vacate.€After€this€period,€the€right€to€seekÐ  (ð#( Ðto€vacate€a€judgement€by€the€Supreme€Court€of€Justice,€which€is€the€highest€body€for€theÐ †)Ö$) Ðverification€of€trials,€is€lost,€as€stipulated€in€article€573€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure,Ð l*¼%* Ðwhich€also€states€that€such€appeals€must€be€made€on€the€specific€grounds€set€forth€in€articleÐ R+¢&+ Ð580€of€the€Code€of€Criminal€Procedure.'€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð11.€In€his€additional€information€and€observations€dated€19€June€1982,€the€author€reiteratedÐ ° Ðthat€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€could€not€start€civil€or€administrative€proceedings€or€try€toÐ –æ Ðobtain€compensation€for€reasons€already€mentioned€(see€para.€6.1€above)€and€because€thereÐ |Ì Ðhas€not€been€a€judgement€declaring€that€they€had€been€arbitrarily€arrested.€He€further€arguedÐ b² Ðthat€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€cannot€submit€an€appeal€toÐ H˜ Ðvacate€a€judgement€because€of€lapse€of€time€or€for€review€because€there€are€no€grounds€toÐ . ~ Ðrequest€such€review.€Ð  d ÐÌ12.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee€has€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€lightÐ à 0 Ðof€all€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties,€as€provided€in€article€5€(1)€of€theÐ Æ   ÐOptional€Protocol.€The€Committee€bases€its€views€on€the€following€facts,€which€are€not€inÐ ¬ ü  Ðdispute€or€which€are€Ô_ÔunrefutedÔ_Ô€by€the€State€party.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ12.2€The€Supreme€Court€of€Justice€of€Colombia€in€a€judgement€of€30€October€1978€heldÐ ^®  ÐDecree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978€to€be€constitutional.€In€this€Decree€it€is€recalled€thatÐ D”  Ð'by€Decree€No.€2131€of€1976,€public€order€was€declared€to€be€disturbed€and€the€entireÐ *z  Ðnational€territory€in€a€state€of€siege'.€Article€9€of€Decree€No.€1923€reads€as€follows:€'TheÐ ` Ðmilitary€criminal€courts,€in€addition€to€exercising€the€competence€given€them€by€the€lawsÐ öF Ðand€regulations€in€force,€shall€try€by€court€martial€proceedings€the€offences€[in€particular€ofÐ Ü, Ðrebellion]€referred€to€in€articles€1,€2,€3,€4,€5€and€6,€as€well€as€those€committed€against€the€lifeÐ Â Ðand€person€of€members€of€the€Armed€Forces,€etc.'€In€this€Decree€No.€1923€judicial€powersÐ ¨ø Ðare€also€granted€to€army,€navy€and€air€force€commanders€(art.€11)€and€police€chiefs€(art.€12).€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ12.3€On€21€January€1979,€Mr.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€his€wife,€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€Pals€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô,Ð Zª Ðwere€arrested€by€troops€of€the€Brigade€de€Ô_ÔInstitutosÔ_Ô€Militates€under€Decree€No.€1923.€Mr.Ð @ ÐÔ_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€was€detained€incommunicado€at€the€Ô_ÔCuartelÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔInfanteriaÔ_Ô€de€Ô_ÔUsaquinÔ_Ô,€from€21€JanuaryÐ &v Ðto€10€February€1979€when€he€was€released€without€charges.€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€continued€to€beÐ  \ Ðdetained€for€over€one€year.€Mr.€and€Mrs.€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€were€released€as€a€result€of€courtÐ òB Ðdecisions€that€there€was€no€justification€for€their€continued€detention.€They€had€not,Ð Ø( Ðhowever,€had€a€possibility€themselves€to€take€proceedings€before€a€court€in€order€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_ÔÐ ¾ Ðcourt€might€decide€without€delay€on€the€lawfulness€of€their€detention.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ12.4€On€3€April€1979,€the€President€of€the€Summary€Court€Martial€(First€Battalion€ofÐ p!