ÿWPCå £s£ë=;±Îº~N‘i Fs½•DI±û®aSÞÁi(¿zWÉ)aLõF‚3¤ÐS¡ Í?¬ö õ:?äüÊnã ÷¡¨-ÏŠê…{ƶBœ˜Þs;T÷‰ñ ^ÊW¶ŸßÜȪ¬©°·dŒ…×ÚçòçGŽK>#‘ç,£ŠŽȇám=¸òøÔâ&UâlkOg´‚Ñó]’ê}º·)E$ƒ¢…:ðòKʆ⢠lºÜÒÒäüò7µ(]­Béëªk{ˆïé2=^_ Èϑߌý÷0‰z9Žy<XîcÊõ2lC›˜1dÁ„·çÚ‘Ëj“šæ—¯…È ‚Ra(„ä³¥Ë~Ú¦v—·ÅÎ’î¿(ãô׈’ÎFÜÔ ñ„"vØΰ·w‹ÔE+§5^‹ÿ¶Eì·×wë5w0ËnØ,5šã8éÇØéJ¹)É$Uþµ]™îÚ÷©äÕª½n)Ð^€ùk>è!µ—7HD3R½¶Ñ„;YC+å±_ç•Ìܱ­UèÛÔ@‘5ãôñæÙHYŽ6er)軙̗†(ÉH’„8„ËíN\û€ yŒ QÂÝ4Î|òIâ¦)_ÄÆ1˜¶„£`U·ÐÂI ²È·¹Ã³ftaU>ˆÌÆ 0µ’ 0<G 0Yƒ 0_Ü 0i; 0P¤ 0TôÆH 0á 0(ï D+ AMB  0ÆŸ #Áe UN& %tMz(~N¦^ ¨w´4¸Ì mÎô\  `‹&Times New Roman' Paavo Muhonen v. Finland, Communication No. 89/1981 (8 April 1985), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 404.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2eT$££Ý ƒv’!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xº÷XXXÔÔ€Xº÷XXXº÷ÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(žv’$¡¡ÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€X¡ËXXXÔÔ€X¡ËXXX¡ËÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 6P/6MP - Standard,ä,,,,,ä0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularXˆrø* Äpì*ê:i¢Ø+00ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒv’!ÝÒÜ°ÒÒÜ°ÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xº÷XXXÔÔ€Xº÷XXXº÷ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôv.Ô_Ô€FinlandóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€89/1981Ð H˜ ÐÌ8€April€1985Ð  d ÐÌÌVIEWSó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóÔ_ÔPaavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_ԀРxÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóFinland€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó28€March€1981€(date€of€initial€letter)€Ð Ü, ÐÌòòDate€of€decision€on€admissibility:€óó6€April€1984€óóÐ ¨ø ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committeeóó€established€under€article€28€of€the€International€Covenant€onÐ Zª ÐCivil€and€Political€Rights:€Ð @ ÐÌòòMeetingóó€on€8€April€1985,€Ð  \ ÐÌòòHaving€concludedóó€its€consideration€of€Communication€No.€89/1981€submitted€to€theÐ Ø( ÐCommittee€by€Paavo€Muhonen€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€International€CovenantÐ ¾ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð ¤ô ÐÌòòHaving€taken€into€accountóó€all€written€information€made€available€to€it€by€the€author€of€theÐ p!À  Ðcommunication€and€by€the€State€party€concerned,€Ð V"¦! ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following:€Ð "$r# ÐÓqÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òViews€under€article€5,€paragraph€4,€of€the€Optional€Protocoló óóó€Ð Ô&$"& ÐÓ_ÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€28€March€1981€and€furtherÐ †)Ö$) Ðsubmissions€of€20€September€1981€and€25€January€1982)€is€Ô_ÔPaavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô,€a€FinnishÐ l*¼%* Ðcitizen,€horn€on€17€February€1950,€employed€as€a€librarian€in€Finland.€He€states€that€he€isÐ R+¢&+ Ða€conscientious€objector€to€military€service€and,€alleging€that€his€ethical€conviction€has€notÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbeen€respected€by€the€Finnish€authorities,€claims€to€be€a€victim€of€an€infringement€of€theÐ -n(- Ðright€to€freedom€of€conscience,€in€violation€of€article€18,€paragraph€1,€of€the€InternationalÐ ° ÐCovenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€The€facts€of€the€claim€are€as€follows.