ÿWPCs uXK@s² ˆ2~…€MÐy÷@íÈ"JÇU÷x#Љ\t7}ø€Bþr-Ô±ÒþïÛ;7D"Sƒ“ߘšDÛylõІ{yó]Gž±•TÁð!µ¼~5 `¡·j‚ï놭œo—d` TeMùRöÝö÷/›×ø•HgÌ0…Ít¦ÔvLŸ†Â“égž·ÿÕÚ0}6l¨¤M«Î#z…ÆJ¬Ï¿÷ú4~ë ›£@[y+Ç~EnAw·‡­ÍŒ÷ã6e1î<ðÉÀÓ{V¨ÝÝÂ"‰‰?îÄt ³_@ªһ¬Úæcs¿°$%~"ARæÚÂ^[ èöÚ†Ê6û¶Ín%àgâKÃà̃¤fþ;+Pj¦›-(u©7;l¤ƒ6¬×ö¬ã7zV+7òPžR;ßuxc‚îüU•\54²‡ ZÁ:IlØpüäeþ\oªø‹0ÏŠÑÚ.ë0­ë£w4˜‹Û)[c•@qŸgÉÉ”¿â1íx*NŒ¸¡'Ke¬jÑ”ùŠø';Öǵr@ÞÖã@TC•ØÄY|ƒ€…È:º~´sŸ€xœ0UgØJVÏ4Üh+½ì“ð-‹x;—þ5Ó,J£Ð0T-Ÿü_ßyx ÍEÏÆ|¥E Lö8ø U>ÀÌþ 0µÊ 0< 0Y» 0_ 0is 0PÜ 0T, Æ€ 0áF 0(' D+O AMz z z Ç 0N× 0Æ% #Áë UN¬ %úM(N,^ .w:4>R mT kô\  `‹&Times New Roman' C. L. D. v. France, Communication No. 228/1987 (18 July 1988), U.N. Doc. Supp. No. 40 (A/44oc. Supp. No. 40 (A/4"Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   6F , ÿÿ4Heading 3Ô S ÔÓ p^SÓÔ€£££Ôò òÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔó óÓ p^SÓ<ÿÿ:Default Para6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ0ÿÿ.Strongò òÔ  Ôó óÔ  Ô4ÿÿ2EmphasisòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(¹2*Ô$££Ý ƒFŸ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XyÞXXXÔÔ€XyÞXXXyÞÔÔÔÝ  Ý(ÿÿ$’’'dxd A<< cÿÿ#|x(ÍO$——ÔÿÔòòóóÔÿÔ(žFŸ$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€Xk¾XXXÔÔ€Xk¾XXXk¾ÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÙØÙÙØÈÙ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX`’L) È­F)c(„³CorelÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÿÿ*Ý ƒFŸ!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€XyÞXXXÔÔ€XyÞXXXyÞÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òHUMAN€RIGHTS€COMMITTEEÐ ° ÐÌòòC.€L.€D.€v.€FranceóóÐ |Ì ÐÌCommunication€No.€228/1987Ð H˜ ÐÌ18€July€1988Ð  d ÐÌÌADMISSIBILITYó óÐ Æ   ÐÌÌòòòòSubmitted€by:€óóC.€L.€D.€[name€deleted]€Ð xÈ  ÐÌòòAlleged€victim:€óóThe€author€Ð D”  ÐÌòòState€party€concerned:€óóFrance€Ð ` ÐÌòòDate€of€communication:€óó16€May€1987€(date€of€initial€letter)€óóÐ Ü, ÐÌÌòòÓ  ÓThe€Human€Rights€Committee,€óóestablished€under€article€28€of€the€International€CovenantÐ ŽÞ Ðon€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€Ð tÄ ÐÌòòMeeting€óóon€18€July€1988,€Ð @ ÐÌòòAdopts€óóthe€following:€Ð  \ ÐÓµÓÌÌòòÓ  Óò òDecision€on€admissibilityóó*ó ó€Ð ¾ ÐÓßÓÌÌÓ  Ó1.€The€author€of€the€communication€(initial€letter€dated€16€May€1987€and€further€lettersÐ p!À  Ðdated€23€June,€21€July,€2€and€23€August,€30€October€and€2€December€1987,€18€January,€10Ð V"¦! ÐFebruary,€8€and€18€April,€4€and€10€May,€6,€8,€27€and€30€June€1988)€is€C.€L.€D.,€a€FrenchÐ <#Œ" Ðcitizen€born€in€1956€at€Lannejen,€France.€He€claims€to€be€the€victim€of€violations€by€theÐ "$r# ÐGovernment€of€France€of€article€2,€paragraphs€1„3,€article€19,€paragraph€2,€articles€26€andÐ %X $ Ð27€of€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ2.1€In€his€initial€submission,€the€author€states€that€the€French€Postal€Administration€(PTT)Ð º' #' Ðhas€refused€to€issue€him€postal€cheques€printed€in€the€Breton€language,€which€he€asserts€isÐ  (ð#( Ðhis€mother€tongue.