À  ÐMilitary€Police,€Brigade€of€Military€Institutions)€found€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€Gross€guiltyÐ V"¦! Ðof€the€offence€of€rebellion€(art.€7€of€the€judgement)€and€sentenced€him€to€a€principal€penaltyÐ <#Œ" Ðof€six€years€and€eight€months'€rigorous€imprisonment€and€interdiction€of€public€rights€andÐ "$r# Ðfunctions,€as€well€as€the€accessory€penalty€of€loss€of€òòÔ_ÔpatriaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔpotestasÔ_Ô€óófor€the€same€period.€InÐ %X $ Ðthe€same€judgement€it€sentenced€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBecerraÔ_Ô€to€six€years'€rigorousÐ î%>!% Ðimprisonment€and€interdiction€of€public€rights€and€functions€for€the€offence€of€rebellion.€TheÐ Ô&$"& Ðjudgement€states:€sin€conclusion,€the€sentences€to€be€passed€on€the€accused€who€have€beenÐ º' #' Ðdeclared€guilty€of€the€offence€of€'rebellion'€shall€be€those€contained€in€article€2€of€Decree€No.Ð  (ð#( Ð1923€of€6€September€1978,€known€as€the€Statute€of€Security'.€In€October€1980,€the€HigherÐ †)Ö$) ÐMilitary€Tribunal€upheld€the€sentences€of€the€court€of€first€instance.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ13.1€In€formulating€its€views,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€also€takes€into€account€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðfollowing€considerations:€Ð -n(- Ї13.2€The€Committee€notes€that€the€Government€of€Colombia€in€its€submission€of€30€AprilÐ ° Ð1980€made€reference€to€a€situation€of€disturbed€public€order€in€Colombia€within€the€meaningÐ –æ Ðof€article€4,€paragraph€14€of€the€Covenant.€In€its€note€of€18€July€1980€to€the€Secretary„Ð |Ì ÐGeneral€of€the€United€Nations€(reproduced€in€document€Ô_ÔCCRPÔ_Ô/C/2/Add.4),€which€wasÐ b² Ðdesigned€to€comply€with€the€formal€requirements€laid€down€in€article€4€(3)€of€the€Covenant,Ð H˜ Ðthe€Government€of€Colombia€has€made€reference€to€the€existence€of€a€state€of€siege€in€allÐ . ~ Ðthe€national€territory€since€1976€and€to€the€necessity€to€adopt€extraordinary€measures€withinÐ  d Ðthe€framework€of€the€legal€regime€provided€for€in€the€National€Constitution€for€suchÐ ú J Ðsituations.€With€regard€to€the€rights€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€the€Government€ofÐ à 0 ÐColombia€declared€that€'temporary€measures€have€been€adopted€that€have€the€effect€ofÐ Æ   Ðlimiting€the€application€of€article€19,€paragraph€2,€and€article€21€of€that€Covenant".€TheÐ ¬ ü  Ðpresent€case,€however,€is€not€concerned€with€article€19€and€article€21€of€the€Covenant.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ13.3€The€allegations€as€to€breaches€of€the€provisions€of€article€14€of€the€CovenantÐ ^®  Ðconcerning€judicial€guarantees€and€fair€trial,€seem€to€be€based€on€the€premise€that€civiliansÐ D”  Ðmay€not€be€subject€to€military€penal€procedures€and€that€when€civilians€are€neverthelessÐ *z  Ðsubjected€to€such€procedures,€they€are€in€effect€deprived€of€basic€judicial€guarantees€aimedÐ ` Ðat€ensuring€fair€trial,€which€guarantees€would€be€afforded€to€them€under€the€normal€courtÐ öF Ðsystem,€because€military€courts€are€neither€competent,€independent€and€impartial.€TheÐ Ü, Ðarguments€of€the€author€in€substantiation€of€these€allegations€are€set€out€in€general€terms€andÐ Â Ðprincipally€linked€with€the€question€of€constitutionality€of€Decree€No.€1923.€He€does€not,Ð ¨ø Ðhowever,€cite€any€specific€incidents€or€facts€in€support€of€his€allegations€of€disregard€for€theÐ ŽÞ Ðjudicial€guarantees€provided€for€by€article€14€in€the€application€of€Decree€No.€1923€in€theÐ tÄ Ðcases€in€question.€Since€the€Committee€does€not€deal€with€questions€of€constitutionality,€butÐ Zª Ðwith€the€question€whether€a€law€is€in€conformity€with€the€Covenant,€as€applied€in€theÐ @ Ðcircumstances€of€this€case,€the€Committee€cannot€make€any€finding€of€breaches€of€article€14Ð &v Ðof€the€Covenant.