€Ð –æ ÐÌ2.1€In€August€1976,€at€that€time€eligible€for€military€service,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€applied€to€theÐ b² ÐMilitary€Service€Examining€Board€to€be€permitted,€on€profound€ethical€grounds€and€inÐ H˜ Ðaccordance€with€existing€law€(Unarmed€and€Alternative€Service€Act,€1969),€to€do€alternativeÐ . ~ Ðservice€subject€to€the€civil€authorities,€instead€of€armed€or€unarmed€service€in€the€armedÐ  d Ðforces.€By€its€decision€of€18€October€1977,€the€Examining€Board€rejected€the€application€onÐ ú J Ðthe€ground€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€had€not€proved€that€serious€moral€considerations€based€onÐ à 0 Ðethical€conviction€prevented€him€from€doing€armed€or€unarmed€military€service€and€orderedÐ Æ   Ðthat€he€should€do€armed€service€(with€the€details€of€posting€and€the€time€for€reporting€forÐ ¬ ü  Ðduty€to€be€communicated€to€him€at€a€later€date).€The€proceedings€before€the€ExaminingÐ ’â  ÐBoard€were€conducted€in€writing.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€did€not€avail€himself€of€the€opportunity€toÐ xÈ  Ðappear€personally€before€the€Examining€Board,€both€because€it€was€inconvenient€for€him€toÐ ^®  Ðtravel€a€long€distance€for€a€hearing€and€also€because€the€Examining€Board€had€indicated€toÐ D”  Ðhim€that€a€decision€could€be€taken€in€his€absence.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€therefore€concluded€that€hisÐ *z  Ðpresence€was€not€necessary€and€that€his€absence€would€not€affect€the€disposition€of€theÐ ` Ðmatter.€Being€dissatisfied€with€the€decision€of€the€Examining€Board,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€(as€heÐ öF Ðwas€entitled€to€under€the€law)€appealed€to€the€Ministry€of€Justice€to€change€the€decision€ofÐ Ü, Ðthe€Examining€Board.€By€a€decision€of€21€November€1977,€the€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ Â Ðconcluded€that€'no€cause€for€changing€the€decision€of€the€Military€Service€Examining€BoardÐ ¨ø Ð[had]€been€shown'€and€upheld€the€decision€of€the€Examining€Board.€The€text€of€the€decisionÐ ŽÞ Ðof€the€Ministry€of€Justice€also€states€that€under€the€law€"this€decision€is€not€subject€toÐ tÄ Ðappeal".€Ð Zª ÐÌ2.2€On€13€February€1978,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€resubmitted€to€the€Military€Service€ExaminingÐ &v ÐBoard€a€declaration€of€refusal€to€bear€arms.€The€Examining€Board€decided,€on€1€SeptemberÐ  \ Ð1978,€not€to€examine€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€renewed€declaration,€"as€the€Ministry€of€Justice€[had]Ð òB Ðalready€adopted€a€decision€in€this€case".€Mr.€Muhonen€again€appealed€to€the€Ministry€ofÐ Ø( ÐJustice,€asking€that€he€be€called€up€for€alternative€service.€In€a€decision€of€3€November€1978,Ð ¾ Ðthe€Ministry€of€Justice,€taking€the€view€that€the€Examining€Board€should€not€have€left€Mr.Ð ¤ô ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€declaration€without€a€hearing€on€the€grounds€invoked,€decided€not€to€return€theÐ Š Ú Ðmatter€to€the€Board€in€view€of€the€fact€that€the€circumstances€of€the€case€were€alreadyÐ p!À  Ðclarified,€but€to€give€it€direct€consideration,€reaching€the€conclusion€that€no€cause€had€beenÐ V"¦! Ðshown€for€changing€the€final€decision€which€the€Examining€Board€had€reached€in€itsÐ <#Œ" Ðdecision€of€18€October€1977€and€on€the€appeal€against€which€the€Ministry€of€Justice€hadÐ "$r# Ðadopted€a€decision€on€21€November€1977.€Again,€the€text€of€the€decision€of€the€Ministry€ofÐ %X $ ÐJustice€stated€that€it€was€not€subject€to€appeal."€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ2.3€In€the€meantime,€i.e.€before€the€Examining€Board€and€the€Ministry€of€Justice€acted€onÐ º' #' Ðhis€submission€of€13€February€1978,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€called€up€for€military€service€(15Ð  (ð#( ÐFebruary€1978).