€Many€persons€in€his€district€of€residence€are€said€to€be€proficient€inÐ †)Ö$) ÐBreton€and€numerous€employees€of€the€local€postal€administration€process€letters€addressedÐ l*¼%* Ðin€Breton.€He€observes€in€this€connection€that€other€countries€have€adjusted€to€multipleÐ R+¢&+ Ðlanguage€correspondence.€In€a€subsequent€letter€of€21€July€1987,€the€author€claims€that€theÐ 8,ˆ', Ðrefusal€by€the€French€fiscal€authorities€to€acknowledge€the€text€of€his€address€written€inÐ -n(- ÐBreton€also€violates€the€above„mentioned€articles€of€the€Covenant.€He€further€alleges€thatÐ ° Ðthe€fact€that€the€fiscal€authorities€have€refused€to€take€into€consideration€informationÐ –æ Ðprovided€by€him€in€Breton€has€resulted€in€his€being€asked€to€pay€taxes€which€do€not€take€intoÐ |Ì Ðaccount€tax„deductible€professional€expenses.€Ð b² ÐÌ2.2€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€author€statesÐ . ~ Ðthat€he€has€sought€the€annulment€of€a€decision€of€the€Regional€Chief€of€the€PostalÐ  d ÐAdministration€in€Rennes,€dated€27€August€1985,€rejecting€his€request€to€.have€his€postalÐ ú J Ðcheques€printed€in€Breton.€The€author€states€that€on€28€October€1985€he€filed€an€actionÐ à 0 Ðagainst€the€PTT€with€the€Administrative€Tribunal€Of€Rennes€with€a€view€to€having€the€aboveÐ Æ   Ðdecision€reversed.€With€respect€to€the€second€complaint,€directed€against€the€Ministry€of€theÐ ¬ ü  ÐEconomy€and€Finance,€he€states€that€he€filed€a€complaint€with€the€Administrative€TribunalÐ ’â  Ðof€Rennes€on€21€July€1986,€requesting€the€annulment€of€what€he€refers€to€as€the€"implicitÐ xÈ  Ðrejection€of€his€complaint€by€the€fiscal€authorities".€A€further€complaint€submitted€to€theÐ ^®  Ðsame€tribunal€asking€for€annulment€of€a€request€by€the€Regional€Head€Office€of€FiscalÐ D”  ÐServices€(Finistere)€to€submit€an€account€of€his€professional€expenses€for€1984€in€FrenchÐ *z  Ðrather€than€in€Breton€was€rejected€by€judgement€of€13€May€1987.€Ð ` ÐÌ3.€By€a€decision€dated€1€July€1987,€addressed€to€the€author€only.€the€Working€Group€of€theÐ Ü, ÐHuman€Rights€Committee€requested€further€clarification€of€the€steps€taken€by€the€author€toÐ Â Ðexhaust€domestic€remedies€after€his€petition€of€28€October€1985€to€the€AdministrativeÐ ¨ø ÐTribunal.€Ð ŽÞ ÐÌ4.1€By€a€letter€dated€30€October€1987,€the€author€replied€to€the€questions€posed€by€theÐ Zª ÐWorking€Group.€He€states€that€he€has€taken€no€steps€to€exhaust€domestic€remedies€afterÐ @ Ðpetitioning€the€Administrative€Tribunal€on€28€October€1985.€With€respect€to€his€actionÐ &v Ðagainst€the€Ministry€of€the€Economy€and€Finance€(address€in€Breton€and€statements€ofÐ  \ Ðprofessional€expenditures),€the€author€claims€that€there€have€been€no€new€developmentsÐ òB Ðsince€his€earlier€submissions€to€the€Committee.€Ð Ø( ÐÌ4.2€Under€cover€of€a€letter€dated€6€June€1988,€the€author€forwards€the€texts€of€twoÐ ¤ô Ðjudgements€rendered€by€the€Administrative€Tribunal€on€26€May€1988,€dismissing€his€actionsÐ Š Ú Ðagainst€the€PTT€and€against€the€Ministry€of€the€Economy€and€Finance.