€Ð  \ ÐÌ13.4€As€to€the€allegations€of€breaches€of€the€provisions€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant,€it€hasÐ Ø( Ðbeen€established€that€the€alleged€victims€did€not€have€recourse€to€òòhabeas€corpus.€óóOther€issuesÐ ¾ Ðare€in€dispute€in€particular,€whether€the€alleged€victims€were€in€fact€subjected€to€arbitraryÐ ¤ô Ðarrest€and€detention.€The€author€argues€on€the€one€hand€that€in€the€present€state€of€law€inÐ Š Ú ÐColombia€it€would€be€of€no€avail€to€pursue€domestic€remedies€for€compensation€or€damagesÐ p!À  Ðfor€arbitrary€arrest€or€detention€under€Decree€No.€1923,€since€the€Decree€has€been€declaredÐ V"¦! Ðconstitutional.€On€the€other€hand€he€argues€that,€notwithstanding€this€being€the€state€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðdomestic€law,€Decree€No.€1923€is€nevertheless€contrary€to€the€rights€set€out€in€article€9€ofÐ "$r# Ðthe€Covenant€to€such€an€extent€that€its€application€to€an€individual€makes€him€a€victim€ofÐ %X $ Ðarbitrary€arrest€and€detention.€The€Committee,€however,€must€limit€its€findings€to€anÐ î%>!% Ðassessment€as€to€whether€the€measures€in€question€have€denied€the€alleged€victims€the€rightsÐ Ô&$"& Ðguaranteed€by€article€9€of€the€Covenant.€In€the€case€before€it€the€Committee€cannot€concludeÐ º' #' Ðthat€the€arrest€and€detention€of€the€alleged€victims€were€unlawful.€It€has€therefore€not€beenÐ  (ð#( Ðestablished€that€the€application€of€Decree€No.€1923€has€led€to€arbitrary€arrest€and€detentionÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€the€alleged€victims,€within€the€meaning€of€the€provisions€of€article€9€of€the€Covenant.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ13.5€The€State€party€has€not€commented€on€the€authorððs€'further€allegations€(introduced€byÐ 8,ˆ', Ðhim€on€30€September€1981)€that€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€raider€rams€areÐ -n(- Ðalso€victims€of€violations€of€the€provisions€of€article€15€of€the€Covenant.€The€CommitteeÐ ° Ðholds€that€it€was€not€the€State€partyððs€duty€to€address€these€allegations,€as€they€were€onlyÐ –æ Ðintroduced€after€the€communication€had€been€declared€admissible,€in€regard€to€allegedÐ |Ì Ðbreaches€of€articles€9€and€14€of€the€Covenant.€The€silence€of€the€State€party€cannot,Ð b² Ðtherefore,€be€held€against€it.€The€Committee€has,€however,€òòex€officio,€óóconsidered€these€newÐ H˜ Ðallegations€and€finds€them€Ô_ÔillfoundedÔ_Ô.€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€IsabelÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€were€tried€and€convicted€for€offences€which€were€found€by€the€judgement€of€3Ð  d ÐApril€1979€to€constitute€a€course€of€action€which€continued€after€Decree€No.€1923€hadÐ ú J Ðentered€into€force.€On€the€other€hand,€the€author€has€not€shown€that€those€offences,€whichÐ à 0 Ðincluded€assaults€on€banks,€would€have€come€within€the€scope€of€the€new€article€125€of€theÐ Æ   ÐColombian€Penal€Code.€The€Committee€observes,€furthermore,€that€the€new€law€entered€intoÐ ¬ ü  Ðforce€after€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€had€been€convicted€andÐ ’â  Ðtheir€appeal€had€been€rejected.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ13.6€The€facts€as€reflected€in€the€information€before€the€Human€Rights€Committee€do€notÐ D”  Ðreveal€that€Justo€German€Ô_ÔBermudezÔ_Ô€and€Martha€Isabel€Ô_ÔValderramaÔ_Ô€are€victims€of€violationsÐ *z  Ðof€rights€protected€by€the€Covenant.€Ð ` ÐÌ14.