€He€reported€to€the€military€unit€where€he€had€been€posted€and€there€refusedÐ †)Ö$) Ðto€do€any€military€service.€He€was€furloughed€the€same€day.€Criminal€court€proceedingsÐ l*¼%* Ðwere€then€initiated€against€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€for€refusal€to€do€military€service€and€an€ordinaryÐ R+¢&+ Ðcourt€of€first€instance€sentenced€him€to€11€months€imprisonment€on€13€December€1978.€TheÐ 8,ˆ', ÐEastern€Finland€Higher€Court€confirmed€that€verdict€on€26€October€1979,€and€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_ÔÐ -n(- ÐÔ_Ôstarted€to€serve€his€sentence€on€4€June€1980.€Ð ° ÐÌ2.4€In€the€autumn€of€1980,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€applied€for€a€new€hearing€before€the€MilitaryÐ |Ì ÐService€Examining€Board,€which€acceded€to€this€request€and€now€found€in€Ô_ÔfavourÔ_Ô€of€Mr.Ð b² ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô.€In€a€decision€of€2€February€1981€the€Examining€Board€stated€as€follows:€Ð H˜ ÐÌ"The€Military€Service€Examining€Board,€having€studied€the€documents€relating€to€theÐ  d Ðoriginal€refusal€to€hear€arms€which€are€in€the€possession€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice,€andÐ ú J Ðhaving€provided€Mr.€Ô_ÔPaavoÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔJuhaniÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€with€an€opportunity€to€explain€his€convictionsÐ à 0 Ðpersonally€to€the€Board,€has€considered€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€application€and€has€found€that€Mr.Ð Æ   ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€who,€as€may€be€believed€on€the€basis€of€a€conversation€which€has€now€taken€place,Ð ¬ ü  Ðhas€an€ethical€conviction€within€the€meaning€of€the€Unarmed€and€Alternative€Service€ActÐ ’â  Ð(132/69)€which€prevents€him€from€doing€armed€or€unarmed€service€in€the€armed€forces€andÐ xÈ  Ðwho,€having€already€reached€the€age€of€30,€may€not€be€called€up€for€service.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"Accordingly,€this€case€requires€no€further€action€by€the€Military€Service€Examining€Board."€Ð *z  ÐÌ2.5€At€this€stage€(2€February€1981)€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€had€already€been€serving€his€11€months'Ð öF Ðprison€sentence€since€4€June€1980.€It€is€stated€on€his€behalf€that€a€number€of€persons€thenÐ Ü, Ðrequested€a€presidential€pardon€in€his€case;€that€the€case€was€handed€over€by€'the€MinistryÐ Â Ðof€Justice€to€the€Highest€Court€of€Finland;€and€that,€as€a€result,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€pardonedÐ ¨ø Ðon€27€March€1981€and€released€from€prison€two€weeks€later.€It€is€claimed,€however,€that€Mr.Ð ŽÞ ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€has€not€been€allowed€any€monetary€relief€for€the€wrongs€which€he€has€allegedlyÐ tÄ Ðsuffered.€The€facts,€as€submitted,€do€not€indicate€which€steps,€if€any,€have€been€taken€by€Mr.Ð Zª ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô,€or€on€his€behalf,€to€obtain€such€monetary€relief.€Ð @ ÐÌ2.6€As€stated€above€(see€para.€1)€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€claims€that€the€facts,€as€described,€make€himÐ  \ Ða€victim€of€a€violation€by€Finland€of€his€right€protected€by€article€18,€paragraph€1,€of€theÐ òB ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€reading€as€follows:€Ð Ø( ÐÌòòArticle€18óó€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"1.