ÿWPC)  7XŸfþ©²ÕÑ0é(`<Àp»©²ÕÁ.2Í2Y®˜ÞXKÒJÇ«`,«“I®+%Ál®Ü5].Í_ÚD£Î“qo¯ö[g?uâRã^iãÄÙ¨.|Ö:Óò8]^E*¤BùüN)N+±’·Âr™<37L†5`´ë‹â>KãzN¤²c¦Tn. (@g¾Ý°È’keíî7é#ßWV“!-›ÅB*¥¦J{ùhY¨J„Ê à ™÷hw¯+SBz Àš øIu¨Å S8Aª$‚Ò£Î_P #eâ­Pò6»á‰Ú"’ä»-…{ pÊŒêòO}Aø4—_f ž`&½A æ žXb#WJ¾ƒ Éw†œ\‹–k­p‚[ªä)a¦þ)0žQ®ÕÍ'ôÊC:ò?õoo¾É! ˆý>B1ñ³¾‹v7çâ¬x`ÿ#(´H{F&H¡;ËæÐU¸ÍC ªýí,ú«x‰d(á2e°ÜŸ/ŒP)xæ¼Í?‡wl!üêQ¯¨ÜT3µ½¾•A KÐãÐEÝí»Û(:Ãù!S¸S’-¨‹…¼@ 'Î ®®¸9ôP‡6? %’: §çjûz¼ }ÁëCÇQ¸qU>BÌ€ 0nL 0iº 0Y# 0_| 0&ÛU6  7 0ÆG #! UN. %| M‚ († N® ^ ° w@¼ 4ü  m ô\  `‹&Times New Roman' United Nations Human Rights Website - Treaty Bodies Database - Document - Jurisprudence - 4nt - Jurisprudence - "Angie Dituri"0Angie Dituri .   <ÿÿ:Default ParaÔ€ôôôÔÔ€XXXÔ< ÿÿ:Normal (Web)Ô S ÔÓ =jSÓÓ =jSÓ6ÿÿ4HyperlinkóóòòÔ ÿ ÔóóÔ  Ô<ÿÿ:FollowedHypeóóòòÔ  ÔóóÔ  Ô<qyÿÿ:HTML TypewriÔ€ôôôÔÔK€<þ6X9`(‹Courier NewKÔÔ  ÔÔ€XXXÔÔS€ô\  `‹&Times New RomanSÔÔ  Ô<þ6X9`(‹Courier New#|x(žÃ$¡¡ÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ X|ÐXX XÔÔ€X|ÐXX X|ÐÔÔÔ˜HP LaserJet 4000 Series PSÈÚØÚÚØÈÚ0(ÈhH  Z‹6Times New Roman Regular X n4)Æ [ [ [ [[[[D££as()ÿU‹ÿÀÀÀÝ ƒ Ã!ÝÒܰÒÒܰÒÔ..ÔÔ  ÔÔ  ÔÓ  ÓÔ€ XØvXX XÔÔ€XØvXX XØvÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òCOMMITTEE€AGAINST€TORTUREÐ ° ÐÌòòD.€v.€FranceóóÐ ˆØ ÐÌCommunication€No€45/1996ÌÌ10€November€1997ÌÌCAT/C/19/D/45/1996ÌÌÌADMISSIBILITYÌó óÌÌòòòòSubmitted€byóó:€D.€(name€deleted)€(represented€by€Ô_ÔAFIDRAÔ_Ô)€Ð ˜è  ÐÌòòAlleged€victimóó:€The€author€Ð pÀ ÐÌòòState€partyóó:€France€Ð H˜ ÐÌòòDate€of€communicationóó:€13€December€1995€óóÐ  p ÐÌÌòòññÓ  ÓÓ  ÓññThe€Committee€against€Tortureóó,€established€under€article€17€of€the€Convention€againstÐ ä4 ÐTorture€and€Other€Cruel,€Inhuman€or€Degrading€Treatment€or€Punishment,€ÌÌòòMeetingóó€on€10€November€1997,€Ð ¨ø ÐÌòòAdoptsóó€the€following€decision:€Ð €Ð ÐññÓ  ÓññÌññÓ±ÓññÐ Ðò òòòDecision€on€admissibilityóóó óÐ D!” ÐññÓ  ÓññññÓÓññÌÌ1.€The€author€of€the€communication€is€D.,€a€citizen€of€the€Democratic€Republic€of€the€CongoÏ(formerly€Zaire),€born€on€25€May€1959,€currently€residing€in€France.€He€is€represented€by€theÏAssociation€pour€la€formation,€Ô_Ôl'insertionÔ_Ô€et€le€Ô_ÔdveloppementÔ_Ô€rural€en€Ô_ÔAfriqueÔ_Ô€(Ô_ÔAFIDRAÔ_Ô).€ÌÌòòFacts€submitted€by€the€authoróó€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ2.€The€Association€states€that€D.€is€a€member€of€the€Union€pour€la€dmocratie€et€le€ProgrsÏSocial€and€participated€in€activities€for€that€party€in€Zaire,€such€as€printing€leaflets€andÏposters.€On€13€February€1990,€he€was€arrested€by€the€Division€Spciale€PrsidentielleÏ(Special€Presidential€Division)€on€the€grounds€of€a€breach€of€public€order.€He€was€held€forÏthree€months€in€prison€without€being€tried€or€brought€before€a€judge,€and€was€subjected€toÐ @-(, Ðill„treatment€by€his€prison€warders.