€The€Committee,€acting€under€article€5(4)€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€is€therefore€of€theÐ Ü, Ðview€that€the€facts€as€set€out€in€paragraphs€12.2,€12.3€and€12.4€above€disclose€violations€ofÐ Â Ðthe€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€particularly:€Ð ¨ø ÐÌof€article€9€(3),€because€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ôððs€right€to€be€tried€or€releasedÐ tÄ Ðwithin€a€reasonable€time€was€not€respected;€Ð Zª ÐÌof€article€9€(4),€because€Orlando€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Bonds€and€Maria€Cristina€Salazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€couldÐ &v Ðnot€themselves€take€òòproceedingsóó€in€order€that€a€court€might€decide€without€delay€on€theÐ  \ Ðlawfulness€of€their€detention.€Ð òB ÐÌ15.€The€Committee€accordingly€is€of€the€view€that€the€State€party€is€under€an€obligation€toÐ ¾ Ðprovide€adequate€remedies€for€the€violations€which€Orlando€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€and€Maria€ChristinaÐ ¤ô ÐSalazar€de€Ô_ÔFalsÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔBordaÔ_Ô€have€suffered€and€that€it€should€adjust€Ô_ÔitsÔ_Ô€laws€in€order€to€give€effectÐ Š Ú Ðto€the€rights€set€forth€in€article€9€(4)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð p!À  ÐÌÌ___________Ð "$r# ÐÌ*€See€the€text€of€Legislative€Decree€No.€1923€in€the€appendix€below.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌÌÓ« ÓÓ  Óò òòòAPPENDIX€Xóóó ó€Ð  (ð#( ÐÓ‹ÓÓÓ ÓÌÌòòRepublic€of€Colombia€Ministry€of€Justiceóó€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌòòDecree€No.€1923€of€6€September€1978óó€Ð -n(- ÐÔ_Ô‡promulgating€rules€for€the€protection€of€the€lives,€honour€and€property€of€persons€andÐ ° Ð9uaranteein9€the€security€of€members€of€society€Ð –æ ÐÌThe€President€of€the€Republic€of€Colombia€in€the€exercise€of€his€constitutional€powers,€andÐ b² Ðespecially€those€conferred€on€him€by€article€121€of€the€National€Constitution,€andÐ H˜ ÐConsidering:€Ð . ~ ÐÌThat,€by€Decree€No.€2131€of€1976,€the€public€order€was€declared€to€be€disturbed€and€theÐ ú J Ðentire€national€territory€in€a€state€of€siege;€Ð à 0 ÐÌThat€it€is€the€responsibility€of€the€President€of€the€Republic€to€ensure€the€prompt€and€fullÐ ¬ ü  Ðadministration€of€justice€throughout€the€Republic,€and€that€he€is€required€to€provide€theÐ ’â  Ðjudicial€authorities,€in€accordance€with€law,€with€such€assistance€as€is€needed€in€order€to€giveÐ xÈ  Ðeffect€to€their€decisions;€Ð ^®  ÐÌThat€it€is€also€the€responsibility€of€the€President€of€the€Republic€to€presereve€public€orderÐ *z  Ðthroughout€the€territory€of€the€Nation,€to€restore€it€where€it€has€been€disturbed,€and€to€defendÐ ` Ðwork,€which€is€a€social€obligation€deserving€the€special€protection€of€the€State;€Ð öF ÐÌThat€the€causes€of€disturbance€of€public€order€have€from€time€to€time€reappeared€and€haveÐ Â Ðbecome€more€acute,€creating€a€climate€of€general€insecurity€and€degenerating€into€murder,Ð ¨ø Ðabduction,€sedition,€riot€or€insurrection,€or€into€terrorist€practices€designed€to€produceÐ ŽÞ Ðpolitical€effects€leading€to€the€undermining€of€the€present€republican€regime,€or€into€effortsÐ tÄ Ðto€justify€crime,€acts€which€infringe€the€rights€of€citizens€recognized€by€the€Constitution€andÐ Zª Ðby€the€laws€and€which€are€essential€for€the€maintenance€and€preservation€of€public€order;€Ð @ ÐÌThat€it€is€essential€to€enact€security€measures€for€the€maintenance€of€social€order€and€peaceÐ  \ Ðin€the€territory€of€the€Republic,€and€Ð òB ÐÌThat,€under€article€16€of€the€Constitution,€the€authorities€of€the€Republic€are€instituted€toÐ ¾ Ðprotect€the€lives,€honour€and€property€of€all€persons,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌÝ‚ÿÿÿÝò òÔÔÝ  ÝDecrees:€Ý‚ÿÿÿ¹Ý€in€Ýó óÔÔÝ  ÝÐ p!À  ÐÌòòArticle€1.