ÿWPC` UD´oqÓ±³¯½‚3øùéîT4hò}€ÏÔ»fÅìãvæ6ä|ðiSnÁÝ:™Däà³JN¡ í(»° Ï6$NÃ0U¡³šHC<ÿ1 Æ¥ ª‹|‚ËÕó~®ð–O° Aï¤ÌÖ²MRš‰Òôƒ)i/÷e8µdã2˜Ü¥“ çºf)-«b9Ò›9=÷*\ !ûú4ôB.´ËÜ”ÉOjæFSÎcÂÞç/ð·ÃXàhï.LðGûÒ>™§œsªwüSÁ¸l m¡5±cy¼ö)§äô¾à´¡µãéËä91wÁk KqŒPøzïF±U’¿&"×—†;”Q©0âA5< gÇ¡‘V‹Ù<ÅÌ$cís6“Œ¬[·&êê»n_{ÙvˆR½d«xØ©z‘·[KÌÓX>a‚“¾©‹ùï î#7CÖPãtB:9ªê@Q´&p¥ c(¢’JøH“þi:¹IbÍU2æŒâ9ÂËFÂeÃØCV.6–çã8/nLVzöØë5cÝØÆ}¿ê K¨˜¨Cܹ%XL>?œ›¦âRÓ5µîÓgxMyÇÅ'ÄMå žeá¿Þ”mJa j ‘æ6DU>¤Ìâ 0µ® 0µc 0< 0YT 0_­ 0i %u Æ{ 0áA 0(" D+J AMu u  0ÆÒ 0N˜ #Áæ UN§§Mõ(ùN!^ #w/43G mIô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Ca9;n Garc1a v. Ecuador, Communication No. 319/1988, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/43/D/319/1988 (1991)4/43/D/319/1988 (1991)"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ6F , ÿÿ4Heading 5Ô S ÔÓ €SÓÔ€ôôôÔò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ €SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓX Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2²Ï$££Ý ƒ†!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X;ÖXXXÔÔ€X;ÖXXX;ÖÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ž†$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X/’XXXÔÔ€X/’XXX/’ÔÔÔ(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular‚œô* Äpì*c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ†!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X;ÖXXXÔÔ€X;ÖXXX;ÖÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€v.€EcuadoróóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€319/1988Ð H˜ ÐÌ5€November€1991Ð  d ÐÌÔ_ÔCCPRÔ_Ô/C/43/D/319/1988*/Ð à 0 ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ ’â  ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€Edgar€A.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_ԀРD”  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð ` ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€EcuadorÐ Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€4€July€1988€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòDate€of€the€decision€on€admissibilityóó:€18€October€1990óóÐ tÄ ÐÌÌòòThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó,€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ &v Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,Ð  \ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€5€November€1991,Ð Ø( ÐÌòòHaving€consideredóó€communication€No.€319/1988,€submitted€to€the€Committee€by€EdgarÐ ¤ô ÐA.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ Š Ú ÐPolitical€Rights,Ð p!À  ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€ofÐ <#Œ" Ðthe€communication€and€by€the€State€party,Ð "$r# ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€its€Ð î%>!% ÐÌÓ  ÓÌò òòòViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocolóóó óÐ  (ð#( ÐÓ}ÓÌÌòòThe€facts€as€submitted€by€the€authoróó:Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ1.ò ò€ó óThe€author€of€the€communication€(initial€submission€dated€4€July€1988€and€subsequentÐ -n(- Ðcorrespondence)€is€Edgar€A.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô,€a€Colombian€citizen€currently€imprisoned€onÐ ° Ða€drug„trafficking€conviction€at€the€penitentiary€in€Anthony€(Texas/New€Mexico),€UnitedÐ –æ ÐStates€of€America.€He€is€represented€by€counsel.