€The€TribunalÐ p!À  Ðendorsed€the€conclusions€of€the€representatives€of€the€PTT€and€of€the€Ministry€of€theÐ V"¦! ÐEconomy€and€Finance,€copies€of€which€the€author€forwarded€under€cover€of€a€letter€datedÐ <#Œ" Ð27€June€1988.€The€author€argues€that€he€does€not€intend€to€appeal€against€these€judgementsÐ "$r# Ðto€the€Conseil€d'Etat,€since€this€would€cause€"considerable€delays"€and€because€he€isÐ %X $ Ðconvinced€that€the€result€would,€in€any€case,€not€be€favourable€to€him.€Ð î%>!% ÐÌ5.1€Before€considering€any€claims€contained€in€a€communication,€the€Human€RightsÐ º' #' ÐCommittee€must,€in€accordance€with€rule€87€of€its€provisional€rules€of€procedure,€decideÐ  (ð#( Ðwhether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€the€Optional€Protocol€to€the€Covenant.€Ð †)Ö$) ÐÌ5.2€The€Committee€has€ascertained,€as€it€is€required€to€do€under€article€5,€paragraph€2€(a),Ð R+¢&+ Ðof€the€Optional€Protocol,€that€the€same€matter€is€not€being€examined€under€anotherÐ 8,ˆ', Ðprocedure€of€international€investigation€or€settlement.€Ð -n(- Ї5.3€With€respect€to€the€requirement€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€under€article€5,Ð ° Ðparagraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol,€the€Committee€notes€that€the€author€does€notÐ –æ Ðintend€to€appeal€against€the€judgements€of€the€Administrative€Tribunal€of€Rennes€of€26€MayÐ |Ì Ð1988€to€the€Conseil€d'Etat,€given€the€delays€that€an€appeal€would€entail€and€because€heÐ b² Ðbelievers€that€such€an€appeal€would€be€dismissed.€The€Committee€finds,€however,€that,€inÐ H˜ Ðthe€particular€circumstances€disclosed€by€the€communication,€the€author's€contentions€didÐ . ~ Ðnot€absolve€him€from€the€obligation€to€pursue€remedies€available€to€him.€It€concludes€thatÐ  d Ðthe€further€pursuit€of€the€author's€case€could€not€be€deemed€òòa€priorióó€futile€and€observes€thatÐ ú J Ðmere€doubts€about€the€success€of€a€remedy€do€not€render€it€ineffective€and€cannot€beÐ à 0 Ðadmitted€as€a€justification€for€non„compliance.€Unable€to€find€that€the€application€ofÐ Æ   Ðdomestic€remedies€in€this€case€has€been€unreasonably€prolonged,€the€Committee€concludesÐ ¬ ü  Ðthat€the€requirement€of€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€of€the€Optional€Protocol€has€not€been€met.€Ð ’â  ÐÌ6.€The€Human€Rights€Committee€therefore€decides:€Ð ^®  ÐÌ(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible;€Ð *z  ÐÌ(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€communicated€to€the€author€and,€for€information,€to€the€StateÐ öF Ðparty.€Ð Ü, ÐÌ______________Ð ¨ø ÐÌÔ% ‡ Ô*Ô%†1 Ô€The€text€of€an€individual€opinion€submitted€by€Mr.€Vojin€Dimitrijevic,€Mrs.€RosalynÐ tÄ ÐHiggins€and€Messrs.€Andreas€Mavrommatis,€Fausto€Pocar€and€Bertil€Wennergren€isÐ Zª Ðreproduced€in€appendix€I€to€section€E€of€the€present€annex.€The€text€of€an€individual€opinionÐ @ Ðsubmitted€by€Mr.€Birame€Ndiaye€is€reproduced€in€appendix€II.