€The€author€states€that€after€his€family€intervened€he€wasÏprovisionally€released€on€20€May€1990€and€told€to€report€to€the€police€once€a€month.ÏHowever,€in€his€request€to€the€Office€Francais€de€Protection€des€rfugis€et€ApatridesÏ(French€Office€for€the€Protection€of€Refugees€and€Stateless€People)€on€16€August€1990,€D.Ïstated€that€he€had€escaped€from€prison€on€20€May€1990,€and€a€"wanted"€notice€confirmingÏthis€statement€is€enclosed€by€the€author.€ÌÌ2.2€It€is€submitted€that,€following€the€massacres€of€students€at€Lubumbashi€in€May€1990,€D.Ïwas€again€suspected€of€printing€leaflets,€and€decided€to€leave€the€country€with€a€falseÏpassport€and€visa.€He€entered€France€through€Belgium€on€1€August€1990.€ÌÌ2.3€On€16€August€1990,€D.€filed€a€request€for€refugee€status,€which€was€turned€down€by€theÏOffice€Francais€de€Protection€des€Rfugis€et€Apatrides€on€24€August€1990,€on€the€groundsÏthat€the€alleged€facts€and€risk€of€persecution€were€not€sufficiently€substantiated.€His€appealÏwas€then€rejected€by€the€Commission€de€Recours€des€Rfugis€(Commission€of€Appeal€inÏRefugee€Matters)€on€22€February€1991.€As€a€result,€his€application€for€a€residence€permit€wasÏrefused€by€the€police€authorities€of€Paris€on€2€May€1991,€and€D.€was€ordered€to€leave€FranceÏby€2€June€1991.€Despite€this,€he€apparently€stayed€in€France.€ÌÌ2.4€On€15€July€1993,€D.€filed€a€further€request€on€the€grounds€of€his€father's€alleged€murderÏin€Zaire€on€10€July€1993,€which€was€rejected€by€the€Office€Francais€des€Rfugis,€etÏApatrides.€His€appeal€was€again€rejected€on€17€December€1993€by€Commission€de€RecoursÏdes€Rfugis,€on€the€grounds€that€there€were€no€new€facts,€since€he€had€stated€that€theÏpolitical€situation€in€Zaire€had€not€changed.€It€is€submitted€that€D.€was€unable€to€file€anÏappeal€against€this€decision€with€the€Conseil€d'Etat,€because€he€was€not€provided€with€legalÏaid.€ÌÌ2.5€Following€an€order€of€escort€to€the€frontier€(òòarrt€de€reconduite€€la€frontireóó),€D.€wasÐ ”ä Ðarrested€in€1994€during€an€identity€check€and€kept€for€48€hours€in€custody€and€6€days€inÏdetention.€He€then€had€to€be€released€because€there€was€no€flight€available€for€his€deportationÏto€Zaire.€D.€claims€that€he€only€heard€of€the€order€of€escort€to€the€frontier€when€he€wasÏalready€under€arrest.€In€this€connection,€it€is€submitted€that€the€order€apparently€had€been€sentÏby€registered€mail,€and€that€the€French€post€office€does€not€hand€over€mail€to€foreignersÏwithout€residence€permits.€It€is€further€stated€that€no€arrest€warrant€was€shown€to€D.,Ïalthough€he€had€requested€it€in€order€to€appeal€against€his€arrest.€It€is€submitted€that€it€wasÏfor€that€reason€that€D.€was€not€able€to€appeal€against€the€order€of€escort€to€the€frontier€orÏagainst€his€arrest.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ññ ñòòñ ñThe€complaintñ ñóóñ ññ ñó óñ ñ€Ð ¸'#& ÐÌ3.