€óóAny€person€who,€in€order€to€obtain€for€himself€or€'for€another€an€unlawfulÐ <#Œ" Ðadvantage€or€benefit,€or€for€purely€political€ends€or€for€purposes€of€publicity,€deprivesÐ "$r# Ðanother€of€his€freedom€or€plans,€organizes€or€co„ordinates€any€such€act€shall€incur€a€penaltyÐ %X $ Ðof€8€to€10€years'€imprisonment€with€compulsory€labour€òò(presidio).óó€Ð î%>!% ÐÌAny€person€or€persons€who€abduct€others€and,€in€order€to€commit€the€offence,€or€in€theÐ º' #' Ðcourse€of€its€execution€or€commission,€cause€them€injuries€or€subject€them€to€torture,€orÐ  (ð#( Ðcompel€them€to€act€against€their€will€and€demand€money€or€lay€down€other€conditions€forÐ †)Ö$) Ðtheir€release,€'shall€incur€a€penalty€of€10€to€20€years'€imprisonment€with€compulsory€labour.€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌIf,€because€or€on€the€occasion€of€the€abduction,€the€death€of€the€abducted€person€or€thirdÐ 8,ˆ', Ðparties€occurs,€the€term€of€imprisonment€wih€compulsory€labour€shall€be€from€20€to€30Ð -n(- Ðyears.€Ð ° ÐÌPersons€accused€or€found€guilty€of€the€crime€of€abduction€shall€in€no€case€be€eligible€forÐ |Ì Ðsuspended€preventive€detention€or€a€suspended€sentence.€Ð b² ÐÌòòArticle€2.€óóPersons€who€foment,€head€or€lead€an€armed€rising€to€overthrow€the€Ý‚ ÿÿÿÝòòÔÔÝ  ÝlegallyÐ . ~ ÐÝ‚ ÿÿÿ©ã€in€ÝóóÔÔÝ  Ýconstituted€National€Government,€or€wholly€or€partly€to€change€or€suspend€the€existingÐ  d Ðconstitutional€system,€with€respect€to€the€formation,€fÝ‚ ÿÿÿÝòòÔÔÝ  Ýunctioning€or€Ý‚ ÿÿÿËäIt€sÝóóÔÔÝ  Ýreplacement€of€the€publicÐ ú J Ðpowers€or€organs€or€sovereignty,€shall€incur€8€to€14€years'€imprisonment€with€compulsoryÐ à 0 Ðlabour€and€shall€be€debarred€from€exercising€rights€and€holding€public€office€for€the€sameÐ Æ   Ðperiod.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌThose€who€merely€take€part€in€the€rebellion,€being€in€its€employ€and€having€a€military,Ð xÈ  Ðpolitical€or€judicial€authority€or€jurisdiction,€shall€be€liable€to€two€thirds€of€the€penaltyÐ ^®  Ðprovided€for€in€the€previous€paragraph.€Other€persons€involved€in€the€rebellion€shall€incurÐ D”  Ðone€third€of€this€penalty.€Ð *z  ÐÌòòArticle€3.€óóThose€who€form€armed€bands,€gangs€or€groups€of€three€or€more€persons€andÐ öF Ðinvade€or€attack€villages,€estates,€farms,€roads€or€public€highways,€causing€deaths,€fires€orÐ Ü, Ðdamage€to€property,€or€who,€using€violence€against€persons€or€'objects,€commit€otherÐ Â Ðoffences€against€the€security€and€integrity€of€the€community,€or€who€by€means€of€threatsÐ ¨ø Ðappropriate€livestock,€valuables€or€other€movable€objects€belonging€to€others€or€force€theirÐ ŽÞ Ðproprietors,€owners€or€administrators€to€surrender€them,€or€who€institute€the€payment€ofÐ tÄ Ðcontributions€on€the€pretext€of€guaranteeing,€respecting€or€defending€the€lives€or€rights€ofÐ Zª Ðpersons,€shall€incur€a€term€of€imprisonment€with€compulsory€labour€of€10€to€15€years.€Ð @ ÐÌòòArticle€4.€óóThose€who€cause€or€take€part€in€disturbances€of€public€order€in€towns€or€otherÐ  \ Ðurban€areas,€who€disturb€the€peaceful€conduct€of€social€activities€or€who€cause€fires,€and€inÐ òB Ðso€doing€bring€about€the€death€of€persons,€shall€incur€a€penalty€of€20€to€24€years'Ð Ø( Ðimprisonment€with€compulsory€labour.€If€they€merely€cause€bodily€harm,€the€penalty€shallÐ ¾ Ðbe€from€1€to€12€years.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌIf€the€acts€referred€to€in€this€article€are€not€committed€with€the€aim€of€causing€death€orÐ p!À  Ðbodily€injury,€the€penalty€shall€be€from€1€to€5€years'€ordinary€imprisonment€òò(prision).óó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòArticle€5.€óóThose€who€cause€damage€to€property€by€the€use€of€bombs,€detonators,€explosives,Ð "$r# Ðor€chemical€or€inflammable€substances€shall€incur€a€term€of€ordinary€imprisonment€of€2€toÐ %X $ Ð6€years.