Ð |Ì ÐÌ2.1€The€author€lived€in€the€United€States€of€America€for€13€years€until€1982,€when€heÐ H˜ Ðreturned€to€Ô_ÔBogotÔ_Ô,€Colombia,€where€he€resided€until€July€1987.€On€22€July€1987,€heÐ . ~ ÐÔ_ÔtravelledÔ_Ô€to€Ô_ÔGuayaquilÔ_Ô,€Ecuador,€with€his€wife.€At€around€5€p.m.€the€same€day,€whileÐ  d Ðwalking€with€his€wife€in€the€reception€area€of€the€Ô_ÔOroÔ_Ô€Verde€Hotel,€they€were€surroundedÐ ú J Ðby€10€armed€men,€reportedly€Ecuadorian€police€officers€acting€on€behalf€of€Interpol€andÐ à 0 Ðthe€United€States€Drug€Enforcement€Agency€(Ô_ÔD.E.A.Ô_Ô),€who€forced€them€into€a€vehicleÐ Æ   Ðwaiting€in€front€of€the€hotel.€He€adds€that€he€asked€an€Ecuadorian€police€colonel€whetherÐ ¬ ü  Ðthe€Ecuadorian€police€(Ô_ÔPolicaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔNacionalÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔEcuatorianaÔ_Ô)€had€any€information€about€him;€heÐ ’â  Ðwas€told€that€the€police€merely€executed€an€"order"€coming€from€the€Embassy€of€theÐ xÈ  ÐUnited€States.€After€a€trip€of€approximately€one€hour,€they€arrived€at€what€appeared€to€beÐ ^®  Ða€private€residence,€where€Mr.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€was€separated€from€his€wife.Ð D”  ÐÌ2.2€He€claims€to€have€been€subjected€to€ill„treatment,€which€included€the€rubbing€of€saltÐ ` Ðwater€into€his€nasal€passages.€He€spent€the€night€handcuffed€to€a€table€and€a€chair,Ð öF Ðwithout€being€given€as€much€as€a€glass€of€water.€At€approximately€8€a.m.€the€nextÐ Ü, Ðmorning,€he€was€taken€to€the€airport€of€Guayaquil,€where€two€individuals,€who€hadÐ Â Ðparticipated€in€his€"abduction"€the€previous€day,€identified€themselves€as€agents€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐD.E.A.€and€informed€him€that€he€would€be€flown€to€the€United€States€on€the€basis€of€anÐ ŽÞ Ðarrest€warrant€issued€against€him€in€1982.Ð tÄ ÐÌ2.3€In€this€context,€the€author€notes€that€agents€of€the€D.E.A.€had€offered€him,€in€theÐ @ Ðcourse€of€a€covert€operation€in€1982,€to€carry€out€a€drug„trafficking€operation,€which€heÐ &v Ðhad€declined.€He€submits€that€he€never€committed€a€drug„related€offence,€and€argues€thatÐ  \ Ðthe€U.S.€authorities€decided€not€to€follow€the€formal€extradition€procedures€under€theÐ òB ÐUnited€States„Ecuador€Extradition€Treaty,€since€the€possibility€of€obtaining€anÐ Ø( Ðextradition€order€by€an€Ecuadorian€judge€would€have€been€remote.Ð ¾ ÐÌ2.4€After€it€had€been€ascertained€that€Mr.€Cað;ðn€spoke€and€understood€English,€the€so„Ð Š Ú Ðcalled€"Miranda€rights"€(after€a€landmark€decision€of€the€United€States€Supreme€CourtÐ p!À  Ðrequiring€criminal€suspects€to€be€informed€of€their€right€to€remain€silent,€to€obtain€theÐ V"¦! Ðassistance€of€a€lawyer€during€interrogation,€and€that€statements€made€by€them€may€beÐ <#Œ" Ðused€against€them€in€court)€were€read€out€to€him,€and€he€was€informed€that€he€wasÐ "$r# Ðdetained€by€order€of€the€United€States€Government.€The€author€asked€for€permission€toÐ %X $ Ðconsult€with€a€lawyer€or€to€speak€with€the€Colombian€Consul€at€Guayaquil,€but€hisÐ î%>!% Ðrequest€allegedly€was€turned€down;€instead,€he€was€immediately€made€to€board€a€planeÐ Ô&$"& Ðbound€for€the€United€States.Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.5€As€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€indicates€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðhe€was€unable€to€bring€his€case€before€an€Ecuadorian€judge€so€as€to€be€able€to€determineÐ l*¼%* Ðthe€legality€of€his€expulsion€from€the€country.