€Everyone€shall€have€the€right€to€freedom€of€thought,€conscience€and€religion.€This€rightÐ p!À  Ðshall€include€freedom€to€have€or€to€adopt€a€religion€or€belief€of€his€choice,€and€freedom,Ð V"¦! Ðeither€individually€or€in€community€with€others€and€in€public€or€private,€to€manifest€hisÐ <#Œ" Ðreligion€or€belief€in€worship,€observance,€practice€and€teaching."€Ð "$r# ÐÌ3.€The€Committee€was€of€the€opinion€that,€in€so€far€as€the€decisions€of€the€Military€ServiceÐ î%>!% ÐExamining€Board€and€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€in€1977€and€1978,€refusing€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô'sÐ Ô&$"& Ðapplication€to€be€exempted€from€service€in€the€armed€forces€on€ethical€grounds,€raised€aÐ º' #' ÐQuestion€of€compliance€with€article€18,€paragraph€1,€of€the€Covenant,€the€subsequentÐ  (ð#( Ðdecision€of€the€Examining€Board€of€2€February€1981€had€already€provided€an€answer€in€thatÐ †)Ö$) Ðrespect€and€that€consequently€no€further€Question€of€violation€of€that€article€arose.Ð l*¼%* ÐTherefore,€the€Question€whether€article€18,€paragraph€1,€guaranteed€a€right€of€conscientiousÐ R+¢&+ Ðobjection€to€military€service€did€not€have€to€be€determined€by€the€Committee€in€the€presentÐ 8,ˆ', Ðcase.€It€observed,€however,€that€the€facts€of€the€case€might€still€raise€an€issue€under€articleÐ -n(- Ð14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant€which€the€Committee€should€consider.€Ð ° ÐÌ4.1€On€28€July€1982,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decided€to€transmit€theÐ |Ì Ðcommunication€to€the€State€party€concerned€under€rule€91€of€the€provisional€rules€ofÐ b² Ðprocedure,€requesting€information€and€observations€relevant€to€the€Question€of€admissibility,Ð H˜ Ðin€so€far€as€the€communication€might€raise€issues€under€article€14,€paragraph€6,€of€theÐ . ~ ÐInternational€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€which€reads€as€follows:€Ð  d ÐÌòòArticle€14óó€Ð à 0 ÐÌ"...Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ"6.€When€a€person€has€by€a€final€decision€been€convicted€of€a€criminal€offence€and€whenÐ xÈ  Ðsubsequently€his€conviction€has€been€reversed€or€he€has€been€pardoned€on€the€ground€thatÐ ^®  Ða€new€or€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusively€that€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€ofÐ D”  Ðjustice,€the€person€who€has€suffered€punishment€as€a€result€of€such€conviction€shall€beÐ *z  Ðcompensated€according€to€law,€unless€it€is€proved€that€the€non„disclosure€of€the€unknownÐ ` Ðfact€in€time€is€wholly€or€partly€attributable€to€him."€Ð öF ÐÌ4.2€In€response,€the€State€party,€on€29€October€1982,€objected€to€the€admissibility€of€theÐ Â Ðcommunication€on€the€ground€that€"in€so€far€as€the€communication€refers€to€decisions€of€theÐ ¨ø ÐMinistry€of€Justice,€all€local€remedies€bays€not€been€exhausted€in€this€case,€since€theÐ ŽÞ Ðpossibility€of€seeking€the€annulment€of€the€decision€in€the€Supreme€Administrative€Court,Ð tÄ Ðwhich€is€open€to€the€author€of€communication,€has€not€yet€been€used".€Ð Zª ÐÌ5.1€Considering€that€the€successive€decisions€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€handed€to€Mr.Ð &v ÐÔ_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€had€already€stated€that€there€was€no€appeal€from€the€decisions€of€the€Ministry€ofÐ  \ ÐJustice,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€requested€further€clarifications€from€the€State€partyÐ òB Ðas€to€the€nature€of€the€remedy€which€it€now€said€had€been€available€to€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ5.2€The€State€party's€response,€dated€21€June€1983,€reads€as€follows:€Ð ¤ô ÐÌ"According€to€paragraph€6€of€the€Act€on€Extraordinary€'Remedies€in€Administrative€AffairsÐ p!