€Ð &v ÐÌÌÓ6ÓòòÓ  Óò òAppendixó óóó€Ð Ø( ÐÓõ!ÓÓÓÌÌòòIndividual€opinion:€submitted€by€Mr.€Dimitrijevic.€Mrs.€Higgins€and€Messrs.€Mavrommatis.Ð Š Ú ÐPocar€and€Wennergren€concerning€the€admissibility€of€communication€No.€228/1987,€C.€L.Ð p!À  ÐD.€v.€Franceóó€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ1.€We€agree€with€the€decision€of€the€Committee€that€the€communication€is€inadmissable.€Ð "$r# ÐÌ2.€However,€in€our€opinion,€the€finding€of€inadmissibility€should€be€based€on€article€3€of€theÐ î%>!% ÐOptional€Protocol,€rather€than€article€5,€paragraph€2€(b),€thereof.€There€is€an€order€of€priorityÐ Ô&$"& Ðin€those€articles,€in€the€sense€that€the€initial€task€of€the€Committee€must€necessarily€be€toÐ º' #' Ðascertain€whether€a€communication€appertains€to€a€claim€which,€if€proved€as€to€its€allegedÐ  (ð#( Ðfacts,€could€entail€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€If€it€could€not€entail€a€violation,€becauseÐ †)Ö$) Ðòòratione€materiae€óóit€is€not€within€the€Covenant,€the€communication€will€be€inadmissible€underÐ l*¼%* Ðarticle€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð R+¢&+ ÐÌ3.€Even€if€all€the€domestic€remedies€had€been€exhausted€in€respect€of€such€a€claim,€it€wouldÐ -n(- Ðstill€be€beyond€the€competence€of€the€Committee€òòratione€materiae€óóto€proceed.€Thus,€althoughÐ ° Ðin€this€preliminary€phase€of€its€work€the€Committee€is€not,€of€course,€examining€mattersÐ –æ Ðrelating€to€the€merits,€it€has€to€examine€the€claim€to€see€whether€it€is€incompatible€with€theÐ |Ì ÐCovenant"€that€is,€whether€or€not€it€potentially€relates€to€a€right€within€the€scope€of€theÐ b² ÐCovenant.€Ð H˜ ÐÌ4.€In€the€present€case€the€claims€of€the€author€reveal€no€facts€which,€even€if€proved,€couldÐ  d Ðoccasion€a€violation€of€the€Covenant.€None€of€the€articles€cited€by€the€author,€includingÐ ú J Ðarticle€27,€even€potentially€provide€the€entitlement€to€receive€postal€cheques€or€to€haveÐ à 0 Ðacknowledgement€of€one's€address€in€one's€mother€tongue.€In€our€view,€this€communicationÐ Æ   Ðis€inadmissible€under€article€3€of€the€Optional€Protocol.€Ð ¬ ü  ÐÌ5.€We€therefore€find€it€inappropriate€to€proceed€to€an€examination€of€the€local€remedies.€NorÐ xÈ  Ðis€it€necessary€to€examine€whether€the€declaration€of€the€Government€of€France€made€uponÐ ^®  Ðaccession€to€the€Covenant€is€to€be€interpreted€as€a€reservation€or€as€a€declaration€òòsimpliciter.Ð D”  Ðóó(The€relevant€clause€states€that€"in€the€light€of€article€2€of€the€Constitution€of€the€FrenchÐ *z  ÐRepublic,€the€French€Government€declares€that€article€27€is€not€applicable€so€far€as€theÐ ` ÐRepublic€is€concerned".)€Declarations€do€not€have€the€same€legal€consequences€asÐ öF Ðreservations.€In€any€case€where€jurisdiction€turned€on€the€effect€of€a€declaration,€it€would€beÐ Ü, Ðnecessary€to€see€whether€the€statement€of€the€country€concerned€was€in€fact,€regardless€ofÐ Â Ðits€nomenclature,€a€reservation€as€to€the€Committee's€jurisdiction€or€a€declaration€ofÐ ¨ø Ðinterpretation€by€the€State€party.