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌIf€the€death€of€one€Or€more€persons€occurs€as€a€consequence€of€acts€as€described€in€the€firstÐ º' #' Ðparagraph€of€this€article,€the€penalty€shall€be€from€20€to€24€years'€imprisonment€withÐ  (ð#( Ðcompulsory€labour.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌIf€the€acts€cause€only€bodily€injury,€the€penalty€shall€be€from€4€to€10€years.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌThe€penalties€referred€to€in€this€article€shall€be€increased€by€one€third€if€those€who€commitÐ -n(- Ðthe€acts€conceal€their€identity€by€the€use€of€disguises,€masks,€stockings€or€other€devicesÐ ° Ðintended€to€conceal€their€identity,€or€if€they€use€firearms€in€these€circumstances.€Ð –æ ÐÌòòArticle€6.€óóAny€person€or€persons€who,€by€means€of€threats€or€violence,€by€falselyÐ b² Ðrepresenting€themselves€as€public€officials€or€as€acting€on€the€orders€of€such€officials,€and,Ð H˜ Ðfor€the€purposes€of€obtaining€an€unlawful€advantage,€for€themselves€or€for€a€third€party,Ð . ~ Ðforce€another€person€to€surrender,€dispatch,€deposit€or€place€at€their€disposal€articles€orÐ  d Ðmoney€or€documents€capable€of€producing€legal€effects,€shall€incur€4€to€10€years'Ð ú J Ðimprisonment€with€compulsory€labour.€Any€person€who€by€the€same€means€forces€anotherÐ à 0 Ðto€sign€or€to€destroy€instruments€of€obligation€or€credit€shall€incur€the€same€penalty.€Ð Æ   ÐÌòòArticle€7.€óóA€term€of€up€to€one€year's€incommutable€imprisonment€òò(arresto)€óóshall€be€incurredÐ ’â  Ðby€any€person€or€persons€who:€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ(a)€Temporarily€occupy€public€places€or€places€open€to€the€public,€or€offices€of€public€orÐ D”  Ðprivate€bodies,€for€the€purpose€of€exerting€pressure€in€order€to€secure€a€decision€by€lawfulÐ *z  Ðauthorities,€distributing€subversive€propaganda€in€such€places,€posting€offensive€orÐ ` Ðsubversive€writings€or€drawings€in€them,€or€exhorting€the€population€to€rebellion;€Ð öF ÐÌ(b)€Incite€others€to€break€the€law€or€to€disobey€the€authorities,€or€who€disregard€a€legitimateÐ Â Ðorder€by€a€competent€authority;€Ð ¨ø ÐÌ(c)€Make€improper€use€of€disguises,€stockings,€masks€or€other€devices€for€concealingÐ tÄ Ðidentity€or€who€alter,€destroy€or€conceal€the€registration€plates€of€vehicles;€Ð Zª ÐÌ(d)€Fail,€without€just€cause,€to€provide€public€services€which€they€are€required€to€furnish€orÐ &v Ðassistance€requested€of€them€by€the€authorities€or€assistance€requested€by€any€person€whoseÐ  \ Ðlife€or€property€is€threatened;€Ð òB ÐÌ(e)€Are€in€improper€possession€of€articles€which€may€be€used€to€commit€offences€against€theÐ ¾ Ðlife€and€integrity€of€persons,€such€as€firearms,€daggers,€knives,€machetes,€sticks,€blowpipes,Ð ¤ô Ðstones,€bottles€filled€with€petrol,€fuses,€or€chemical€or€explosive€substances;€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ(f)€Print,€store,€carry,€distribute€or€transport€subversive€propaganda;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ(g)€Demand€money€or€goods€for€the€conduct€of€unlawful€activities,€so€as€to€permit€theÐ "$r# Ðmovements€of€persons,€goods€or€vehicles,€or€who€impede€the€free€movement€of€otherÐ %X $ Ðpersons.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌòòArticle€8.€óóSo€long€as€public€order€continues€to€be€disturbed,€the€Mayor€of€the€Special€DistrictÐ º' #' Ðof€Bogota,€the€Governors,€Intendents€and€Superintendents€of€the€capitals€of€the€differentÐ  (ð#( Ðdepartments€and€the€Mayors€of€Municipalities€may€order€a€curfew,€and€prohibit€or€regulateÐ †)Ö$) Ðpublic€demonstrations,€processions,€meetings€and€the€sale€and€consumption€of€intoxicatingÐ l*¼%* Ðbeverages.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌThe€Mayors€of€Municipalities€shall€immediately€advise€the€Governor,€Intendent€orÐ -n(- ÐSuperintendent€of€such€action.