À  Ð(200/66),€the€extraordinary€remedy€of€seeking€the€annulment€of€an€administrative€decisionÐ V"¦! Ðcan€be€used:€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ"1.€If€a€procedural€fault€has€been€made€in€the€case€that€may€have€essentially€affected€theÐ %X $ Ðdecision;€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ"2.€If€the€decision€is€based€on€an€apparently€faulty€application€of€law€or€on€a€mistake€thatÐ º' #' Ðmay€have€essentially€affected€the€decision;€Ð  (ð#( ÐÌ"3.€If€such€new€information€has€been€obtained€in€the€case€that€might€have€essentiallyÐ l*¼%* Ðaffected€the€decision€and€the€appellant€is€not€responsible€for€the€omission€to€present€suchÐ R+¢&+ Ðinformation€on€time.€Ð 8,ˆ', ÐÐ -n(- Ð"In€the€case€of€this€extraordinary€remedy,€an€application€must€be€lodged€with€the€supremeÐ ° Ðadministrative€court€within€five€years€from€the€entry€into€effect€of€the€decision.€IfÐ –æ Ðparticularly€weighty€grounds€exist,€an€extraordinary€remedy€may€be€used€after€the€set€periodÐ |Ì Ðof€five€years.€Ð b² ÐÌ"The€Ministry€of€Justice€of€Finland€considers€that€in€the€present€case€where€normalÐ . ~ Ðprocedure€of€appeal€is€not€available,€an€extraordinary€remedy€such€as€seeking€the€annulmentÐ  d Ðof€Ô_Ôdecision[sÔ_Ô]€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€could€have€been€an€effective€local€remedy.€OwingÐ ú J Ðto€the€fact€that€a€decision€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice€under€section€6€of€the€Unarmed€andÐ à 0 ÐAlternative€Service€Act€cannot€be€subject€to€appeal,€similar€cases€have€previously€beenÐ Æ   Ðbrought€up€in€the€Supreme€Administrative€Court€on€the€basis€of€paragraph€6€of€the€Act€onÐ ¬ ü  ÐExtraordinary€Remedies€in€Administrative€Affairs€referred€to€above€and€have€been€decidedÐ ’â  Ðupon€by€the€Court.€Ð xÈ  ÐÌ"The€Ministry€of€Justice€of€Finland€considers€that€article€14,€paragraph€6€of€the€CovenantÐ D”  Ðdoes€not€apply€in€the€case€of€the€decision€of€the€city€court€of€Joensuu€of€13€December€1978Ð *z  Ðbased€on€act€No.€23€of€1970€on€the€punishment€of€certain€conscripts€refusing€to€do€regularÐ ` Ðmilitary€service,€since€the€decision€was€not€in€itself€wrong.€The€Ministry€of€Justice€states€thatÐ öF ÐMr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€could€possibly€have€avoided€the€process€through€the€use€of€the€extraordinaryÐ Ü, Ðremedy€of€seeking€the€annulment€of€the€decisions€of€the€Ministry€of€Justice.'€Ð  ÐÌ6.1€When€considering€the€admissibility€of€the€communication,€the€Committee€noted,€withÐ ŽÞ Ðregard€to€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Covenant,€that€it€could€not€accept€the€State€party'sÐ tÄ Ðcontention€that€the€communication€should€be€declared€inadmissible€on€the€ground€that€theÐ Zª Ðextraordinary€remedy€indicated€by€it€had€not€been€used.€In€the€first€place,€the€author€of€theÐ @ Ðcommunication€had€clearly€been€given€to€understand€that€there€was€no€further€remedy.Ð &v ÐSecondly,€having€regard€to€the€limited€scope€of€the€extraordinary€remedy€in€question,€theÐ  \ ÐState€party€did€not€show€that€there€were€grounds€for€believing€that€the€remedy€could€be€orÐ òB Ðcould€have€been€effective€in€the€particular€circumstances€of€the€case.