€This€is€not€such€a€case€and€no€view€is€offered€here€as€to€theÐ ŽÞ Ðlegal€effect€of€the€French€declaration€regarding€article€27.€Ð tÄ ÐÌVojin€Dimitrijevic€Ð @ ÐÌRosalyn€Higgins€Ð  \ ÐÌAndteas€Mavrommatis€Ð Ø( ÐÌFausto€Pocar€Ð ¤ô ÐÌBertil€Wennergren€Ð p!À  ÐÌÌòòIndividual€opinion:€submitted€by€Mr.€Birame€Ndiaye€concerning€the€admissibility€ofÐ "$r# Ðcommunication€No.€228/1987,€C.€L.€D.€v.€Franceóó€Ð %X $ ÐÌ1.€A€decision€on€the€admissibility€of€a€communication€submitted€to€the€Committee€under€theÐ Ô&$"& ÐOptional€Protocol€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights€presupposesÐ º' #' Ða€òòprima€facie€óóexamination€of€its€content,€the€competence€of€the€Committee€being€limitedÐ  (ð#( Ðexclusively€to€the€rights€specified€in€the€Covenant.€If€the€Committee€ventured€to€considerÐ †)Ö$) Ða€complaint€based€on€the€alleged€violation€of€a€right€not€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant,€itÐ l*¼%* Ðwould€be€acting€òòultra€vires.€óóGiven€that€the€competence€of€the€Committee€is€limited€òòrationeÐ R+¢&+ Ðmateriae,€óóthe€order€to€be€followed€in€examining€the€criteria€for€admissibility€is€not€left€purelyÐ 8,ˆ', Ðto€its€discretion;€it€must€correspond€to€the€progression€established€by€articles€1,€2€and€3€andÐ -n(- Ðreflected€in€the€Committee's€rules€of€procedure€(rule€90).€The€Committee€should€notÐ ° Ðexamine€the€question€of€the€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies€without€first€considering€theÐ –æ Ðquestions€of€the€existence€of€a€right€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant€and€a€treaty€obligation€ofÐ |Ì Ðthe€State€which€is€the€object€of€the€complaint.€In€the€present€case,€however,€the€CommitteeÐ b² Ðproceeded€differently;€it€did€not€begin€by€asking€whether€the€communication€concerned€aÐ H˜ Ðright€guaranteed€by€the€Covenant€before€going€on€to€see€whether€or€not€France€has€anÐ . ~ Ðobligation€to€respect€the€provision€invoked.€Wrongly,€the€Committee€based€itself€forthwithÐ  d Ðon€the€non„exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies.€Ð ú J ÐÌ2.€By€proceeding€in€that€manner,€the€Committee€was€unable€to€see€that€the€only€right€whichÐ Æ   Ðseemed€to€be€involved€was€that€provided€for€in€article€27.€However,€article€27€has€a€preciseÐ ¬ ü  Ðcontent.€It€stipulates€that€persons€belonging€to€"ethnic,€religious€or€linguistic€minorities€...Ð ’â  Ðshall€not€be€denied€the€right,€in€community€with€the€other€members€of€their€group,€to€enjoyÐ xÈ  Ðtheir€own€culture,€to€profess€and€practise€their€own€religion,€or€to€use€their€own€language".Ð ^®  ÐThis€article€certainly€does€not€demand€of€States€parties€that€they€require€their€postalÐ D”  Ðadministrations€to€issue€postal€cheques€in€a€language€other€than€the€official€language,€norÐ *z  Ðdoes€it€stipulate€that€the€authorities€should€accept€information€provided€in€another€language.