€D.€says€that€he€fears€for€his€life€if€forced€to€return€to€the€Democratic€Republic€of€theÏCongo.€ÌÌñ ñò òñ ññ ñòòñ ñState€party's€observations€on€the€admissibility€of€the€communicationñ ñóóñ ññ ñó óñ ñ€Ð T,¤'+ ÐÐ @-(, Ð4.1€By€submission€of€29€April€1997,€the€State€party€argues€that€the€communication€isÏinadmissible€because€domestic€remedies€had€not€been€exhausted.€ÌÌ4.2€The€State€party€explains€that€any€foreigner€whose€appeal€has€been€definitively€rejectedÏby€the€Commission€de€Ô_ÔRecoursÔ_Ô€des€Ô_ÔRfugisÔ_Ô€is€requested€to€leave€French€territory€within€aÏmonth€of€being€notified€of€the€decision.€The€decision€is€notified€by€registered€letter€withÏÔ_ÔacknowledgementÔ_Ô€of€receipt€delivered€to€the€address€given€by€the€person€concerned.€If€theÏperson€is€not€at€home€when€the€postal€official€delivers€the€letter,€a€notice€is€left€at€the€addressÏinforming€the€person€that€the€letter€may€be€collected€at€the€post€office€indicated€on€the€notice.ÏAccording€to€the€State€party,€the€postal€administration,€contrary€to€the€author's€allegations,Ïusually€hands€over€the€letter€if€the€recipient€can€show€proof€of€identity,€and€is€not€responsibleÏfor€judging€the€validity€of€the€residence€permit€shown,€with€respect€to€its€expiry.€TheÏsummons€to€leave€the€territory€states€that€the€person€concerned€has€15€days€to€submitÏcomments,€especially€regarding€any€risks€he€may€be€exposed€to€in€the€event€of€returning€toÏhis€country€of€origin.€ÌÌ4.3€The€State€party€argues€that€several€appeal€procedures€were€available€to€D.,€and€that€heÏdid€not€use€them.€According€to€the€State€party,€he€was€entitled€to€submit€an€application€forÏjudicial€review€to€the€Ô_ÔConseilÔ_Ô€Ô_Ôd'EtatÔ_Ô€against€the€Commission's€decisions€of€28€February€1991Ïand€17€December€1993.€Secondly,€he€could€have€requested€the€cancellation€of€the€summonsÏto€leave€French€territory€before€the€administrative€court.€ÌÌ4.4€Lastly,€the€State€party€points€out€that€D.€did€not€appeal€against€the€order€of€escort€to€theÏfrontier€dated€25€November€1991.€The€State€party€says€that€the€law€allows€a€specific€appealÏagainst€orders€of€escort€to€the€frontier€to€be€lodged€before€the€judge€for€escort€to€the€frontierÏof€the€administrative€court€with€territorial€jurisdiction.€Such€appeal€must€be€lodged€withinÏ24€hours€of€the€order€being€notified.€On€hearing€the€appeal,€the€judge€has€48€hours€to€issueÏa€ruling,€during€which€time€proceedings€are€suspended.€When€the€appeal€has€been€submitted,Ïthe€judge€must,€where€appropriate,€entertain€the€complaint€that€the€person€concerned€runs€theÏrisk€of€being€subjected€to€torture€or€to€inhuman€and€degrading€treatment€in€the€event€of€aÏreturn€to€the€country€of€origin,€in€conformity€either€with€international€rules,€or€with€rules€ofÏdomestic€law.