€He€further€indicates€that€any€recourse€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðthe€Ecuadorian€courts€in€his€current€situation€would€not€be€effective;€in€this€context,€heÐ 8,ˆ', Ðnotes€that€he€does€not€have€the€financial€means€to€seize€the€Ecuadorian€courts,€nor€theÐ -n(- Ðbenefit€of€legal€assistance€in€Ecuador,€which€would€enable€him€to€start€civil€action€and/orÐ ° Ðto€seek€criminal€prosecution€of€those€responsible€for€his€alleged€ill„treatment.Ð –æ ÐÌòòThe€complaintóó:Ð b² ÐÌ3.€The€author€submits€that€the€facts€described€above€constitute€a€violation€of€articles€2,€5,Ð . ~ Ðparagraph€2,€7,€9,€paragraph€1,€13€and€17€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€andÐ  d ÐPolitical€Rights.€In€particular,€he€contends€that,€in€the€light€of€the€existence€of€a€validÐ ú J Ðextradition€treaty€between€the€State€party€and€the€United€States€at€the€time€of€hisÐ à 0 Ðapprehension,€he€should€have€been€afforded€the€procedural€safeguards€provided€for€inÐ Æ   Ðsaid€treaty.Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌòòThe€State€party's€information€and€observationsóó:Ð xÈ  ÐÌ4.1€The€State€party€did€not€make€any€submission€prior€to€the€adoption€of€the€Committee'sÐ D”  Ðdecision€declaring€the€communication€admissible.€On€11€July€1991,€it€informed€theÐ *z  ÐCommittee€as€follows:€Ð ` ÐÌ"The€act€in€question€occurred€on€22€July€1987,€before€the€present€administration€tookÐ Ü, Ðoffice.€Furthermore,€the€citizen€in€question€has€not€submitted€any€kind€of€application€orÐ Â Ðrecourse€to€the€competent€national€authorities.Ð ¨ø ÐÌNotwithstanding€the€foregoing,€since€it€is€the€basic€policy€of€the€Ecuadorian€GovernmentÐ tÄ Ðto€monitor€the€application€of€and€respect€for€human€rights,€especially€by€the€lawÐ Zª Ðenforcement€authorities,€a€thorough€and€meticulous€investigation€of€the€act€has€beenÐ @ Ðconducted€which€has€led€to€the€conclusion€that€there€were€indeed€administrative€andÐ &v Ðprocedural€irregularities€in€the€expulsion€of€the€Colombian€citizen,€a€fact€which€theÐ  \ ÐGovernment€deplores€and€has€undertaken€to€investigate€in€order€to€punish€the€personsÐ òB Ðresponsible€for€this€situation€and€to€prevent€the€recurrence€of€similar€cases€in€the€country.Ð Ø( ÐÌMoreover,€it€should€be€pointed€out€that,€in€compliance€with€clear€legal€provisionsÐ ¤ô Ðemanating€from€international€agreements€and€national€legislation,€Ecuador€is€conductingÐ Š Ú Ða€sustained€Ô_ÔandresoluteÔ_Ô€struggle€against€drug€trafficking€which,€on€this€occasion,Ð p!À  Ðregrettably€caused€police€officers€to€act€with€a€degree€of€severity€that€went€beyond€theirÐ V"¦! Ðinstructions€and€responsibilities.€In€any€event,€acts€such€as€this€are€certainly€notÐ <#Œ" Ðconsistent€with€the€Government's€policies€and€actions€which€are€in€fact€directed€towardsÐ "$r# Ðassuring€respect€and€observance€of€the€human€rights€and€fundamental€freedoms€of€theÐ %X $ Ðindividual,€whether€he€is€a€national€or€a€foreigner,€while€at€the€same€time,€ensuringÐ î%>!% Ðpublic€order€and,€in€this€specific€case,€meeting€the€Government's€concern€to€maintainÐ Ô&$"& Ðsuch€an€especially€valuable€asset€as€social€peace€and€its€obligation€to€combat€drugÐ º' #' Ðtrafficking€with€every€legal€means€available€to€it€in€order€to€avoid€situations€which€wouldÐ  (ð#( Ðbe€regrettable€and€which€are€occurring€in€a€number€of€countries€in€the€region€andÐ †)Ö$) Ðadjoining€Ecuador.