Ð ` ÐThe€Covenant€is€indifferent€to€the€centralized€or€decentralized€character€of€States,€to€theÐ öF Ðexistence€or€non„existence€of€an€official€language.€By€apparently€overlooking€that€point,€theÐ Ü, ÐCommittee€arrived€at€a€decision€which€is€all€the€more€open€to€criticism€in€that€the€questionÐ Â Ðof€national€languages€has€enormous€political€significance€for€third€world€States,€particularlyÐ ¨ø Ðin€Africa.€But€whatever€its€legitimacy,€the€problem€of€such€languages€cannot€be€solved€byÐ ŽÞ Ðacts€of€the€Committee€and€in€any€case€not€beyond€the€content€of€article€27.€Ð tÄ ÐÌ3.€The€Committee's€decision€in€the€òòC,€L.€D.€óóv.€òòFrance€óócase€is€also€or€more€especially€to€beÐ @ Ðregretted€in€that€it€has€in€no€way€settled€the€question€of€whether€or€not€France€is€a€party€toÐ &v Ðarticle€27.€The€separability€of€consent€to€be€bound€by€an€international€convention€is€the€ruleÐ  \ Ðin€international€law€and€its€only€limits€are€the€rules€stipulated€in€article€19€of€the€1969Ð òB ÐVienna€Convention€on€the€Law€of€Treaties:€Ð Ø( ÐÌ"A€State€may,€when€signing,€ratifying,€accepting,€approving€or€acceding€to€a€treaty,Ð ¤ô Ðformulate€a€reservation€unless:€Ð Š Ú ÐÌ"(a)€The€reservation€is€prohibited€by€the€treaty;€Ð V"¦! ÐÌ"(b)€The€treaty€provides€that€only€specified€reservations,€which€do€not€include€theÐ "$r# Ðreservation€in€question,€may€be€made;€or€Ð %X $ ÐÌ"(c)€In€cases€not€falling€under€subparagraphs€(a)€and€(b),€the€reservation€is€incompatible€withÐ Ô&$"& Ðthe€object€and€purpose€of€the€treaty."€Ð º' #' ÐÌ4.€Upon€accession€to€the€International€Covenant€on€Civil€and€Political€Rights,€theÐ †)Ö$) ÐGovernment€of€the€French€Republic€declared€that:€"in€the€light€of€article€2€of€theÐ l*¼%* ÐConstitution€of€the€French€Republic€...€article€27€is€not€applicable€so€far€as€the€Republic€isÐ R+¢&+ Ðconcerned".€Clearly€France,€in€basing€itself€on€a€rule€of€its€internal€law€of€fundamentalÐ 8,ˆ', Ðimportance€(Vienna€Convention,€1969,€art.€46),€has€excluded€article€27€from€its€acceptance.Ð -n(- ÐFor€France,€the€Covenant€has€26€articles€and€no€State€party€has€challenged€that€by€objectingÐ ° Ðto€the€reservation.€Accordingly,€it€is€incomprehensible€that€the€Committee,€which€of€courseÐ –æ Ðhas€no€power€to€object€to€the€reservations€of€States€parties,€should€have€acted€as€thoughÐ |Ì ÐFrance€was€a€party€to€article€27.€For€me,€the€communication€of€C.€L.€D.€is€inadmissible€inÐ b² Ðthe€first€instance€because€France€is€not€a€party€to€article€27€and€subsequently€because€theÐ H˜ Ðcontent€of€the€article€is€not€what€the€author€claims.€It€was€inappropriate€to€examine€theÐ . ~ Ðcriterion€of€exhaustion€of€domestic€remedies,€the€Committee€being€incompetent€òòrationeÐ  d Ðmateriae.óó€Ð ú J ÐÌ5.€Unfounded€in€terms€of€the€Covenant€and€the€Protocol€thereto,€this€decision€is€anÐ Æ   Ðinducement€to€internal€and€external€proceedings€which€is€particularly€unjustifiable€in€thatÐ ¬ ü  Ðthey€will€achieve€nothing€in€the€Committee.€Ð ’â  ÐÌBirame€Ndiaye€Ð ^®  ÐÓ8"ÓÌ