€Ð ° ÐÌòòArticle€9.€óóThe€military€criminal€courts,€in€addition€to€exercising€the€competence€given€themÐ |Ì Ðby€the€laws€and€regulations€in€force,€shall€try€by€court€martial€proceedings€the€offencesÐ b² Ðreferred€to€in€articles€1,€2,€3,€4,€5€and€6,€as€well€as€those€committed€against€the€life€andÐ H˜ Ðperson€of€members€of€the€Armed€Forces,€against€civilians€working€for€the€Armed€Forces€andÐ . ~ Ðagainst€members€of€the€Administrative€Department€of€Security€(DAS),€whether€or€notÐ  d Ðengaged€in€the€performance€of€their€duties,€and€against€public€officials,€because€of€theÐ ú J Ðposition€they€hold€or€because€of€the€exercise€of€their€functions.€Ð à 0 ÐÌòòArticle€10.€óóAny€person€who,€without€the€permission€of€the€competent€authority,Ð ¬ ü  Ðmanufactures,€stores,€distributes,€sells,€transports,€supplies,€acquires€or€carries€firearms,Ð ’â  Ðammunition€or€explosives€shall€incur€a€penalty€of€up€to€one€year's€imprisonment€òò(arresto)Ð xÈ  Ðóóand€the€confiscation€of€the€articles€concerned.€Ð ^®  ÐÌShould€the€firearm€or€ammunition€be€an€article€for€the€exclusive€use€of€the€Armed€Forces,Ð *z  Ðthe€term€of€imprisonment€shall€be€from€1€to€3€years,€without€prejudice€to€the€confiscationÐ ` Ðof€the€article€concerned.€Ð öF ÐÌòòArticle€11.€óóThe€penalties€referred€to€in€article€7,€paragraphs€(a)€and€(b),€and€in€article€10,Ð Â Ðshall€be€enforced€by€Army,€Navy€or€Air€Force€Base€Commanders,€in€accordance€with€theÐ ¨ø Ðfollowing€procedure:€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌThe€accused€shall€answer€the€charge€within€24€hours€following€the€hearing€of€the€facts.€HeÐ Zª Ðmust€be€assisted€by€a€legal€representative€in€these€proceedings.€Ð @ ÐÌA€period€of€four€days,€starting€on€the€day€following€these€proceedings,€shall€be€allowed€forÐ  \ Ðthe€submission€of€any€evidence€which€has€been€requested€by€the€accused€or€his€legalÐ òB Ðrepresentative€or€called€for€by€the€official.€Ð Ø( ÐÌIf€within€the€24€hours€following€the€hearing€of€the€facts€it€has€not€been€possible€to€hear€theÐ ¤ô Ðplea€of€the€accused€because€he€has€failed€to€appear,€he€shall€be€summoned€to€appear€by€anÐ Š Ú Ðorder€which€shall€be€posted€for€two€days€in€the€adjutant's€office€of€the€appropriate€Army,Ð p!À  ÐNavy€or€Air€Force€Base€Command.€Ð V"¦! ÐÌIf€the€person€accused€of€the€offence€has€not€appeared€by€the€end€of€this€period,€he€shall€beÐ "$r# Ðdeclared€absent€and€a€lawyer€shall€be€appointed€by€the€court€as€his€defence€counsel,€to€actÐ %X $ Ðfor€him€until€the€close€of€the€investigation.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌWhen€the€above€periods€have€elapsed,€the€appropriate€written€decision,€including€a€statementÐ º' #' Ðof€reasons,€shall€be€issued.€This€decision€shall€indicate,€if€the€accused€is€found€guilty,€hisÐ  (ð#( Ðname.,€the€offence,€the€charge€against€him,€the€sentence€passed€on€him€and€the€place€whereÐ †)Ö$) Ðhe€is€required€to€serve€it.€If,€being€in€custody,€he€is€cleared€of€the€charge,€he€shall€be€releasedÐ l*¼%* Ðforthwith.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌThe€terms€specified€in€this€article€may€be€increased€by€a€maximum€of€100€per€cent€if€fiveÐ -n(- Ðor€more€persons€committed€the€offence.€Ð ° ÐÌThe€decision€referred€to€in€the€preceding€provisions€of€this€article€shall€be€notifiedÐ |Ì Ðpersonally€to€the€offender€or€to€the€defence€counsel€appointed€by€the€court,€as€the€case€mayÐ b² Ðbe.€Any€appeal€shall€be€against€the€decision€only€and€shall€be€lodged€within€24€hoursÐ H˜ Ðfollowing€such€notification€and€heard€on€the€following€day.€Ð . ~ ÐÌòòArticle€12.€óóThe€penalties€referred€to€in€article€7,€paragraphs€(c),€(d),€(e),€(f)€and€(g),€shall€beÐ ú J Ðimposed€by€police€station€commanders€having€the€rank€of€Captain€or€above,€who€shall€hearÐ à 0 Ðthe€case€in€accordance€with€the€procedure€laid€down€in€the€preceding€article.