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ6.2€With€regard€to€the€State€party's€contention€that€article€14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€CovenantÐ ¤ô Ðis€inapplicable€in€the€circumstances€of€the€present€case,€the€Committee€observed€that€Ô_ÔthatÔ_ÔÐ Š Ú Ðwas€a€matter€for€consideration€on€the€merits€of€the€communication.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ7.€On€6€April€1984€the€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€òòdecided:óó€Ð <#Œ" ÐÌ1.€That€the€communication€was€inadmissible€in€so€far€as€it€related€to€an€alleged€breach€ofÐ %X $ Ðarticle€18,€paragraph€1,€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€in€viewÐ î%>!% Ðof€the€remedy€obtained€by€the€author€of€the€communication€on€2€February€1981€(see€paras.Ð Ô&$"& Ð2.4,€2.6€and€3€above)€;€Ð º' #' ÐÌ2.€That€the€communication€was€admissible,€in€so€far€as€it€raised€issues€under€article€14,Ð †)Ö$) Ðparagraph€6,€of€the€Covenant;€Ð l*¼%* ÐÌ3.€That,€in€accordance€with€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€State€partyÐ 8,ˆ', Ðbe€requested€to€submit€to€the€Committee,€within€six€months€of€the€date€of€transmittal€to€itÐ -n(- Ðof€this€decision,€written€explanations€or€statements€clarifying€the€matter€and€the€remedy,€ifÐ ° Ðany,€that€may€have€been€taken€by€it.€Ð –æ ÐÌ8.In€its€submission€under€article€4,€paragraph€2,€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€dated€22€OctoberÐ b² Ð1984,€the€State€party€again€reviewed€the€facts€of€the€communication€and€concluded:€Ð H˜ ÐÌ"The€author€of€communication€No.€89/1981€had€been€sentenced€by€a€court€of€law€on€theÐ  d Ðbasis€of€the€law€concerning€the€punishment€of€certain€conscripts€who€decline€to€do€militaryÐ ú J Ðservice€(23/72).€The€legality€of€the€sentence€had€been€considered€and€confirmed€at€theÐ à 0 Ðhighest€level€of€judicial€review.€The€fact€that€the€Military€Service€Examining€Board,€by€itsÐ Æ   Ðdecision€of€2€February€1981,€considered€that€the€conviction€of€the€applicant€had€now€beenÐ ¬ ü  Ðestablished€does€not€indicate€that€its€earlier€decisions€or€those€of€the€Ministry€of€JusticeÐ ’â  Ðwould€have€been€at€fault.€Under€no€circumstances€can€the€validity€of€the€decisions€of€theÐ xÈ  Ðcourts€of€law€in€this€matter€be€Questioned.€Ð ^®  ÐÌ"According€to€article€29€(1)€of€the€Constitution€Act€(94/19)€if,€due€to€changed€circumstances,Ð *z  Ðcompliance€with€a€valid€court€decision€is€no€longer€equitable,€the€President€can,€in€anÐ ` Ðindividual€case,€having€received€the€opinion€of€the€Supreme€Court,€pardon€the€personÐ öF Ðconcerned€or€make€his€sentence€lighter.€This€is€precisely€what€happened€in€the€case€of€theÐ Ü, Ðauthor€of€communication€No.€89/1981.€Ð  ÐÌ"There€was€no€'miscarriage€of€just€ice'€during€the€process.€Therefore,€article€14,€paragraphÐ ŽÞ Ð6,€of€the€Covenant€does€not€apply.€Nor€has€the€applicant€the€right€to€compensation€under€theÐ tÄ ÐLaw€on€Compensation€to€Persons€Who€Have€Been€Innocently€Imprisoned€or€ConvictedÐ Zª Ð(422/74)."€Ð @ ÐÌ9.€The€State€party's€submission€was€duly€forwarded€to€the€author€of€the€communication.€NoÐ  \ Ðfurther€comments€have€been€received€from€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô.€Ð òB ÐÌ10.€The€Committee,€having€considered€the€present€communication€in€the€light€of€allÐ ¾ Ðinformation.€made€available€to€it€by€the€parties€as€provided€for€in€article€5€(1)€of€the€OptionalÐ ¤ô ÐProtocol,€decides€to€base€its€views€on€the€facts€as€submitted€by€the€parties,€which€are€not€inÐ Š Ú Ðdispute.€Ð p!