Ð l*¼%* ÐÌThe€Government€will€communicate€the€relevant€information€on€the€measures€taken€toÐ 8,ˆ', Ðpunish€the€persons€responsible€for€this€act."Ð -n(- Ї4.2€The€Committee€welcomes€the€frank€cooperation€of€the€State€party.Ð ° ÐÌòòIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeóó:Ð |Ì ÐÌ5.1€On€18€October€1990,€the€Committee€declared€the€communication€admissibleÐ H˜ Ðinasmuch€as€it€appeared€to€raise€issues€under€articles€7,€9€and€13,€in€conjunction€withÐ . ~ Ðarticle€2,€of€the€Covenant.€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domesticÐ  d Ðremedies,€the€Committee€found€that,€on€the€basis€of€the€information€before€it,€there€wereÐ ú J Ðno€domestic€remedies€that€the€author€could€have€pursued.€The€Committee€furtherÐ à 0 Ðobserved€that€several€of€the€author's€allegations€appeared€to€be€directed€against€theÐ Æ   Ðauthorities€of€the€United€States,€and€deemed€the€relevant€parts€of€the€communicationÐ ¬ ü  Ðinadmissible,€since€the€United€States€had€not€ratified,€or€acceded€to,€the€Covenant€or€theÐ ’â  ÐOptional€Protocol.€Inasmuch€as€the€author's€claim€under€article€17€of€the€Covenant€wasÐ xÈ  Ðconcerned,€the€Committee€found€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô€had€failed€to€sufficientlyÐ ^®  Ðsubstantiate,€for€purposes€of€admissibility,€his€allegation.Ð D”  ÐÌ5.2€As€to€the€merits,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€notes€that€the€State€party€does€notÐ ` Ðseek€to€refute€the€author's€allegations,€in€so€far€as€they€relate€to€articles€7,€9€and€13€of€theÐ öF ÐCovenant,€and€that€it€concedes€that€the€author's€removal€from€Ecuadorian€jurisdictionÐ Ü, Ðsuffered€from€irregularities.€Ð  ÐÌ6.1€The€Human€Rights€Committee,€acting€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€OptionalÐ ŽÞ ÐProtocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€finds€that€the€factsÐ tÄ Ðbefore€it€reveal€violations€of€articles€7,€9€and€13€of€the€Covenant.Ð Zª ÐÌ6.2€In€accordance€with€the€provisions€of€article€2€of€the€Covenant,€the€State€party€is€underÐ &v Ðan€obligation€to€take€measures€to€remedy€the€violations€suffered€by€Mr.€Ô_ÔCað;ðnÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔGarcaÔ_Ô.€InÐ  \ Ðthis€connection,€the€Committee€has€taken€note€of€the€State€party's€assurance€that€it€isÐ òB Ðinvestigating€the€author's€claims€and€the€circumstances€leading€to€his€expulsion€fromÐ Ø( ÐEcuador,€with€a€view€to€prosecuting€those€held€responsible€for€the€violations€of€hisÐ ¾ Ðrights.€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ7.€The€Committee€would€appreciate€receiving€from€the€State€party,€within€ninety€days€ofÐ p!À  Ðthe€transmittal€to€it€of€this€decision,€all€pertinent€information€on€the€results€of€all€itsÐ V"¦! Ðinvestigations,€as€well€as€on€measures€taken€to€remedy€the€situation,€and€in€order€toÐ <#Œ" Ðprevent€the€repetition€of€such€events€in€the€future.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ[Done€in€English,€French,€Russian€and€Spanish,€the€English€text€being€the€originalÐ î%>!% Ðversion].Ð Ô&$"& ÐÌòòFootnotesóóÐ  (ð#( ÐÌ*€Made€public€by€decision€of€the€Human€Rights€Committee.Ð l*¼%* Ð