€In€localitiesÐ Æ   Ðwhere€there€is€no€such€commander,€the€Mayor€or€the€Inspector€of€Police€shall€hear€the€case.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòArticle€13.€óóSo€long€as€public€order€continues€to€be€disturbed,€radio€stations€and€televisionÐ xÈ  Ðchannels€shall€not€broadcast€information,€statements,€communiques€or€comments€relatingÐ ^®  Ðto€public€order,€cessations€of€activities,€work€stoppages,€illegal€strikes€or€information€whichÐ D”  Ðincites€to€crime€or€aims€to€justify€it.€Ð *z  ÐÌThe€Ministry€of€Communications€shall,€by€a€decision€which€includes€a€statement€of€reasonsÐ öF Ðand€against€which€only€an€application€for€reversal€may€be€lodged,€impose€penalties€for€anyÐ Ü, Ðinfraction€of€this€article,€in€conformity€with€the€relevant€provisions€of€Rct€No.€74€of€1966Ð Â Ðand€Decree€No.€2085€of.1975.€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòArticle€14.€óóThe€Ministry€of€Communications€is€empowered,€under€article€5€of€Decree€No.Ð tÄ Ð3418€of€1954€to€take€over,€on€behalf€of€the€State,€full€control€of€some€or€all€privatelyÐ Zª Ðoperated€broadcasting€frequencies€or€channels,€where€this€is€necessary€in€order€to€avert€aÐ @ Ðdisturbance€of€public€order€and€to€restore€normal€conditions.€Ð &v ÐÌLicences€for€broadcasting€services€which€are€taken€over€by€the€Colombian€State€shall€beÐ òB Ðconsidered€temporarily€suspended.€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòArticle€15.€óóThe€penalties€referred€to€in€articles€209,€210,€211,€212€and€213€of€Volume€2,Ð ¤ô ÐTitle€V€of€the€Penal€Code€relating€to€association€for€and€instigation€of€infraction€of€the€lawÐ Š Ú Ðshall€consist€of€from€1€to€8€years'€ordinary€imprisonment.€Ð p!À  ÐÌòòArticle€16.€óóThis€Decree€shall€enter€into€force€as€soon€as€it€is€issued€and€shall€suspend€legalÐ <#Œ" Ðprovisions€which€are€contrary€to€it.€Ð "$r# ÐÌFor€transmittal€and€implementation€Ð î%>!% ÐÌDone€at€Bogota,€D.E.,€on€6€September€1978€Ð º' #' ÐÌSECRETARY€OF€THE€INTERIOR€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóGerman€Zea€Hernandez€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌActing€Minister€for€Foreign€Affairs,€Ð -n(- Їòò(Signed)€óóCarlos€Borda€Mendoza€Ð ° ÐÌMinister€of€Justice,€Ð |Ì ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóHugo€Escobar€Sierra€Ð H˜ ÐÌMinister€of€Finance€,€Ð  d ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóJaime€Garcia€Parra€Ð à 0 ÐÌMinister€of€Defence,€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóLuis€Carlos€Camacho€Leyva€Ð xÈ  ÐÌMinister€of€Agriculture,€Ð D”  ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóGerman€Bula€Hoyos€Ð ` ÐÌMinister€of€Labour€and€Social€security,€Ð Ü, ÐÌòò(signed)€óóRodrigo€Marin€Bernal€Ð ¨ø ÐÌMinister€of€Health,€Ð tÄ ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóAlfonso€Jaramillo€Salazar€Ð @ ÐÌMinister€for€Economic€Development,€Ð  \ ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóGilberto€Echeverry€Mejia€Ð Ø( ÐÌMinister€for€Mines€and€Energy,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóAlberto€Vasquez€Restrepo€Ð p!À  ÐÌMinister€of€Education,€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóRodrigo€Lloreda€Caycedo€Ð %X $ ÐÌMinister€of€Communications,€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóJose€Manuel€Arias€Carrizosa€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌMinister€of€Public€Works€and€Transport,€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóEnrique€Vargas€Ramirez€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- ÐChief€of€the€Administrative€Department€of€the€Office€of€the€President€of€the€Republic,€Ð ° ÐÌòò(Signed)€óóAlvaro€Perez€VivesÐ |Ì ÐÌÓÓÓÓ