€ÌÌññò òñññ ñòòñ ñThe€author's€commentsñ ñóóñ ñññó óññ€Ð #l! ÐÌ5.1€In€his€comments€on€the€State€party's€observations,€the€author€alleges€that€many€postÏoffices€will€not€hand€over€registered€mail€to€persons€without€a€residence€permit€who€showÏonly€a€passport€or€a€residence€permit€which€has€expired,€even€though€they€have€no€legalÏauthority€to€decide€whether€a€residence€permit€is€valid€or€not.€According€to€the€author,€someÏpost€offices€even€go€so€far€as€to€call€the€police€if€a€foreigner€appears€without€a€residenceÏpermit.€ÌÌ5.2€As€for€the€appeal€for€judicial€review,€the€author€explains€that€this€appeal€is€admissibleÏonly€on€legal€grounds,€and€must€be€submitted€by€a€lawyer.€The€author€also€maintains€thatÏdecisions€of€the€Conseil€d'Etat€suffer€considerable€delays€and€do€not€have€the€effect€ofÐ @-(, Ðsuspending€proceedings.€ÌÌ5.3€With€regard€to€the€order€of€escort€to€the€frontier,€the€author€claims€that€he€never€receivedÏthe€summons€and€was€first€acquainted€with€it€only€when€questioned€by€police.€He€claims€thatÏby€the€time€he€had€been€informed€by€the€police,€it€was€too€late€to€appeal,€since€appeals€haveÏto€be€lodged€within€24€hours€of€notification.€ÌÌññò òññññòòññIssues€and€proceedings€before€the€Committeeññóóññññó óññ€Ð $ t ÐÌ6.1€Before€considering€any€claim€in€a€communication,€the€Committee€against€Torture€mustÏdecide€whether€or€not€it€is€admissible€under€article€22€of€the€Convention.€ÌÌ6.2€Article€22,€paragraph€5€(b),€of€the€Convention€precludes€the€Committee€from€consideringÏany€communication€unless€it€has€ascertained€that€all€available€domestic€remedies€have€beenÏexhausted.€That€rule€does€not€apply,€however,€if€it€is€established€that€remedies€have€been€orÏmight€be€unreasonably€prolonged€or€that€they€are€unlikely€to€bring€effective€relief€to€theÏalleged€victim.€In€the€present€case,€the€author€acknowledged€that€he€had€not€exhausted€allÏavailable€remedies€provided€for€under€French€law€„before€the€Conseil€d'Etat€against€theÏdecision€of€the€Commission€de€Recours€des€Rfugis,€before€the€administrative€court€againstÏthe€order€to€leave€the€territory,€or€before€the€administrative€tribunal€against€the€order€ofÏescort€to€the€frontier.€The€reasons€given€by€the€author€do€not€show€that€such€appeals€wereÏunlikely€to€succeed.€The€Committee€therefore€finds€that€the€conditions€stipulated€in€articleÏ22,€paragraph€5€(b),€of€the€Convention€have€not€been€met.€ÌÌ7.€The€Committee€therefore€decides:€ÌÌ(a)€That€the€communication€is€inadmissible;€ÌÌ(b)€That€this€decision€shall€be€notified€to€the€author€of€the€communication€and€to€the€StateÏparty.€ÌÌ[Done€in€French€(original€version),€and€translated€into€English,€Spanish€and€Russian.]€ÌññÓ  ÓÝ‚ÿÿÿÝÔ€ô(.õXXØvÔÔ€ôYõõô(.ÔÔÔÝ  ÝÌÝ‚ÿÿÿ³,ƒ ÝÔ€X=îXõôYÔÔ€XØvXXX=îÔÔÔÝ  ÝÔ€ô(.õXXØvÔò ò€Ô€XØvXõô(.Ôó óÌÓ  ÓññññÓÁÓññ