À  ÐÌ11.1€In€considering€the€merits€of€the€communication,€and€bearing€in€mind€the€decision€onÐ <#Œ" Ðadmissibility,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€starts€from€the€premise€that€existing€Finnish€lawÐ "$r# Ðgrants€certain€categories€of€persons€an€option€to€do€alternative€service€instead€of€armed€orÐ %X $ Ðunarmed€service€in€the€Finnish€Armed€Forces.€While€Finland€does€have€legislation€allowingÐ î%>!% Ðsuch€an€exemption,€the€Committee€recognizes€that€only€the€Finnish€authorities€areÐ Ô&$"& Ðresponsible€for€evaluating€each€application€for€exemption€under€Finnish€law.€Ð º' #' ÐÌ11.2€The€Committee's€task€is€limited€to€determining€whether,€in€the€particular€circumstancesÐ †)Ö$) Ðof€the€case,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€entitled€to€receive€compensation€in€accordance€with€articleÐ l*¼%* Ð14,€paragraph€6,€of€the€Covenant.€Such€a€right€to€compensation€may€arise€in€relation€toÐ R+¢&+ Ðcriminal€proceedings€if€either€the€conviction€of€a€person€has€been€reversed€or€if€he€or€sheÐ 8,ˆ', Ð"has€been€pardoned€on€the€ground€that€a€new€or€newly€discovered€fact€shows€conclusivelyÐ -n(- Ðthat€there€has€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice".€As€far€as€the€first€alternative€is€concerned,€theÐ ° ÐCommittee€observes€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€conviction,€as€pronounced€in€the€judgement€of€theÐ –æ Ðcity€court€of€Joensuu€on€13€December€1978€and€confirmed€by€the€Eastern€Finland€HigherÐ |Ì ÐCourt€on€26€October€1979,€has€never€been€set€aside€by€any€later€judicial€decision.Ð b² ÐFurthermore,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€was€not€pardoned€because€it€had€been€established€that€hisÐ H˜ Ðconviction€rested€on€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€According€to€the€relevant€Finnish€statute,€theÐ . ~ ÐLaw€concerning€the€punishment€of€certain€conscripts€who€decline€to€do€military€serviceÐ  d Ð(23/72),€whoever€refuses€military€service€not€having€been€recognized€as€a€conscientiousÐ ú J Ðobjector€by€the€Examining€Board€commits€a€punishable€offence.€This€means€that€the€rightÐ à 0 Ðto€decline€military€service€does€not€arise€automatically€once€the€prescribed€substantiveÐ Æ   Ðrequirements€are€met,€but€only€after€due€examination€and€recognition€of€the€alleged€ethicalÐ ¬ ü  Ðgrounds€by€the€competent€administrative€body.€Consequently,€the€presidential€pardon€doesÐ ’â  Ðnot€imply€that€there€had€been€a€miscarriage€of€justice.€As€the€State€party€has€pointed€out€inÐ xÈ  Ðits€submission€of€22€October€1984,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€pardoning€was€motivated€byÐ ^®  Ðconsiderations€of€equity.€Ð D”  ÐÌ11.3€To€be€sure,€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô's€conviction€came€about€as€a€result€of€the€decision€of€theÐ ` ÐExamining€Board€of€18€October€1977,€denying€him€the€legal€status€of€conscientiousÐ öF Ðobjector.€This€decision€was€based€on€the€evidence€which€the€Examining€Board€had€beforeÐ Ü, Ðit€at€that€time.€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€succeeded€in€persuading€the€Examining€Board€of€his€ethicalÐ Â Ðobjection€to€military€service€only€after€he€had€personally€appeared€before€that€bodyÐ ¨ø Ðfollowing€his€renewed€application€in€the€autumn€of€1980,€while€in€1977€he€had€failed€toÐ ŽÞ Ðavail€himself€of€the€opportunity€to€be€present€during€the€Examining€Board's€examination€ofÐ tÄ Ðhis€case.€Ð Zª ÐÌ12.€Accordingly,€the€Human€Rights€Committee€is€of€the€view€that€Mr.€Ô_ÔMuhonenÔ_Ô€has€no€rightÐ &v Ðto€compensation€which€the€Finnish€authorities€have€failed€to€Ô_ÔhonourÔ_Ô€and€that€consequentlyÐ  \ Ðthere€has€been€no€breach€of€article€14€(6)€of€the€Covenant.€Ð òB ÐÌÓØÓ